Uniform node-by-node loading and interpolation calibration turn pressure pad sensor outputs into reliable swelling pressure maps for pouch cells.
Known weights calibrate each sensing node to correct output variation and map pouch cell surface pressure more accurately.
A fluid-filled textile sensor routes hand forces to a remote pressure element, improving whole-hand force measurement without bulky glove hardware.
Bidirectional switching in an electromagnetic force-compensation coil keeps current magnitude constant to reduce heating drift and improve weighing accuracy.