Discrete observation points cut path-planning load, letting mobile objects generate low-risk trajectories fast enough for real-time control.
A runtime safety monitor lets autonomous vehicles offload sensor processing when latency is acceptable, cutting local energy use despite link uncertainty.
Jerk-limited corrected acceleration helps adaptive cruise control avoid abrupt braking when a target vehicle merges, improving comfort while maintaining safety.
When obstacle headway becomes too small, this case switches from jerk-limited optimization to adaptive cruise control for safe deceleration.