Systems and methods for quantifying an analyte extracted from a sample
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Solution Overview
Problem
The analysis of complex biological samples using mass spectrometry is hindered by matrix effects where non-target components suppress the ionization of target analytes, requiring time-consuming and expensive chromatography processes in laboratory settings.
Innovation Solution
A capillary-based liquid-liquid extraction system that integrates sample preparation and ionization, allowing for the extraction and ionization of analytes directly in a small-diameter capillary, enabling circulation of immiscible fluids to separate and concentrate target analytes without separate sample preparation protocols.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Reliability
If chromatography is used to separate analytes from complex biological samples, then ionization suppression is reduced, but the process becomes time-consuming and requires expensive equipment
Solution Approach 1:
The patent extracts the analyte from the complex biological matrix using liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction to remove interfering components before ionization. This separation step eliminates matrix effects that cause ionization suppression, achieving reliable ionization without requiring time-consuming chromatography procedures.
Solution Approach 2:
The patent introduces an intermediary extraction step using selective reagents or phases that mediate between the complex biological sample and the ionization source. This intermediary process selectively isolates target analytes while leaving interfering matrix components behind, resolving the contradiction between ionization efficiency and preparation time.
2Reliability
If chromatography equipment is used for sample separation, then analyte purification is achieved, but the system becomes expensive and complex
Solution Approach 1:
The patent employs disposable extraction cartridges, tips, or microextraction devices that perform sample purification in a single use. These inexpensive, disposable components replace expensive, complex chromatography equipment while achieving adequate analyte purification for mass spectrometry analysis.
Solution Approach 2:
The patent changes the separation mechanism from complex chromatographic processes to simpler liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction based on differential solubility or adsorption properties. This parameter change in the separation approach achieves purification with minimal equipment complexity.
3Productivity
If traditional liquid-liquid extraction is used with large interface area, then extraction efficiency is improved, but the system requires large volumes and complex setup
Solution Approach 1:
The patent transitions from traditional macro-scale liquid-liquid extraction to micro-scale extraction within capillary tubes or microfluidic devices. This dimensional change from macro to micro scale maintains extraction efficiency through increased surface-area-to-volume ratio while dramatically simplifying the overall system requirements and reducing reagent volumes.
Solution Approach 2:
The patent nests the extraction interface within the capillary structure itself, where the extraction occurs inside the capillary tube. This nested arrangement integrates the extraction function within the existing capillary geometry, eliminating the need for separate extraction chambers or complex apparatus.
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
This approach effectively suppresses matrix effects, allowing for direct analysis of biological samples with improved ionization and pre-concentration, facilitating point-of-care analysis without the need for expensive equipment or lengthy protocols.
Implementation Method 1
The sample and the solvent are moved within the capillary to induce circulation within the sample and the solvent, thereby causing the analyte to be extracted from the sample and into the solvent
Implementation Method 2
In order to minimize suppression effects on analyte ionization and to pre-concentrate the analytes, complex biological samples are routinely extracted
Data Source
AI summary
The invention generally relates to systems and methods for quantifying an analyte extracted from a sample. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods that involve introducing a solvent into a capillary, introducing the capillary into a vessel including a sample such that a portion of the sample is introduced into the capillary, moving the sample and the solvent within the capillary to induce circulation within the sample and the solvent, thereby causing the analyte to be extracted from the sample and into the solvent, analyzing the analyte that has been extracted from the sample, and quantifying the analyte. In certain embodiments, the quantifying step is performed without knowledge of a volume of the sample and/or solvent.