A spiral-spring piezoelectric resonator drives watch hands with low energy use while avoiding the magnetic field limits of electromagnetic motors.
A piezoelectric spiral spring and flexible leaf guide replace electromagnetic drive parts to cut power use and resist high magnetic fields.
Thermal oxidation and deoxidation after silicon etching reduce surface defects and temperature sensitivity in precision timepiece components.
Chevron preloaded buckled beams use residual stress to offset flexure stiffness, lowering oscillation frequency and energy use.