Single-source vapor deposition controls perovskite crystal phases and film uniformity to improve color purity and large-area light emission.
Cooling sodium sulphate and dithionate liquors to crystallize decahydrate salts for subsequent thermal decomposition.
Methanol precipitation and low-temperature drying produce sodium carbonate crystals with controlled size, shape, and density.
Slit-based carbonation converts sodium to solid carbonate, eliminating liquid waste and reducing radioactive exposure during cesium trap treatment.