Offset perforated disc outlets create swirl to improve atomization quality at low pressure.
Heated resin evolves OH− to supply oxygen, suppressing vacancy migration and maintaining displacement in high-temperature conditions.
A hybrid connector combines a plastic base with a metal mandrel to optimize internal flow channels.
Air separation chamber in a diesel fuel pump module isolates gas bubbles from liquid fuel before the jet pump inlet.
A fuel injector uses asymmetric injection holes with equalized length-to-diameter ratios to stabilize spray patterns.
Segmented pilot valve design reduces leak oil flow and accelerates needle response, lowering specific fuel consumption.