A virtual camera rotates with endoscope bending to align CG and imaging directions, improving intuitive remote manipulation.
Real-time 2D, 3D, and holographic views with position sensing help surgeons guide inserts while reducing direct surgical exposure.
Asymmetric shaft markings help clinicians distinguish catheter pitch and yaw in endoscopic images for more intuitive robotic navigation.
A robotic arm uses 3D vertebral models to return trials, cutters, and implants to the same position, cutting surgery time and radiation exposure.
Haptic feedback and constrained master-controller motion improve GUI precision in teleoperated surgery while reducing false clicks during 3D-to-2D transitions.
Shape sensors compare a flexible medical instrument’s measured section with its expected shape to detect buckling and support trajectory control.
Virtual catheter indicators show articulation direction and amount, helping operators navigate anatomy instinctively while correcting catheter roll and twist.