A permanent magnet suspends adsorbent particles in liquid to quantify captured mass via separation distance.
A method determines electrical conductivity using an eddy current sensor by varying circular frequency to generate a complex impedance locus.
Triaxial fluxgate sensors detect magnetic field anomalies around pipelines, enabling accurate stress concentration mapping without invasive tool insertion.
Adaptable hybrid pads integrate multiple sensing modalities to detect early signs of methane formation and crack propagation in harsh environments.