Metal-sleeved insulating rods lock electrodes and varistor stacks in place, reducing partial discharge and preventing contact pressure loss.
A PTC ceramic with reference temperature above 150°C shrinks resistor size for SMT PCB mounting while preserving energy transfer and vibration resistance.
A patterned metal stress layer applies tensile stress to vanadium oxide, countering TCR loss from compression and improving thermal signal conversion.
Insulating rods with metal sleeves and interlocks prevent loosening and partial discharge while maintaining contact pressure in surge arrester modules.