Pre-functionalized gel beads separate bead formation from biomolecule attachment, cutting repeat bead production while supporting later multi-entity use.
Shear-induced fibrillation and gel drying create seaweed insulation with submicron pores, low thermal conductivity, and reduced environmental harm.
A hydrogel-waterglass binder with hydrophobic silica powder improves insulation strength, lowers heat conduction, and reduces shrinkage.