Camel Intestinal Mucosa Extraction for Stable Unfractionated Heparin Supply
Find Innovative SolutionsGenerate Solutions
Solution Overview
Problem
The reliance on porcine intestine mucosa for unfractionated heparin production is insufficient to meet global demand and susceptible to shortages due to epidemics, necessitating the exploration of alternative sources.
Innovation Solution
A method for extracting unfractionated heparin from camel intestinal mucosa involves a series of steps including washing, pressing, calcification, and purification processes to obtain high-quality heparin, utilizing calcium chloride, sodium carbonate, hydrogen peroxide, and protease to achieve a pure mucosa extraction and subsequent purification.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Quantity of substance
If porcine intestine mucosa is used as the source for unfractionated heparin production, then current production can be maintained, but global demand cannot be met and shortages occur due to epidemics
Solution Approach 1:
The patent changes the source parameter from porcine intestine to camel intestine mucosa, exploring a new animal source to diversify supply and reduce dependence on a single source, thereby improving supply stability while maintaining production volume
Solution Approach 2:
The patent employs a multi-step extraction process combining multiple chemicals (calcium chloride, sodium carbonate, hydrogen peroxide, protease, ethanol) to systematically extract and purify heparin from camel intestine, creating a reliable production method from an alternative source
2Ease of manufacture
If traditional extraction methods are used, then extraction process is simpler, but mucosa extraction efficiency is low and quality is poor
Solution Approach 1:
The patent applies preliminary actions including washing the intestine with water, massaging to loosen mucosa, soaking in water bath, and pressing to release mucosa before chemical extraction. These preliminary mechanical and physical treatments prepare the material for more efficient chemical extraction, improving both yield and quality
Solution Approach 2:
The patent uses multiple intermediary substances in sequence: calcium chloride for calcification, sodium carbonate for removing excess calcium, hydrogen peroxide for oxidation and purification, protease for protein degradation, and ethanol for precipitation. Each intermediary facilitates the next step, systematically improving extraction efficiency and mucosa quality
3Manufacturing precision
If multiple chemical treatment steps are applied, then mucosa purity and heparin quality improve, but process complexity increases
Solution Approach 1:
The patent segments the extraction process into distinct sequential steps: washing and mechanical separation, calcification with calcium chloride, removal of excess calcium with sodium carbonate, oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, proteolytic digestion with protease, and precipitation with ethanol. Each segment performs a specific function, making the complex process manageable and controllable while achieving high purity
Solution Approach 2:
The patent systematically changes chemical parameters at each step: pH adjustment through calcium chloride and sodium carbonate addition, oxidation state changes with hydrogen peroxide, protein breakdown through protease treatment, and solubility changes with ethanol precipitation. These parameter changes drive the purification process forward, achieving high heparin purity despite process complexity
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
The method yields pure unfractionated heparin with a molecular weight of 23,567 Daltons, lower activated partial thromboplastin time activity, and improved anticoagulant potency, reducing the risk of bleeding and providing a stable source for pharmaceutical use.
Implementation Method 1
adding calcium chloride to the mucosa to obtain a first mixture, wherein the calcium chloride calcifies the mucosa
Implementation Method 2
adding hydrogen peroxide to the second mixture to obtain pure mucosa
Implementation Method 3
adding protease to the pure mucosa to obtain a fourth mixture, and leaving the fourth mixture to react for at least about 2 hours to at least about 5 hours
Implementation Method 4
removing excessive calcium chloride from the mixture by adding sodium carbonate to create a second mixture
Implementation Method 5
centrifuging the cooled solution and collecting a first clear solution
Implementation Method 6
adding 0.5 volume of pure ethanol into the seventh mixture; keeping the seventh mixture overnight; and collecting and drying a pure precipitate to obtain a pure unfractionated heparin
Data Source
AI summary
The present subject matter relates to an extraction procedure of unfractionated heparin from camel intestinal mucosa. The method includes a successful pretreatment procedure to obtain a maximum amount and good quality of mucosa from mast cells in camel intestines. The present disclosures addresses the issues with other heparin sources by providing a very potent unfractionated heparin derived from the intestinal mucosa of camels that are well-adapted desert animals with unique body biochemistry and physiology.