Sensorized rolling elements measure bearing operating parameters so measured indicators can validate machine simulation models for root cause analysis.
Eddy current testing compares bearing raceway and reference-surface voltage values to assess damage without destroying the bearing.
Variable grease filling makes bearing life hard to predict; churning duration and thermo-mechanical energy provide a degradation-based estimate.
Classify components by sudden or degradation failure, then combine ALT and ADT to improve reliability evaluation accuracy.