Deep eutectic solvents extract bio-oil from algae, removing phospholipids that deactivate hydrogenation catalysts.
Supported metal catalyst with egg-shell active phase distribution enables selective fatty acid conversion.
Replacing insoluble calcium oxides with soluble salts enables mild-temperature reactions, preventing oxidation and polymerization while boosting yield.
Copper and magnesium promoters form stable alloy crystallites that resist dissolution, extending catalyst lifetime in fatty acid hydrogenation.
Hydrolytic cracking splits fatty acid esters into glycerol and free fatty acids before selective hydrogenation.
An integrated process converts renewable organic material into high-value chemicals using hydrotreatment, thermal cracking, and fractionation.
Zirconia or titania carriers prevent leaching in hydrotreating reactions, ensuring long-term stability against water deactivation.