Handling of radio link failures in telecommunication systems

Abstract

When the user equipment detects a condition that the distance between the user equipment and the object enters the warning area, the user equipment has established a connection with the network entity of the communication network system, and the user equipment enters the monitoring mode based on at least the detected condition. In the monitoring mode, the operation options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate the degradation of the established connection caused by the power backoff required by the antenna of the user equipment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] At least some example embodiments relate to handling of radio link failures in telecommunication systems.For example, at least some example embodiments relate to preventing radio link failures due to maximum allowed exposed power limitations in communication network systems.

[0002] List of abbreviations

[0003] 4G Fourth Generation

[0004] 5G Fifth Generation

[0005] A Antenna effective aperture

[0006] ACK / NACK positive / negative acknowledgement

[0007] BS Base Station

[0008] CQI Channel Quality Indicator

[0009] DL Downlink

[0010] EIRP Effective isotropic radiated power

[0011] FCC Federal Communications Commission

[0012] FR1 Frequency Range 1

[0013] FR2 Frequency Range 2

[0014] FR3 Frequency Range 3

[0015] FSPL Free Space Path Loss

[0016] gNB gNodeB (next generation node B, base station in 5G)

[0017] ICNIRP International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

[0018] LOS Line of Sight

[0019] mmW Millimeter Wave

[0020] MPE Maximum Permissible Exposure

[0021] MPEC MPE Compliance

[0022] NR New Radio

[0023] PBO Power Back-off

[0024] PD power density

[0025] RLF Radio Link Failure

[0026] RSRP Reference Signal Received Power

[0027] RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality

[0028] SAR Specific Absorption Rate

[0029] SINR Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio

[0030] SNR Signal to Noise Ratio

[0031] SRS Sounding Reference Signal

[0032] TX Transmitter

[0033] UCI UL Control Information

[0034] UE User Equipment

[0035] UL Uplink Background Art

[0036] As the number of online services increases dramatically year by year, the demand for bandwidth is huge. Millimeter wave (mmW) spectrum offers the possibility of using a large portion of continuous bandwidth to address high-throughput applications. The 5th generation (5G) New Radio (NR) spectrum extends much higher than the previous 4th generation (4G) spectrum, which ranges from 400MHz to 6GHz - also known as frequency range 1 (FR1). In millimeter wave 5G NR, frequency range 2 (FR2) includes frequencies between 24GHz and 52GHz; and extending NR operation to the 52GHz to 114GHz range will currently be discussed.

[0037] Frequencies of 30 GHz and 60 GHz produce wavelengths of 10 mm and 5 mm, respectively. Although the wavelengths in the mmW spectrum are very short, the received power does not decrease at higher frequencies if the effective antenna aperture is constant. This can be understood from the following formula for free space path loss (FSPL) and aperture (A):

[0038] FSPL = (4nd / λ) 2 =(P t G t G r ) / P r , and A=(Gλ 2 )4n, where

[0039] P r is the received power,

[0040] P t is the transmission power,

[0041] G is the antenna gain,

[0042] Gt , G r are the transmitter and receiver antenna gains,

[0043] d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver,

[0044] λ is the wavelength.

[0045] Therefore, in order to cover an acceptable cell area and limit propagation losses, the antenna gain needs to increase with frequency, i.e., the number of antenna elements needs to increase. It is expected that 5G antennas will provide about 10dB of gain at the UE and about 20dB of gain at the BS.

[0046] However, operating at such high frequencies with high gain antennas has raised concerns about user health. Therefore, there are standards for the mmW regime that specify and regulate the maximum power of user equipment (UE). Since frequencies below 100 GHz are non-ionizing, health concerns are limited to thermal heating of body tissues while absorbing electromagnetic mmW energy. The penetration depth produced by mmW frequencies is less than 1 mm, so possible thermal damage is limited to the skin and eye surface. At 42 GHz, most of the energy is absorbed within the first 0.4 mm of human skin.

[0047] Government exposure guidelines are in place to prevent health problems due to thermal effects. Below 6 GHz, the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) has been used to determine exposure thresholds. SAR measures the energy absorbed by the body when exposed to electromagnetic fields. In the United States, the SAR limit from the FCC is 1.6 W / kg averaged over 1 gram of tissue, while in Europe, the SAR limit is 2 W / kg averaged over 10 grams of tissue. The 1 gram average provides a finer resolution for studying energy absorption in the body.

[0048] Nevertheless, at mmW regimes with penetration depths below 1mm, even 1 gram of tissue is in fact a considerable volume. Due to the difficulty in defining a meaningful volume for SAR assessment, it is generally accepted to use power density (PD) rather than SAR to set exposure limits at mmW frequencies. Therefore, it is a planar energy distribution rather than a volume distribution. The maximum permissible exposure (MPE) is a regulation of PD for mmW regimes. The FCC and ICNIRP set the threshold of MPE at 10W / m2 (1mW / cm2) for the general public, between 6GHz or 10GHz and 100GHz, respectively. The energy absorbed by the human body increases depending on the distance from the UE. Therefore, in order to comply with the MPE limit, the UE may have to reduce its output power if the user is close to the antenna.

[0049] UE power backoff to limit exposure is described next. UE uplink (UL) occurs in Figure 1In one of the two scenarios (a) and (b) depicted in FIG, which illustrates situations (a) and (b):

[0050] In case (a), there is an unobstructed (line of sight) LOS path from the UE to the gNB.

[0051] In case (b), an object (eg, human body, user) appears on the beam path from the UE.

[0052] In case (a), the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) peaks at +34dBm. In case (b), the user is exposed to the radiation beam. As the user approaches the vicinity of the UE, the amount of energy absorbed by the user's body increases; therefore the output power of the UE needs to be reduced to comply with the MPE.

[0053] For example, for a 2x2 antenna array of a UE, the distance between the UE (e.g., the antenna / antenna array of the UE) and the user is 14 cm forward (i.e., distance <= 14 cm), and the UE needs to reduce its output power to comply with the MPE. In this context, it should be noted that a larger array will require the UE to reduce its power before 14 cm.

[0054] Moreover, when the user is 10cm away from the UE, the peak EIRP drops from 34dBm to 31dBm. It drops further to 8dBm at 2mm. Therefore, in the case where the user is almost touching the antenna, a drop in the transmission power from the UE of up to 26dB (for a 2x2 array) can be observed.

[0055] In summary, some 5G NR bands operate at very high frequencies and therefore use high-gain antennas to maintain a signal with a suitable signal-to-noise ratio. However, high-gain antennas direct a lot of energy to the user, and the FCC protects users by setting MPE thresholds. The UE must always comply with MPE and subsequently reduce its output power if a user moves closer to the UE. The concern is that reducing the output power too much may result in a loss of connection with the base station (gNB), i.e., a radio link failure (RLF) may result. Summary of the invention

[0056] At least some example embodiments are directed to preventing radio link failures due to maximum permitted exposure power limitations by providing warning and monitoring modes.

[0057] According to at least some example embodiments, this is achieved by the method, apparatus and non-transitory computer-readable storage medium specified by the appended claims.

[0058] According to some aspects, the subject matter of the independent claims is provided. Some other aspects are defined in the dependent claims. Embodiments that do not fall within the scope of the claims are to be construed as examples useful for understanding the present disclosure.

[0059] In the following example embodiments and example implementations will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0060] Figure 1 A diagram illustrating an uplink scenario is shown.

[0061] Figure 2 Time diagrams respectively illustrating power back-off due to MPE compliance are shown.

[0062] Figure 3A A flow chart illustrating process 1 according to at least some example embodiments is shown.

[0063] Figure 3B A flow chart illustrating process 2 according to at least some example embodiments is shown.

[0064] Figure 4 A schematic block diagram illustrating a configuration of a control unit in which at least some example embodiments may be implemented is shown.

[0065] Figure 5 A diagram illustrating a warning area according to an example embodiment is shown.

[0066] Figure 6 A time diagram illustrating monitoring zones and MPE cycles according to an example implementation is shown.

[0067] Figure 7 A flow chart illustrating a process according to an example implementation is shown.

[0068] Figure 8 A flow chart illustrating details of a monitoring mode according to an example implementation is shown.

[0069] Fig. 9 A diagram is shown illustrating an object approaching an antenna of a user device on the path of a communication link.

[0070] Fig.10 A diagram is shown for illustrating that an object is not proximate to an antenna of a user device in the path of a communication link.

[0071] Fig.11 A diagram is shown for illustrating a situation where a moving direction between an object and a user device triggers a monitoring mode according to at least some example embodiments.

[0072] Fig.12 Shown is a diagram for Fig.11The situation shown is a diagram of the algorithm that relates object detection to the triggering of the monitoring mode.

[0073] Fig.13 A diagram is shown illustrating a situation where a moving direction between an object and a user device does not trigger a monitoring mode according to at least some example embodiments.

[0074] Fig.14 Shown is a diagram for Fig.13 The situation shown is a diagram of the algorithm that relates object detection to the triggering of the monitoring mode.

[0075] Fig.15 A flow chart illustrating a process for timer-based decision making for triggering a monitoring mode according to at least some example embodiments is shown.

[0076] Fig.16 The diagram shows Fig.15 The details of the process are depicted in the flow chart.

[0077] Fig.17 A graph illustrating the PA power allowed by the calculated MPE versus the user distance is shown.

[0078] Fig.18 A flow chart illustrating a process of a user equipment based decision making mechanism according to at least some example embodiments is shown.

[0079] Fig.19 A diagram illustrating an extended warning area for a connected antenna device is shown.

[0080] Specific implementation

[0081] As described previously, once the MPE compliance mode is triggered (ie, the UE is detected close to an object, such as a human body, a user), the UE needs to perform power backoff (PBO) almost immediately because there is no time to check for better options.

[0082] exist Figure 2 In the time diagrams (a) and (b), the solid line indicates the link quality of a connection (e.g., a radio link) established between a UE and a network entity (e.g., a gNB) of a communication network system over time, and the dotted line indicates the distance of the UE (e.g., an antenna / antenna array of the UE) to an object / user over time.

[0083] exist Figure 2 In the illustrated cases (a) and (b), due to MPE compliance, the UE performs power backoff when the distance to an object / user (hereinafter also referred to as subject or human body) is below the MPE threshold. In response, the link quality decreases.

[0084] In case (a), when the distance exceeds the MPE threshold again, the UE performs MPE recovery, for example increasing the output power of its antenna again, and the link quality of the connection established between the UE and the gNB also improves.

[0085] However, in Figure 2 In case (b), RLF occurs after power backoff but before the distance exceeds the MPE threshold.

[0086] according to Figure 2 , since the PBO can be very large, RLF is likely to occur because the gNB is not ready to handle such extreme drops in uplink signals.

[0087] At least some example embodiments provide mechanisms that allow a network to handle PBO due to MPE compliance.Being able to react before the MPE compliance mechanism is triggered has a large impact on system performance.

[0088] According to at least some example embodiments, a sudden drop in UL performance can be avoided.

[0089] According to at least some example embodiments, radio link failures can be limited.

[0090] According to at least some example embodiments, DL performance can be maintained.

[0091] According to at least some example embodiments, the presence of an object is detected well before the UE has to perform PBO. A dedicated mechanism (e.g., proximity sensor) built into the device for detecting nearby objects (including humans) can be implemented in many ways, including 60GHz radar. Based on the proximity sensor, the device will automatically back off its TX power to comply with the MPE requirements.

[0092] Figure 3A A flow chart illustrating a process 1 according to at least some example embodiments is shown. According to an example embodiment, process 1 is performed by a UE.

[0093] In step S3101, a condition that the distance between the UE and an object (e.g., a user) enters (e.g., falls into) a warning area is detected, and the UE has established a connection with a network entity (e.g., a gNB) of a communication network system. The warning area will be described in more detail later.

[0094] In step S3102, monitoring mode is entered based at least on the detected condition. In monitoring mode, operation options to be performed by the UE are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection due to power backoff required by the UE's antenna. Monitoring mode will be described in more detail later.

[0095] Figure 3BA flow chart illustrating process 2 according to at least some example embodiments is shown. According to example embodiments, process 2 is performed by a network entity (e.g., a gNB) of a communication network system.

[0096] In step S3201, parameters of a warning area are determined, wherein when the distance between the UE and an object (eg, a user) enters (eg, falls into) the warning area, the UE can enter the above-mentioned monitoring mode. The parameters will be described in more detail later.

[0097] In step S3202, the parameter is notified to the user equipment.

[0098] As a preliminary matter before exploring the details of various example embodiments and implementations, refer to Figure 4 To illustrate a simplified block diagram of various electronic devices that are suitable for use in practicing at least some example embodiments and implementations.

[0099] Figure 4 A control unit 410 is shown including processing resources (eg, processing circuitry) 411, memory resources (eg, memory circuitry) 412, and interfaces (eg, interface circuitry) 413 coupled via connection 414. According to an example implementation, the control unit 410 is implemented in a UE.

[0100] According to an example implementation, the memory resource 412 stores a program that, when executed by the processing resource 411, enables an electronic device (e.g., a UE) to perform operations according to Figure 3A The procedure shown in process 1 is to perform the operation.

[0101] The interface 413 includes a suitable radio frequency (RF) transceiver (not shown) coupled to one or more antennas (not shown) for bidirectional wireless communication with the control unit 420 via one or more wireless links 403 .

[0102] The control unit 420 includes processing resources (e.g., processing circuitry) 421, memory resources (e.g., memory circuitry) 422, and interfaces (e.g., interface circuitry) 423 coupled via connection 424. According to an example implementation, the control unit 420 is implemented in a network entity (e.g., a gNB).

[0103] According to an example implementation, the memory resource 422 stores a program that, when executed by the processing resource 421, enables an electronic device (e.g., a gNB) to Figure 3B The process shown in step 2 is performed.

[0104] The terms "connected," "coupled," or any variations thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may encompass the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements being "connected" or "coupled" together. The coupling or connection between elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. As employed herein, two elements may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" together through the use of one or more wires, cables, and printed electrical connections, and through the use of electromagnetic energy (as non-limiting examples, such as electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency region, microwave region, and optical (visible and invisible) region).

[0105] Further, example embodiments of a UE can include, but are not limited to, a mobile station, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) with wireless communication capabilities, a portable computer with wireless communication capabilities, an image capture device with wireless communication capabilities (such as a digital camera), a gaming device with wireless communication capabilities, a music storage and playback device with wireless communication capabilities, an Internet device allowing wireless Internet access and browsing, and a portable unit or terminal incorporating a combination of such functionality.

[0106] Further, as used in this application, the term "circuitry" refers to one or more or all of the following:

[0107] (a) hardware circuit implementation only (such as implementation only in analog and / or digital circuitry); and

[0108] (b) a combination of circuitry and software (and / or firmware), such as (where applicable): (i) a combination of processor(s); or (ii) portions of processor(s) / software (including digital signal processor(s), software and memory(s) that work together to enable a device such as a mobile phone or server to perform various functions) and

[0109] (c) Circuitry that requires software or firmware to operate, such as microprocessor(s) or portion(s) of microprocessor(s), even if the software or firmware is not physically present.

[0110] This definition of "circuitry" applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term "circuitry" would also cover an implementation of only a processor (or multiple processors) or a portion of a processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. For example, and if applicable to the particular claim element, the term "circuitry" would also cover a baseband integrated circuit or an application processor integrated circuit for a mobile phone or similar integrated circuit in a server, cellular network device, or other network device.

[0111] As mentioned above, Figure 5 The depicted warning region is introduced where the UE enters a state where it starts searching for different options on how to mitigate the performance degradation due to power backoff.

[0112] The warning area is defined at a distance d min (also called the second distance) and the distance d max (also called the first distance). Distance d min is the distance to the object where the UE has to change links due to MPE adjustments. Distance d max is the distance to the object where the UE starts monitoring.

[0113] exist Figure 5 In the case (a) shown, the UE is in a warning area where it is at risk of performing power backoff. Figure 5 In the illustrated case (b), the UE has performed PBO.

[0114] According to at least some example embodiments, the UE informs the gNB that a user is located near the antenna for uplink. According to an example implementation, the UE also reports to the gNB different options available instead of PBO. These messages are sent after a human body is detected but before PBO is triggered due to MPE limits. Thus, the gNB has time to evaluate and rank the different options available with the UE to maintain the connection despite the presence of the user. In case the MPE limit is reached, according to an example implementation, the UE has been indicated by the gNB what action to take depending on its capabilities and the channel.

[0115] According to an example implementation, the UE and gNB can make a joint decision during the warning area to avoid large and sudden PBOs that may cause RLF. When / if the user is too close to the antenna and triggers an MPE compliance action (such as PBO), the UE has agreed with the gNB on the action to be taken. This may be better than PBO, but if there is no better option than PBO and RLF should occur, both the UE and gNB will be informed of the reason for the connection loss.

[0116] According to an example implementation, making a (joint) decision should occur before the distance between an object on the LOS path and the UE becomes so small that the UE powers back off. According to an example implementation, the reconfiguration of the link from the UE includes knowledge from the gNB. In general, the UE cannot select the best option alone without the channel knowledge that the gNB can provide. According to an example implementation, if RLF occurs, the gNB is informed in advance for best performance.

[0117] According to an example embodiment, in order to deal with PBO due to MPE compliance, an early warning area (monitoring zone) is introduced, such as Figure 5 As shown, human body detection close to the antenna for uplink is reported by the UE to the gNB well before MPE limiting.

[0118] According to an example implementation, options for the gNB and UE are evaluated as to what to do if a UE is approaching and PBO is triggered, e.g. using signaling to the gNB regarding the UE beam capabilities.

[0119] According to an example implementation, instructions are sent from the gNB to the UE as to what would be the best option in this situation, for example using signaling to the UE regarding reported UE beam capabilities.

[0120] When an object entering the warning area is detected by the UE, the advantage of the warning message sent from the UE to the gNB is that the gNB can find a configuration that is more suitable for the UE than PBO, and the gNB knows why there is a link imbalance.

[0121] According to an example implementation, in the warning region, in the event that a user triggers an action based on MPE compliance (MPEC), the UE monitors different possibilities. In other words, in the warning region, the UE is in a monitoring mode, wherein the action options to be performed by the UE are monitored to mitigate the degradation of an established connection due to the power backoff required by the UE's antenna.

[0122] Note that this monitoring mode is triggered by a user that is close but does not yet need a PBO and may not even affect the current radio link. Therefore, the current signal is so good that the monitoring mode is usually not activated. In this specific scenario, the UE forces the monitoring mode based on the risk associated with a sudden RLF due to MPE-based PBO. When the link is in good conditions, monitoring is done in the warning area in order to possibly find a better option than a sudden large PBO of, for example, 26 dB. The warning area is defined as Figure 5 The distance d shown min and d max Between, where d min is where the UE has to change links due to MPE adjustments, and d max This is where the UE starts monitoring.

[0123] For example, consider a 1 cm antenna operating at 60 GHz. The far field of this antenna is located 4 cm forward (FF = 2D 2 / λ, D is the distance between the user and the antenna). At a given threshold d min (e.g. 14cm), the UE must continue MPE compliance actions to protect the user. The user's location is estimated using proximity sensors. Let us assume that dmax =d min + offset, although the exact values ​​of these thresholds are UE specific. Warning areas (monitoring areas) such as Figure 6 As depicted, in max The corresponding warning threshold and d min The corresponding MPE thresholds.

[0124] Figure 6 A time diagram is shown, wherein a solid line indicates the link quality of a connection (e.g. a radio link) established between a UE and a network entity (e.g. a gNB) of a communication network system over time, and a dotted line indicates the distance of the UE (e.g. an antenna of the UE) to an object / user over time.

[0125] The UE is responsible for detecting the warning threshold and starting the monitoring mode. According to the example implementation, if the distance is below the warning threshold d max (Indicated as Figure 6 In other words, the condition includes that the distance is less than d max According to an example embodiment, the monitoring mode includes an MPE period (also referred to as a monitoring period) in which at least one of the above-mentioned operating options is monitored. Figure 6 are shown as points numbered "1", "2", "3" and "4".

[0126] According to the example implementation, the distance d max –d min The UE should be given enough time to scan its options, report to the gNB and retrieve a decision. min (In Figure 6 Detected MPE Fallback), it will reconfigure to the best option tested in the monitoring area. Figure 6 , these are options #2 and #1. According to the example implementation, the gNB has ranked the options for the UE and takes the channel into account.

[0127] Reference Figure 6 , when the distance exceeds the MPE threshold again (at Figure 6 When the distance exceeds the warning threshold (indicated as "MPE recovery detected"), the UE performs MPE recovery, for example increasing the output power of its antenna again, and the link quality of the connection established between the UE and the gNB also improves. Figure 6 The UE ends monitoring, for example, returns from monitoring mode.

[0128] The messaging and permutation of the options available to the UE is beyond the scope of this application. In short, the UE can communicate to the gNB which UE beam configuration is to be used to transmit a particular uplink signal. Thus, the UE and gNB can gather knowledge about the UE capabilities and permutate the best options to mitigate link degradation.

[0129] Once the UE detects that the warning threshold has been reached, according to an example embodiment, the UE directly starts monitoring. The UE may send its current beam configuration to the gNB.

[0130] According to another example embodiment, once the UE detects that the warning threshold has been reached, it informs the gNB that the warning threshold has been reached. The UE may start monitoring by sending its current beam configuration.

[0131] According to another example embodiment, once the UE detects that the warning threshold has been reached, it informs the gNB that the warning threshold has been reached and requests to start the monitoring mode. Alternatively, the gNB can inform the conditional monitoring mode in advance via RRC or MAC layer messaging for measurement report configuration, and once the warning threshold is reached, the UE can automatically start monitoring.

[0132] The communication between the UE and the gNB regarding the different options the UE has to comply with the FCC restrictions on MPE is outlined in Figure 7 and 8 in the flow chart.

[0133] exist Figure 7 where D is the distance between the user and the antenna, and d min and d max is the limit of the warning area where monitoring occurs (see Figure 6 ).

[0134] In a connection established between the UE and the gNB, if D is lower than d min (Yes in step S701), then Figure 7 The process proceeds to step S702, where it is checked whether there is a gNB decision regarding actions to be performed by the UE to avoid PBO. If there is no such decision (No in step S702), the process proceeds to step S707, where the UE performs PBO and thereafter transmission continues in step S706. Otherwise, if there is a gNB decision (Yes in step S702), the process proceeds to step S703, where MPEC actions are followed and then transmission continues in S706.

[0135] If D is not lower than d min (No in step S701), then Figure 7 The process proceeds to step S704, where it is checked whether D is lower than d max If D is lower than dmax (Yes in S704), the process proceeds to step S705, where the UE enters monitoring mode. Thereafter, transmission continues in S706. max (No in S704), the process proceeds to step S706, where the transmission is continued.

[0136] Figure 8 The flowchart of lists some options as options to be monitored in monitoring mode according to an example implementation. According to an example embodiment, the gNB selects the operating options to be monitored in monitoring mode, and generates a list of the selected options and forwards the list to the UE. According to another example embodiment, the UE selects the operating options to be monitored in monitoring mode, and generates a list of the selected options. According to yet another example embodiment, the gNB and the UE select the options together, and generate the list.

[0137] In step S801, it is checked whether the beam redirection is not blocked by the user. If "yes" in S801, the process proceeds to S802, where a new beam direction is tried, in S803, the alternative UE beam configuration is sent by the UE to the gNB, and the gNB evaluates the channel quality with this specific UE configuration, and in S804, the best UE beam for the current channel condition is selected by the gNB and signaled back to the UE. In other words, the gNB updates the UE with the current best MPE solution.

[0138] Assuming the beams for UL and DL are the same, with this option, 5G NR UL performance can be maintained. The beam can be redirected to the same gNB while avoiding the user. There may be reflections, which is less than the degradation caused by the 26dB power reduction. The UL can be pointed to another gNB to maintain 5G NR UL performance and avoid the user. This option depends on the steerability of the antenna array on the UE and the area covered by the user and its distance to the UE (FF or NF).

[0139] If "NO" in S801, the process proceeds to step S811.

[0140] In step S811, it is checked whether there is another antenna array that is not blocked by the user. If "yes" in S811, the process proceeds to S812, where the beam of the new array is tried, in S813, the new UE beam configuration is sent by the UE to the gNB, and in S814, the best UE beam selected by the gNB is sent from the gNB to the UE. If the UE is equipped with more than one 5G antenna array, and if the other arrays are not covered by the user, this option can avoid directing power to the user.

[0141] If "NO" in S811, the process proceeds to step S821.

[0142] In step S821, it is checked whether the duty cycle can be reduced. If yes in S821, the process proceeds to S822, where a lower duty cycle is applied, in S823 the UE signals the duty cycle to the gNB, and in S824 the best UE configuration selected by the gNB is sent to the UE. Reducing the duty cycle of the processing MPE from 100% to 50% allows the output power to be reduced.

[0143] If "NO" in S821, the process proceeds to step S831.

[0144] In step S831, it is checked whether there is a handover possibility. If "yes" in S831, the process proceeds to S832, where the environment is scanned. In step S833, the current gNB receives the channel quality of the alternative 5G gNB. If the current gNB ranks this option as the best option in step S834, the gNB updates the UE accordingly and another gNB takes over the communication with the UE for both UL and DL. Since the UE has to reduce its output power, redirect beams, or switch arrays (also redirecting beams) to avoid the user, communication with another gNB may be better.

[0145] If "NO" in S831, the process proceeds to step S841.

[0146] In step S841, it is checked whether the UL can be switched to 4G. If "yes" in S841, the process proceeds to S842, where the capability is reported to the gNB. In step S843, the current gNB receives the channel quality of the alternative 4G gNB. If the current gNB ranks the option as the best option in step S844, the gNB updates the UE accordingly. 4G uses a lower frequency band, gain, and modulation scheme, and may not violate the SAR requirements at the same distance from the user to the UE.

[0147] According to the example implementation, in steps S804, S814, S824, S834 and S844, the gNB updates the UE with the best option among the operating options monitored in the monitoring mode, which best option will be used to mitigate the degradation of the established connection due to the required power backoff.

[0148] If "NO" in S841, the process proceeds to step S851.

[0149] In step S851, it is checked whether there are other operation options to be performed by the UE to mitigate the degradation of the established connection due to the power back-off required by the UE's antenna.

[0150] For example, (e.g. if "yes" in S851) the UE may keep using the same array but turn off some antenna elements. In this case, the gain of the antenna is reduced in proportion to the number of antenna elements that are turned off. The antenna radiation pattern becomes wider. This option is a way to perform PBO.

[0151] Another option proposes combining multiple gNBs, i.e. using different gNBs for UL and DL. This may be related to the previous options, i.e. both redirecting the beam and / or using another antenna array.

[0152] In the event that the gNB is unable to communicate to the gNB how to mitigate channel degradation after reaching the MPE limit (e.g. if “No” in S851 ), the UE must perform PBO.

[0153] In this case, the decision is made by the gNB using the UE information. This option takes into account the UE capabilities as well as the channel. The monitoring area provides time for the gNB to immediately decide what the UE should do based on the actual conditions of the channel.

[0154] As mentioned above, detection of the presence of an object (e.g. a human body) before the UE has to perform a PBO is proposed. An early warning region is introduced, where the UE enters a monitoring state and starts searching for different options on how to mitigate performance degradation due to possible future PBOs (e.g. switching beams, switching panels, handover, switching to FR1, etc.).

[0155] According to at least some of the example embodiments described above, the UE informs the gNB that a user is located near an antenna for uplink. It also reports to the gNB different options available instead of PBO (e.g. switching beams, switching panels, handover, switching to FR1, etc.). These messages are sent after a human body is detected but before the actual PBO is triggered by the MPE limit. Thus, the gNB has time to evaluate and rank the different options available with the UE to maintain the connection despite the presence of the user. In the event that the user exceeds the MPE limit, the UE has been instructed by the gNB what action to take depending on its capabilities and the channel.

[0156] Hereinafter, aspects related to how to trigger an alarm and a monitoring mode (also referred to as a monitoring mode in this specification) will be described.

[0157] Fig. 9 A user (or any human body tissue) close to an antenna of a UE is illustrated. In this example, the UE has three antenna devices, each covering a 90 degree sector. It should be noted that in this specification, the term "antenna device" includes at least one of an antenna, an antenna array, and an antenna panel.

[0158] exist Fig. 9In FIG. 1 , the active transmit antenna covers sector A. The antennas covering sectors B and C, respectively, can be controlled independently of each other. The antennas covering sectors B and C can be inactive. When a user approaches, for example, an active transmit antenna, the warning and monitoring thresholds will be triggered (for example, a condition that the distance between the user equipment and the object enters the warning area is detected), and the above procedures will be initiated. These procedures are: try and arrange different options to maintain the link (for example, switching panels, switching beams, handover, etc.), instead of sudden PBO that may cause RLF.

[0159] mmW antenna arrays can be used as radar to detect nearby objects. However, the radar capabilities of the array are limited to the sector it covers. Therefore, when the antenna covering sector A is active, its radar image can only detect objects in sector A.

[0160] However, a user is able to approach an active transmitting array without appearing on the radar image provided by that array. Since the antennas covering sectors B and C are inactive, they will not detect the user approaching. In this case, the UE will need to perform a sudden PBO without having the opportunity to trigger monitoring mode and first evaluate its options in the warning area. This scenario may result in Fig.10 The radio link shown is faulty.

[0161] The question is: How

[0162] - Detect objects (e.g., objects, users) moving towards the UE,

[0163] - predict the path it will take through the active Tx array / beam, and

[0164] - Trigger monitoring mode,

[0165] Even though the object may not be visible from the radar image of the active Tx array / beam.

[0166] At least some example embodiments propose using a spherical image of the UE's surroundings using a combined (radar) image of all antenna arrays / panels (i.e., active Tx and inactive Tx arrays) to predict the direction of a moving object, thereby triggering a monitoring mode (e.g., Figure 3A (a condition in which it is detected in step S3101 that the distance between the user equipment and the object enters the warning area).

[0167] Fig.111 shows that even though only one array is being used to transmit to the gNB (the active Tx array is the antenna device covering sector A), according to at least some example embodiments, all arrays of the UE are used to create a spherical image of nearby objects (the inactive Tx arrays are the antenna devices covering sectors B and C, respectively). According to an example implementation, it is this image produced by the combined radar output of each array that is used to trigger the monitoring mode (e.g., in Figure 3A The specific behaviors of the gNB and UE once they enter the monitoring mode have been described above.

[0168] According to at least some example embodiments, a user equipment includes a plurality of antenna devices (eg, antennas, antenna arrays, or antenna panels) for covering sectors around the user equipment. Figure 3A The antenna of the user equipment referenced in step S3102 is a connected antenna device, including at least one antenna device among a plurality of antenna devices, and the operation is the same as Figure 3A In other words, the user equipment is connected to the network entity using at least one connected antenna device, and the antenna device of the user equipment different from the (multiple) connected antenna devices does not operate the connection established with the network entity. For example, the antenna device of the user equipment different from the (multiple) connected antenna devices is not connected to the communication network system.

[0169] According to at least some example embodiments, Figure 3A In step S3101, at least one unconnected antenna device among the plurality of antenna devices measures a distance between an object and at least one unconnected antenna device, the at least one unconnected antenna device being different from the connected antenna device and capable of detecting the object. Then, it is detected whether the measured distance is shorter than the first distance, the first distance at least partially defining the warning area.

[0170] exist Fig.11 In the example shown, the connected antenna devices are antenna devices covering sector A, and the unconnected antenna devices are antenna devices covering sectors B and C, respectively.

[0171] As in advance Figure 5 As described, the warning area is defined between the distance dmin (also referred to as the second distance) and the distance dmax (also referred to as the first distance).

[0172] If the measured distance is detected to be shorter than the first distance, at least one unconnected antenna device detects the moving direction of the object. Based on the detected moving direction of the object, a condition that the distance between the user device and the object has entered a warning area is detected.

[0173] If the detected moving direction of the object indicates that the object will enter a sector covered by the connected antenna device and the object will enter the sector within a first distance, a condition that the distance between the user device and the object has entered a warning area is detected.

[0174] According to at least some example embodiments, at least one unconnected antenna device detects a position of an object at successive moments, a moving direction between the at least one unconnected antenna device and the object is calculated based on the positions detected at successive moments, and a position of the object at an upcoming moment is evaluated based on the calculated moving direction.

[0175] When it is assessed that the position of the object will appear in a sector covered by the connected antenna device at an upcoming moment, it is detected that the movement direction points to the sector covered by the connected antenna device.

[0176] According to an example implementation, the at least one unconnected antenna device includes a plurality of beams for covering a sector of the at least one unconnected antenna device.Then, based on which beam of the plurality of beams is detecting the object, a location of the object is detected.

[0177] According to an example implementation, as mentioned above, a spherical image of the surroundings of the user device is created by using a plurality of antenna devices, and the location of the object is detected based on the spherical image.

[0178] According to an example implementation, each antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices performs proximity sensing of nearby objects, wherein an image is acquired for each antenna device from the proximity sensing of the antenna device, and the acquired images are combined into a spherical image.

[0179] According to at least some example embodiments, the moving speed of the object is also calculated using at least one of the beam arrangement or the spherical image. Then, by evaluating the moving speed of the object, the interval between consecutive moments (eg, the sampling rate of the scanning radar) is adjusted based on the evaluated speed.

[0180] As described above, according to at least some example embodiments, a device (e.g., a user device) is provided having multiple antenna panels, antenna arrays and / or antennas, each of which individually has the ability to measure the distance between themselves and an object (subject) (such as a user).

[0181] The device is capable of tracking the relative position and orientation between the device and an object (eg, subject / user) across multiple antenna panels, antenna arrays, and / or antennas.

[0182] According to an example implementation, the device is capable of tracking the relative position and orientation between the device and an object (e.g., a user) across multiple antenna panels, antenna arrays, and / or antennas at different and periodic times, i.e., discrete samples of the relative position and orientation are obtained.

[0183] According to an example implementation, a device uses the relative positioning and orientation between the device and an object (e.g., a user) to predict whether the object (e.g., a user) will exceed a power backoff alert or warning distance threshold for any of the device's antenna panels, antenna arrays, and / or antennas at an upcoming moment.

[0184] According to at least some example embodiments, the combined radar images from all arrays of the UE (including non-transmitting arrays) are used to make decisions on warning triggers for the transmitting array, i.e., whether an object enters a warning area of ​​the transmitting array or an area in the transmitting array that requires PBO.

[0185] The proposed technique works whether the UE is fixed and the surrounding environment changes, or the surrounding environment is fixed and the UE is moving, or both of them are changing and moving.

[0186] Hereinafter, example embodiments will be described. Fig.12 The steps from combining the radar images of all arrays of the UE (Tx active or inactive) to triggering warning and monitoring modes at the UE are summarized. The UE processes a spherical image of the surrounding environment with a periodicity of t1, t2, t3. Thus, it is able to track a moving object and predict whether it will cross the path of a connected beam. Fig.12 Involved with Fig.11 A similar situation is shown where a user is close to an active array (ie, active antenna array) also referred to as a connected antenna device or a connected beam.

[0187] like Fig.12 As shown, the distance between the UE's active array and the user is measured at times t1, t2, and t3, and the moving direction estimated from the measured distances reveals that the detected user is too close and pointing towards the active array. Therefore, the warning and monitoring modes are Fig.12 The depicted situation triggers.

[0188] In the example where the user is located to the side of the UE (and therefore cannot be detected by the top antenna but is detectable by the side antenna, which in the example covers sector C), Fig.11 As shown, Fig.19 The algorithm details for triggering an alert for an active antenna (eg, the top antenna covering sector A) are illustrated.

[0189] Activating and utilizing the beams of the side antennas for covering the sector enhances the warning area of ​​the top antenna. For example, the warning area of ​​the top antenna is extended by the area covered by the beams of the side antennas. Fig.19 In the illustrated example below, the side antenna covering sector C comprises beams B1 to B5 for detecting objects in sector C. For example, if an object is detected in beam B1 of the side antenna and only if its direction of movement is detected also towards sector A, the warning and monitoring mode will be activated. Thus, in this example, the area covered by beam B1 of the side antenna becomes part of the warning area of ​​the top antenna. Fig.19 The illustrated algorithm will avoid activating the warning of the top antenna every time the beam B1 of the side antenna detects an object. The warning will only be activated when the object has been detected by another beam of the side antenna (e.g. B2, B3, etc.), which no longer detects the object, thereby identifying a movement directed towards sector A and approaching the UE within the above-mentioned first distance.

[0190] According to the example implementation, according to Fig.19 With the illustrated beam arrangement of the side antennas, if B4 detects an object, and then B5 detects an object, the object is considered not to have entered the warning area, and the warning and monitoring mode is not activated. On the other hand, if B2 detects an object, and then B1 detects an object, the warning and monitoring mode is activated.

[0191] According to an example implementation, if an object enters the warning area in sector C and is directed toward sector A, the warning and monitoring modes may be activated while the object is still in sector C.

[0192] For example, thresholds for warning and monitoring mode activation are applied, e.g. using Fig.19 The beam number in the example shown or the position estimate is used. For example, the threshold is UE specific.

[0193] Depending on the implementation (e.g., each beam width), the extended warning area can cover one, two, etc. beams of the side antenna. Similarly, the user can cover only a single beam or multiple beams (e.g., a finger or head). This flexibility takes advantage of Fig.19 This is reflected in the 'N-x' in the illustrated general algorithm.

[0194] Furthermore, by evaluating the user's speed of movement, the periodicity of the scanning radar is adjusted according to at least some example embodiments.

[0195] Fig.13 The importance of movement detection direction for triggering warning and monitoring modes at the UE is illustrated. In fact, if the user approaches the UE but does not intend to cross the path of the Tx beam, the warning and monitoring modes should not be triggered. Fig.14 The relevant algorithm is illustrated.

[0196] like Fig.14 As shown, the distance between the UE's active array and the user is measured at times t1, t2, and t3, and the moving direction estimated from the measured distances reveals that the detected user is moving away from the active array. Therefore, the warning and monitoring modes are Fig.14 Not triggered in the depicted case.

[0197] Fig.12 and 14 The described algorithm is summarized in Fig.15 and Fig.16 Although Fig.15 An overview of the periodicity (timer) of processing images of the UE's surroundings is provided, but Fig.16 In, details for the decision making for triggering warning and monitoring modes based on the surroundings image are given. Fig.16 yes Fig.15 A subprocess of the flowchart.

[0198] Reference Fig.15 According to at least some example embodiments, after the UE has started uplink communication with a network entity, in S1501, it starts a timer for imaging the surrounding environment. At time t1, in step S1502, the UE measures whether an object is nearby. As described above, for example, in order to determine whether an object is nearby, the distance between the object and the UE is measured, and if the distance is less than a first distance, the object is determined to be nearby. If "yes" in S1502, that is, if the object is nearby, the process proceeds to step S1503, where the coordinates x1, y1, z1 of the object relative to the active array used by the UE for UL are recorded at time t1. For example, as described above, the coordinates are detected using a beam or spherical image of the antenna array.

[0199] If "No" in S1502, i.e., in the absence of a nearby object, the process proceeds to step S1504 representing time t2, at which the UE again measures whether an object is nearby. If "Yes" in S1504, i.e., if an object is nearby, the process proceeds to step S1505, where a trigger decision subprocess is called.

[0200] If "No" in S1504, i.e., in the absence of a nearby object, the process proceeds to step S1506 representing time t3, at which the UE again measures whether an object is nearby. If "Yes" in S1506, i.e., if an object is nearby, the process proceeds to step S1507, where a trigger decision subprocess is called.

[0201] If "No" in S1506, i.e., in the absence of a nearby object, the process proceeds to step S1508 indicating time tn, at which the UE again measures whether an object is nearby. If "Yes" in S1508, i.e., if an object is nearby, the process proceeds to step S1509, where the trigger decision subprocess is called.

[0202] Fig.15 The shown procedure is performed until the UE stops UL.

[0203] Fig.16 The trigger decision subprocess is illustrated. In step S1601, the coordinates xn-2, yn-2, zn-2 of the object relative to the active array recorded at time t2-n are discarded. The process then proceeds to step S1602, where the coordinates xn, yn, zn of the object relative to the active array are recorded at time tn.

[0204] The process then proceeds to step S1603, where the coordinates xn-1, yn-1, zn-1 of the object relative to the active array recorded at time tn-1 are combined with the coordinates xn, yn, zn to calculate a movement vector for estimating the movement direction. The process then proceeds to step S1604.

[0205] In step S1604, it is determined based on the calculated motion vector whether the object is about to cross the path of the connected beam, for example, will enter the area between the object and the active array. In other words, in step S1604, it is predicted based on the estimated motion direction whether the distance between the active array (e.g., the connected antenna device) and the object (subject) is shorter than the first distance at the upcoming moment.

[0206] If YES in S1604, ie if it is decided that an object will cross the path of the connected beam, the process proceeds to step S1605, where it is checked whether the object is located at a warning distance, for example in a warning area.

[0207] If "yes" in S1605, that is, in the case where the inspection object is located at the warning distance, the process proceeds to step S1606, where the warning and monitoring mode is triggered. In other words, in S1606, the UE enters the monitoring mode.

[0208] On the other hand, if "No" in steps S1604 and S1605, the process proceeds to step S1607 or S1608, and the warning and monitoring mode is not triggered or the triggering is stopped, and waits for the next timer input, that is, it waits for the calculated distance at the next moment.

[0209] According to the example implementation, in Fig.15 and Fig.16In the illustrated above process, the periodicity of the surrounding image is 1s or several seconds. Since the user moves in seconds, the timer should also be in seconds, for example, the processed environment image is acquired every second or every few seconds. According to the example implementation, as described above, the timer is applicable to the detected user movement speed. Compared with the uplink (UL) power of the UL active array, the power consumption of the non-transmitting array for generating radar images is very low. The periodicity of 1 second (or several seconds) will not have a significant impact on battery life.

[0210] Additionally, according to an example implementation, the periodicity is adaptive and may be determined by the UE manufacturer. This depends on the importance of the radio link failure compared to the UL application type, such as talk mode or data transfer mode.

[0211] According to an example implementation, the UE obtains the desired 3D view (eg, image of the surrounding environment) including movement and movement prediction by using the radar capabilities of all arrays combined.

[0212] If the sampling rate is higher than the movement, the movement prediction is valid. Since in 5G frequency range 2 (FR2), the subcarrier spacing is 120KHz, the sampling rate is 2ns, which is much higher than the user movement, i.e., in seconds.

[0213] It is worth noting that as the operating frequency increases, if the antenna aperture remains constant, the number of antenna elements increases, and therefore the gain and EIRP also increase. Therefore, the distance at which power back-off is required moves away from the transmit antenna (provided with the same power level at the PA). This phenomenon is shown in Figure 2. Fig.17 As shown, the back-off distance increases from approximately 18 cm with a 2x2 antenna array to approximately 68 cm with an 8x8 antenna array.

[0214] This numerical example highlights how powerful the motion prediction that triggers the warning and monitoring mode can be. It will prevent very frequent and repeated PBO, RLF and initial access processes.

[0215] Hereinafter, a UE decision mechanism according to at least some example embodiments will be described.

[0216] As above, for example, relative to Figure 8 As described above, the UE builds a list of candidate links (some of which may need to be coordinated by the gNB and some of which may be evaluated autonomously by the UE experiencing the MPE event) and ranks the options for optimal power. This UE-based decision mechanism is Fig.18 In the figure, Fig.18 Also depicted Fig.15 and Fig.16 and Figure 7 and Figure 8 How relevant.

[0217] Fig.18 A flow chart illustrating a process for object monitoring for triggering warning and monitoring modes according to at least some example embodiments is shown.

[0218] In step S1801, it is checked whether an object pointing to the UE's transmitting array has been detected, for example using Fig.15 and Fig.16 The process shown.

[0219] If "yes" in S1801, i.e. in case an object pointing towards the transmission array is detected, the process proceeds to step S1802, where warning signaling towards the gNB is triggered, and then proceeds to step S1803, which is a sub-process of warning and monitoring before an MPE event, such as e.g. Figure 8 As shown.

[0220] If "NO" in S1801, the process returns to (ie, remains at) S1801.

[0221] From step S1802, the process also proceeds to step S1804 based on the UE's decision mechanism, where the UE generates a list of candidate links with respect to its power ranking and updates the list. According to the example implementation, the list includes the links configured by the gNB.

[0222] From step S1804, the process proceeds to step S1805, where the UE determines the best candidate link, for example based on the maximum RSRP. According to an example implementation, the best link determination includes gNB feedback for evaluation.

[0223] The decision (autonomous or gNB coordinated) output from step S1805 depends on the link evaluated, where the transition to the maximum power link can be transparent to the network. For example, another array of UEs is used for the connection between the UE and the gNB, which has similar gain and remains on the same CSI. Alternatively, the alternative link must be coordinated with the gNB, for example a different path is used that would result in a significant channel change, handover, etc. If a better link is not found and the MPE evaluation time runs out, the UE will perform PBO.

[0224] The triggering of the MPE warning in step S1802 initiates the permutation of options on the UE side in S1804 and the decision of the preferred option in S1805. The decision process of when to switch to an alternative link is UE-centric and is also covered.

[0225] For the arrangement in S1804, the goal is to maximize power. After triggering the MPE warning in S1802, the UE directly sends a report of the preferred option to the gNB. If it is not reconfigured accordingly by the gNB, it sends the next preferred option, etc.

[0226] For the decision of when to switch links in S1805 , the UE deducts the current UL PBO (20 dB to 30 dB, depending on the UE power level) from the current DL power measurement to trigger the decision of switching links.

[0227] According to an example implementation, in S1804, the UE estimates a maximum PBO (eg, when a user touches the antenna) depending on its power level (eg, maximum EIRP).

[0228] Based on the maximum PBO and transmission priority, the UE decides whether DC reduction / PBO is acceptable or whether the UE needs to switch links.

[0229] UE uses the above relative to Fig.15 and Fig.16 A motion detection algorithm is described to predict covered and uncovered panels.

[0230] According to at least some example embodiments, in combination with the above Figure 3A The described monitoring operation options in the monitoring mode include determining whether at least one antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices is a covered antenna device or an uncovered antenna device.

[0231] For example, if the detected moving direction of the object indicates that the object will enter a sector covered by the connected antenna devices and the object will enter the sector within a first distance, at least one antenna device detecting the moving direction is determined to be at least partially uncovered antenna device.

[0232] For example, if the detected movement direction of the object indicates that the object will stay in a sector covered by at least one unconnected antenna device and the object will stay in the sector within a first distance, it is determined that at least one antenna device is at least partially a covered antenna device.

[0233] In step S1804, a UE-based ranking is performed. For example, the UE updates a list having a quality ranking of candidate links. For example, the quality includes at least one of received power, SNR, and SINR.

[0234] According to an example implementation, the channel link parameters are periodically estimated using multiple antenna devices, and the multiple antenna devices are arranged based on the estimated channel link parameters. For example, the channel link parameters include at least one of RSRQ, CQI, RSRP, SNR, and SINR.

[0235] According to an example implementation, the network entity is informed by the UE whether the monitored link has been monitored using a covered antenna device or a uncovered antenna device.

[0236] According to the example implementation, if a new link is needed, as is the case in most cases for PC3 and PC4 UEs, the UE prioritizes the (future) non-covered panels and ranks all alternative links by receive power (e.g. current CSI beam (from another panel, i.e. different gain), additional reflections (only up to 5dB additional loss in FR2), other CSI-RS (all options it is configured for), handover, other frequency bands (if data rate / latency / etc. allow it), etc.

[0237] According to an example implementation, if the UE is configured by the gNB for a specific measurement value (e.g. additional CSI-RS), it also adds that measurement value to the option list and arranges them by received power.

[0238] According to an example implementation, the preferred option is the option that exhibits the highest received power.

[0239] According to an example implementation, if the switching is transparent to the network, the UE stores and updates power measurements during warning and monitoring modes (eg, same CSI, different panels).

[0240] According to an example implementation, if the network must be involved, the preferred option is to signal back to the gNB during warning and monitoring mode. The use of reflection may affect timing advance, coding, etc. or handover. The gNB then configures the UE for conditional handover (according to the decision in step S1805), and the UE will need to switch to a configuration of, for example, a new CSI or a new propagation path.

[0241] According to an example implementation, monitoring of options continues autonomously throughout the MPE event and recovery period.

[0242] In S1805, according to the example implementation, the UE performs switching when: current DL - current PBO = < preferred link. That is, according to the example implementation, when the measured downlink power at the connected antenna device minus the required amount of power backoff of the connected antenna device is equal to or lower than a predetermined threshold, the UE decides to switch the connection.

[0243] It is important to note that whether the PBO is static or dynamic only affects when decisions are made, not the arrangement of options.

[0244] It is also noted that some UE decisions may be transparent to the network, but some may require specific gNB actions (e.g. other propagation paths or handover). Therefore, according to at least some example embodiments, the network also configures the UE for additional measurements (e.g. additional CSI-RSRP measurements) and is able to override the UE's preferred decision (e.g. handover is not possible due to, e.g., cell overload). Nevertheless, the final PBO decision at the UE is made by the UE.

[0245] According to an example embodiment, there is provided a user equipment, the user equipment comprising:

[0246] A component for detecting a condition that a distance between a user equipment and an object enters a warning area, the user equipment having established a connection with a network entity of a communication network system; and

[0247] Means for entering a monitoring mode based at least on the detected condition, wherein in the monitoring mode, operational options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection due to power back-off required by an antenna of the user equipment.

[0248] According to an example implementation, the user equipment further includes means for notifying a network entity of the detected condition.

[0249] According to an example implementation, the user equipment further includes means for requesting permission from the network entity to enter the monitoring mode.

[0250] According to an example implementation, the user equipment further comprises: means for receiving permission from the network entity to enter the monitoring mode,

[0251] The user equipment enters a monitoring mode based on detected conditions and permission from a network entity.

[0252] According to an example implementation, the monitoring mode includes a monitoring period during which at least one of the operating options is monitored.

[0253] According to an example implementation, the user equipment further comprises means for receiving information about the monitoring period from the network entity.

[0254] According to an example implementation, in the warning area, the user equipment is at risk of performing power backoff.

[0255] According to an example implementation, the warning area is defined by a first distance between the user device and the object and a second distance between the user device and the object, wherein the second distance is shorter than the first distance.

[0256] According to an example implementation, when a distance between the user equipment and the network entity is below a second distance, the user equipment triggers power backoff.

[0257] According to an example implementation, the user equipment further includes means for receiving an indication of the first distance from the network entity.

[0258] According to an example implementation, the operational options to be monitored in the monitoring mode include at least one of an option selected by the user equipment and an option selected by the network entity.

[0259] According to an example implementation, the user equipment further comprises means for receiving an update from the network entity utilizing one of the operating options monitored in the monitoring mode to be used to mitigate degradation of the established connection due to the required power backoff.

[0260] According to an example implementation, a user device includes multiple antenna devices for covering sectors around the user device, the antenna of the user device is a connected antenna device, which includes at least one antenna device among the multiple antenna devices, and operates a connection established with a network entity, and the user device also includes: a component for measuring the distance between an object and at least one unconnected antenna device by at least one unconnected antenna device among the multiple antenna devices, the at least one unconnected antenna device is different from the connected antenna device and can detect the object; a component for detecting whether the measured distance is shorter than a first distance, wherein the first distance at least partially defines a warning area; a component for detecting the moving direction of the object by at least one unconnected antenna device when it is detected that the measured distance is shorter than the first distance; and a component for detecting a condition that the distance between the user device and the object has entered the warning area based on the detected moving direction of the object.

[0261] According to an example implementation, the user device includes: a component for detecting a condition that the distance between the user device and the object has entered a warning area when the detected movement direction of the object indicates that the object will enter a sector covered by the connected antenna device and the object will enter the sector within a first distance.

[0262] According to an example implementation, monitoring the operational options in the monitoring mode includes determining whether at least one antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices is a covered antenna device or a non-covered antenna device.

[0263] According to an example implementation, the user device comprises: a device for determining that at least one antenna device is at least partially a component of an uncovered antenna device if a detected movement direction of the object indicates that the object will enter a sector covered by a connected antenna device and the object will enter the sector within a first distance.

[0264] According to an example implementation, a user device includes: a user device for determining that at least one antenna device is at least partially a part of a covered antenna device when a detected movement direction of the object indicates that the object will stay in a sector covered by at least one unconnected antenna device and the object will stay in the sector within a first distance.

[0265] According to an example implementation, a user device includes: a component for detecting the position of an object at consecutive moments by at least one unconnected antenna device; a component for calculating a moving direction between at least one unconnected antenna device and the object based on the positions detected at consecutive moments; and a component for estimating the position of the object at an upcoming moment based on the calculated moving direction, wherein when it is estimated that the position of the object at the upcoming moment will appear in a sector covered by a connected antenna device, it is detected that the mobile device is pointing to the sector covered by the connected antenna device.

[0266] According to an example implementation, at least one unconnected antenna device includes multiple beams for covering a sector of the at least one unconnected antenna device, wherein the user equipment includes means for detecting a location of an object based on which beam of the multiple beams is detecting the object.

[0267] According to an example implementation, a user device includes: means for creating a spherical image of a surrounding environment of the user device by using a plurality of antenna devices; and means for detecting a location of an object based on the spherical image.

[0268] According to an example implementation, each antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices performs proximity sensing of nearby objects, wherein an image is acquired for each antenna device from the proximity sensing of the antenna device, and the acquired images are combined into a spherical image.

[0269] According to an example implementation, user equipment includes means for sending information to a network entity, wherein the information relates to at least one of the monitored operating options.

[0270] According to an example implementation, the user equipment comprises means for informing a network entity whether a monitored link as an option among the monitored operational options has been monitored using a covered antenna device or a uncovered antenna device.

[0271] According to an example implementation, a user equipment includes: means for periodically estimating channel link parameters using a plurality of antenna devices; and means for arranging the plurality of antenna devices based on the estimated channel link parameters.

[0272] According to an example implementation, the user equipment comprises means for deciding to switch the connection if a measured downlink power at the connected antenna device minus a required amount of power backoff of the connected antenna device is equal to or below a predetermined threshold.

[0273] According to an example embodiment, there is provided a network entity of a communication network system, the network entity comprising:

[0274] means for determining parameters of a warning area, wherein when the distance between the user equipment and the object enters the warning area, the user equipment is capable of entering a monitoring mode, wherein operation options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection between the user equipment and a network entity due to power back-off required by an antenna of the user equipment; and

[0275] Means for notifying user equipment of parameters.

[0276] According to an example implementation, the parameter includes a first distance between the user device and the object.

[0277] According to an example implementation, the warning area is defined by a first distance and a second distance between the user device and the object, wherein the second distance is shorter than the first distance.

[0278] According to an example implementation, in the warning area, the user equipment is at risk of performing power backoff.

[0279] According to an example implementation, when a distance between the user equipment and the network entity is below a second distance, the user equipment triggers power backoff.

[0280] According to an example implementation, the determination and notification are performed during an established connection.

[0281] According to an example implementation, the network entity further includes:

[0282] means for deciding to permit the user device to enter the monitoring mode upon receiving a notification from the user device of a detected condition that the distance between the user device and the object enters the warning area; and

[0283] A component for notifying the user device of the decision result.

[0284] According to an example implementation, the network entity further includes:

[0285] means for deciding to permit the user equipment to enter the monitoring mode upon receiving a corresponding request from the user equipment; and

[0286] A component for notifying the user device of the decision result.

[0287] According to an example implementation, the network entity further includes:

[0288] means for determining a monitoring period of a monitoring mode, wherein at least one operating option is monitored; and

[0289] A component for notifying a user equipment of a monitoring period.

[0290] According to an example implementation, at least one of the first distance, the permission, and the monitoring period is determined based on a cell load of the network entity.

[0291] According to an example implementation, the operational options to be monitored in the monitoring mode include at least one of an option selected by the user equipment and an option selected by the network entity.

[0292] According to an example implementation, the network entity further includes:

[0293] for updating means for the user equipment with one of the operating options monitored in the monitoring mode, the operating option to be used to mitigate degradation of an established connection due to required power backoff.

[0294] According to an example implementation, the network entity further includes means for receiving information about at least one operating option from a user equipment.

[0295] According to an example implementation, the network device further comprises means for receiving information from the user equipment regarding whether the monitoring link as an option in the monitored operation options has been monitored using the covered antenna device or the uncovered antenna device of the user equipment.

[0296] In the following, further aspects are listed.

[0297] 1. A method for use by a user device, the method comprising:

[0298] detecting a condition that a distance between a user device and an object enters a warning area, the user device having established a connection with a network entity of a communication network system; and

[0299] A monitoring mode is entered based at least on the detected condition, wherein in the monitoring mode, operational options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection due to power backoff required by an antenna of the user equipment.

[0300] 2. The method according to aspect 1 further comprises:

[0301] A network entity is notified of the detected condition.

[0302] 3. The method according to aspect 1 or 2, further comprising:

[0303] Requests permission from the network entity to enter monitoring mode.

[0304] 4. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 3, further comprising:

[0305] Receive permission from the network entity to enter monitoring mode,

[0306] The user equipment enters a monitoring mode based on detected conditions and permission from a network entity.

[0307] 5. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, wherein the monitoring mode comprises a monitoring period, wherein at least one operating option is monitored.

[0308] 6. The method according to aspect 5 further comprises:

[0309] Information about a monitoring period is received from a network entity.

[0310] 7. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 6, wherein in the warning area, the user equipment is at risk of performing power backoff.

[0311] 8. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the warning area is defined by a first distance between the user device and the object and a second distance between the user device and the object, wherein the second distance is shorter than the first distance.

[0312] 9. The method according to aspect 7, wherein when the distance between the user equipment and the object is lower than a second distance, the user equipment triggers power backoff.

[0313] 10. The method according to aspect 8 or 9, further comprising:

[0314] An indication of a first distance is received from a network entity.

[0315] 11. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 10, wherein the operation options to be monitored in the monitoring mode include at least one of an option selected by the user equipment and an option selected by the network entity.

[0316] 12. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 11, further comprising:

[0317] An update is received from a network entity using one of the operating options monitored in the monitoring mode, which operating option is to be used to mitigate degradation of the established connection due to required power backoff.

[0318] 13. A method according to any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein

[0319] The user equipment includes a plurality of antenna devices for covering sectors around the user equipment,

[0320] The antenna of the user equipment is a connected antenna device, the antenna device comprising at least one antenna device of a plurality of antenna devices and operating an established connection with a network entity, and

[0321] The method further includes:

[0322] measuring, by at least one unconnected antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices, a distance between the object and at least one unconnected antenna device, the at least one unconnected antenna device being different from the connected antenna device and capable of detecting the object;

[0323] detecting whether the measured distance is shorter than a first distance, wherein the first distance at least partially defines a warning area;

[0324] In case it is detected that the measured distance is shorter than the first distance, detecting the moving direction of the object by at least one unconnected antenna device; and

[0325] Based on the detected moving direction of the object, it is detected that the distance between the user equipment and the object has entered a warning area.

[0326] 14. The method according to aspect 13, further comprising:

[0327] In case the detected moving direction of the object indicates that the object will enter a sector covered by the connected antenna device and the object will enter the sector within a first distance, a condition that the distance between the user device and the object has entered a warning area is detected.

[0328] 15. The method according to aspect 13 or 14, wherein monitoring the operation options in the monitoring mode comprises:

[0329] It is determined whether at least one antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices is a covered antenna device or an uncovered antenna device.

[0330] 16. The method according to aspect 15, further comprising:

[0331] In case the detected movement direction of the object indicates that the object will enter a sector covered by the connected antenna devices and the object will enter the sector within a first distance, it is determined that at least one antenna device is at least partially a non-covered antenna device.

[0332] 17. The method according to aspect 15 or 16, further comprising:

[0333] In case the detected movement direction of the object indicates that the object will stay in a sector covered by at least one unconnected antenna device and the object will stay in the sector within a first distance, it is determined that at least one antenna device is at least partially a covered antenna device.

[0334] 18. The method according to aspect 14, further comprising:

[0335] Detecting the position of the object at successive moments by at least one unconnected antenna device;

[0336] calculating a moving direction between at least one unconnected antenna device and the object based on the positions detected at consecutive moments;

[0337] Based on the calculated movement direction, estimate the object's position at the upcoming moment,

[0338] Therein, when it is assessed that the position of the object will appear in a sector covered by the connected antenna device at an upcoming moment, the movement direction is detected to be directed to the sector covered by the connected antenna device.

[0339] 19. The method of aspect 18, wherein the at least one unconnected antenna device comprises a plurality of beams for covering a sector of the at least one unconnected antenna device, the method further comprising:

[0340] The location of the object is detected based on which beam of the plurality of beams is detecting the object.

[0341] 20. The method according to aspect 18 or 19, further comprising:

[0342] Creating a spherical image of the user device's surroundings by using multiple antenna devices; and

[0343] Based on the spherical image, the position of the object is detected.

[0344] 21. A method according to aspect 20, wherein

[0345] Each antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices performs proximity sensing of nearby objects, wherein an image is acquired for each antenna device from the proximity sensing of the antenna device, and

[0346] The acquired images are combined into a spherical image.

[0347] 22. The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 21, further comprising:

[0348] Information is sent to a network entity, wherein the information relates to at least one of the monitored operating options.

[0349] 23. The method according to aspect 15, further comprising:

[0350] The network entity is informed whether the monitored link, which is an option among the monitored operation options, has been monitored using the covered antenna device or the uncovered antenna device.

[0351] 24. The method according to any one of aspects 13 to 23, further comprising:

[0352] periodically estimating channel link parameters using a plurality of antenna devices; and

[0353] A plurality of antenna devices are arranged based on the estimated channel link parameters.

[0354] 25. The method according to any one of aspects 15, 23 and 24, further comprising:

[0355] In case the measured downlink power at the connected antenna device minus the required amount of power backoff of the connected antenna device is equal to or below a predetermined threshold, a decision is made to switch the connection.

[0356] 26. A method for use by a network entity of a communication network system, the method comprising:

[0357] determining parameters of a warning area, wherein when a distance between the user equipment and the object enters the warning area, the user equipment is capable of entering a monitoring mode, wherein operation options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection between the user equipment and a network entity due to power backoff required by an antenna of the user equipment; and

[0358] The user equipment is informed of the parameters.

[0359] 27. The method according to claim 26,

[0360] The parameter includes a first distance between the user device and the object,

[0361] wherein the warning area is defined by a first distance and a second distance between the user device and the object, wherein the second distance is shorter than the first distance,

[0362] Wherein in the warning area, the user equipment is at risk of performing power backoff, and

[0363] When the distance between the user equipment and the network entity is less than a second distance, the user equipment triggers power backoff.

[0364] 28. A method according to aspect 26 or 27, wherein the determining and notifying is performed during an established connection.

[0365] 29. The method according to any one of aspects 26 to 28, further comprising:

[0366] Upon receiving a notification from the user device that a detected condition that the distance between the user device and the object enters the warning area, deciding to permit the user device to enter the monitoring mode; and

[0367] The user device is informed of the decision result.

[0368] 30. The method according to any one of aspects 26 to 29, further comprising:

[0369] Upon receiving a corresponding request from the user equipment, deciding to allow the user equipment to enter the monitoring mode; and

[0370] The user device is informed of the decision result.

[0371] 31. The method according to any one of aspects 26 to 30, further comprising:

[0372] determining a monitoring period of a monitoring mode, wherein at least one operating option is monitored; and

[0373] The user equipment is informed of the monitoring period.

[0374] 32. The method according to any one of aspects 26 to 31, wherein at least one of the first distance, the permission and the monitoring period is determined based on a cell load of the network entity.

[0375] 33. A method according to any one of aspects 26 to 32, wherein the operating options to be monitored in the monitoring mode comprise at least one of an option selected by the user equipment and an option selected by the network entity.

[0376] 34. The method according to any one of aspects 26 to 33, further comprising:

[0377] The user equipment is updated with one of the operating options monitored in the monitoring mode, which operating option is to be used to mitigate degradation of the established connection due to the required power backoff.

[0378] 35. The method according to any one of aspects 26 to 34, further comprising:

[0379] Information about at least one of the operating options is received from a user device.

[0380] 36. The method according to aspect 35, further comprising:

[0381] Information is received from the user equipment regarding whether a monitoring link as an option among the monitored operation options has been monitored using the covered antenna device or the uncovered antenna device of the user equipment.

[0382] 37. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program which, when executed by a computer, causes the computer to perform:

[0383] detecting a condition that a distance between a user device and an object enters a warning area, the user device having established a connection with a network entity of a communication network system; and

[0384] A monitoring mode is entered based at least on the detected condition, wherein in the monitoring mode, operational options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection due to power backoff required by an antenna of the user equipment.

[0385] 38. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program which, when executed by a computer, causes the computer to perform:

[0386] determining parameters of a warning area, wherein when the distance between the user equipment and the object enters the warning area, the user equipment is capable of entering a monitoring mode, wherein operation options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection between the user equipment and a network entity of the communication network system due to power backoff required by an antenna of the user equipment; and

[0387] The user equipment is informed of the parameters.

[0388] 39. An apparatus for use by a user equipment, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code being configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least perform:

[0389] detecting a condition that a distance between a user device and an object enters a warning area, the user device having established a connection with a network entity of a communication network system; and

[0390] A monitoring mode is entered based at least on the detected condition, wherein in the monitoring mode, operational options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection due to power backoff required by an antenna of the user equipment.

[0391] 40. The apparatus according to aspect 39, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0392] A network entity is notified of the detected condition.

[0393] 41. The apparatus according to aspect 39 or 40, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0394] Requests permission from the network entity to enter monitoring mode.

[0395] 42. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 39 to 41, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0396] Receive permission from the network entity to enter monitoring mode,

[0397] The user equipment enters a monitoring mode based on detected conditions and permission from a network entity.

[0398] 43. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 39 to 42, wherein the monitoring mode comprises a monitoring period, wherein at least one operating option is monitored.

[0399] 44. The apparatus according to aspect 43, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0400] Information about a monitoring period is received from a network entity.

[0401] 45. An apparatus according to any one of clauses 39 to 44, wherein in the warning area, the user equipment is at risk of performing power backoff.

[0402] 46. ​​An apparatus according to any one of aspects 39 to 45, wherein the warning area is defined by a first distance between the user device and the object and a second distance between the user device and the object, wherein the second distance is shorter than the first distance.

[0403] 47. The apparatus of aspect 45, wherein when a distance between the user equipment and the network entity is below a second distance, the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to trigger a power backoff.

[0404] 48. The apparatus according to aspect 46 or 47, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0405] An indication of a first distance is received from a network entity.

[0406] 49. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 39 to 48, wherein the operating options to be monitored in the monitoring mode include at least one of an option selected by the user equipment and an option selected by the network entity.

[0407] 50. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 39 to 49, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0408] An update is received from a network entity using one of the operating options monitored in the monitoring mode, which operating option is to be used to mitigate degradation of the established connection due to the required power backoff.

[0409] 51. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 39 to 50, wherein

[0410] The user equipment includes a plurality of antenna devices for covering sectors around the user equipment,

[0411] The antenna of the user equipment is a connected antenna device, the antenna device includes at least one antenna device among a plurality of antenna devices, and operates a connection established with a network entity, and

[0412] The at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0413] measuring, by at least one unconnected antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices, a distance between the object and at least one unconnected antenna device, the at least one unconnected antenna device being different from the connected antenna device and capable of detecting the object;

[0414] detecting whether the measured distance is shorter than a first distance, wherein the first distance at least partially defines a warning area;

[0415] In case it is detected that the measured distance is shorter than the first distance, detecting the moving direction of the object by at least one unconnected antenna device; and

[0416] Based on the detected moving direction of the object, it is detected that the distance between the user equipment and the object has entered a warning area.

[0417] 52. The apparatus according to aspect 51, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0418] In case the detected moving direction of the object indicates that the object will enter a sector covered by the connected antenna device and the object will enter the sector within a first distance, a condition that the distance between the user device and the object has entered a warning area is detected.

[0419] 53. The apparatus according to aspect 51 or 52, wherein monitoring the operation options in the monitoring mode comprises:

[0420] It is determined whether at least one antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices is a covered antenna device or an uncovered antenna device.

[0421] 54. The apparatus according to aspect 53, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0422] In case the detected movement direction of the object indicates that the object will enter a sector covered by the connected antenna devices and the object will enter the sector within a first distance, it is determined that at least one antenna device is at least partially a non-covered antenna device.

[0423] 55. The apparatus according to aspect 53 or 54, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0424] In case the detected movement direction of the object indicates that the object will stay in a sector covered by at least one unconnected antenna device and the object will stay in the sector within a first distance, it is determined that at least one antenna device is at least partially a covered antenna device.

[0425] 56. The apparatus according to aspect 52, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0426] Detecting the position of the object at successive moments by at least one unconnected antenna device;

[0427] calculating a moving direction between at least one unconnected antenna device and the object based on the positions detected at consecutive moments;

[0428] Based on the calculated movement direction, estimate the object's position at the upcoming moment,

[0429] Therein, when it is assessed that the position of the object will appear in a sector covered by the connected antenna device at an upcoming moment, the movement direction is detected to be directed to the sector covered by the connected antenna device.

[0430] 57. The apparatus of aspect 56, wherein the at least one unconnected antenna device comprises a plurality of beams for covering a sector of the at least one unconnected antenna device, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0431] Based on which beam of the plurality of beams is detecting the object, a location of the object is detected.

[0432] 58. The apparatus according to aspect 56 or 57, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0433] Creating a spherical image of the user device's surroundings by using multiple antenna devices; and

[0434] Based on the spherical image, the position of the object is detected.

[0435] 59. The apparatus according to aspect 58, wherein

[0436] Each antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices performs proximity sensing of nearby objects, wherein an image is acquired for each antenna device from the proximity sensing of the antenna device, and

[0437] The acquired images are combined into a spherical image.

[0438] 60. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 39 to 59, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0439] Information is sent to a network entity, wherein the information relates to at least one of the monitored operating options.

[0440] 61. The apparatus according to aspect 53, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0441] The network entity is informed whether the monitored link, which is an option among the monitored operation options, has been monitored using the covered antenna device or the uncovered antenna device.

[0442] 62. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 51 to 61, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0443] periodically estimating channel link parameters using a plurality of antenna devices; and

[0444] A plurality of antenna devices are arranged based on the estimated channel link parameters.

[0445] 63. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 41, 61 and 62, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0446] In case the measured downlink power at the connected antenna device minus the required amount of power backoff of the connected antenna device is equal to or below a predetermined threshold, a decision is made to switch the connection.

[0447] 64. An apparatus for use by a network entity of a communication network system, the apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory, the at least one memory comprising computer program code, the at least one memory and the computer program code being configured to, together with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to at least perform:

[0448] determining parameters of a warning area, wherein when a distance between the user equipment and the object enters the warning area, the user equipment is capable of entering a monitoring mode, wherein operation options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection between the user equipment and a network entity due to power backoff required by an antenna of the user equipment; and

[0449] The user equipment is informed of the parameters.

[0450] 65. The apparatus according to aspect 64,

[0451] The parameter includes a first distance between the user device and the object,

[0452] wherein the warning area is defined by a first distance and a second distance between the user device and the object, wherein the second distance is shorter than the first distance,

[0453] Wherein in the warning area, the user equipment is at risk of performing power backoff, and

[0454] When the distance between the user equipment and the network entity is less than a second distance, the user equipment triggers power backoff.

[0455] 66. Apparatus according to aspect 64 or 65, wherein the determining and notifying is performed during an established connection.

[0456] 67. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 64 to 66, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0457] Upon receiving a notification from the user device that a detected condition that the distance between the user device and the object enters the warning area, deciding to permit the user device to enter the monitoring mode; and

[0458] The user device is informed of the decision result.

[0459] 68. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 64 to 67, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0460] Upon receiving a corresponding request from the user equipment, deciding to allow the user equipment to enter the monitoring mode; and

[0461] The user device is informed of the decision result.

[0462] 69. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 64 to 68, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0463] determining a monitoring period of a monitoring mode, wherein at least one operating option is monitored; and

[0464] The user equipment is informed of the monitoring period.

[0465] 70. An apparatus according to any of aspects 64 to 69, wherein at least one of the first distance, the permission and the monitoring period is determined based on a cell load of the network entity.

[0466] 71. An apparatus according to any of aspects 64 to 70, wherein the operating options to be monitored in the monitoring mode comprise at least one of an option selected by the user equipment and an option selected by the network entity.

[0467] 72. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 64 to 71, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0468] The user equipment is updated with one of the operating options monitored in the monitoring mode, which operating option is to be used to mitigate degradation of the established connection due to the required power backoff.

[0469] 73. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 64 to 72, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0470] Information about at least one of the operating options is received from a user device.

[0471] 74. The apparatus according to aspect 73, wherein the at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to further perform:

[0472] Information is received from the user equipment regarding whether a monitoring link as an option among the monitored operation options has been monitored using the covered antenna device or the uncovered antenna device of the user equipment.

[0473] It is to be understood that the above description is illustrative and should not be interpreted as limiting. Various modifications and applications may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for use by a user equipment, the method comprising: Detecting a condition that a distance between the user equipment and an object enters a warning area, the user equipment having established a connection with a network entity of a communication network system; as well as entering a monitoring mode based at least on the detected condition, wherein in the monitoring mode, operational options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection due to power back-off required by an antenna of the user equipment, and in: The user equipment comprises a plurality of antenna devices for covering sectors around the user equipment, The antenna of the user equipment is a connected antenna device, the connected antenna device includes at least one antenna device among the plurality of antenna devices, and operating said established connection with said network entity, and The method further comprises: measuring, by at least one unconnected antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices, a distance between the object and the at least one unconnected antenna device, the at least one unconnected antenna device being different from the connected antenna device and capable of detecting the object; detecting whether the measured distance is shorter than a first distance, wherein the first distance at least partially defines the warning area; detecting, by the at least one unconnected antenna device, a moving direction of the object when it is detected that the measured distance is shorter than the first distance; and The condition that the distance between the user equipment and the object has entered the warning area is detected based on the detected moving direction of the object.

2. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program, which, when executed by a computer, causes the computer to perform: Detecting a condition that a distance between a user device and an object enters a warning area, wherein the user device has established a connection with a network entity of a communication network system; as well as entering a monitoring mode based at least on the detected condition, wherein in the monitoring mode, operational options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection due to power back-off required by an antenna of the user equipment, and in: The user equipment comprises a plurality of antenna devices for covering sectors around the user equipment, The antenna of the user equipment is a connected antenna device, the connected antenna device includes at least one antenna device among the plurality of antenna devices, and operating said established connection with said network entity, and When the program is executed by a computer, the computer is further caused to execute: measuring, by at least one unconnected antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices, a distance between the object and the at least one unconnected antenna device, the at least one unconnected antenna device being different from the connected antenna device and capable of detecting the object; detecting whether the measured distance is shorter than a first distance, wherein the first distance at least partially defines the warning area; detecting, by the at least one unconnected antenna device, a moving direction of the object when it is detected that the measured distance is shorter than the first distance; and The condition that the distance between the user equipment and the object has entered the warning area is detected based on the detected moving direction of the object.

3. An apparatus for use by a user equipment, the apparatus comprising: A component for detecting a condition that the distance between the user equipment and the object enters a warning area, the user equipment having established a connection with a network entity of a communication network system; as well as means for entering a monitoring mode based at least on the detected condition, wherein in the monitoring mode, operational options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection due to power back-off required by an antenna of the user equipment, and in: The user equipment comprises a plurality of antenna devices for covering sectors around the user equipment, The antenna of the user equipment is a connected antenna device, the connected antenna device includes at least one antenna device among the plurality of antenna devices, and operating said established connection with said network entity, and The device also includes: means for measuring, by at least one unconnected antenna device of the plurality of antenna devices, a distance between the object and the at least one unconnected antenna device, the at least one unconnected antenna device being different from the connected antenna device and capable of detecting the object; means for detecting whether the measured distance is shorter than a first distance, wherein the first distance at least partially defines the warning area; means for detecting, by the at least one unconnected antenna device, a moving direction of the object if it is detected that the measured distance is shorter than the first distance; and means for detecting the condition that the distance between the user equipment and the object has entered the warning area based on the detected moving direction of the object.

4. The apparatus according to claim 3, further comprising: Means for detecting the condition that the distance between the user equipment and the object has entered the warning area if the detected movement direction of the object indicates that the object will enter a sector covered by the connected antenna device and the object will enter the sector within the first distance.

5. The apparatus according to claim 3 or 4, wherein for the monitoring of the operation options in the monitoring mode, the apparatus further comprises: Means for determining whether at least one antenna device among the plurality of antenna devices is a covered antenna device or an uncovered antenna device.

6. The apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising: for determining that the at least one antenna device is at least partially part of a non-covered antenna device if the detected movement direction of the object indicates that the object will enter a sector covered by the connected antenna device and the object will enter the sector within the first distance.

7. The apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising: For determining that the at least one antenna device is at least partially part of a covered antenna device if the detected movement direction of the object indicates that the object will stay in a sector covered by the at least one unconnected antenna device and the object will stay in the sector within the first distance.

8. The apparatus according to claim 4, further comprising: means for detecting, by said at least one unconnected antenna device, a position of said object at successive moments in time; means for calculating said direction of movement between said at least one unconnected antenna device and said object based on said positions detected at said consecutive moments; means for estimating the position of said object at an upcoming moment based on said calculated direction of movement; as well as Means for detecting that said direction of movement is directed towards said sector covered by said connected antenna device when assessing that said position of said object at said upcoming said moment will appear in said sector covered by said connected antenna device.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the at least one unconnected antenna device comprises a plurality of beams for covering a sector of the at least one unconnected antenna device, wherein the apparatus further comprises: Means for detecting the position of the object based on which beam of the plurality of beams is detecting the object.

10. The apparatus according to claim 8, further comprising: means for creating a spherical image of the surroundings of the user equipment by using the plurality of antenna devices; as well as Means for detecting the position of the object based on the spherical image.

11. The device according to claim 10, wherein Each of the plurality of antenna devices performs proximity sensing of nearby objects, wherein the apparatus further comprises: means for acquiring an image of each antenna device from said proximity sensing of said antenna devices; as well as A component for combining the acquired images into the spherical image.

12. The device according to any one of claims 3 to 4, further comprising: Means for sending information to the network entity, wherein the information relates to at least one of the monitored operational options.

13. The apparatus according to claim 5, further comprising: A component for informing the network entity whether the monitoring link as an option in the monitored operation options has been monitored using the covered antenna device or the uncovered antenna device.

14. The device according to any one of claims 3 to 4, further comprising: means for periodically estimating channel link parameters using the plurality of antenna devices; as well as Means for arranging said plurality of antenna devices based on estimated said channel link parameters.

15. The device according to any one of claims 3 to 4, further comprising: Means for deciding to switch the connection if a measured downlink power at the connected antenna device minus a required amount of the power backoff of the connected antenna device is equal to or below a predetermined threshold.

16. An apparatus for use by a network entity of a communication network system, the apparatus comprising: means for determining parameters of a warning area, wherein when the distance between the user equipment and an object enters the warning area, the user equipment is capable of entering a monitoring mode, wherein operation options to be performed by the user equipment are monitored to mitigate degradation of an established connection between the user equipment and the network entity due to power back-off required by an antenna of the user equipment; as well as means for notifying the user equipment of the parameter, and in: The user equipment comprises a plurality of antenna devices for covering sectors around the user equipment, The antenna of the user equipment is a connected antenna device, the connected antenna device includes at least one antenna device among the plurality of antenna devices, and operating said established connection with said network entity, At least one unconnected antenna device among the plurality of antenna devices measures a distance between the object and the at least one unconnected antenna device, the at least one unconnected antenna device being different from the connected antenna device and capable of detecting the object, and the measured distance is detected as being shorter than a first distance, wherein The first distance at least partially defines the warning area; In a case where the measured distance is detected to be shorter than the first distance, the at least one unconnected antenna device detects a moving direction of the object, wherein the condition that the distance between the user device and the object has entered the warning area is detected based on the detected moving direction of the object.

17. The apparatus according to claim 16, further comprising: Means for receiving information about at least one of the operating options from the user equipment.

18. The apparatus according to claim 17, further comprising: means for receiving information from the user equipment as to whether a monitoring link as an option in the monitored operating options has been monitored using a covered antenna device or a non-covered antenna device of the user equipment.

Images