Non-Stoichiometric Perovskite Ink for Stable Bladed Solar Modules

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Solution Overview

Problem

The stability of perovskite photovoltaics remains a bottleneck for their commercialization, particularly for large area solar modules, due to defects sensitive to film growth processes and limited scalability of fabrication methods.

Innovation Solution

A non-stoichiometric perovskite ink solution comprising a first composition of FA1-xCsxBX3 and a second composition of CsX, FAX, REX3, or REX2, with a molar ratio of about 0.01 mol % to about 10 mol %, is used to enhance the stability and efficiency of perovskite films through scalable blading methods.

Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles

VSEngineering Contradiction Analysis

1Productivity

If conventional perovskite fabrication methods are used, then small area solar cells achieve high efficiency, but large area solar modules suffer from poor stability and reproducibility

Engineering Contradiction:

Improvescalability to large area modulesVSAvoidstability of perovskite films

Core Design Contradiction:

ProductivityVSReliability

Solution Approach 1:

The patent introduces a gradient composition approach where the perovskite film has varying composition across its thickness. The ink solution contains excess A-site cations (FA and Cs) and PbI2 that create a compositional gradient during film formation, with the surface having different properties than the bulk. This local compositional variation improves both scalability and stability by optimizing different regions for different functions.

Inventive Principle:

Principle #3Local quality

Solution Approach 2:

The patent systematically varies multiple parameters including the composition ratios of FA, Cs, and PbI2 in the ink solution, the solvent mixture ratios (DMSO, DMF, GVL, AN), and processing conditions. By optimizing these parameters together, the patent achieves a non-stoichiometric ink formulation that enables scalable fabrication of stable large-area modules while maintaining high efficiency.

Inventive Principle:

Principle #35Parameter changes

2Productivity

If perovskite composition is optimized for efficiency, then photovoltaic performance improves, but stability under operational conditions deteriorates

Engineering Contradiction:

Improvephotovoltaic efficiencyVSAvoidcompositional stability

Core Design Contradiction:

ProductivityVSStability of the object's composition

Solution Approach 1:

The patent incorporates excess A-site cations (FA and Cs) and PbI2 in the precursor ink solution before film formation. This preliminary compositional adjustment ensures that during the film growth and annealing process, the perovskite crystallizes with the desired stoichiometry and phase stability, preventing degradation under operational conditions while maintaining high efficiency.

Inventive Principle:

Principle #10Preliminary action

Solution Approach 2:

The patent creates a composite perovskite system by combining multiple cations (FA, Cs, and rare earth ions), multiple anions (I, Br), and excess PbI2 in a controlled non-stoichiometric ratio. This composite approach allows tuning of both efficiency and stability properties, where the rare earth ions specifically enhance stability without significantly compromising photovoltaic performance.

Inventive Principle:

Principle #40Composite materials

3Reliability

If rare earth ions are added to enhance stability, then compositional stability improves, but manufacturing complexity increases

Engineering Contradiction:

Improvestability of perovskite filmsVSAvoidink solution composition complexity

Core Design Contradiction:

ReliabilityVSDevice complexity

Solution Approach 1:

The patent combines multiple precursor solutions into a single integrated ink formulation. The rare earth ion salts are dissolved together with the perovskite precursors (FAI, CsI, PbI2) and solvents to create a unified ink solution that can be applied in a single step. This merging approach simplifies manufacturing despite the complex composition, as all components are delivered simultaneously through one coating process.

Inventive Principle:

Principle #5Merging (Combining)

Applied Scientific Principles

This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.

Function Achieved in This Case

The solution achieves improved stability and efficiency of perovskite films, with no photoluminescence deterioration after illumination for over 600 hours and a solar module maintaining 92% of its initial efficiency after continuous operation for over 1100 hours at elevated temperatures.

Implementation Method 1

The non-stoichiometric ink solutions can be used in the fabrication of polycrystalline films for use in photovoltaic or photoactive devices

Methodology Applied

Scientific EffectBlading method:

Implementation Method 2

with no photoluminescence deterioration after illumination for over 600 hours

Methodology Applied

Scientific EffectPhotoluminescence: Photoluminescence

Data Source

PatentUS12264253B2Perovskite ink for scalable fabrication of efficient and stable perovskite modules

Publication Date: 2025.04.01 THE UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL

AI summary

Described herein are non-stoichiometric perovskite ink solutions, comprising: a first composition of formula FA1-xCsxBX3; a second composition of CsX, FAX, REX3, or REX2; and one or more solvents; wherein x, X, RE, and B are as defined herein. Methods for preparing polycrystalline perovskite films using the non-stoichiometric ink solutions and the use of the films in large-size solar modules are additionally described.