Fermented feed for plateau yak, preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The application provides a fermented feed for plateau yak, a preparation method and application, and belongs to the technical field of feed.The fermented feed for plateau yak is prepared from raw materials including the following components in parts by weight: alfalfa hay, corn straw silage, Chinese herbal medicine+attapulgite composite fermented feed, highland barley, rye, corn, sprayed corn husk, wheat bran, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, feed-grade urea, table salt, 1% yak premix feed, calcium hydrogen phosphate, stone powder, vegetable oil, molasses and feed-grade magnesium oxide.The application uses multiple microorganisms and enzymes to mix and ferment Chinese herbal medicine and attapulgite clay, so as to improve the digestion and utilization rate of the nutrient substances of the feed raw materials and passivate the anti-nutritional factors.The fermented feed for plateau yak can effectively improve the production performance and meat quality of the yak, improve the immunity of the yak, reduce the occurrence of diseases and reduce the breeding cost.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of feed technology, and in particular to a fermented feed for plateau yaks, its preparation method, and its application. Background Technology

[0002] As residents' living standards continue to improve, the quality requirements for high-end livestock products are also increasing. Yak meat, renowned as the "king of beef" for its delicious taste and high nutritional value, is a highly sought-after premium livestock product. However, issues with yak meat quality are rooted in feed safety. The introduction of antibiotics as feed additives has significantly improved animal production performance and reduced production costs, greatly enhancing the economic benefits of animal husbandry. However, with the overuse of antibiotics, problems such as antibiotic residues, environmental pollution, and antibiotic resistance in animals are becoming increasingly prominent. To ensure public health and the safety of livestock products, growth-promoting antibiotics have been banned. Therefore, finding natural and pollution-free feed additives to produce green, healthy, and safe yak meat and other livestock products is urgently needed.

[0003] Barley, belonging to the Poaceae family, is an annual herbaceous plant characterized by its strong cold resistance, short growth cycle, high yield, early maturity, and wide adaptability, making it widely cultivated in high-altitude and cold regions. Studies show that barley can be used as an energy feed, featuring high protein, high fiber, high vitamins, and low fat and sugar content, making it an important feed source for livestock in high-altitude areas. Barley has a high digestibility in ruminants. Combined with the unique forage resources and natural growth advantages of high-altitude and cold regions, it will reduce feeding costs and play a significant role in the fattening of yaks.

[0004] Rye, belonging to the Poaceae family, is an annual herbaceous plant commonly cultivated in northern and colder regions, thriving at high altitudes. Rye has abundant leaves, soft stems, and high nutritional value, making it a suitable addition to feed formulations. Rich in protein, dietary fiber, and minerals, rye exhibits excellent feeding effects; studies have shown that feeding cattle and sheep with rye significantly increases daily weight gain. As a major component of concentrate feed, rye grains have good digestibility and absorption rates. Therefore, using rye as a specialty feed for livestock in high-altitude and cold regions yields good feeding results and plays a vital role in enhancing the ecological and economic value of agricultural and pastoral areas.

[0005] Furthermore, numerous experimental results have demonstrated that the addition of traditional Chinese medicine undoubtedly promotes animal growth and immunity, and improves gastrointestinal health. Yaks have specific requirements for feed and environmental adaptability; therefore, it is essential to develop a compound fermented feed containing traditional Chinese medicine that can specifically improve the production performance of high-altitude yaks. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a fermented feed for plateau yaks, its preparation method, and its application. This invention utilizes various microorganisms and enzymes to ferment a mixture of traditional Chinese medicine and attapulgite clay to improve the digestibility and utilization of nutrients in the feed ingredients and neutralize anti-nutritional factors. The fermented feed for plateau yaks of this invention can effectively improve the production performance and meat quality of yaks, enhance their immunity, reduce disease incidence, and lower feeding costs.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0008] This invention provides a fermented feed for plateau yaks, prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 26.0–30.0 parts alfalfa hay, 24.0–28.0 parts corn silage, 1.0–3.0 parts a compound fermented feed of traditional Chinese medicine and attapulgite, 2.0–4.0 parts highland barley, 2.5–4.5 parts rye, 8.5–10.5 parts corn, 2.0–3.0 parts spray-dried corn husks, and wheat bran. 7.5–10.5 parts bran, 6.0–10.0 parts soybean meal, 6.5–8.5 parts cottonseed meal, 0.2–0.5 parts feed-grade urea, 0.2–0.5 parts salt, 0.5–2.0 parts 1% yak premix, 0.3–0.6 parts dicalcium phosphate, 0.3–0.6 parts limestone powder, 0.5–2.0 parts vegetable oil, 2.0–4.0 parts molasses, and 0.1–0.3 parts feed-grade magnesium oxide.

[0009] Preferably, the herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-20 parts Astragalus membranaceus, 5-15 parts Angelica sinensis, 5-10 parts Citrus aurantium, 8-12 parts Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, 5-8 parts Codonopsis pilosula, 5-8 parts Crataegus pinnatifida, 5-8 parts Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 3-5 parts Fennel, 10-20 parts wheat bran, 10-20 parts mixed attapulgite clay, and 0.5-2 parts bacterial enzyme mixture.

[0010] Preferably, the bacterial enzyme mixture comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts Bacillus, 5-10 parts yeast, 2-5 parts photosynthetic bacteria, 3-6 parts acetic acid bacteria, 10-15 parts lactic acid bacteria, 3-6 parts actinomycetes, 2-5 parts Trichoderma, 8-12 parts cellulase, 10-20 parts corn flour, 3-6 parts wheat flour, and 15-25 parts brown sugar.

[0011] Preferably, the concentration of the Bacillus is 8-12 billion / kg; the concentration of the yeast is 8-12 billion / kg; the concentration of the photosynthetic bacteria is 8-12 billion / kg; the concentration of the acetic acid bacteria is 8-12 billion / kg; the concentration of the lactic acid bacteria is 4-6 billion / kg; the concentration of the actinomycetes is 4-6 billion / kg; and the concentration of the Trichoderma is 4-6 billion / kg.

[0012] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned fermented feed, comprising the following steps:

[0013] (1) Mix Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica sinensis, Pteris vittata, Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, Codonopsis pilosula, Crataegus pinnatifida, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Fennel, wheat bran and mixed attapulgite clay to obtain a mixed powder;

[0014] (2) The mixed powder is mixed with the bacterial enzyme mixture suspension and fermented to obtain the Chinese herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed.

[0015] (3) Mix alfalfa hay, corn stalk silage, Chinese herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed, highland barley, rye, corn, sprayed corn husks, wheat bran, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, feed-grade urea, salt, 1% yak premixed feed, dicalcium phosphate, stone powder, vegetable oil, molasses, and feed-grade magnesium oxide to obtain the fermented feed.

[0016] Preferably, the particle size of the astragalus, angelica, licorice, codonopsis, and hawthorn is 100-120 mesh.

[0017] Preferably, the particle size of the fern root, paper mulberry leaves and fennel is 20-40 mesh.

[0018] Preferably, the bacterial enzyme mixture suspension is prepared by mixing bacterial enzyme mixture and water at a mass ratio of 1:(150-250).

[0019] Preferably, the fermentation temperature is 20-30°C and the time is 5-8 days; during the fermentation process, the moisture content of the material is controlled at 35-45%.

[0020] The present invention also provides an application of the above-mentioned fermented feed in the preparation of yak feed.

[0021] This invention provides a fermented feed for plateau yaks, its preparation method, and its application. The invention utilizes various beneficial microorganisms such as yeast and lactic acid bacteria, as well as cellulase, in a microbial enzyme mixture to ferment traditional Chinese medicine herbs with attapulgite. This process improves the digestibility and utilization of nutrients in the feed ingredients, deactivates anti-nutritional factors, and simultaneously promotes the proliferation and enrichment of beneficial microorganisms. The metabolic products formed during fermentation are mixed with the herbal feed, resulting in a fermented feed with a distinctive aroma. Attapulgite is an abundant and high-quality mineral resource. The efficient combination of traditional Chinese medicine herbs and mixed attapulgite leverages the mold-removing and antibacterial properties of attapulgite, maximizing the combined effect to create a new product and technology.

[0022] Compared with other existing technologies, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0023] ① It improves the nutritional level of feed. Through fermentation, the protein in the feed is converted into small molecule peptides and oligopeptides that are easily digested and absorbed, and polysaccharides are further degraded into monosaccharides. At the same time, the various digestive enzymes produced by metabolism enter the body, which helps the body improve the feed conversion rate.

[0024] ② Fermented feed contains a variety of microorganisms during the fermentation process. The rapid reproduction of these microorganisms can establish a microbial dominance. The large-scale reproduction of beneficial bacteria can reduce the utilization of nutrients by other pathogens, leading to their death. At the same time, it regulates the pH value of the digestive tract, thereby maintaining or restoring the balance of the intestinal microbial community and enhancing the intestinal resistance to infection.

[0025] ③ Lactic acid bacteria and other microorganisms can reduce the growth and toxin production of mold. The preparation of fermented feed can effectively solve some of the problems caused by moldy feed, which affect the health of animals.

[0026] Furthermore, based on the current concept of cost reduction and efficiency improvement, and to meet people's needs for high-quality, flavorful, healthy, and safe yak meat, this invention, combined with extensive experimental research, has developed a formula and preparation method for fermented feed for plateau yaks using traditional Chinese medicine and attapulgite. It utilizes locally sourced forage crops such as highland barley and rye as feed ingredients, ensuring full utilization of local resources. The product is finalized using bio-fermentation technology, and yaks from high-altitude regions are selected as experimental animals to feed the product, significantly improving the quality of yak meat, reducing costs, and minimizing nitrogen pollution. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Figure 1 It is a bacterial enzyme mixture suspension.

[0028] Figure 2 This refers to the process of mixing a bacterial enzyme suspension with other raw materials in a compound fermented feed containing traditional Chinese medicine and attapulgite.

[0029] Figure 3 It is a compound fermented feed made from traditional Chinese medicine and attapulgite. Detailed Implementation

[0030] This invention provides a fermented feed for plateau yaks, prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 26.0–30.0 parts alfalfa hay, 24.0–28.0 parts corn silage, 1.0–3.0 parts a compound fermented feed of traditional Chinese medicine and attapulgite, 2.0–4.0 parts highland barley, 2.5–4.5 parts rye, 8.5–10.5 parts corn, 2.0–3.0 parts spray-dried corn husks, and wheat bran. 7.5–10.5 parts bran, 6.0–10.0 parts soybean meal, 6.5–8.5 parts cottonseed meal, 0.2–0.5 parts feed-grade urea, 0.2–0.5 parts salt, 0.5–2.0 parts 1% yak premix, 0.3–0.6 parts dicalcium phosphate, 0.3–0.6 parts limestone powder, 0.5–2.0 parts vegetable oil, 2.0–4.0 parts molasses, and 0.1–0.3 parts feed-grade magnesium oxide.

[0031] In this invention, the fermented feed is preferably prepared from raw materials comprising the following parts by weight: 26.0–30.0 parts alfalfa hay, 24.0–28.0 parts corn silage, 1.0–3.0 parts compound fermented feed of traditional Chinese medicine and attapulgite, 2.0–4.0 parts highland barley, 2.5–4.5 parts rye, 8.5–10.5 parts corn, 2.0–3.0 parts spray-dried corn husks, and wheat bran. 7.5–10.5 parts, soybean meal 6.0–10.0 parts, cottonseed meal 6.5–8.5 parts, feed-grade urea 0.2–0.5 parts, salt 0.2–0.5 parts, 1% yak premixed feed 0.5–2.0 parts, dicalcium phosphate 0.3–0.6 parts, limestone powder 0.3–0.6 parts, vegetable oil 0.5–2.0 parts, molasses 2.0–4.0 parts, feed-grade magnesium oxide 0.1–0.3 parts;

[0032] Further optimized, the feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 27.0 parts alfalfa hay, 25.0 parts corn silage, 1.0 part Chinese herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed, 2.0 parts highland barley, 2.5 parts rye, 9.0 parts corn, 2.0 parts sprayed corn husks, 9.5 parts wheat bran, 8.1 parts soybean meal, 6.8 parts cottonseed meal, 0.5 parts feed-grade urea, 0.4 parts salt, 1.0 part 1% yak premixed feed, 0.5 parts dicalcium phosphate, 0.5 parts limestone powder, 1.0 part vegetable oil, 3.0 parts molasses, and 0.2 parts feed-grade magnesium oxide.

[0033] In this invention, the herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed is preferably prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-20 parts Astragalus membranaceus, 5-15 parts Angelica sinensis, 5-10 parts Pteris vittata, 8-12 parts Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, 5-8 parts Codonopsis pilosula, 5-8 parts Crataegus pinnatifida, 5-8 parts Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 3-5 parts Fennel, 10-20 parts wheat bran, 10-20 parts mixed attapulgite clay, and 0.5-2 parts bacterial enzyme mixture; more preferably, it is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 16 parts Astragalus membranaceus, 10 parts Angelica sinensis, 8 parts Pteris vittata, 10 parts Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, 7 parts Codonopsis pilosula, 6 parts Crataegus pinnatifida, 7 parts Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 4 parts Fennel, 15 parts wheat bran, 15 parts mixed attapulgite clay, and 2 parts bacterial enzyme mixture.

[0034] In this invention, the bacterial enzyme mixture preferably comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts Bacillus, 5-10 parts yeast, 2-5 parts photosynthetic bacteria, 3-6 parts acetic acid bacteria, 10-15 parts lactic acid bacteria, 3-6 parts actinomycetes, 2-5 parts Trichoderma, 8-12 parts cellulase, 10-20 parts corn flour, 3-6 parts wheat flour, and 15-25 parts brown sugar; more preferably, it comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 12 parts Bacillus, 8 parts yeast, 3 parts photosynthetic bacteria, 5 parts acetic acid bacteria, 14 parts lactic acid bacteria, 5 parts actinomycetes, 3 parts Trichoderma, 10 parts cellulase, 15 parts corn flour, 5 parts wheat flour, and 20 parts brown sugar.

[0035] In this invention, the concentration of the Bacillus is preferably 80 to 120 billion / kg, and more preferably 100 billion / kg.

[0036] In this invention, the concentration of the yeast is preferably 80 to 120 billion / kg, and more preferably 100 billion / kg.

[0037] In this invention, the concentration of the photosynthetic bacteria is preferably 80 to 120 billion / kg, and more preferably 100 billion / kg.

[0038] In this invention, the concentration of the acetic acid bacteria is preferably 80 to 120 billion / kg, and more preferably 100 billion / kg.

[0039] In this invention, the concentration of the lactic acid bacteria is preferably 4 to 6 billion / kg, and more preferably 5 billion / kg.

[0040] In this invention, the concentration of the actinomycetes is preferably 4 to 6 billion / kg, and more preferably 5 billion / kg.

[0041] In this invention, the concentration of Trichoderma is preferably 4 to 6 billion / kg, and more preferably 5 billion / kg.

[0042] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned fermented feed, comprising the following steps:

[0043] (1) Mix Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica sinensis, Pteris vittata, Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, Codonopsis pilosula, Crataegus pinnatifida, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Fennel, wheat bran and mixed attapulgite clay to obtain a mixed powder;

[0044] (2) The mixed powder is mixed with the bacterial enzyme mixture suspension and fermented to obtain the Chinese herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed.

[0045] (3) Mix alfalfa hay, corn stalk silage, Chinese herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed, highland barley, rye, corn, sprayed corn husks, wheat bran, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, feed-grade urea, salt, 1% yak premixed feed, dicalcium phosphate, stone powder, vegetable oil, molasses, and feed-grade magnesium oxide to obtain the fermented feed.

[0046] In this invention, the particle size of Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica sinensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Codonopsis pilosula, and Crataegus pinnatifida is preferably 100-120 mesh, and more preferably 110 mesh.

[0047] In this invention, the particle size of the fern root, paper mulberry leaves and fennel is preferably 20-40 mesh, and more preferably 30 mesh.

[0048] In this invention, the bacterial enzyme mixture suspension is preferably prepared by mixing bacterial enzyme mixture and water at a mass ratio of 1:(150-250); more preferably, it is prepared by mixing bacterial enzyme mixture and water at a mass ratio of 1:200.

[0049] In this invention, the fermentation temperature is preferably 20-30°C, and more preferably 25°C.

[0050] In this invention, the fermentation time is preferably 5 to 8 days, and more preferably 7 days.

[0051] In this invention, during the fermentation process, the moisture content of the material is preferably controlled to be 35-45%, and more preferably 40%.

[0052] The present invention also provides an application of the above-mentioned fermented feed in the preparation of yak feed.

[0053] The technical solutions provided by the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0054] Example 1

[0055] This embodiment records the research content and results of the preliminary experiment on the compound fermented feed formula of Chinese herbal medicine + attapulgite. The specific process is as follows:

[0056] 1. Materials and Methods

[0057] 1.1 Experimental Design

[0058] Eighty healthy male yaks, approximately 2.5 years old and weighing around 192.12±5.04 kg, were selected as fattening experimental cattle and randomly divided into four groups of 20 yaks each. The feed composition and nutritional components of the control group and experimental groups 1-3 are shown in Table 1. During feeding, 5% of the feed remained in the trough, and water was provided freely. The pre-feeding period was 7 days, and the formal experiment lasted 30 days. The verification of the experiment and feed processing were conducted at the Xinruifeng Plateau Cattle and Sheep Breeding and Planting Technology Development Farmers Professional Cooperative in Hezuo City.

[0059] Table 1. Composition and nutritional components of compound fermented feed for yaks using different Chinese medicinal herbs and attapulgite.

[0060]

[0061]

[0062] 1.2 Measurement of production performance

[0063] During the trial, each animal was weighed before feeding on the morning of the start and end of the trial, with each replicate recorded. The initial and final weights were recorded, and the average daily gain (ADG) was calculated. The daily feed intake and the amount of feed remaining in the trough were recorded, and the average daily feed intake (ADFI) was calculated. The results were then analyzed based on the average daily gain and average daily feed intake.

[0064] Average daily weight gain = (final weight - initial weight) / number of days of feeding;

[0065] Average daily feed intake = Total feed consumption per group / (Number of feeding days × Number of animals fed);

[0066] 1.3 Determination of immune function

[0067] The levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM in each group were measured according to the instructions for the test kit.

[0068] 1.4 Determination of meat quality

[0069] The color was determined using the American NCCP color chart comparison method. The color was assessed by sensory evaluation of the ribeye color and the marbling of the cross-section of fresh beef. After the carcass was cut, the cross-section of the ribeye was exposed to air for 20 minutes and sensory evaluation was conducted with reference to the Beef Quality Grade Fat Color Standard Version-2008.

[0070] 1.5 Statistical Analysis

[0071] The experimental data were initially statistically analyzed and organized using Excel 2016 software, and then analyzed using SPSS 25.0 software. ANOVA was used for analysis of variance, and Duncan's method was used for multiple significance tests. If P < 0.05, the difference was significant; if P > 0.05, the difference was not significant. The experimental results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

[0072] 2. Results and Analysis

[0073] 2.1 Effects of different traditional Chinese medicine compound formulas on yak production performance

[0074] As shown in Table 2, compared with the control group, the final weight and average daily weight gain of the three experimental groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in average daily feed intake (P>0.05).

[0075] Table 2. Effects of different traditional Chinese medicine compound formulas on yak production performance.

[0076]

[0077]

[0078] Different lowercase letters in the shoulder labels of peer data indicate significant differences (P<0.05); identical shoulder labels or no labels indicate no significant differences (P>0.05), and the same applies to the following table.

[0079] 2.2 Effects of different traditional Chinese medicine compound formulas on the immune function of yaks

[0080] As shown in Table 3, the IgA and IgM levels in experimental groups 1 and 3 were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in any immune performance indicators between experimental groups 1 and 3 (P > 0.05).

[0081] Table 3. Effects of different traditional Chinese medicine compound formulas on the immune performance of yaks.

[0082]

[0083] 2.3 Effects of different traditional Chinese medicine compound formulas on the quality of yak meat

[0084] As shown in Table 4, the color index of experimental groups 2 and 3 was significantly higher than that of the control group and experimental group 1 (P < 0.05), the marble pattern index of experimental groups 2 and 3 was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in meat quality between experimental groups 2 and 3 (P > 0.05).

[0085] Table 4. Effects of different traditional Chinese medicine compound formulas on the quality of yak meat.

[0086]

[0087]

[0088] 3. Conclusion

[0089] Adding mulberry leaves to yak feed significantly improves the immune function of yaks, increasing the levels of IgA and IgM. Adding fennel to yak feed can significantly improve the color and marbling of yak meat. Therefore, further research will be conducted based on these findings.

[0090] Example 2

[0091] This embodiment provides a fermented feed for plateau yaks, prepared from the following raw materials (based on a production of 1000 kg): 270 kg alfalfa hay; 250 kg corn silage; 10 kg of fermented feed consisting of traditional Chinese medicine and attapulgite; 20 kg highland barley; 25 kg rye; 90 kg corn; 20 kg sprayed corn husks; 95 kg wheat bran; 81 kg soybean meal; 68 kg cottonseed meal; 5 kg feed-grade urea; 4 kg salt; 10 kg 1% yak premixed feed; 5 kg dicalcium phosphate; 5 kg limestone powder; 10 kg vegetable oil; 30 kg molasses; and 2 kg feed-grade magnesium oxide.

[0092] The compound fermented feed of traditional Chinese medicine and attapulgite is prepared from the following raw materials (based on a production of 100kg): Astragalus membranaceus 16kg, Angelica sinensis 10kg, Pteris vittata 8kg, Broussonetia papyrifera leaves 10kg, Codonopsis pilosula 7kg, Crataegus pinnatifida 6kg, Glycyrrhiza uralensis 7kg, Fennel 4kg, wheat bran 15kg, mixed vitamin A and attapulgite 15kg, and bacterial enzyme mixture 2kg.

[0093] The bacterial enzyme mixture is prepared by mixing the following raw materials: 12 kg of Bacillus subtilis (10 billion / kg), 8 kg of yeast (10 billion / kg), 3 kg of photosynthetic bacteria (10 billion / kg), 5 kg of acetic acid bacteria (10 billion / kg), 14 kg of lactic acid bacteria (5 billion / kg), 5 kg of actinomycetes (5 billion / kg), 3 kg of Trichoderma (5 billion / kg), 10 kg of cellulase, 15 kg of corn flour, 5 kg of wheat flour, and 20 kg of brown sugar (corn, wheat flour, and brown sugar are used as carriers).

[0094] The basic quality indicators and requirements for the above raw materials are as follows:

[0095] The basic requirements for alfalfa hay are: moisture ≤13.00%, crude protein ≥18.00%, crude fiber ≤23.00%, and crude ash ≤10.00%. Sensory indicators: dark green color, no off-odor, no fermentation, and no spoilage or mold.

[0096] The basic requirements for corn stalk silage are: energy content 12.00%, crude protein ≥9.50%, and crude fiber ≥12.50%. Sensory indicators: yellowish-green in color, glossy, moist surface, and free from mold.

[0097] The basic requirements for the barley are: crude protein ≥ 14.00%, crude fat ≥ 3.00%, carbohydrates ≥ 24.00%, and nitrogen-free extract ≥ 67.70%. Sensory indicators: plump grains, no mold. The basic requirements for the rye are: crude protein ≥ 9.50%, crude fat ≥ 1.50%, crude fiber ≥ 2.20%, and nitrogen-free extract ≥ 73.00%. Sensory indicators: uniform color, plump grains, no mold.

[0098] The basic requirements for the mixed attapulgite clay are: dry matter ≥ 92.00%, attapulgite ≥ 50.00%, carbonate ≤ 10.00%, gypsum ≤ 8.00%, and particle size 80–120 mesh. Sensory indicators: earthy appearance, grayish-white to bluish-gray, uniform color, and no lumps.

[0099] The basic requirements for corn are: moisture content ≤14.00%, crude protein ≥10.00%, good quality, test weight ≥710.00g / L, and moldy kernels ≤2.00%. Sensory indicators: plump kernels, uniform color, and no blackening of the embryo.

[0100] The basic requirements for the sprayed corn husks are: crude protein ≤18.50%, crude fat ≤1.10%, crude fiber ≥9.70%, and crude ash ≥7.50%. Sensory indicators: yellow flakes and powder, without any musty smell.

[0101] The basic requirements for wheat bran are: crude protein ≥ 14.50%, crude fiber ≥ 10.00%, moisture ≤ 10.00%, and crude ash ≤ 6.00%. Sensory indicators: the texture should be flaky, without clumping, and should not have a sour or musty smell.

[0102] The basic requirements for soybean meal are: moisture ≤ 14.00%, crude protein ≥ 43.00%, crude fiber ≤ 7.00%, crude ash ≤ 7.00%, urease activity ≤ 0.30 (U / g), and potassium hydroxide protein solubility ≥ 73.00%. Sensory indicators: light yellow coarse granules, fresh color, no raw soybean smell, and no mold.

[0103] The basic requirements for cottonseed meal are: moisture ≤ 12.00%, crude protein ≥ 44.00%, crude fiber ≤ 14.000%, and crude ash ≤ 9.00%. Sensory indicators: small yellow-brown fragments, no excessive cottonseed hulls, no fermentation or spoilage.

[0104] The basic requirements for feed-grade urea are: crude protein ≥ 200.00%, nitrogen content ≥ 32.000%, crude ash ≤ 8.00%, and moisture ≤ 12.00%. Sensory indicators: white granules, no deterioration.

[0105] The basic requirements for the salt are: NaCl ≥ 95.50%, particle size ≥ 85.50%. Sensory indicators: white fine particles, free of foreign matter, and odorless.

[0106] The basic requirements for the 1% yak premixed feed are as follows: Vitamin A: 100.00–200.00 KIU / kg; Vitamin D3: 25.00–100.00 KIU / kg; Vitamin E: 0.60 KIU / kg; Copper: 180.00–800.00 mg / kg; Iron: 500.00–12500.00 mg / kg; Calcium: 12.00%–14.00%; Sodium chloride: 12.00–40.00%; Zinc: 750.00–3100.00 mg / kg; Manganese: 680.00–3750.00 mg / kg; Iodine: 10.00–65.00 mg / kg; Selenium: 6.00–15.00 mg / kg; Cobalt: 6.00–60.00 mg / kg; Moisture ≤10.00%.

[0107] The basic requirements for the dicalcium phosphate are: total phosphorus content ≥16.50%, calcium content ≥20.00%, and particle size ≥95.00%. Sensory indicators: white powder.

[0108] The basic requirements for the stone powder are: calcium content ≥38.00%, magnesium content ≤0.50%, total arsenic ≤2.00mg / kg, lead ≤15.00mg / kg, and fineness 36 mesh. Sensory indicators: grayish-white powder, uniform and consistent, without clumping.

[0109] The basic requirements for the vegetable oil are: energy ≥ 44.00%, fat content ≥ 160.00%, and insoluble impurities ≤ 0.05%. Sensory indicators: light yellow, inherent odor, no off-odors.

[0110] The basic requirements for the molasses are: moisture ≤30.00%, crude protein ≥3.00%, and crude ash ≥8.00%. Sensory indicators: a brownish-black viscous liquid with a molasses aroma, no burnt smell, and no fermentation.

[0111] The basic requirements for feed-grade magnesium oxide are: MgO ≥ 96.50%, total arsenic ≤ 10.00 mg / kg, and lead ≤ 15.00 mg / kg. Sensory indicators: white powder, free of impurities and caking.

[0112] The astragalus, angelica, licorice, codonopsis, and hawthorn are all ultrafine powders with a fineness between 100 and 120 mesh. The product is selected by hand and is of qualified quality with no mold or deterioration.

[0113] The basic requirements for the fern root are: crude protein ≥ 11.00%, crude fat ≥ 2.30%, carbohydrates ≥ 25.00%, total sugar ≥ 10.00%, and ash ≤ 5.00%. Sensory indicators: brownish-brown surface, dull, pale yellow cross-section, inherent odor, and slightly sweet taste.

[0114] The basic requirements for the leaves of the paper mulberry are: dry matter ≥ 85.8%, crude fat ≥ 3.42%, crude protein ≥ 20.00%, phosphorus ≥ 0.30%, and calcium ≥ 2.20%. Sensory indicators: the leaves are elliptical-ovate.

[0115] The basic requirements for fennel are: alkaloids ≥2.90%, anethole ≥4.00%, and fenugreek ≥1.00%. Sensory indicators: yellow-green or pale yellow surface, dried and mature fruit with a distinctive aroma.

[0116] The specific preparation process for fermented feed for plateau yaks is as follows:

[0117] (1) Mix Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica sinensis, Pteris multifida, Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, Codonopsis pilosula, Crataegus pinnatifida, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Fennel seeds and wheat bran and dry them until the moisture content is ≤14%. Add mixed attapulgite clay and mix evenly to obtain a mixed powder.

[0118] Among them, the particle size of Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica sinensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Codonopsis pilosula, and Crataegus pinnatifida is 110 mesh; the particle size of Pteris vittata, Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, and Fennel is 30 mesh.

[0119] (2) Mix the bacterial enzyme mixture with purified drinking water at a mass ratio of 1:200 to prepare a bacterial enzyme mixture suspension (e.g. Figure 1 As shown), sprinkle evenly on the mixed powder (e.g. Figure 2 (As shown), stir to control the material moisture content to 40%. Place the material in a sealed container and ferment at 25℃ for 7 days to obtain a compound fermented feed of traditional Chinese medicine + attapulgite (e.g., ...). Figure 3 (As shown).

[0120] (3) Mix alfalfa hay, corn stalk silage, Chinese herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed, highland barley, rye, corn, sprayed corn husks, wheat bran, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, feed-grade urea, salt, 1% yak premixed feed, dicalcium phosphate, stone powder, vegetable oil, molasses, and feed-grade magnesium oxide evenly according to the above proportions to obtain fermented feed for plateau yaks.

[0121] Example 3

[0122] This embodiment verifies the formula of fermented feed for plateau yaks in Example 2. The specific process is as follows:

[0123] 1. Materials and Methods

[0124] 1.1 Experimental Design

[0125] One hundred and sixty healthy male yaks, approximately 18 months old and weighing around 350±30 kg, were selected as fattening experimental cattle and randomly divided into four groups of 40 cattle each. The feed composition and nutritional components of the control group and experimental groups 1-3 are shown in Table 5. Experimental group 3 was fed the fermented feed for plateau yaks described in Example 2. During feeding, 10% of the feed remained in the trough, and water was provided freely. The pre-feeding period was 7 days, and the formal experiment lasted 45 days. The verification of the experiment and feed processing were conducted at the Xinruifeng Plateau Cattle and Sheep Breeding and Planting Technology Development Farmers Professional Cooperative in Hezuo City.

[0126] Table 5. Dietary composition and nutrient components (air-dried basal)

[0127]

[0128]

[0129] Note: ① 1% yak premixed feed provides the following per kilogram of feed: Vitamin A: 150 KIU; Vitamin D3: 60 KIU; Vitamin E: 0.6 KIU; Copper: 400 mg; Iron: 7500 mg; Calcium: 13%; Sodium chloride: 20%; Zinc: 1500 mg; Manganese: 1000 mg; Iodine: 45 mg; Selenium: 9 mg; Cobalt: 35 mg; Moisture ≤10.0%. ② All nutrient components are calculated values. The formulation and preparation method of the herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed in each group are the same as in Example 2.

[0130] 1.2 Production performance measurement

[0131] During the trial, each animal was weighed before feeding on the morning of the start and end of the trial, with each animal weighed in a replicate. The initial weight and final weight were recorded, and the average daily gain (ADG) was calculated. The daily feed intake and the amount of feed remaining in the trough at the end of the trial were recorded, and the average daily feed intake (ADFI) was calculated. The feed conversion ratio (F / G) was calculated based on the average daily gain and average daily feed intake.

[0132] Average daily weight gain = (final weight - initial weight) / number of days of feeding;

[0133] Average daily feed intake = Total feed consumption per group / (Number of feeding days × Number of animals fed);

[0134] Feed conversion ratio = average daily feed intake / average daily weight gain.

[0135] 1.3 Economic Benefit Analysis

[0136] The price of yaks is calculated based on the market price in Hezuo City, Gansu Province, and the cost of feed is calculated based on the price of the raw materials purchased.

[0137] Gross profit = Total weight gain revenue during the trial period - Total material cost during the trial period

[0138] 1.4 Immunological marker determination

[0139] 1.4.1 Serum antioxidant indicators

[0140] The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde in the serum of each group were measured according to the kit instructions.

[0141] 1.4.2 Serum Immunoglobulins

[0142] The levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM in each group were measured according to the instructions for the test kit.

[0143] 1.5 Processing of Gut Microbial Sequencing Data

[0144] Uparse software was used to cluster sequences into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 97% consistency, and representative sequences were selected. Alpha diversity analysis was performed using Qiime software to calculate the Ace index and Chao1 index.

[0145] 1.6 Statistical Analysis

[0146] The experimental data were initially statistically analyzed and organized using Excel 2016 software, and then analyzed using SPSS 25.0 software. ANOVA was used for analysis of variance, and Duncan's method was used for multiple significance tests. If P < 0.05, the difference was significant; if P > 0.05, the difference was not significant. The experimental results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

[0147] 2. Experimental Results and Analysis

[0148] 2.1 Effects of fermented feed on the growth performance of yaks on plateau yaks

[0149] As shown in Table 6, compared with the control group, the feed conversion ratio of experimental group 3 was significantly lower (P<0.05) and decreased by 18.70%. The average daily weight gain of experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between experimental group 1 and experimental group 3 (P>0.05).

[0150] Table 6. Effects of fermented feed on yak growth performance in plateau yaks.

[0151]

[0152]

[0153] 2.2 The impact of fermented feed on the economic benefits of yaks on plateau yaks

[0154] As shown in Table 7, during the experimental period, the gross profit of experimental group 3 was higher than that of other groups. The income per yak in experimental group 3 was more than that in the control group, with an increase of 382.80 yuan.

[0155] Table 7. Impact of fermented feed on the economic benefits of yaks in the plateau region.

[0156] project control group Experimental group 1 Experimental group 2 Experimental group 3 Feed cost (RMB / kg) 3.51 3.62 3.72 3.57 Trial period material consumption cost (RMB / head) 1090.60 1350.20 1334.20 1237.00 Income from weight gain during the trial period (RMB / head) 3150.00 3685.75 3514.50 3679.20 Gross profit (RMB / head) 2059.40 2335.55 2180.30 2442.20 Increased income (yuan / head) 0.00 +276.15 +120.9 +382.80

[0157] 2.3 Effects of fermented feed on antioxidant properties of yaks on plateau yaks

[0158] As shown in Table 8, the malondialdehyde concentration in experimental group 3 was significantly lower than that in experimental group 1 (P < 0.05), and the superoxide dismutase content in experimental group 3 was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The glutathione peroxidase content in experimental group 3 was significantly higher than that in other groups (P < 0.05).

[0159] Table 8. Effects of fermented feed on antioxidant properties of yaks in high-altitude areas.

[0160]

[0161]

[0162] 2.4 Effects of fermented feed on the immune function of yaks on plateau yaks

[0163] As shown in Table 9, the IgA content in experimental group 3 was significantly higher than that in experimental group 2 (P < 0.05), and the IgG and IgM content in experimental group 3 was significantly higher than that in experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the IgG and IgM content between experimental group 2 and experimental group 3 (P > 0.05).

[0164] Table 9. Effects of fermented feed on the immune performance of yaks in high-altitude areas.

[0165]

[0166] 2.5 Effects of fermented feed on intestinal microbiota of yaks on plateau yaks

[0167] As shown in Table 10, the number of OTUs in the experimental group 3 was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the Chao1 index and the Ace index of the experimental group 3 were significantly higher (P < 0.05).

[0168] Table 10. Effects of fermented feed on gut microbiota in plateau yaks.

[0169]

[0170] 3. Conclusion

[0171] The experimental group of yaks using the fermented feed formula for plateau yaks of Example 2 of this invention showed significant improvements in growth performance and economic benefits, with a significant decrease in feed conversion ratio. The experimental group of yaks using the formula of Example 2 of this invention also exhibited varying degrees of increase in antioxidant and immune performance, which helps yaks adapt to the high-altitude environment. Furthermore, the experimental group of yaks using the formula of Example 2 of this invention had a richer number of intestinal microbial colonies. Based on the comprehensive analysis of various indicators and the growth status of the yaks, it is clear that the fermented feed for plateau yaks of this invention can effectively promote the growth and development of yaks at different stages.

[0172] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A fermented feed for plateau yaks, characterized in that, It is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 26.0-30.0 parts alfalfa hay, 24.0-28.0 parts corn silage, 1.0-3.0 parts Chinese herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed, 2.0-4.0 parts highland barley, 2.5-4.5 parts rye, 8.5-10.5 parts corn, 2.0-3.0 parts sprayed corn husks, 7.5-10.5 parts wheat bran, 6.0-10.0 parts soybean meal, 6.5-8.5 parts cottonseed meal, 0.2-0.5 parts feed-grade urea, 0.2-0.5 parts salt, 0.5-2.0 parts 1% yak premixed feed, 0.3-0.6 parts dicalcium phosphate, 0.3-0.6 parts limestone powder, 0.5-2.0 parts vegetable oil, 2.0-4.0 parts molasses, and 0.1-0.3 parts feed-grade magnesium oxide; The herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: Astragalus membranaceus 10-20 parts, Angelica sinensis 5-15 parts, Pteris vittata 5-10 parts, Broussonetia papyrifera leaves 8-12 parts, Codonopsis pilosula 5-8 parts, Crataegus pinnatifida 5-8 parts, Glycyrrhiza uralensis 5-8 parts, Fennel 3-5 parts, wheat bran 10-20 parts, mixed attapulgite clay 10-20 parts, and bacterial enzyme mixture 0.5-2 parts. The bacterial enzyme mixture comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts Bacillus, 5-10 parts yeast, 2-5 parts photosynthetic bacteria, 3-6 parts acetic acid bacteria, 10-15 parts lactic acid bacteria, 3-6 parts actinomycetes, 2-5 parts Trichoderma, 8-12 parts cellulase, 10-20 parts corn flour, 3-6 parts wheat flour, and 15-25 parts brown sugar.

2. The fermented feed according to claim 1, characterized in that, The concentration of the Bacillus is 8-12 billion / kg; the concentration of the yeast is 8-12 billion / kg; the concentration of the photosynthetic bacteria is 8-12 billion / kg; the concentration of the acetic acid bacteria is 8-12 billion / kg; the concentration of the lactic acid bacteria is 4-6 billion / kg; the concentration of the actinomycetes is 4-6 billion / kg; and the concentration of the Trichoderma is 4-6 billion / kg.

3. A method for preparing fermented feed according to any one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Mix Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica sinensis, Pteris vittata, Broussonetia papyrifera leaves, Codonopsis pilosula, Crataegus pinnatifida, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Fennel, wheat bran and mixed attapulgite clay to obtain a mixed powder; (2) The mixed powder is mixed with the bacterial enzyme mixture suspension and fermented to obtain the Chinese herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed; (3) Mix alfalfa hay, corn stalk silage, Chinese herbal medicine + attapulgite compound fermented feed, highland barley, rye, corn, sprayed corn husks, wheat bran, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, feed-grade urea, salt, 1% yak premixed feed, dicalcium phosphate, stone powder, vegetable oil, molasses and feed-grade magnesium oxide to obtain the fermented feed.

4. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The particle size of the astragalus, angelica, licorice, codonopsis, and hawthorn is 100-120 mesh.

5. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The particle size of the fern root, paper mulberry leaves, and fennel seeds is 20-40 mesh.

6. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The bacterial enzyme mixture suspension is prepared by mixing bacterial enzyme mixture with water at a mass ratio of 1:(150~250).

7. The preparation method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The fermentation temperature is 20~30℃, and the time is 5~8 days; during the fermentation process, the moisture content of the material is controlled at 35~45%.

8. The use of the fermented feed according to any one of claims 1 to 2 or the fermented feed prepared by the preparation method according to any one of claims 3 to 7 in the preparation of yak feed.

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