Inactive electrode regions relieve waviness, while spent etchant recovery regenerates capacitor etching chemicals to cut waste and cost.
An uneven enlarged foil surface lets a carbon cathode layer retain capacitance at high temperature without complex metal nitride deposition.
An uneven carbon-to-foil interface boosts cathode capacitance while avoiding the cost and complexity of metal nitride deposition.
A C13-C17 aliphatic carboxylic acid binder improves powder weighing stability while lowering carbon residue and leakage current in capacitor anodes.
Split hydration with intermediate dehydration builds pseudo-boehmite for higher capacitance while limiting porous-layer clogging at high formation voltage.
An uneven carbon layer penetrating etched cathode foil boosts capacitance and reduces high-temperature and high-frequency deterioration.
Vacuum plasma ion bombardment and reverse sputtering create a pyramid surface layer on aluminum capacitor positive electrode foil.
Surface oxidation of tantalum or niobium films reduces distortion during sintering, enabling flat anodes on thin foils.