Ultrafast laser decomposition of carbon precursors improves graphene quantum material yield while controlling functional groups and micro-nano structure.
Ultra-low-frequency AC electrolysis oxidizes only graphene edges, improving water solubility while preserving the planar structure.
A multilayer graphene film scaffold promotes osteogenic stem cell differentiation without added growth factors, avoiding immune-response and cost issues.
Gas pressurization and rapid release expand cured granules to exfoliate graphite into high-purity single-layer graphene at industrial scale.
A 2D zeolite template guides carbon deposition and leaching to form graphene with uniform nanopores, high pore density, and selective permeation.
Water surface tension supports a graphene-water membrane for direct transfer, avoiding polymer contamination, deformation, and residue.