Control apparatus for controlling the amount of hydrogen injected into an internal combustion engine

Abstract

The invention relates to a control device for a powertrain comprising an internal combustion engine, the control device being used to control the injection quantity of hydrogen. The control device for a powertrain comprising an internal combustion engine according to the invention, wherein the internal combustion engine is configured as a hydrogen engine, is configured and set up to perform the following steps: - determining a required air ratio on the basis of a load request and a current air mass flow; - determining a desired center of combustion; - determining a minimum air ratio in the determined desired center of combustion under consideration of the NOx emissions and / or the H2 / NOx emissions ratio; - comparing the required air ratio and the minimum air ratio; - determining a shift of the center of combustion when the comparison results in the required air ratio being less than the minimum air ratio, and - controlling the injection quantity of hydrogen on the basis of the required air ratio or the determined shift of the center of combustion.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a control device for a powertrain including an internal combustion engine, the control device being used to control the injection amount of hydrogen. Background Technology

[0002] A system for controlling the air ratio of an engine that operates by means of gaseous fuel is known from DE4344715 A1. Summary of the Invention

[0003] According to the invention, a control device for a powertrain including an internal combustion engine, wherein the internal combustion engine is a hydrogen engine, said control device is configured and set up to perform the following steps:

[0004] - Calculate the required air ratio based on load requirements and current air mass flow;

[0005] - Determine the desired combustion center of gravity;

[0006] - Calculate the minimum air-fuel ratio while considering the NOx emission and / or H2 / NOx emission ratio, based on the desired combustion center of gravity.

[0007] - Compare the required air ratio with the minimum air ratio;

[0008] - If the comparison shows that the air ratio required to determine the desired combustion center is less than the minimum air ratio, then the shift of the combustion center of gravity is determined, and

[0009] - The amount of hydrogen injected is determined based on the required air ratio or the center of gravity of combustion.

[0010] The control device controls the injection rate of hydrogen based on the required air ratio or the determined movement of the combustion center of gravity. In this way, the present invention enables the adjustment of the injection rate while taking into account NOx emissions and / or the H2 / NOx emission ratio. This has the advantage that the control device can balance load requirements, efficiency variations caused by the determined movement of the combustion center of gravity, and NOx emissions and / or the H2 / NOx emission ratio when controlling the injection rate.

[0011] The desired combustion center of gravity is understood as the combustion center of gravity that achieves favorable operation of the internal combustion engine. This desired combustion center of gravity is related to the current combustion mode. In efficiency-controlled operation of the combustion mode, the desired combustion center of gravity is, for example, defined to achieve the highest possible efficiency. However, in heated operation, the desired combustion center of gravity is, for example, defined to provide a favorable exhaust gas temperature.

[0012] Here, the minimum air ratio at the desired combustion center of gravity is understood as the air ratio in which NOx emissions are less than the desired NOx emissions and / or the ratio of H2 / NOx emissions is greater than the desired ratio of H2 / NOx emissions at the desired combustion center of gravity.

[0013] Here, NOx emissions are understood as raw NOx emissions, that is, NOx emissions upstream of the exhaust gas reprocessing system of an internal combustion engine. The H2 / NOx emission ratio is also understood as the ratio of raw H2 and NOx emissions.

[0014] The desired NOx emissions are defined here to ensure that NOx emissions downstream of the powertrain's exhaust gas reprocessing system comply with legal regulations. The desired NOx emissions can be defined in relation to the powertrain's operating conditions.

[0015] Here, the desired H2 / NOx ratio is defined such that a specific amount of hydrogen is present in the exhaust gas. Hydrogen can then be used, for example, to reduce NOx in the exhaust gas via an H2-SCR catalytic converter, so that an H2 injector is not required in the powertrain's exhaust system, or at least only a small amount of H2 needs to be introduced into the exhaust system.

[0016] Here, control is understood as open-loop control with an open or sometimes closed action path, and closed-loop control with a closed action flow.

[0017] To determine the required air-to-fuel ratio, the control equipment preferably calculates the required hydrogen injection amount based on load requirements. Load requirements can be derived, for example, from the position of the accelerator pedal in the powertrain. To calculate the required injection amount, the control equipment particularly preferably uses an internal combustion engine efficiency model, taking into account the combustion mode. The combustion mode could be, for example, efficiency-controlled operation, NOx-controlled operation, or heating operation of the internal combustion engine.

[0018] In addition, the control equipment detects the current air mass flow in the intake line of the internal combustion engine to determine the required air ratio. The control equipment then calculates the required air ratio based on the detected current air mass flow and the calculated required injection volume.

[0019] Here, the desired combustion center of gravity is determined using an operating efficiency model during the calculation process by the control device program. Alternatively or supplementarily, the control device can use a family of characteristic curves in the determined desired combustion center of gravity.

[0020] The minimum air-fuel ratio is determined at the desired combustion center of gravity, taking into account NOx emissions and / or the H2 / NOx emission ratio. Preferably, the control device determines the minimum air-fuel ratio such that the desired NOx emissions and / or the desired H2 / NOx ratio are met. This can be achieved, for example, by having the control device read the minimum air-fuel ratio at the desired combustion center of gravity from a family of characteristic curves. The family of characteristic curves is calibrated taking into account the desired NOx emissions and / or the desired H2 / NOx ratio. The minimum air-fuel ratio can be stored in the family of characteristic curves in relation to various parameters such as combustion mode, the state of the exhaust gas reprocessing system, and / or the operating point of the powertrain.

[0021] Based on a comparison of the required air ratio and the minimum air ratio, the control device can induce two different actions. When the required air ratio is greater than the minimum air ratio, it is feasible to introduce the injection quantity to be provided based on load requirements, while adhering to the desired combustion center of gravity. Because the control device determines the minimum air ratio considering the NOx emission and / or H2 / NOx emission ratio, it can also meet the desired NOx emission and / or desired H2 / NOx ratio.

[0022] If the required air-to-fuel ratio at the desired combustion center is less than the minimum air-to-fuel ratio, the control unit determines the shift of the combustion center. Therefore, a lower air-to-fuel ratio can be achieved while adhering to desired NOx emissions and / or the desired H2 / NOx ratio. The control unit then controls the injection quantity based on the determined shift of the combustion center.

[0023] Preferably, the control device is configured and set up to take into account the NOx emission and / or H2 / NOx emission ratio when determining the movement of the combustion center of gravity.

[0024] The control device considers the NOx emission and / or H2 / NOx emission ratio when determining the movement of the combustion center of gravity. In this way, the present invention achieves that the required air-to-fuel ratio can be met by moving the combustion center of gravity, and that NOx emissions are less than the expected NOx emissions and / or H2 / NOx emissions are greater than the expected H2 / NOx ratio.

[0025] To account for NOx emissions and / or the H2 / NOx emission ratio during movement, preferably, the control device has access to a family of characteristic curves in which the movement of the combustion center of gravity is associated with the difference between the desired and minimum air-fuel ratio. Thus, the control device can move the combustion center of gravity such that the desired air-fuel ratio is maintained. Here, the family of characteristic curves is calibrated so that the maintained movement of the combustion center of gravity maintains the desired NOx emissions and / or the desired H2 / NOx ratio.

[0026] Furthermore, preferably, the movement of the combustion center of gravity is additionally stored in a family of characteristic curves in relation to the operating point and / or combustion mode of the internal combustion engine. Thus, the control equipment can determine the movement of the combustion center of gravity in relation to operation.

[0027] Particularly preferably, the control device includes a model for calculating NOx emissions and / or the H2 / NOx ratio in relation to the air-to-fuel ratio and the center of gravity of combustion. Using a model reduces the calibration costs associated with creating a family of characteristic curves compared to using a family of characteristic curves, especially when depicting transient conditions.

[0028] The use of the model specifically takes into account the changes in NOx emissions or the H2 / NOx emission ratio during transient operation relative to steady-state operation.

[0029] Therefore, the control device can determine the maximum NOx emission and / or minimum H2 / NOx ratio as the expected NOx emission and / or expected H2 / NOx ratio under transient conditions. For this purpose, the control device determines the NOx emission and / or H2 / NOx ratio under steady-state conditions, for example, based on a family of characteristic curves. By multiplying the steady-state NOx emission and / or steady-state H2 / NOx ratio by a coefficient, or by adding an offset value to the steady-state NOx emission and / or steady-state H2 / NOx ratio, the control device can determine the maximum transient NOx emission and / or minimum transient H2 / NOx ratio. Through a reverse model, the control device can then determine the minimum air-fuel ratio at the determined desired combustion center of gravity, taking into account the expected transient NOx emission and / or expected transient H2 / NOx ratio. Regarding the determination of the expected transient NOx emission, the coefficient is preferably greater than 1, while regarding the determination of the expected transient H2 / NOx ratio, the coefficient is preferably less than 1. When calculating the expected transient NOx emissions, the offset value is preferably greater than zero, while when calculating the expected transient H2 / NOx ratio, the offset value is preferably less than zero.

[0030] If a comparison between the required air ratio and the minimum air ratio reveals that the required air ratio is less than the minimum air ratio, then the control device can determine the change in the combustion center of gravity based on the model, such that the required air ratio is met and the transient NOx expected emissions and / or transient H2 / NOx expected ratio are complied with. To this end, the control device also inverts the model so that it can calculate the movement of the combustion center of gravity taking into account the required air ratio and the transient NOx expected emissions and / or transient H2 / NOx expected ratio as model inputs.

[0031] Preferably, the control device is configured and sets limits for determined movement of the combustion center of gravity, wherein the limits are related to combustion stability and / or exhaust gas temperature.

[0032] The control device takes into account the limitations of the determined movement of the combustion center of gravity. In this way, the present invention achieves: avoiding unstable combustion or at least avoiding the possibility of unstable combustion and / or providing a temperature favorable for exhaust gas reprocessing. A favorable temperature is provided if, on the one hand, the temperature is high enough to enable the powertrain's exhaust gas reprocessing system to achieve a sufficient conversion rate, and on the other hand, it is low enough to prevent or at least reduce the possibility of component damage due to excessively high exhaust gas temperatures.

[0033] Here, "limitation" is understood to mean both the limitation on movement determined at a subsequent time point and the limitation on movement determined at an earlier time point. Combustion stability here includes, for example, knocking combustion, pre-ignition, maximum temperature, and / or flameout.

[0034] Preferably, the control device is configured and set to limit the injection amount based on the determined movement of the combustion center of gravity when controlling the injection amount.

[0035] The control device considers the limitation of injection amount based on the determined movement of the combustion center of gravity when controlling the injection amount. In this way, the present invention achieves the ability to comply with the expected NOx value and / or the expected H2 / NOx ratio, even when the movement of the combustion center of gravity is limited.

[0036] Preferably, the control device is configured and set up to take combustion stability into account when determining the desired combustion center of gravity.

[0037] The control device is configured and set up to take combustion stability into account when determining the desired combustion center of gravity. In this way, the present invention achieves that the control device is already able to take into account, for example, knock, pre-ignition, maximum temperature and / or flameout when determining the desired combustion center of gravity.

[0038] Preferably, the powertrain includes an exhaust gas reprocessing system, and the control equipment is configured and set up to determine a minimum air ratio based on the state of the exhaust gas reprocessing system, the combustion mode, changes in NOx emissions, and / or changes in the H2 / NOx emission ratio.

[0039] The control device determines the minimum air ratio based on the status of the exhaust gas reprocessing system, the combustion mode, changes in NOx emissions, and / or changes in the H2 / NOx emission ratio. In this way, the present invention achieves the operation of the internal combustion engine with an air ratio that is favorable to exhaust gas reprocessing, combustion, NOx emissions, and / or the H2 / NOx emission ratio.

[0040] Other advantageous embodiments of the invention are described below. Attached Figure Description

[0041] Preferred embodiments are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0042] Figure 1 An embodiment of a powertrain with control equipment is shown;

[0043] Figure 2 An embodiment of steps performed by a control device for controlling the amount of hydrogen injected is shown;

[0044] Figure 3 An alternative embodiment of the steps performed by a control device for controlling the amount of hydrogen injected is shown;

[0045] Figure 4 An embodiment of steps performed by a control device for determining the movement of the combustion center of gravity is shown; and

[0046] Figure 5 An alternative embodiment of the steps performed by a control device for determining the movement of the combustion center of gravity is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0047] Figure 1 A powertrain 2 for a vehicle is shown. The powertrain 2 includes an intake line 9, an internal combustion engine 3, an exhaust line 10, a first exhaust return line 11, and a second exhaust return line 12. Here, the intake line 9 is located upstream of the internal combustion engine 3. The exhaust line 10 is located downstream of the internal combustion engine 3 and includes an exhaust gas cleaning system 4.

[0048] The internal combustion engine 3 is configured as a charged, directly injected, and externally ignited hydrogen engine with four cylinders 13. For this purpose, the internal combustion engine 3 includes an exhaust gas turbocharger 14. The exhaust gas turbocharger 14 includes a compressor 15 disposed in the intake line 9 and a turbine 16 disposed in the exhaust line 10. The turbine 16 and the compressor 15 are coupled to each other such that the energy absorbed by the turbine 16 from the exhaust gas can be utilized by the compressor 15 to compress the fresh gas to an increased pressure level.

[0049] To introduce hydrogen into cylinder 13, the internal combustion engine 3 includes an injection device 30. The injection device 30 includes an injector for each cylinder 13, an introduction line, and a fuel supply device.

[0050] To ignite the hydrogen-air mixture, the internal combustion engine includes an ignition device 40. The ignition device 40 includes a spark plug for each cylinder 13 and an ignition mechanism connected to the spark plug.

[0051] The exhaust gas cleaning system 4 includes an H2-SCR catalyst 5, an NH3-SCR system, and an ammonia slip catalyst (ASK) 7. The H2-SCR catalyst 5 is configured to utilize H2 to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.

[0052] The NH3-SCR system is located upstream of the H2-SCR catalyst 5 and includes an NH3-SCR catalyst 6, a metering unit 19, and a mixer 20. The metering unit 19 is configured to introduce ammonia (NH3) into the exhaust gas line 10 upstream of the NH3-SCR catalyst 6. The introduced ammonia and exhaust gas are mixed in the mixer 20, which is located between the metering unit 19 and the NH3-SCR catalyst 6. The NH3-SCR catalyst 6 is configured to utilize ammonia to reduce NOx emissions.

[0053] To detect NOx emissions, NOx sensor 22 is placed downstream of exhaust gas reprocessing system 4.

[0054] The first exhaust gas return line 11 is located upstream of the exhaust gas cleaning system 4 and forms a line for drawing exhaust gas upstream of the turbine 16 of the exhaust gas turbocharger 14 from the exhaust gas line 10 and supplying it to the intake line 9 downstream of the compressor of the exhaust gas turbocharger 14. The second exhaust gas return line 12 is configured to draw exhaust gas downstream of the H2-SCR catalyst 5 from the exhaust gas line 10 and supply it to the intake line 9 upstream of the compressor of the exhaust gas turbocharger 14. The first exhaust gas return line 11 and the second exhaust gas return line 12 provide an optimal exhaust gas return rate for the operation of the internal combustion engine 3 and achieve the most efficient operation of the internal combustion engine 3 possible.

[0055] The powertrain 2 includes a control device 1. The control device 1 is configured and established for executing control programs. The control programs include execution of... Figure 2 The commands for the steps shown in the image:

[0056] - Calculate the required air ratio (λ) for S11 based on load requirements and current air mass flow. erf );

[0057] - Determine the desired combustion center of gravity for S12;

[0058] - Calculate the minimum air-to-gas ratio (λ) for S13, taking into account NOx emissions and / or the H2 / NOx emission ratio, at the desired combustion center of mass of S12. min );

[0059] - The required air ratio (λ) erf S11 and minimum air ratio (λ) min S13 is compared with S20;

[0060] -When the comparison S20 yields the required air ratio (λ) erf S11 is less than the minimum air ratio (λ) min At S13, the movement of the combustion center of gravity is determined at S30, and

[0061] -Based on the required air ratio (λ)erf The amount of hydrogen injected in S40 is controlled by moving the determined center of gravity of combustion in S11 or S30.

[0062] Figure 3 An alternative embodiment of the steps performed by the control program for controlling the amount of hydrogen injected into the S40 is shown. In the upstream step 01, the control program first calculates the required amount of hydrogen injected, m, based on the load requirement M and the current combustion mode VM, by running an efficiency model of the internal combustion engine 3. H2,erf .

[0063] The control program includes commands based on the desired injection volume m. H2,erf and the current air mass flow m L,akt Determine the required air ratio (λ) for S11 erf The control program determines the current air mass flow m by combining the air path model with information from the air volume meter 17. L,akt .

[0064] The control program additionally calculates the desired combustion center of gravity (S12) using the operating efficiency model. α The desired combustion center of gravity is described in relation to the combustion mode VM and the load requirement M, indicating a favorable combustion center of gravity. Depending on the combustion mode VM, the desired efficiency, desired emissions, or desired exhaust gas temperature can be advantageous, for example.

[0065] The control program includes commands that determine the minimum air-to-fuel ratio (λ) for S13, taking into account the exhaust gas reprocessing system 4 and the combustion mode VM. min Therefore, control procedures can, for example, take into account heating requirements or limitations on raw emissions.

[0066] In the next step S20, the control program will set the required air ratio (λ). erf ) and minimum air ratio (λ) min Compare. If comparing S20 yields: the required air ratio λ erf Greater than the minimum air ratio λ min S13, then the control program is based on the required air ratio (λ) erf S11 controls the amount of hydrogen injected into S40, in the following manner: the required injection rate m... H2,erf Start the injection device 30 and pass through the ignition angle α ign Start the ignition device 40.

[0067] The control program calculates the S41 ignition angle α by running a combustion model. ign The combustion model is based on the desired combustion centroid S. α The ignition angle α is determined by the shift Δα of the combustion center of gravity. ign Because for the required air ratio (λ)erf ) greater than the minimum air ratio (λ) min In the case described above, the movement Δα is unnecessary, so the combustion model is based on the desired combustion centroid S. α Calculate the ignition angle α ign .

[0068] The control program is based on the expected NOx emissions S for the steady-state operation of powertrain 2. NOx，st Find the expected NOx emission S NOx NOx expected emissions S NOx，st It is stored in the control device in a manner that is accessible to the control program. The control program stores the desired NOx emissions (S0.05). NOx,st Multiply by a coefficient that is also limited by the operating point to obtain the expected NOx emission S for the transient operating state of powertrain 2. NOx,tr NOx expected emissions S NOx Corresponding to the expected NOx emissions S NOx,tr By calibrating the expected NOx emissions S NOx,st And coefficient, the expected NOx emissions S NOx The requirement is to ensure compliance with legal regulations regarding NOx emissions. The expected NOx emission S NOx,st S NOx,tr and S NOx exist Figure 4 As exemplarily shown in the figure.

[0069] The control program includes the following commands, which, when compared with S20, determine the required air ratio (λ). erf Less than the minimum air ratio (λ) min At S13, the command determines the combustion center of gravity (S30) α ) movement.

[0070] Figure 4 This illustrates one embodiment of a moving S30 combustion center of gravity. Here, the required air-to-weight ratio λ is... erf Less than the minimum air ratio λ min Therefore, at the required air ratio λ erf In this context, NOx emissions are expected to be exceeded, targeting the desired combustion center of gravity. Figure 4 S shown in NOx S represents the maximum permissible NOx emission under transient conditions. NOx,tr Therefore, in order to comply with the expected NOx emissions S NOx The control program moves the combustion center of gravity S30 at a later time point. α The control program selects the determined shift Δα such that it complies with the desired NOx emission S. NOx And meet the required air ratio λ erf .

[0071] The control program is based on the movement Δα and the desired combustion center of gravity S. α In step S41, the ignition angle α is calculated. ign The ignition device 40 is activated by the ignition angle. Based on the movement Δα, the control program calculates the change Δ in the hydrogen injection rate by rerunning the efficiency model in step S42. m,H2 This ensures that the load requirement M is met even when the combustion center of gravity shifts, through reduced combustion efficiency. The required hydrogen injection rate m... H2,erf The modified hydrogen injection rate m H2,mod In this case, the control program calculates the change Δ in the amount of hydrogen injected. m,H2 .

[0072] The control program includes commands that take into account the determined movement Δα of the combustion center of gravity L when moving S30. α Limit L α Considering the combustion stability of internal combustion engine 3 and in Figure 4 The area shown in the shaded region is the control procedure in step S43, which will control the limit L. α The maximum movement α derived from this lim Used to calculate the limitation λ for air ratio lim In step S44, the control program bases its response on the air ratio limitation λ. lim and the current air mass flow m L,akt Calculate the maximum hydrogen injection rate m H2,max .

[0073] In step S45, the control program finally bases the modified hydrogen injection rate m on... H2,mod and maximum injection volume m H2,max Calculate the injection quantity m to be introduced into the internal combustion engine by the injection device 30. H2,inj .

[0074] In another alternative embodiment, the control program considers the H2 / NOx emission ratio in addition to NOx emissions. This allows for the provision of the desired H2 content in the exhaust gas, enabling the conversion of raw NOx emissions via the H2-SCR catalyst 5 without introducing H2 into the exhaust gas path.

[0075] Here, the control program is at the desired combustion center of gravity S α The minimum air-to-water ratio λ is determined by considering the H2 / NOx emission ratio. min Here, in order to achieve closed-loop control even under transient conditions, a minimum air-fuel ratio is determined by running a model that calculates the initial emissions of NOx and H2. The movement of the combustion center of gravity is also determined in subsequent step S30 by running the model.

[0076] Additionally, if the combustion center of gravity shifts S30 during this process, the control program corrects the modified injection quantity. To this end, the control program repeatedly adjusts the injection quantity based on the modified injection quantity m. H2,mod Perform steps S11, S30, S40, and S42. When the required air ratio λ... erf and from the modified injection volume m H2,mod The correction terminates when the difference between the air ratios obtained is less than the preset tolerance. The accuracy of the correction can be set via the tolerance.

[0077] Figure 5 An alternative embodiment for moving the combustion center of gravity of S30 is shown. Here, the control program, in addition to limiting L, also... α In addition, the constraint L of the determined movement Δα of the combustion center of gravity is also considered. β Limit L β In particular, the combustion stability of the internal combustion engine 3 based on knock or pre-ignition is considered, and Figure 5 The upper left shaded area represents this. The control program here is based on the limit L. α and L β Find the maximum movement α lim Among them Figure 5 The embodiment shown restricts L α and expected NOx emissions S NOx Maximum movement α lim For other running points, another maximum movement α can be generated accordingly. lim In another embodiment, not shown, the control program alternatively or additionally includes a command that directly considers the limitation L when determining the desired combustion center of gravity S12. β This allows the combustion stability caused by knocking or pre-ignition to be taken into account when determining the desired combustion center of gravity S12.

[0078] In another alternative embodiment, the control program includes commands that perform closed-loop control of the hydrogen injection rate within a closed-loop control circuit. For this purpose, the powertrain 2 includes a cylinder pressure sensor located in cylinder 13. The control program calculates the induced intermediate pressure and combustion center of gravity via the cylinder pressure sensor. The induced intermediate pressure serves as an indicator of load.

[0079] When determining the movement Δα of the combustion center of gravity, the control program uses the combustion center of gravity obtained via the cylinder pressure sensor and the intermediate pressure induced by the sensor to correct the modified injection quantity m. H2,mod This enables the injection volume m H2,inj More accurate and robust control of the S40.

Claims

1. A control device (1) for a powertrain (2) including an internal combustion engine (3), wherein the internal combustion engine (3) is configured as a hydrogen engine, and wherein the control device (1) is configured and set to perform the following steps: - Calculate the required air ratio based on load requirements and current air mass flow; - Determine the expected center of gravity for combustion; - Calculate the minimum air-to-fuel ratio at the desired combustion center of gravity, taking into account the ratio of raw H2 to NOx emissions and / or raw NOx emissions. - Compare the required air ratio with the minimum air ratio; - When the comparison shows that the required air ratio is less than the minimum air ratio, the shift of the combustion center of gravity is determined, and - The amount of hydrogen injected is controlled based on the required air ratio or the determined shift of the combustion center of gravity.

2. The control device (1) according to claim 1, wherein the control device (1) is configured and set to take into account the ratio of NOx primary emissions and / or H2 / NOx primary emissions when determining the movement of the combustion center of gravity.

3. The control device (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the control device (1) is configured and set to take into account the determined movement limit of the combustion center of gravity, and wherein the limit is related to combustion stability and / or exhaust gas temperature.

4. The control device (1) according to claim 3, wherein the control device (1) is configured and set up to consider the limitation of the injection amount based on the limitation of the determined movement of the combustion center of gravity when controlling the injection amount.

5. The control device (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the control device (1) is configured and set up to take combustion stability into account when determining the desired combustion center of gravity.

6. The control device (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the powertrain (2) includes an exhaust gas reprocessing system (4), and wherein the control device (1) is configured and set to determine the minimum air ratio based on the state of the exhaust gas reprocessing system (4), based on the combustion mode, based on the change in the H2 / NOx raw emission ratio and / or based on the change in NOx raw emission.

7. The control device (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the control device (1) is configured and set up to run a model for determining the original NOx and / or H2 emissions, and to determine the minimum air-fuel ratio and / or the movement of the combustion center of gravity based on the results of the model.

8. The control device (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the internal combustion engine (3) includes an ignition device (40), and wherein the control device (1) is configured and set to determine an ignition timing point based on a determined movement of the combustion center of gravity, and to activate the ignition device (40) based on the determined ignition timing point.

9. The control device (1) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the control device (1) is configured and set up to perform a correction of the injection amount when controlling the injection amount.

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