Joint multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and MIMO sensing

Abstract

Systems, apparatus, processes, and computer-readable media for wireless communication are disclosed. For example, an example of a process may include receiving, at a network device (e.g., a user equipment (UE)), a waveform including a communication resource and a sensing resource from a network entity via a number of sensing flows based on a maximum of Nt-J sensing flows. The waveform has a rank Nt, and J is a number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication, the number being less than Nt. The process may further include processing at least the communication resource of the waveform.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to joint communication and sensing. For example, aspects of the present disclosure relate to joint multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and MIMO sensing. Background Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data, messaging and broadcasting. These systems may be able to support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time, frequency and power). Examples of such multiple access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems (such as long term evolution (LTE) systems, advanced LTE (LTE-A) systems or LTE-A Pro systems) and fifth generation (5G) systems (which may be referred to as new radio (NR) systems). These systems may employ techniques such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple access communication system may include one or more base stations or one or more network access nodes, each base station or network access node simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication devices, which may be further referred to as user equipment (UE). Some wireless communication systems may support communication between UEs, which may involve direct transmission between two or more UEs.

[0003] As larger bandwidths are allocated to wireless cellular communication systems (e.g., including 5G and beyond 5G) and more use cases are introduced into cellular communication systems, joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing may be basic features of existing or future wireless communication systems, such as to enhance the overall spectrum efficiency of the wireless communication network. Summary of the invention

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary of the invention related to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary of the invention should neither be considered as an exhaustive overview related to all conceived aspects, nor should it be considered to identify key or decisive elements related to all conceived aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Therefore, the sole purpose of the following summary of the invention is to present certain concepts related to one or more aspects related to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a brief form before the detailed embodiments presented below.

[0005] Systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing at a user equipment (UE) are described. According to at least one example, a method for wireless communication is provided. The method includes: at the UE, based on a maximum of N t-J sensing flows receive a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources from a network entity via a number of sensing flows, the waveform having a rank N t , where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ; and the communication resource for processing at least the waveform.

[0006] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided, the apparatus comprising at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. The at least one processor is configured to: based on a maximum of N t -J sensing flows receive a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources from a network entity via a number of sensing flows, the waveform having a rank N t , where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ; and the communication resource for processing at least the waveform.

[0007] In another example, a non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon is provided, which when executed by one or more processors causes the one or more processors to: t -J sensing flows receive a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources from a network entity via a number of sensing flows, the waveform having a rank N t , where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ; and the communication resource for processing at least the waveform.

[0008] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided. The apparatus includes: t - J sensing flows receiving a waveform comprising communication resources and sensing resources from a network entity via a number of sensing flows, the waveform having a rank N t , where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ; and means for processing at least the communications resource of the waveform.

[0009] According to one or more other examples, a method for wireless communication at a network entity is provided. The method includes: at the network entity based on a maximum of N t -J sensing streams to generate a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources, the waveform having a rank N t , wherein the network entity includes N t The number of transmit antenna elements, and where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ; and based on the maximum Nt -J sensing streams The waveform is sent to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via several sensing streams.

[0010] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided, the apparatus comprising at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. The at least one processor is configured to: based on a maximum of N t -J sensing streams to generate a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources, the waveform having a rank N t , wherein the device comprises N t The number of transmit antenna elements, and where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ; and based on the maximum N t -J sensing streams The waveform is sent to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via several sensing streams.

[0011] In another example, a non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon is provided, which when executed by one or more processors causes the one or more processors to: t -J sensing streams to generate a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources, the waveform having a rank N t , wherein the device comprises N t The number of transmit antenna elements, and where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ; and based on the maximum N t -J sensing streams The waveform is sent to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via several sensing streams.

[0012] In another example, an apparatus for wireless communication is provided. The apparatus includes: t -J sensing streams to generate a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources, the waveform having a rank N t , wherein the device comprises N t The number of transmit antenna elements, and where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ; and for the maximum N t -J sensing streams The waveform is sent to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing components via several sensing streams.

[0013] In some aspects, the apparatus is, is part of, and / or includes a UE, such as a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone and / or a mobile handset and / or a so-called "smart phone" or other mobile device), an extended reality (XR) device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device, such as a head-mounted display (HMD) device), a wearable device (e.g., a network-connected watch or other wearable device), a wireless communication device, a camera, a personal computer, a laptop computer, a server computer, a vehicle or a computing device or a component of a vehicle, another device, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the apparatus includes one or more cameras for capturing one or more images. In some aspects, the apparatus further includes a display for displaying one or more images, notifications, and / or other displayable data. In some aspects, the apparatus may include one or more sensors (e.g., one or more inertial measurement units (IMUs), such as one or more gyroscopes, one or more gyrometers, one or more accelerometers, any combination thereof, and / or other sensors).

[0014] This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used in isolation to determine the scope of the claimed subject matter. The subject matter should be understood by reference to appropriate portions of the entire specification of this patent, any or all drawings, and each claim.

[0015] The foregoing and other features and aspects will become more apparent upon reference to the following description, claims and accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in describing various aspects of the present disclosure and are provided solely for illustration and not limitation of the various aspects.

[0017] Figure 1A is a diagram illustrating an example wireless communication system that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 1B is a diagram illustrating an example of a disaggregated base station architecture that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating designs of base stations and user equipment (UE) devices that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure, which enables transmission and processing of signals exchanged between the UE and the base station.

[0020] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a frame structure that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system of an electronic device that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless device utilizing radio frequency (RF) single-station sensing techniques according to some aspects of the present disclosure, which may be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communications and MIMO sensing to determine one or more characteristics of a target object.

[0023] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a receiver utilizing RF bistatic sensing techniques with one transmitter, which may be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing to determine one or more characteristics of a target object, in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a receiver utilizing RF bistatic sensing techniques with multiple transmitters, which may be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing to determine one or more characteristics of a target object, in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating example geometries for bistatic (or monostatic) sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating bistatic distances for bistatic sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] Fig.10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing, which may employ multi-station sensing for cooperative sensing of UEs, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] Fig.11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing, wherein the system performs MU-MIMO downlink communication and single-site MIMO single-site sensing for one or more UEs, according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0029] Fig.12is a diagram illustrating another example of a system for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure, wherein the system may utilize a JCS waveform for both communication and sensing of a UE.

[0030] Fig.13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a joint communication and sensing (JCS) waveform that may be employed by the disclosed system for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0031] Fig.14 is a diagram illustrating an example of a mapping of antenna ports to physical antenna ports that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0032] Fig.15 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a process for wireless communications utilizing joint MIMO communications and MIMO sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0033] Fig.16 is a flow chart illustrating another example of a process for wireless communications utilizing joint MIMO communications and MIMO sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0034] Fig.17 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] For illustrative purposes, certain aspects of the present disclosure are provided below. Without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, alternative aspects can be designed. Additionally, well-known elements of the present disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted to avoid making the relevant details of the present disclosure difficult to understand. Some aspects described herein can be applied independently, and some of them can be applied in combination, which is obvious to those skilled in the art. In the following description, specific details are set forth for explanation purposes to provide a thorough understanding of various aspects of the application. However, it is obvious that various aspects can be implemented without these specific details. Each drawing and description are not intended to be restrictive.

[0036] The following description provides only example aspects and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the present disclosure. Instead, the following description of the example aspects will provide a description that can be used to implement the example aspects to those skilled in the art. It should be understood that various changes may be made to the function and arrangement of the elements without departing from the scope of the present application as set forth in the appended claims.

[0037] As previously described, as larger bandwidths are allocated to wireless communication systems (e.g., including cellular communication systems such as 4G / LTE, 5G / NR, and beyond) and more use cases are introduced into wireless communication systems, joint multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and MIMO sensing may be basic features of wireless communication systems.

[0038] Radar sensing systems typically use radio frequency (RF) waveforms to perform RF sensing to determine or estimate one or more characteristics of a target object, such as the distance, angle, and / or speed of the target object. The target object may include a vehicle, an obstacle, a user, a building, or other objects. A typical radar system includes at least one transmitter, at least one receiver, and at least one processor. When a receiver co-located with a transmitter is used, the radar sensing system can perform single-station sensing. When a receiver is positioned at a first device away from a transmitter of a second device is used, the radar system can perform dual-station sensing. Similarly, when multiple receivers of multiple devices are used that are all positioned away from at least one transmitter of at least one device, the radar system can perform multi-station sensing.

[0039] During operation of the radar sensing system, a transmitter transmits an electromagnetic (EM) signal in the RF domain toward a target object. The signal reflects from the target object to produce one or more reflected signals that provide information or properties about the target, such as the position and velocity of the target object. At least one receiver receives the one or more reflected signals, and at least one processor that may be associated with the at least one receiver utilizes information from the one or more reflected signals to determine information or properties of the target object. The target object may also be referred to herein as a target.

[0040] It should be noted that these radar sensing signals, which may be referred to as radar reference signals (RS), are typically designed for and used only for sensing purposes. Radar RS do not contain any communication information. In contrast, communication RS are typically designed for and used only for communication purposes, including estimating channel parameters for communication.

[0041] Cellular communication systems are designed to send communication signals on designated communication bands (e.g., 23 gigahertz (GHz), 3.5 GHz, etc. for 5G / NR, 2.2 GHz for LTE, etc.). RF sensing systems are designed to send RF sensing signals on designated radar RF bands (e.g., 77 GHz for autonomous driving). It is likely that the spectrum used for communication and sensing will be shared in future cellular communication systems, in which case communication and sensing should be considered jointly.

[0042] MIMO is a multi-antenna spectrum efficient technology and has become the main driving force for the next generation of antenna technology for cellular networks. A MIMO system can send more than one signal on the same channel, thereby providing increased spectral efficiency and overall throughput. By utilizing spatial separation, the antennas of a MIMO system are spaced apart at specific distances and angles to compensate for self-interference. A MIMO system can provide a robust wireless communication mechanism to address fading and shadowing caused by multiple transmission paths and long distances. In a MIMO system, various data streams can be sent simultaneously, which can provide multiplexing gain and improvement to overall throughput. For at least these reasons, MIMO has recently been used in cellular wireless communication technology and is included in various next generation wireless projects and standards, including 5G NR.

[0043] A simple form of MIMO is point-to-point MIMO. In point-to-point MIMO, two systems (e.g., a base station and a UE) each use multiple antennas to communicate with each other. The use of multiple antennas provides an increased capacity of the air interface. However, point-to-point MIMO uses a multi-antenna configuration that requires additional hardware at both the base station and the end-user device (e.g., in the UE). The need for additional hardware at both the base station and the user device is not conducive to point-to-point MIMO because it increases the overall system complexity. It should be noted that in a typical mobile communication system, the end-user equipment (e.g., UE) may not be able to support multiple antennas due to its smaller physical size and / or the low-cost requirements of the UE device.

[0044] An enhancement of point-to-point MIMO is single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO), which provides increased data rates by sending multiple data streams to a specific user device (e.g., a specific UE). Similar to point-to-point MIMO, SU-MIMO has the disadvantage of requiring the user device (e.g., UE) to support multiple antennas.

[0045] In contrast to point-to-point MIMO and SU-MIMO, multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) does not have the disadvantage of requiring user equipment to support multiple antennas. In MU-MIMO, multiple users share the same time and frequency resources, and each base station (e.g., next-generation Node B (gNB), evolved Node B (eNB) or a portion thereof (such as a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC) is equipped with multiple antennas (e.g., antenna arrays) and serves many users (e.g., UEs) simultaneously. Each end-user device (e.g., UE) only needs to employ a single antenna, and therefore, complex hardware is only required on the base station side. For MU-MIMO systems, the cost and complexity of the antenna system are significantly reduced because a low-cost single antenna (e.g., a dipole antenna) can be used for the end-user device (e.g., UE), and more expensive, complex hardware can be used only on the base station side.

[0046] Due to the diversity of distances, angles, and quality of signals from multiple users in a MU-MIMO system, the performance of a MU-MIMO system is generally less affected by the transmission environment than point-to-point MIMO. This advantage is achieved by a MU-MIMO system that employs selective beamforming and power control to eliminate interference. MU-MIMO systems provide high reliability and throughput, and therefore, have become an integral part of wireless communication systems including Wi-Fi, LTE, and 5G networks.

[0047] Massive MIMO (mMIMO) is a form of MU-MIMO that employs a larger number of antennas at the base station than MU-MIMO, and therefore, the number of users (e.g., UEs) served can be significantly increased compared to a MU-MIMO system (e.g., in mMIMO, a single base station with many antennas can serve a large number of users). With a large number of antennas in each base station, the channel vector between the user (e.g., UE) and the base station is almost rectangular for each pair, and therefore, exceptionally linear transmission can be provided. In mMIMO, a large throughput can be achieved due to multiplexing gain, diversity gain, and array gain. In mMIMO, a large number of antennas at a base station can serve hundreds of users with the same frequency resources by utilizing antenna beamforming techniques.

[0048] In mMIMO, the more antennas each base station uses, the more robust the communication operation. In theory, mMIMO can use an unlimited number of antennas at each base station in the base station. However, typically (for example, in 5G networks), 64 to 128 antennas (for example, 64 receive antennas and 64 transmit antennas) have been actually used in mMIMO base stations. A significant advantage of mMIMO is that complex hardware is only required at the base station rather than at the user equipment (for example, UE), each of which requires only a single antenna and a simple antenna design. Another advantage of mMIMO is that it has a scalable architecture that can be easily scaled up to serve more users by simply upgrading the antenna system on the base station.

[0049] In some aspects of the present disclosure, systems, apparatus, methods (also referred to as processes), and computer-readable media (collectively referred to herein as "systems and techniques") that provide joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing are described herein. In one or more examples, the systems and techniques of the present disclosure employ a unified waveform for both communication and sensing, which may be referred to as a "Joint Communication and Sensing (JCS) waveform" with a MU-MIMO and / or mMIMO system architecture. One advantage of such a JCS waveform is that it provides high spectral efficiency because the spectrum can be fully reused. Another advantage is that such a JCS waveform allows for unified hardware that can be used for both communication and sensing. Additional details regarding the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing and specific implementations are described below with respect to the accompanying drawings.

[0050] Additional aspects of the disclosure are described in more detail below.

[0051] As used herein, the terms "user equipment" (UE) and "network entity" are not intended to be dedicated to or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise specified. In general, a UE can be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, a router, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, and / or a tracking device, etc.), a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses, a wearable ring, and / or an extended reality (XR) device (such as a virtual reality (VR) headset, an augmented reality (AR) headset or glasses, or a mixed reality (MR) headset)), a vehicle (e.g., a car, a motorcycle, a bicycle, etc.), and / or an Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc., for a user to communicate over a wireless communication network. A UE can be mobile or can be stationary (e.g., at certain times) and can communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term "UE" may be interchangeably referred to as an "access terminal" or "AT," a "client device," a "wireless device," a "subscriber device," a "subscriber terminal," a "subscriber station," a "user terminal" or "UT," a "mobile device," a "mobile terminal," a "mobile station," or variations thereof. In general, a UE may communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network, the UE may connect to external networks such as the Internet and to other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms for connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UE, such as through a wired access network, a wireless local area network (WLAN) network (e.g., based on IEEE 802.11 communication standards, etc.), and the like.

[0052] The network entity may be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a disaggregated base station architecture, and may include one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC. A base station (e.g., having an aggregated / monolithic base station architecture or a disaggregated base station architecture) may operate in communication with a UE according to one of several RATs depending on the network in which the base station is deployed, and may alternatively be referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a Node B (NB), an evolved Node B (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a new radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be primarily used to support wireless access for UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for supported UEs. In some systems, a base station may provide edge node signaling functionality, while in other systems, a base station may provide additional control and / or network management functionality. The communication link through which the UE can transmit signals to the base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). The communication link through which the base station can transmit signals to the UE is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, or a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein, the term traffic channel (TCH) may refer to an uplink, a reverse or downlink, and / or a forward traffic channel.

[0053] The term "network entity" or "base station" (e.g., having an aggregated / monolithic base station architecture or a disaggregated base station architecture) may refer to a single physical transmit-receive point (TRP) or multiple physical transmit-receive points (TRPs), which may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term "network entity" or "base station" refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be a base station antenna corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term "network entity" or "base station" refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, these physical TRPs may be antenna arrays of the base station (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming). Where the term "base station" refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRP may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transmission medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRP may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and the neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signal (or simply "reference signal") the UE is measuring. Because, as used herein, a TRP is the point by which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, references to transmitting from a base station or receiving at a base station should be understood to refer to a specific TRP of a base station.

[0054] In some specific implementations of supporting UE positioning, a network entity or base station may not support wireless access of the UE (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections with respect to the UE), but may instead send a reference signal to be measured by the UE to the UE and / or may receive and measure a signal sent by the UE. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., in the case of sending a signal to the UE) and / or as a position measurement unit (e.g., in the case of receiving and measuring a signal from the UE).

[0055] RF signals include electromagnetic waves of a given frequency that transmit information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single "RF signal" or multiple "RF signals" to a receiver. However, due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels, a receiver may receive multiple "RF signals" corresponding to each transmitted RF signal. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between a transmitter and a receiver may be referred to as a "multipath" RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a "wireless signal" or simply a "signal" where it is clear from the context that the term "signal" refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0056] According to various aspects, Figure 1AAn exemplary wireless communication system 100 that can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. The wireless communication system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 and various UEs 104. In some aspects, the base stations 102 may also be referred to as "network entities" or "network nodes". One or more of the base stations 102 may be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the base stations 102 may be implemented in a decomposed base station architecture and may include one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC. The base stations 102 may include macrocell base stations (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low-power cellular base stations). In one aspect, the macro cell base station may include an eNB and / or ng-eNB in ​​which the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to a long term evolution (LTE) network, or a gNB in ​​which the wireless communication system 100 corresponds to an NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base station may include a femto cell, a pico cell, a micro cell, etc.

[0057] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through a backhaul link 122, and interface to one or more location servers 172 (which may be part of the core network 170 or may be external to the core network 170) through the core network 170. Among other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions related to one or more of the following: delivering user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC or 5GC) through a backhaul link 134, which may be wired and / or wireless.

[0058] Base station 102 can communicate wirelessly with UE 104. Each of base stations 102 can provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographic coverage area 110. In one aspect, base station 102 in each coverage area 110 can support one or more cells. A "cell" is a logical communication entity for communicating with a base station (e.g., on a certain frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, frequency band, etc.), and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI)) to distinguish cells operating via the same or different carrier frequencies. In some cases, different cells can be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) or other protocol types) that can provide access to different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term "cell" can refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is usually a physical transmission point of a cell, the terms "cell" and "TRP" can be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area (eg, a sector) of a base station, as long as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communications within some portion of the geographic coverage area 110 .

[0059] Although the geographic coverage areas 110 of neighboring macrocell base stations 102 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover area), some areas of the geographic coverage areas 110 may substantially overlap with the larger geographic coverage areas 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' may have a coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the coverage areas 110 of one or more macrocell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell base stations and macrocell base stations may be referred to as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include a home eNB (HeNB), which may provide services to a restricted group referred to as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0060] The communication link 120 between the base station 102 and the UE 104 may include uplink (also referred to as a reverse link) transmissions from the UE 104 to the base station 102 and / or downlink (also referred to as a forward link) transmissions from the base station 102 to the UE 104. The communication link 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link 120 may be over one or more carrier frequencies. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric for the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink than to the uplink).

[0061] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a WLAN AP 150 that communicates with a WLAN station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in an unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 gigahertz (GHz)). When communicating in an unlicensed spectrum, the WLAN STA 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or a listen-before-talk (LBT) procedure before communicating to determine whether a channel is available. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may include a device (e.g., UE, etc.) that utilizes an ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum to communicate with one or more UEs 104, base stations 102, APs 150, etc. The UWB spectrum may range from 3.1 GHz to 10.5 GHz.

[0062] The small cell base station 102' can operate in a licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed spectrum, the small cell base station 102' can adopt LTE or NR technology and use the same 5GHz unlicensed spectrum used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102' adopting LTE and / or 5G in the unlicensed spectrum can boost the coverage of the access network and / or increase the capacity of the access network. NR in the unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as NR-U. LTE in the unlicensed spectrum can be referred to as LTE-U, License Assisted Access (LAA) or MulteFire.

[0063] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180, which may operate at mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies to communicate with UE 182. The mmW base station 180 may be implemented in an aggregated or monolithic base station architecture, or alternatively, in a decomposed base station architecture (e.g., including one or more of CU, DU, RU, near RT RIC, or non-RT RIC). Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz, and a wavelength between 1 mm and 10 mm. The radio waves in this band may be referred to as millimeter waves. Near mmW can be extended down to a frequency of 3 GHz, with a wavelength of 100 mm. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, and is also referred to as centimeter waves. Communications using mmW and / or near mmW radio frequency bands have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 can utilize beamforming (transmitting and / or receiving) through the mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. In addition, it should be understood that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 can also use mmW or near-mmW and beamforming for transmission. Therefore, it should be understood that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0064] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omnidirectionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node), and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal to the receiving device. In order to change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, the network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that broadcast the RF signal. For example, a network node can use an array of antennas (referred to as a "phased array" or "antenna array"), which creates RF beams that can be "manipulated" to point in different directions without actually moving the antenna. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas in the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas are added together in the desired direction to increase the radiation, and canceled in the undesired direction to suppress the radiation.

[0065] The transmit beams can be quasi-co-located, which means that they appear to the receiver (e.g., UE) to have the same parameters, regardless of whether the transmit antennas of the network nodes themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-located (QCL) relationships. Specifically, a given type of QCL relationship means that certain parameters about the second reference RF signal on the second beam can be derived based on information about the source reference RF signal on the source beam. Therefore, if the source reference RF signal is QCL type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay and delay spread of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of the second reference RF signal sent on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL type D, the receiver may use the source reference RF signal to estimate spatial reception parameters of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0066] In receive beamforming, a receiver uses a receive beam to amplify an RF signal detected on a given channel. For example, a receiver may increase the gain setting of an antenna array in a particular direction and / or adjust the phase setting of an antenna array in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., increase its gain level) the RF signal received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is referred to as performing beamforming in a certain direction, this means that the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain in other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain of other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), etc.) for the RF signal received from that direction.

[0067] The receive beams may be spatially correlated. The spatial relationship means that the parameters of the transmit beam for the second reference signal may be derived from information about the receive beam for the first reference signal. For example, the UE may receive one or more reference downlink reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signal (PRS), tracking reference signal (TRS), phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), cell-specific reference signal (CRS), channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), synchronization signal block (SSB), etc.) from a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) using a specific receive beam. The UE may then form a transmit beam based on the parameters of the receive beam for transmitting one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., uplink positioning reference signal (UL-PRS), sounding reference signal (SRS), demodulation reference signal (DMRS), PTRS, etc.) to the network node or entity (e.g., a base station).

[0068] Note that, depending on the entity forming the "downlink" beam, the beam can be a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) is forming a downlink beam to send a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. However, if the UE is forming a downlink beam, the downlink beam is a receive beam that receives a downlink reference signal. Similarly, depending on the entity forming the "uplink" beam, the beam can be a transmit beam or a receive beam. For example, if a network node or entity (e.g., a base station) is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink receive beam, and if the UE is forming an uplink beam, the uplink beam is an uplink transmit beam.

[0069] In 5G, the spectrum in which a wireless network node or entity (e.g., base station 102 / 180, UE 104 / 182) operates is divided into multiple frequency ranges: FR1 (from 450 megahertz (MHz) to 6000 MHz), FR2 (from 24250 MHz to 52600 MHz), FR3 (above 52600 MHz), and FR4 (between FR1 and FR2). In a multi-carrier system (such as 5G), one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as a "primary carrier" or "anchor carrier" or "primary serving cell" or "PCell", and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as "secondary carriers" or "secondary serving cells" or "SCells". In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is a carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) used by the UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 performs an initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates an RRC connection reestablishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels and can be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2), which can be configured and can be used to provide additional radio resources once an RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, since the primary uplink carrier and the primary downlink carrier are usually UE-specific, those signaling information and signals specific to the UE may not be present in the secondary carrier. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. This is also true for the uplink primary carrier. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Since a "serving cell" (whether PCell or SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency or component carrier that some base stations are using to communicate, the terms "cell", "serving cell", "component carrier", "carrier frequency", etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0070] For example, still referring to Figure 1A, one of the frequencies utilized by the macrocell base station 102 may be an anchor carrier (or "PCell"), and the other frequencies utilized by the macrocell base station 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers ("SCells"). In carrier aggregation, the base station 102 and / or the UE 104 may use a spectrum of up to Y MHz (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz) bandwidth per carrier, with up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) in each direction for transmission. The component carriers may be adjacent to each other or may not be adjacent to each other in the spectrum. The allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to the downlink and uplink (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to the downlink compared to the uplink). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rate. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically result in a doubling of the data rate (i.e., 40 MHz) compared to the data rate obtained with a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0071] In order to operate on multiple carrier frequencies, the base station 102 and / or the UE 104 are equipped with multiple receivers and / or transmitters. For example, the UE 104 may have two receivers, "receiver 1" and "receiver 2", where "receiver 1" is a multi-band receiver that can be tuned to band (i.e., carrier frequency) "X" or band "Y", and "receiver 2" is a single-band receiver that can only be tuned to band "Z". In this example, if the UE 104 is being served in band "X", band "X" will be referred to as the PCell or active carrier frequency, and "receiver 1" will need to tune from band "X" to band "Y" (SCell) in order to measure band "Y" (and vice versa). In contrast, regardless of whether the UE 104 is being served in band "X" or band "Y", due to the separate "receiver 2", the UE 104 can measure band "Z" without interrupting the service on band "X" or band "Y".

[0072] The wireless communication system 100 may further include a UE 164, which may communicate with the macrocell base station 102 via a communication link 120 and / or communicate with the mmW base station 180 via a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macrocell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164, and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0073] The wireless communication system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, which are indirectly connected to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “side links”). Figure 1A In the example of FIG. 1 , UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with a UE 104 connected to a base station 102 (e.g., UE 190 can indirectly obtain cellular connectivity therefrom), and a D2D P2P link 194 with a WLAN STA 152 connected to a WLAN AP 150 (UE 190 can indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity therefrom). In an example, any well-known D2D RAT (such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), Wi-Fi Direct (Wi-Fi-D), etc.) to support D2D P2P links 192 and 194.

[0074] Figure 1B is a diagram illustrating an example of a decomposed base station architecture that can be adopted by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The deployment of a communication system (such as a 5G NR system) can be arranged with various components or constituent parts in a variety of ways. In a 5G NR system or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment (such as a base station (BS), or one or more units (or one or more components) that perform base station functionality) can be implemented in an aggregated or decomposed architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), an NR BS, a 5G NB, an AP, a transmit receive point (TRP) or a cell, etc.) can be implemented as an aggregated base station (also called a stand-alone BS or a monolithic BS) or a decomposed base station.

[0075] The aggregated base station can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. The decomposed base station can be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed between two or more units, such as one or more central or centralized units (CU), one or more distributed units (DU), or one or more radio units (RU). In some aspects, the CU can be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs can be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed in one or more other RAN nodes. The DU can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU can also be implemented as a virtual unit, namely a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0076] Base station type operations or network designs may take into account the aggregated nature of base station functionality. For example, a disaggregated base station may be used in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (network configurations such as those initiated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)). Decomposition may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing functionality of at least one unit, which may enable flexibility in network design. Individual units of a disaggregated base station or disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0077] As mentioned earlier, Figure 1B A diagram illustrating an example decomposed base station 101 architecture is shown. The decomposed base station 101 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 111 that may communicate directly with a core network 123 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 123 through one or more decomposed base station units, such as a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 127 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC 117 associated with a service management and orchestration (SMO) framework 107, or both. The CU 111 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 131 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DU 131 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 141 via respective fronthaul links. The RU 141 may communicate with respective UEs 121 via one or more RF access links. In some implementations, a UE 121 may be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 141.

[0078] Each of the units (i.e., CU 111, DU 131, RU 141, and near-RT RIC 127, non-RT RIC 117, and SMO framework 107) may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or send signals, data, or information (collectively referred to as signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to the communication interfaces of these units may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via a transmission medium. For example, these units may include a wired interface configured to receive or send signals to one or more of the other units via a wired transmission medium. Additionally, the unit may include a wireless interface that may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) configured to receive or send signals or both to one or more of the other units on a wireless transmission medium.

[0079] In some aspects, CU 111 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions may include radio resource control (RRC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function may be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by CU 111. CU111 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., central unit-user plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., central unit-control plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some specific implementations, CU 111 may be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface (such as an E1 interface). If necessary, CU 111 may be implemented to communicate with DU 131 for network control and signaling transmission.

[0080] DU 131 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RU 141. In some aspects, DU 131 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.) depending at least in part on functional splits such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some aspects, DU 131 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented using an interface that is configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 131 or with control functions hosted by CU 111.

[0081] The lower layer functionality may be implemented by one or more RUs 141. In some deployments, a RU 141 controlled by a DU 131 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low PHY layer functions (such as performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc.), or both, based at least in part on a functional split (such as a lower layer functional split). In such an architecture, the RU 141 may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 121. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user plane communications with the RU 141 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 131. In some scenarios, this configuration may enable the DU 131 and the CU 111 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture (such as a vRAN architecture).

[0082] The SMO framework 107 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized network elements and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 107 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operation and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO framework 107 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 191) to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 111, DU 131, RU 141, and near-RT RIC 127. In some specific implementations, the SMO framework 107 may communicate with hardware aspects of the 4G RAN (such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 113) via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some specific implementations, the SMO framework 107 may communicate directly with one or more RUs 141 via the O1 interface. The SMO framework 107 may also include a non-RT RIC 117 configured to support the functionality of the SMO framework 107 .

[0083] The non-RT RIC 117 may be configured to include logic functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updating, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the near-RT RIC 127. The non-RT RIC 117 may be coupled to or in communication with the near-RT RIC 127 (such as via an A1 interface). The near-RT RIC 127 may be configured to include logic functions that enable near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions through an interface (such as via an E2 interface) that connects one or more CUs 111, one or more DUs 131, or both, and the O-eNB 113 with the near-RT RIC 127.

[0084] In some implementations, in order to generate an AI / ML model to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 127, the non-RT RIC 117 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. Such information may be utilized by the near-RT RIC 127 and may be received from a non-network data source or from a network function at the SMO framework 107 or the non-RT RIC 117. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 117 or the near-RT RIC 127 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 117 may monitor long-term trends and patterns of performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO framework 107 (such as via reconfiguration of O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0085] Figure 2 A block diagram of a design of a base station 102 and a UE 104 is shown that implements sending and processing of signals exchanged between the UE and the base station, according to some aspects of the present disclosure, which can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing. Design 200 includes components of a base station 102 and a UE 104, which can be one of base stations 102 and one of UEs 104 in FIG. 1. Base station 102 can be equipped with T antennas 234a through 234t, and UE 104 can be equipped with R antennas 252a through 252r, where in general T ≥ 1 and R ≥ 1.

[0086] At the base station 102, the transmit processor 220 may receive data for one or more UEs from the data source 212, select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCS) for each UE based at least in part on a channel quality indicator (CQI) received from the UE, process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data for each UE based at least in part on the MCS selected for the UE, and provide data symbols for all UEs. The transmit processor 220 may also process system information (e.g., for semi-static resource partitioning information (SRPI), etc.) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, upper layer signaling, etc.), and provide overhead symbols and control symbols. The transmit processor 220 may also generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g., primary synchronization signals (PSS) and secondary synchronization signals (SSS)). The transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 may perform spatial processing (e.g., pre-decoding) on ​​data symbols, control symbols, overhead symbols, and / or reference symbols (if applicable), and may provide T output symbol streams to T modulators (MOD) 232a to 232t. The modulators 232a to 232t are shown as combined modulator-demodulators (MOD-DEMOD). In some cases, the modulator and demodulator may be separate components. Each modulator in the modulators 232a to 232t may process a corresponding output symbol stream (e.g., for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme, etc.) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator in the modulators 232a to 232t may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and up-convert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. T downlink signals may be sent from the modulators 232a to 232t via T antennas 234a to 234t, respectively. According to certain aspects described in greater detail below, position encoding may be utilized to generate a synchronization signal to convey additional information.

[0087] At UE 104, antennas 252a to 252r can receive downlink signals from base station 102 and / or other base stations and can provide the received signals to demodulators (DEMOD) 254a to 254r, respectively. Demodulators 254a to 254r are shown as combined modulator-demodulators (MOD-DEMOD). In some cases, the modulator and demodulator can be separate components. Each demodulator in demodulators 254a to 254r can adjust (e.g., filter, amplify, down-convert and digitize) the received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator in demodulators 254a to 254r can further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM, etc.) to obtain received symbols. MIMO detector 256 can obtain the received symbols from all R demodulators 254a to 254r, perform MIMO detection (if applicable) on the received symbols, and provide detected symbols. The receive processor 258 may process (e.g., demodulate and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE 104 to a data sink 260, and provide decoded control information and system information to a controller / processor 280. The channel processor may determine a reference signal received power (RSRP), a received signal strength indicator (RSSI), a reference signal received quality (RSRQ), a channel quality indicator (CQI), etc.

[0088] On the uplink, at the UE 104, a transmit processor 264 may receive and process data from a data source 262 and control information (e.g., for reports including RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, CQI, etc.) from a controller / processor 280. The transmit processor 264 may also generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals (e.g., based at least in part on a beta value or set of beta values ​​associated with the one or more reference signals). The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be pre-decoded by the TX-MIMO processor 266 (if applicable), further processed by the modulators 254a through 254r (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM, CP-OFDM, etc.), and transmitted to the base station 102. At the base station 102, uplink signals from the UE 104 and other UEs may be received by antennas 234a to 234t, processed by demodulators 232a to 232t, detected by a MIMO detector 236 (if applicable), and further processed by a receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information transmitted by the UE 104. The receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 and the decoded control information to a controller (processor) 240. The base station 102 may include a communication unit 244 and communicate with the network controller 231 via the communication unit 244. The network controller 231 may include a communication unit 294, a controller / processor 290, and a memory 292.

[0089] In some aspects, one or more components of the UE 104 may be included in a housing. The controller 240 of the base station 102, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 104, and / or Figure 2 Any other components of the system may perform one or more techniques associated with joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing.

[0090] Memories 242 and 282 may store data and program codes for base station 102 and UE 104, respectively. A scheduler 246 may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink, uplink, and / or sidelink.

[0091] In some implementations, the UE 104 may include a radar receiver including: a component for determining a sensing measurement accuracy of the radar receiver based on one or more sensing measurements associated with at least one target; and a component for sending a message to a network entity based on the sensing measurement accuracy, the message including an indication to modify an allocation of sensing resources associated with the radar receiver for communicating data. In some examples, the component for determining may include the controller / processor 280, the memory 282, the receive processor 258, the transmit processor 264, any combination thereof, or any other component of the UE 104. In some examples, the component for transmitting may include the controller / processor 280, the transmit processor 264, the TX MIMO processor 266, the DEMODs 254a to 254r, the antennas 252a to 252r, any combination thereof, or any other component of the UE 104.

[0092] In some implementations, the base station 102 may include: a means for receiving a message from a radar receiver, the message including an indication to modify an allocation of sensing resources associated with the radar receiver for communicating data; and a means for determining at least a portion of the sensing resources for communicating data based on the message. In some examples, the means for receiving may include the controller / processor 240, the transmit processor 224, the TX MIMO processor 236, the DEMODs 232a to 232t, the antennas 234a to 234t, the scheduler 246, any combination thereof, or any other component of the base station 102. In some examples, the means for determining may include the controller / processor 240, the memory 242, the receive processor 238, the transmit processor 220, the scheduler 246, any combination thereof, or any other component of the base station 102.

[0093] In some implementations, the base station 102 may include a component for receiving a resource allocation request from a second network entity to allocate sensing resources for communicating data and a component for sending a message to one or more radar devices, the message including information associated with allocating at least a portion of the resources associated with the one or more radar devices for communicating data. In some examples, the component for receiving may include the controller / processor 240, the transmit processor 224, the TX MIMO processor 236, the DEMODs 232a to 232t, the antennas 234a to 234t, the scheduler 246, any combination thereof, or any other component of the base station 102. In some examples, the component for sending may include the controller / processor 240, the transmit processor 224, the TX MIMO processor 236, the DEMODs 232a to 232t, the antennas 234a to 234t, the scheduler 246, any combination thereof, or any other component of the base station 102.

[0094] Various radio frame structures may be used to support downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, and sidelink transmissions between network nodes (eg, a base station and a UE). Figure 3 is a diagram 300 illustrating an example of a frame structure that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. Other wireless communication technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0095] NR (and LTE) utilizes OFDM on the downlink and single carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. However, unlike LTE, NR also has the option of using OFDM on the uplink. OFDM and SC-FDM divide the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are also often called tones, frequency bins, etc. Each subcarrier can be modulated with data. In general, modulation symbols are transmitted in the frequency domain using OFDM and in the time domain using SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers can be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) can depend on the system bandwidth. For example, the spacing of the subcarriers can be 15kHz, and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) can be 12 subcarriers (or 180kHz). Therefore, for a system bandwidth of 1.25 megahertz (MHz), 2.5MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz, or 20MHz, the nominal fast Fourier transform (FFT) size can be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048, respectively. The system bandwidth may also be divided into multiple subbands. For example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (ie, 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for system bandwidths of 1.25 MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, or 20 MHz, respectively.

[0096] LTE supports a single parameter set (subcarrier spacing, symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR can support multiple parameter sets (μ). For example, 15kHz, 30kHz, 60kHz, 120kHz, and 240kHz or larger subcarrier spacing (SCS) may be available. Table 1 provided below lists some different parameters for different NR parameter sets.

[0097]

[0098] Table 1

[0099] In one example, a 15 kHz parameter set is used. Thus, in the time domain, a 10 millisecond (ms) frame is divided into 10 equally sized subframes, each subframe is 1 ms, and each subframe includes one time slot. Figure 3 , time is represented horizontally (eg, on the X-axis), where time increases from left to right, and frequency is represented vertically (eg, on the Y-axis), where frequency increases (or decreases) from bottom to top.

[0100] A resource grid may be used to represent time slots, each of which includes one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) in the frequency domain. Figure 3 An example of a resource block (RB) 302 that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated. Data or information for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing may be included in one or more RBs 302. RBs 302 are arranged by placing the time domain on the horizontal (or x) axis and the frequency domain on the vertical (or y) axis. As shown, RBs 302 may be 180 kilohertz (kHz) wide in frequency and one slot long in time (where a slot is 1 millisecond (ms) in time). In some cases, a slot may include fourteen symbols (e.g., in slot configuration 0). RBs 302 include twelve subcarriers (along the y-axis) and fourteen symbols (along the x-axis).

[0101] The intersection of a symbol and a subcarrier may be referred to as a resource element (RE) 304 or a tone. Figure 3 The RB 302 of the RF includes a plurality of REs, which include resource elements (REs) 304. For example, RE 304 is 1 subcarrier×1 symbol (e.g., OFDM symbol) and is the smallest discrete part of a subframe. RE 304 includes a single complex value representing data from a physical channel or signal. The number of bits carried by each RE 304 depends on the modulation scheme.

[0102] In some aspects, some REs 304 may be used to send downlink reference (pilot) signals (DL-RS). DL-RS may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), etc. Figure 3 The resource grid of exemplifies exemplary locations (labeled as “R”) of REs 304 for transmitting DL-RS.

[0103] Figure 44 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system 470 of an electronic device 407 that can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The electronic device 407 is an example of a device that may include hardware and software for connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems using a communication network (e.g., a third generation partner network such as a fifth generation (5G) / new radio (NR) network, a fourth generation (4G) / long term evolution (LTE) network, a WiFi network, or other communication network). For example, the electronic device 407 may include or be part of a mobile device (e.g., a mobile phone), a wearable device (e.g., a web-connected or smartwatch), an extended reality device (e.g., a virtual reality (VR) device, an augmented reality (AR) device, or a mixed reality (MR) device), a personal computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a wireless access point, a router, a vehicle or a component of a vehicle, a server computer, a robotic device, and / or other devices used by a user to communicate over a wireless communication network. In some cases, device 407 may be referred to as user equipment (UE), such as when referring to a device configured to communicate using 5G / NR, 4G / LTE, or other telecommunication standards. In some cases, the device may be referred to as a station (STA), such as when referring to a device configured to communicate using the Wi-Fi standard.

[0104] The computing system 470 includes software and hardware components that may be electrically or communicatively coupled via a bus 489 (or may communicate in other ways, as appropriate). For example, the computing system 470 includes one or more processors 484. The one or more processors 484 may include one or more CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, APs, GPUs, VPUs, NSPs, microcontrollers, dedicated hardware, any combination thereof, and / or other processing devices and / or systems. The bus 489 may be used by the one or more processors 484 to communicate between cores and / or with one or more memory devices 486.

[0105] The computing system 470 may also include one or more memory devices 486, one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) 482, one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs) 474, one or more modems 476, one or more wireless transceivers 478, one or more antennas 487, one or more input devices 472 (e.g., a camera, a mouse, a keyboard, a touch-sensitive screen, a touchpad, a keypad, a microphone or microphone array, etc.), and one or more output devices 480 (e.g., a display, a speaker, a printer, etc.).

[0106] One or more wireless transceivers 478 can receive wireless signals (e.g., signal 488) via antenna 487 from one or more other devices such as other user devices, network devices (e.g., base stations such as evolved Node B (eNB) and / or gNodeB (gNB)), WiFi access points (APs) such as routers, range extenders, etc.), cloud networks, etc. In some examples, computing system 470 may include multiple antennas or antenna arrays that can facilitate simultaneous transmission and reception functionality. Antenna 487 can be an omnidirectional antenna so that RF signals can be received from all directions and RF signals can be transmitted in all directions. Wireless signal 488 can be sent via a wireless network. The wireless network can be any wireless network, such as a cellular or telecommunications network (e.g., 3G, 4G, 5G, etc.), a wireless local area network (e.g., a WiFi network), a Bluetooth TM network and / or other networks. In some examples, one or more wireless transceivers 478 may include an RF front end that includes one or more components such as an amplifier, a mixer for down-converting a signal (also referred to as a signal multiplier), a frequency synthesizer (also referred to as an oscillator) that provides a signal to the mixer, a baseband filter, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), one or more power amplifiers, and other components. The RF front end may typically handle the selection of wireless signals 488 and the conversion of wireless signals to baseband frequencies or intermediate frequencies, and may convert RF signals to the digital domain.

[0107] In some cases, computing system 470 may include a coding-decoding device (or CODEC) configured to encode and / or decode data transmitted and / or received using one or more wireless transceivers 478. In some cases, computing system 470 may include an encryption-decryption device or component configured to encrypt and / or decrypt data transmitted and / or received by one or more wireless transceivers 478 (e.g., in accordance with the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and / or Data Encryption Standard (DES) standards).

[0108] One or more SIMs 474 can each securely store an International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) number and associated keys assigned to a user of the electronic device 407. The IMSI and keys can be used to identify and authenticate subscribers when accessing a network provided by a network service provider or operator associated with one or more SIMs 474. One or more modems 476 can modulate one or more signals to encode information for transmission using one or more wireless transceivers 478. One or more modems 476 can also demodulate signals received by one or more wireless transceivers 478 to decode the transmitted information. In some examples, one or more modems 476 can include a WiFi modem, a 4G (or LTE) modem, a 5G (or NR) modem, and / or other types of modems. One or more modems 476 and one or more wireless transceivers 478 can be used to communicate data of one or more SIMs 474.

[0109] The computing system 470 may also include (and / or communicate with) one or more non-transitory machine-readable storage media or storage devices (e.g., one or more memory devices 486), which may include, but are not limited to, local and / or network accessible storage, disk drives, drive arrays, optical storage devices, solid-state storage devices such as RAM and / or ROM, which may be programmable, flash-updatable, etc. Such storage devices may be configured to implement any suitable data storage, including, but not limited to, various file systems, database structures, etc.

[0110] In various aspects, the functionality may be stored as one or more computer program products (e.g., instructions or code) in the memory device 486 and executed by the one or more processors 484 and / or the one or more DSPs 482. The computing system 470 may also include software elements (e.g., located within the one or more memory devices 486) including, for example, an operating system, device drivers, executable libraries, and / or other code, such as one or more applications, which may include a computer program that implements the functionality provided by various aspects and / or may be designed to implement methods and / or configure systems, as described herein.

[0111] In some aspects, the electronic device 407 may include means for performing the operations described herein. The means may include one or more components of the computing system 470. For example, the means for performing the operations described herein may include one or more of the input device 472, the SIM 474, the modem 476, the wireless transceiver 478, the output device 480, the DSP 482, the processor 484, the memory device 486, and / or the antenna 487.

[0112] In some aspects, the electronic device 407 may include components for providing joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing. In some examples, any or all of these components may include one or more wireless transceivers 478, one or more modems 476, one or more processors 484, one or more DSPs 482, one or more memory devices 486, any combination thereof, or other components of the electronic device 407.

[0113] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless device 500 utilizing RF single-station sensing techniques according to some aspects of the present disclosure, which may be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., position, velocity or speed, heading, etc.) of a target 502 object. Specifically, Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless device 500 (e.g., a transmit / receive sensing node) that utilizes RF sensing technology (e.g., single-station sensing) to perform one or more functions, such as detecting the presence and location of a target 502 (e.g., an object, user, or vehicle), which is illustrated in the figure in the form of a vehicle.

[0114] In some examples, wireless device 500 may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a wearable device, a vehicle, an extended reality (XR) device, a computing device or a component of a vehicle, or other device that includes at least one RF interface (e.g., Figure 4 In some examples, the wireless device 500 may be a user device (e.g., Figure 4 An electronic device 407) provides connectivity, such as a base station (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), a wireless access point (AP), or other device including at least one RF interface.

[0115] In some aspects, the wireless device 500 may include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. The wireless device 500 may include at least one processor 522 for generating a digital signal or waveform. The wireless device 500 may also include a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 504 capable of receiving a digital signal or waveform from the processor 522 (e.g., a microprocessor) and converting the digital signal or waveform into an analog waveform. The analog signal as an output of the DAC 504 may be provided to the RF transmitter 506 for transmission. The RF transmitter 506 may be a Wi-Fi transmitter, a 5G / NR transmitter, a Bluetooth transmitter, or a wireless transmitter. TM transmitter or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0116] The RF transmitter 506 can be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna 512. In some examples, the transmit (Tx) antenna 512 can be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions. For example, the Tx antenna 512 can be an omnidirectional Wi-Fi antenna capable of radiating Wi-Fi signals (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, etc.) in a 360-degree radiation pattern. In another example, the Tx antenna 512 can be a directional antenna that transmits RF signals in a specific direction.

[0117] In some examples, the wireless device 500 may also include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, the receiver lineup in the wireless device 500 may include one or more receive antennas, such as a receive (Rx) antenna 514. In some examples, the Rx antenna 514 may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions. In other examples, the Rx antenna 514 may be a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In another example, the Tx antenna 512 and / or the Rx antenna 514 may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array (e.g., a phased antenna array), which may be used for MIMO communication and / or sensing.

[0118] The wireless device 500 may also include an RF receiver 510 coupled to an Rx antenna 514. The RF receiver 510 may include a signal for receiving RF waveforms such as Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth signals, TM The RF receiver 510 may be configured to receive a received analog RF waveform, a 5G / NR signal, or any other RF signal. The output of the RF receiver 510 may be coupled to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 508. The ADC 508 may be configured to convert the received analog RF waveform into a digital waveform. The digital waveform as the output of the ADC 508 may be provided to a processor 522 for processing. The processor 522 (e.g., a digital signal processor (DSP)) may be configured to process the digital waveform.

[0119] In one example, the wireless device 500 can implement an RF sensing technique, such as a single-station sensing technique, by having a Tx waveform 516 transmitted from the Tx antenna 512. Although the Tx waveform 516 is illustrated as a single line, in some cases, the Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted in all directions by the omnidirectional Tx antenna 512. In one example, the Tx waveform 516 can be a Wi-Fi waveform transmitted by a Wi-Fi transmitter in the wireless device 500. In some cases, the Tx waveform 516 can correspond to a Wi-Fi waveform transmitted at the same time or nearly at the same time as a Wi-Fi data communication signal or a Wi-Fi control function signal (e.g., a beacon transmission). In some examples, the Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted using the same or similar frequency resources as the Wi-Fi data communication signal or the Wi-Fi control function signal (e.g., a beacon transmission). In some aspects, the Tx waveform 516 can correspond to a Wi-Fi waveform transmitted separately from the Wi-Fi data communication signal and / or the Wi-Fi control signal (e.g., the Tx waveform 516 can be transmitted at a different time and / or using different frequency resources).

[0120] In some examples, Tx waveform 516 may correspond to a 5G NR waveform transmitted simultaneously or nearly simultaneously with a 5G NR data communication signal or a 5G NR control function signal. In some examples, Tx waveform 516 may be transmitted using the same or similar frequency resources as the 5G NR data communication signal or the 5G NR control function signal. In some aspects, Tx waveform 516 may correspond to a 5G NR waveform transmitted separately from the 5G NR data communication signal and / or the 5G NR control signal (e.g., Tx waveform 516 may be transmitted at a different time and / or using different frequency resources).

[0121] In some aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveform 516 may be modified, which may be used to increase or decrease RF sensing resolution. These parameters may include frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveform 516, number of antennas configured to receive reflected RF signals (e.g., Rx waveform 518) corresponding to the Tx waveform 516, number of spatial links (e.g., number of spatial streams multiplied by number of antennas configured to receive RF signals), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveform (e.g., Tx waveform 516) and the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 518) may include one or more RF sensing signals, which are also referred to as radar reference signals (RS).

[0122] In another example, the Tx waveform 516 can be implemented as a sequence with perfect or nearly perfect autocorrelation properties. For example, the Tx waveform 516 can include a single carrier Zadoff sequence or can include symbols similar to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) long training field (LTF) symbols. In some cases, the Tx waveform 516 can include a chirp signal as used, for example, in a frequency modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) radar system. In some configurations, the chirp signal can include a signal in which the signal frequency increases and / or decreases periodically in a linear and / or exponential manner.

[0123] In some aspects, the wireless device 500 can implement RF sensing techniques by performing alternating transmit and receive functions (e.g., performing half-duplex operation). For example, the wireless device 500 can alternately enable its RF transmitter 506 to transmit Tx waveform 516 when the RF receiver 510 is not enabled to receive (i.e., not receiving), and enable its RF receiver 510 to receive Rx waveform 518 when the RF transmitter 506 is not enabled to transmit (i.e., not transmitting). When the wireless device 500 performs half-duplex operation, the wireless device 500 can transmit Tx waveform 516, which can be a radar RS (e.g., a sensing signal).

[0124] In other aspects, the wireless device 500 can implement RF sensing techniques by performing concurrent transmit and receive functions (e.g., performing sub-band or full-band full-duplex operation). For example, the wireless device 500 can enable its RF receiver 510 to receive at or nearly the same time as it enables its RF transmitter 506 to transmit the Tx waveform 516. When the wireless device 500 performs full-duplex operation (e.g., sub-band full-duplex or full-band full-duplex), the wireless device 500 can transmit the Tx waveform 516, which can be a radar RS (e.g., a sensing signal).

[0125] In some examples, the transmission of a sequence or pattern included in the Tx waveform 516 may be continuously repeated such that the sequence is transmitted a specific number of times or for a specific duration. In some examples, if the RF receiver 510 is enabled after the RF transmitter 506, the repetition of the pattern in the transmission of the Tx waveform 516 may be used to avoid missing the reception of any reflected signals. In one example implementation, the Tx waveform 516 may include a sequence having a sequence length L that is transmitted two or more times, which may allow the RF receiver 510 to be enabled at a time less than or equal to L in order to receive reflections corresponding to the entire sequence without losing any information.

[0126] By implementing alternating or simultaneous transmit and receive functionality (e.g., half-duplex or full-duplex operation), the wireless device 500 can receive a signal corresponding to the Tx waveform 516. For example, the wireless device 500 can receive a signal reflected from an object or person within the range of the Tx waveform 516, such as the Rx waveform 518 reflected from the target 502. The wireless device 500 can also receive a leakage signal (e.g., Tx leakage signal 520) that is directly coupled from the Tx antenna 512 to the Rx antenna 514 without reflecting from any object. For example, the leakage signal may include a signal that is passed from a transmitter antenna (e.g., Tx antenna 512) on the wireless device to a receive antenna (e.g., Rx antenna 514) on the wireless device without reflecting from any object. In some cases, the Rx waveform 518 may include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequence included in the Tx waveform 516. In some examples, the wireless device 500 can combine multiple sequences received by the RF receiver 510 to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

[0127] The wireless device 500 may also implement RF sensing techniques by obtaining RF sensing data associated with each of the received signals corresponding to the Tx waveform 516. In some examples, the RF sensing data may include channel state information (CSI) data related to a direct path of the Tx waveform 516 (e.g., the leakage signal 520) and data related to a reflected path corresponding to the Tx waveform 516 (e.g., the Rx waveform 518).

[0128] In some aspects, the RF sensing data (e.g., CSI data) may include information that can be used to determine the manner in which an RF signal (e.g., Tx waveform 516) propagates from the RF transmitter 506 to the RF receiver 510. The RF sensing data may include data corresponding to the effects on the transmitted RF signal due to scattering, fading, and / or power attenuation with distance, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the RF sensing data may include imaginary data and real data (e.g., I / Q components) corresponding to each tone in the frequency domain over a particular bandwidth.

[0129] In some examples, the RF sensing data can be used by the processor 522 to calculate the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the reflected waveform, such as the Rx waveform 518. In other examples, the RF sensing data can also be used to detect motion, determine position, detect changes in position or motion patterns, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the distance and arrival angle of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, position, movement, and / or orientation of a target (e.g., target 502) in the surrounding environment in order to detect target presence / proximity.

[0130] The processor 522 of the wireless device 500 can calculate the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 518) by utilizing signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable technology, or any combination thereof. In other examples, the wireless device 500 can send or transmit the RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device such as a server or a base station, and the other computing device can perform calculations to obtain the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 518 or other reflected waveforms.

[0131] In one example, the distance of the Rx waveform 518 may be calculated by measuring the time difference from when the leakage signal is received to when the reflected signal is received. For example, the wireless device 500 may determine a baseline distance zero based on the difference (e.g., propagation delay) from when the wireless device 500 transmits the Tx waveform 516 to when it receives the leakage signal 520. The processor 522 of the wireless device 500 may then determine the distance associated with the Rx waveform 518 based on the difference (e.g., time of flight, also referred to as round trip time (RTT)) from when the wireless device 500 transmits the Tx waveform 516 to when it receives the Rx waveform 518, which may then be adjusted based on the propagation delay associated with the leakage signal 520. In doing so, the processor 522 of the wireless device 500 may determine the distance traveled by the Rx waveform 518, which may be used to determine the presence and movement of an object (e.g., object 502) causing the reflection.

[0132] In further examples, the angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 may be calculated by the processor 522 by measuring the time difference of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 between individual elements of the receive antenna array, such as the antenna 514. In some examples, the time difference of arrival may be calculated by measuring the receive phase difference at each element in the receive antenna array.

[0133] In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 may be used by the processor 522 to determine the distance between the wireless device 500 and the target 502 and the orientation of the target 502 relative to the wireless device 500. The distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 518 may also be used to determine the presence, movement, proximity, identity, or any combination thereof of the target 502. For example, the processor 522 of the wireless device 500 may utilize the calculated distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 518 to determine that the target 502 is moving toward the wireless device 500.

[0134] As mentioned above, the wireless device 500 may include a mobile device (e.g., an IoT device, a smart phone, a laptop, a tablet, etc.) or other types of devices. In some examples, the wireless device 500 may be configured to obtain device location data and device orientation data as well as RF sensing data. In some instances, the device location data and device orientation data may be used to determine or adjust the distance and angle of arrival of a reflected signal such as the Rx waveform 518. For example, when the target 502 (e.g., a vehicle) moves toward the wireless device 500 during the RF sensing process, the wireless device may be set on the ground facing the sky. In this instance, the wireless device 500 may use its location data and orientation data as well as the RF sensing data to determine the direction in which the target 502 is moving.

[0135] In some examples, the wireless device 500 can collect device orientation data using techniques including RTT measurements, time of arrival (TOA) measurements, time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, passive positioning measurements, angle of arrival (AOA) measurements, angle of departure (AoD) measurements, received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurements, CSI data, using any other suitable techniques, or any combination thereof. In further examples, the device orientation data can be obtained from electronic sensors on the wireless device 500 such as a gyroscope, accelerometer, compass, magnetometer, barometer, any other suitable sensor, or any combination thereof.

[0136] Figure 6 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a receiver 604 utilizing RF bistatic sensing techniques with a transmitter 600, according to some aspects of the present disclosure, which can be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., position, velocity or speed, heading, etc.) of a target 602 object. For example, the receiver 604 can use RF bistatic sensing to detect the presence and position of the target 602 (e.g., an object, user, or vehicle) in the receiver. Figure 6 In one example, the receiver 604 may be in the form of a base station such as a gNB.

[0137] Figure 6 The bistatic radar system of includes a transmitter 600 (e.g., a transmitting sensing node), which is depicted in the figure as being in the form of a base station (e.g., a gNB), and a receiver 604 (e.g., a receiving sensing node), which are separated by a distance comparable to the expected target distance. Figure 5 Compared with the single-station system, Figure 6 The transmitter 600 and the receiver 604 of the bistatic radar system are located far from each other. In contrast, a monostatic radar is a radar system that includes transmitters (e.g., Figure 5RF transmitter 506 of the wireless device 500) and receiver (e.g., Figure 5 The RF receiver 510 of the wireless device 500) is a radar system (e.g., Figure 5 system).

[0138] An advantage of a bistatic radar (or more generally, a multistatic radar with more than one receiver) over a monostatic radar is the ability to collect radar echoes reflected from a scene at angles different than the angle at which the pulse was transmitted. This may be of interest in some applications (e.g., vehicle applications, scenes with multiple objects, military applications, etc.) where targets may reflect transmitted energy in many directions (e.g., where targets are specifically designed to reflect in many directions), which may minimize the energy reflected back to the transmitter. It should be noted that in one or more examples, a monostatic system may coexist with a multistatic radar system, such as when the transmitter also has a co-located receiver.

[0139] In some examples, Figure 6 The transmitter 600 and / or the receiver 604 may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a wearable device, a vehicle, or other device including at least one RF interface (e.g., Figure 4 In some examples, the transmitter 600 and / or the receiver 604 may be a user device (e.g., Figure 4 IoT device 407) provides connectivity to the device, such as a base station (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), a wireless access point (AP), or other device including at least one RF interface.

[0140] In some aspects, the transmitter 600 may include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. The transmitter 600 may include at least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 The transmitter 600 may also include an RF transmitter (eg, Figure 5 The RF transmitter 506 may be a transmitter configured to transmit a cellular or telecommunication signal (e.g., a transmitter configured to transmit a 5G / NR signal, a 4G / LTE signal, or other cellular / telecommunication signal, etc.), a Wi-Fi transmitter, a Bluetooth transmitter, or a wireless transmitter. TM transmitter, any combination thereof, or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0141] The RF transmitter may be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna (e.g., Figure 5TX antenna 512). In some examples, the Tx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions, or a directional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in a specific direction. In some examples, the Tx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0142] The receiver 604 may also include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, the receiver 604 may include one or more receiving antennas, such as an Rx antenna (e.g., Figure 5 In some examples, the Rx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions, or a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In another example, the Rx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0143] The receiver 604 may also include an RF receiver (eg, Figure 5 The RF receiver may include a RF receiver 510 for receiving RF waveforms (such as Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth TM The output of the RF receiver may be coupled to at least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 The processor may be configured to process the received waveform (eg, Rx waveform 618).

[0144] In one or more examples, the transmitter 600 can implement an RF sensing technique (e.g., a bistatic sensing technique) by transmitting a Tx waveform 616 from a Tx antenna. It should be noted that although the Tx waveform 616 is illustrated as a single line, in some cases, the Tx waveform 616 can be transmitted in all directions by an omnidirectional Tx antenna.

[0145] In one or more aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveform 616 can be used to increase or decrease the RF sensing resolution. These parameters can include frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveform 616, number of antennas configured to receive reflected RF signals (e.g., Rx waveform 618) corresponding to the Tx waveform 616, number of spatial links (e.g., number of spatial streams multiplied by number of antennas configured to receive RF signals), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveform (e.g., Tx waveform 616) and the received waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 618) can include one or more radar RF sensing signals (also referred to as RF sensing RS).

[0146] During operation, the receiver 604 (e.g., operating as a receive sensing node) can receive a signal corresponding to the Tx waveform 616, which is transmitted by the transmitter 600 (e.g., operating as a transmit sensing node). For example, the receiver 604 can receive a signal reflected from an object or person within the range of the Tx waveform 616, such as the Rx waveform 618 reflected from the target 602. In some cases, the Rx waveform 618 can include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequence included in the Tx waveform 616. In some examples, the receiver 604 can combine the received multiple sequences to improve the SNR.

[0147] In some examples, at least one processor within receiver 604 can use the RF sensing data to calculate a distance, angle of arrival, or other characteristics corresponding to a reflected waveform, such as Rx waveform 618. In other examples, the RF sensing data can also be used to detect motion, determine position, detect a change in position or motion pattern, or any combination thereof. In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, position, movement, and / or orientation of a target (e.g., target 602) in the surrounding environment in order to detect target presence / proximity.

[0148] The processor of the receiver 604 may calculate the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 618) by using signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable techniques, or any combination thereof. In other examples, the receiver 604 may send or transmit the RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device (such as a server), which may perform calculations to obtain the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 618 or other reflected waveforms.

[0149] In one or more examples, the angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 can be calculated by the processor of the receiver 604 by measuring the time difference of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 between individual elements of the receive antenna array of the receiver 604. In some examples, the time difference of arrival can be calculated by measuring the receive phase difference at each element in the receive antenna array.

[0150] In some cases, the distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 may be used by the processor of the receiver 604 to determine the distance between the receiver 604 and the target 602 and the orientation of the target 602 relative to the receiver 604. The distance and angle of arrival of the Rx waveform 618 may also be used to determine the presence, movement, proximity, identity, or any combination thereof of the target 602. For example, the processor of the receiver 604 may use the calculated distance and angle of arrival corresponding to the Rx waveform 618 to determine that the target 602 is moving toward the receiver 604.

[0151] Figure 7 704 is a diagram illustrating an example of a receiver 704 in the form of a smartphone that utilizes RF bistatic sensing techniques with multiple transmitters (including transmitter 700a, transmitter 700b, and transmitter 700c) in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure, which can be used by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., position, speed or velocity, heading, etc.) of a target 702 object. For example, receiver 704 can use RF bistatic sensing to detect the presence and position of target 702 (e.g., an object, user, or vehicle). Target 702 is Figure 7 The objects without communication capabilities (which may be referred to as device-less objects) are depicted in the form of people, vehicles (e.g., vehicles without the ability to send and receive messages such as using C-V2X or DSRC protocols), or other device-less objects. Figure 7 The bistatic radar system is similar to Figure 6 The dual-station radar system is just Figure 7 The bistatic radar system has multiple transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c, and Figure 6 The bistatic radar system has only one transmitter 600 .

[0152] Figure 7 The bistatic radar system of includes a plurality of transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c (eg, transmitting sensing nodes), which are illustrated as being in the form of base stations. Figure 7 The bistatic radar system of further includes a receiver 704 (eg, a receiving sensing node) depicted in the form of a smartphone. Each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c is separated from the receiver 704 by a distance comparable to the expected distance to the target 702. Similar to Figure 6 The dual station system Figure 7 The transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c and the receiver 704 of the bistatic radar system are located far away from each other.

[0153] In one or more examples, the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c, and / or the receiver 704 can each be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a wearable device, a vehicle (e.g., a vehicle configured to send and receive communications according to C-V2X, DSRC, or other communication protocols), or other devices including at least one RF interface (e.g., Figure 4 In some examples, transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c and / or receiver 704 may each be a user device (e.g., Figure 4IoT device 407) provides connectivity to the device, such as a base station (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.), a wireless access point (AP), or other device including at least one RF interface.

[0154] The transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c may include one or more components for transmitting RF signals. Each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c may include at least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 Each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c may also include an RF transmitter (e.g., Figure 5 RF transmitter 506). In one or more examples, Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c are RF sensing signals, and Tx waveforms 720a, 720b, 720c are communication signals. In one or more examples, Tx waveforms 720a, 720b, 720c are communication signals that can be used to schedule a transmitter (e.g., transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c) and a receiver (e.g., receiver 704) to perform RF sensing of a target (e.g., target 702) to obtain location information about the target. The RF transmitter can be a transmitter configured to transmit a cellular or telecommunication signal (e.g., a transmitter configured to transmit a 5G / NR signal, a 4G / LTE signal, or other cellular / telecom signal, etc.), a Wi-Fi transmitter, a Bluetooth transmitter, or a wireless transmitter. TM transmitter, any combination thereof, or any other transmitter capable of transmitting RF signals.

[0155] The RF transmitter may be coupled to one or more transmit antennas, such as a Tx antenna (e.g., Figure 5 TX antenna 512). In one or more examples, the Tx antenna may be an omnidirectional antenna capable of transmitting RF signals in all directions, or a directional antenna that transmits RF signals in a specific direction. The Tx antenna may include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array.

[0156] Figure 7 The receiver 704 may include one or more components for receiving RF signals. For example, the receiver 704 may include one or more receiving antennas, such as Rx antennas (e.g., Figure 5Rx antenna 514). In one or more examples, the Rx antenna can be an omnidirectional antenna capable of receiving RF signals from multiple directions, or a directional antenna configured to receive signals from a specific direction. In some examples, the Rx antenna can include multiple antennas (e.g., elements) configured as an antenna array (e.g., a phased antenna array), which can be used for MIMO communication and / or sensing.

[0157] The receiver 704 may also include an RF receiver (eg, Figure 5 The RF receiver may include a RF receiver 510 for receiving RF waveforms (such as Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth TM The output of the RF receiver may be coupled to at least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 The processor 522 may be configured to process the received waveform (eg, Rx waveform 718, which is the reflected (echo) RF sensing signal).

[0158] In some examples, the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c can implement RF sensing techniques (e.g., bistatic sensing techniques) by having Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c (e.g., radar sensing signals) transmitted from a Tx antenna associated with each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c. Although the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c are illustrated as a single line, in some cases, the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c can be transmitted in all directions (e.g., through an omnidirectional Tx antenna associated with each of the transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c).

[0159] In one or more aspects, one or more parameters associated with the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c can be used to increase or decrease RF sensing resolution. These parameters can include, but are not limited to, frequency, bandwidth, number of spatial streams, number of antennas configured to transmit the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, number of antennas configured to receive reflected (echo) RF signals (e.g., Rx waveform 718) corresponding to each of the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, number of spatial links (e.g., number of spatial streams multiplied by number of antennas configured to receive RF signals), sampling rate, or any combination thereof. The transmitted waveforms (e.g., Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c) and the received waveforms (e.g., Rx waveform 718) can include one or more radar RF sensing signals (also referred to as RF sensing RS). It should be noted that although Figure 7Only one reflected sensing signal (eg, Rx waveform 718) is shown in FIG. 7 , but it should be understood that a separate reflected (echo) sensing signal will be generated by each sensing signal reflected from the target 702 (eg, Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c).

[0160] exist Figure 7 During operation of the system, the receiver 704 (e.g., operating as a receive sensing node) can receive signals corresponding to Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c transmitted by transmitters 700a, 700b, 700c (e.g., each operating as a transmit sensing node). The receiver 704 can receive signals reflected from objects or people within the range of the Tx waveforms 716a, 716b, 716c, such as the Rx waveform 718 reflected from the target 702. In one or more examples, the Rx waveform 718 can include multiple sequences corresponding to multiple copies of the sequence included in its corresponding Tx waveform 716a, 716b, 716c. In some examples, the receiver 704 can combine the received multiple sequences to improve the SNR.

[0161] In some examples, the RF sensing data can be used by at least one processor within the receiver 704 to calculate the distance, angle of arrival (AOA), TDOA, angle of departure (AoD), or other characteristics corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., Rx waveform 718). In other examples, the RF sensing data can also be used to detect motion, determine position, detect changes in position or motion patterns, or any combination thereof. In one or more examples, the distance and angle of arrival of the reflected signal can be used to identify the size, position, movement, and / or orientation of the target (e.g., target 702) in order to detect target presence / proximity.

[0162] The processor of the receiver 704 can calculate the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the reflected waveform (e.g., the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 718) by using signal processing, machine learning algorithms, any other suitable techniques, or any combination thereof. In one or more examples, the receiver 704 can send or transmit the RF sensing data to at least one processor of another computing device (such as a server), which can perform calculations to obtain the distance and arrival angle corresponding to the Rx waveform 718 or other reflected waveforms (not shown).

[0163] In one or more examples, the processor of the receiver 704 can calculate the angle of arrival (AOA) of the Rx waveform 718 by measuring the TDOA of the Rx waveform 718 between the various elements of the receive antenna array of the receiver 704. In some examples, the TDOA can be calculated by measuring the receive phase difference at each element in the receive antenna array. In an illustrative example, to determine the TDOA, the processor can determine the arrival time difference of the Rx waveform 718 to the receive antenna array element using one of the receive antenna array elements as a reference. The time difference is proportional to the distance difference.

[0164] In some cases, the processor of the receiver 704 can use the distance, AOA, TDOA, other measurement information (e.g., AoD, etc.), any combination thereof of the Rx waveform 718 to determine the distance between the receiver 704 and the target 702, and determine the position of the target 702 relative to the receiver 704. In one example, the processor can use the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA information as input to apply multilateration or other location-based algorithms to determine the position (e.g., 3D position) of the target 702. In other examples, the processor can use the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA of the Rx waveform 718 to determine the presence, movement (e.g., speed or velocity, heading or direction or movement, etc.), proximity, identity, any combination thereof, or other characteristics of the target 702. For example, the processor of the receiver 704 can use the distance, AOA, and / or TDOA corresponding to the Rx waveform 718 to determine that the target is moving toward the receiver 704.

[0165] Figure 8 is a diagram illustrating a geometry for bistatic (or monostatic) sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 8 The bistatic radar north reference coordinate system in two dimensions is shown. Specifically, Figure 8 804 and 804. The coordinate system and parameters for bistatic radar operation are shown defined in a plane (referred to as the bistatic plane) containing transmitter 800, receiver 804 and target 802. The bistatic triangle is located in the bistatic plane. Transmitter 800, target 802 and receiver 804 are shown relative to each other. Transmitter 800 and receiver 804 are separated by a baseline distance L. An extended baseline is defined as extending the baseline distance L beyond either transmitter 800 or receiver 804. Target 802 and transmitter 800 are separated by a distance R T , and the target 802 and the receiver 804 are separated by a distance R R .

[0166] Angle θ T and θ R are the transmitter 800 observation angle and the receiver 804 observation angle, respectively, which are considered positive when measured clockwise from North (N). Angle θ Tand θ R Also known as the angle of arrival (AOA) or line of sight (LOS). The bistatic angle (β) is the angle between the transmitter 800, the target 802, and the receiver 804 in the radar. Specifically, the bistatic angle is the angle between the transmitter 800 and the receiver 804, with the vertex at the target 802. The bistatic angle is equal to the observation angle of the transmitter 800 minus the observation angle of the receiver 804 θ R (For example, β = θ T -θ R ).

[0167] When the bistatic angle is exactly zero (0°), the radar is considered to be monostatic; when the bistatic angle is close to zero, the radar is considered to be pseudo-monostatic; and when the bistatic angle is close to 180 degrees, the radar is considered to be a forward scatter radar. Otherwise, the radar is simply considered and is called a bistatic radar. The bistatic angle (β) can be used to determine the radar cross section of the target.

[0168] Fig. 9 910 is a diagram illustrating an example of a bistatic distance 910 for bistatic sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In the diagram, a transmitter (Tx) 900, a target 902, and a receiver (Rx) 904 of a radar are shown relative to each other. The transmitter 900 is separated from the receiver 904 by a baseline distance L, the target 902 is separated from the transmitter 900 by a distance Rtx, and the target 902 is separated from the receiver 904 by a distance Rrx.

[0169] Bistatic range 910 (shown as an ellipse) refers to a measured range made by a radar having a separate transmitter 900 and receiver 904 (e.g., the transmitter 900 and receiver 904 are positioned far from each other). Receiver 904 measures the arrival time from when transmitter 900 transmits a signal to when receiver 904 receives the signal from transmitter 900 via target 902. Bistatic range 910 defines an ellipse of constant bistatic distance, called an equidistant profile, on which target 902 is located, with the focus centered on transmitter 900 and receiver 904. If target 902 is at a distance Rrx from receiver 904 and a distance Rtx from transmitter 900, and receiver 904 and transmitter 900 are at a distance L from each other, then the bistatic range is equal to Rrx+Rtx-L. It should be noted that the motion of target 902 causes a rate of change in the bistatic range, which results in a bistatic Doppler shift.

[0170] Typically, the constant bistatic distance points draw ellipses with the transmitter 900 and receiver 904 positioned as foci. The bistatic isostatic contours are where the ground slices through the ellipse. When the ground is flat, the intercepts form ellipses (e.g., bistatic distance 910). Note that these ellipses are not centered on the mirror point except when the two platforms have equal heights.

[0171] Fig.10 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 1000 for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The system 1000 may employ multi-station sensing for cooperative sensing of UEs 1006a, 1006b, 1006c. Fig.10 In the system 1000, a plurality of network devices and network entities are shown. The plurality of network devices include UEs 1006a, 1006b, 1006c, which may be in the form of various different types of UEs, including but not limited to mobile devices or mobile phones (e.g., UE 1006b), extended reality (XR) devices (such as augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) headsets) (e.g., UE 1006a), networking or smart watches (e.g., UE 1006c), and / or other types of network devices. The network entity may be in the form of a radar server 1010. The network entity may be in the form of a base station 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004 (e.g., a gNB or eNB) or a portion of a base station with a decomposed architecture (e.g., one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC of a base station). In one or more examples, the network entities (eg, base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004, and radar server 1010) may be co-located together or may be remotely located from one another.

[0172] System 1000 may include Fig.10 In addition, the system 1000 may include more or fewer network devices and / or more or fewer network entities than those shown in FIG. Fig.10 In addition, in one or more examples, the network devices (e.g., UEs 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) can be equipped with heterogeneous capabilities, which can include, but are not limited to, C-V2X / DSRC capabilities, 4G / 5G cellular connectivity, GPS capabilities, camera capabilities, or other sensor-based capabilities (e.g., light or sound-based sensors, such as depth sensors that use any suitable technology to determine depth).

[0173] The network devices (e.g., UEs 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) and network entities (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004, and radar server 1010) may be able to perform communications (e.g., 5G NR communications) with each other. In such cases, UEs 1006a, 1006b, 1006c may send signals (e.g., communication signals) to each other. UEs 1006a, 1006b, 1006c and base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004 may send signals (e.g., communication signals) to each other. When radar server 1010 is located far from base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004, radar server 1010 and base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004 may send signals (e.g., communication signals) to each other.

[0174] In one or more examples, network devices and / or network entities (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004) may be capable of sending and receiving some type of sensing signal (e.g., camera, RF sensing signal, optical sensing signal, etc.). In some cases, at least some of the network devices and / or network entities (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, 1004) may send and / or receive sensing signals (e.g., RF sensing signals, such as radar target signals 1014a, 1014b, shown as beams transmitted from the network entity) to detect nearby UEs (e.g., UEs 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) and / or objects using one or more RF sensing techniques (e.g., single-station sensing, dual-station sensing, and / or multi-station sensing for cooperative sensing), as previously described. In some cases, a network device and / or network entity may detect nearby UEs and / or objects based on one or more images or frames captured using one or more cameras.

[0175] The base station 1004 that can operate as a radar transmitter and the base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c that can operate as radar receivers can perform RF sensing (e.g., dual-station sensing and / or multi-station sensing for cooperative sensing) of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) to obtain RF sensing measurement results (e.g., RTT measurement results, TOA measurement results and / or TDOA measurement results) of the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006b, 1006c). In one or more examples, the system 1000 can utilize more than one radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c), more than one radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004), more than one network entity (e.g., radar server 1010), and / or more than one target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) to perform dual-station sensing or multi-station sensing. In some examples, at least one radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) can be co-located with a radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) to perform single-station sensing. The use of dual-station sensing / multi-station sensing including radar transmitters and radar receivers located far from each other avoids self-interference that may occur in single-station sensing. Fig.10 The cooperative sensing scheme illustrated in system 1000 allows wide area bistatic / multistatic sensing that may be employed in a cellular network and allows components to manage interference in sensing and joint communication and sensing (JCS).

[0176] The RF sensing measurements of the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) may be used (e.g., by at least one processor of radar server 1010) to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., location, distance, movement, heading, size, and / or other characteristics) of the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006b, 1006c). The characteristics of the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006b, 1006c) may indicate the sensing environment of the radar receiver (e.g., base station 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) and may be used (e.g., by at least one processor of radar server 1010) to determine the accuracy of the sensing measurements of the radar receiver (e.g., base station 1002a, 1002b, 1002c). In one or more examples, additional measurements (e.g., light detection and ranging (LIDAR) measurements, ultrasonic measurements, and / or positioning measurements) obtained from radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c (shown as beams) may also be used to determine the accuracy of sensing measurements of a radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c).

[0177] In some cases, Fig.10 The system 1000 may perform radar-based sensing. For example, a radar receiver (e.g., base station 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) may determine characteristics of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006b, 1006c), and may determine the accuracy of sensing measurements of the radar receiver (e.g., base station 1002a, 1002b, 1002c). Additionally or alternatively, in some cases, the system 1000 may perform network-based sensing. For example, a network entity (e.g., radar server 1010) may determine characteristics of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006b, 1006c), and may determine the accuracy of sensing measurements of the radar receiver (e.g., base station 1002a, 1002b, 1002c).

[0178] In one or more examples, system 1000 can perform MIMO operations, such as multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) operations. In MU-MIMO, multiple users (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) share the same time and frequency resources, and a transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) is equipped with multiple antennas (e.g., at least one antenna array including multiple antenna elements, such as those described below). Fig.14The system 1000 may be configured to provide a physical antenna port 1404 of the wireless communication network and to serve many receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) at the same time. Each receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) only needs to employ a single antenna, and therefore, complex hardware is required only on the transmitter side (e.g., base station 1004). In some examples, the system 1000 may perform massive MIMO (mMIMO) operations. mMIMO is a form of MU-MIMO that employs a larger number of antennas on the transmitter side (e.g., base station 1004) than MU-MIMO, and therefore, the number of served users (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) may be significantly increased compared to MU-MIMO. In one or more examples, when the system 1000 performs MIMO operations (e.g., MU-MIMO operations), a network device and / or network entity (e.g., base station 1004) operating as a transmitter may include at least one antenna array (e.g., a direct radiating antenna array and / or a phased antenna array), which may include multiple antenna elements (e.g., antenna horns, patch antenna elements, cup-shaped dipole antenna elements, and / or dipole antenna elements). Each antenna element and / or a grouping of antenna elements in the antenna elements may be used to form multiple antenna signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c, 1014a, 1014b (shown as beams) to be sent from the transmitter (e.g., base station 1004). In one or more examples, a network entity (e.g., radar server 1010) may manage and / or initiate beam coordination of antenna signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c, 1014a, 1014b for collaborative sensing.

[0179] During operation of the system 1000 for MU-MIMO (e.g., mMIMO) radar-based sensing, for example, when performing dual-station sensing / multi-station sensing of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c), a radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) may transmit an RF sensing signal (e.g., radar target signal 1014a, 1014b) to the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c). The sensing signal (e.g., radar target signal 1014a, 1014b) may be reflected from the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) to generate RF reflection sensing signals 1016a, 1016b, 1016c, 1016d, 1016e. A radar receiver (e.g., base station 1002a, 1002b, 1002c and UE 1006b) may receive the reflected sensing signal. At least one processor (eg, Figure 5The processor 522 of the radar receiver 500 may then determine or calculate characteristics (e.g., position, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) by using the sensing measurements from the received reflected sensing signals. As previously described, the characteristics of the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) may indicate the sensing environment associated with the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c and UE 1006b).

[0180] In some cases, during operation, a radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) may transmit RF radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c to radar receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c). The radar receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) may receive the radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c. At least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 The processor 522 of the system may then determine (calculate) a performance metric (e.g., operating range, maximum range, and / or range / Doppler accuracy) of the radar receiver (e.g., base station 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) by using sensing measurements from the received radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c and, optionally, using information about the sensing environment associated with the radar receiver (e.g., base station 1002a, 1002b, 1002c).

[0181] In one or more examples, the radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c can be used for single-station sensing. For these examples of single-station sensing, the radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c will reflect from the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) and produce a reflected radar reference signal that will propagate back toward the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004). The radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) can then determine (calculate) a performance metric (e.g., operating range, maximum range, and / or range / Doppler accuracy) of the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) by using sensing measurements from the reflected radar reference signal and optionally using information about the sensing environment associated with the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c).

[0182] In some examples, a radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c and UE 1006b) may send determined characteristics (e.g., location, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) and / or calculated performance metrics (e.g., operating range, maximum range, and / or range / Doppler accuracy) of the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) to a network entity (e.g., radar server 1010).

[0183] In some examples, a network entity (e.g., radar server 1010) can determine characteristics (e.g., location, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) and / or performance metrics (e.g., operating range, maximum range, and / or range / Doppler accuracy) of a radar receiver (e.g., base station 1002a, 1002b, 1002c). For example, during operation of a system for RF sensing based on a MU-MIMO (e.g., mMIMO) network, such as when performing dual-station sensing / multi-station sensing of a target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c), a radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) can transmit an RF sensing signal (e.g., radar target signal 1014a, 1014b) to the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c). The sensing signals (e.g., radar target signals 1014a, 1014b) may be reflected from targets (e.g., UEs 1006a, 1006c) to generate RF reflected sensing signals 1016a, 1016b, 1016c, 1016d, 1016e. The radar receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, and UE 1006b) may receive the reflected sensing signals. The radar receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c, and UE 1006b) may then generate sensing measurements based on the received reflected sensing signals.

[0184] In some examples, during operation, a radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) may transmit RF radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c to radar receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c). The radar receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) may receive radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c. The radar receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) may then generate sensing measurements based on the received radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c.

[0185] In one or more examples, radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c can be used for single-station sensing. For these examples of single-station sensing, radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c will reflect from a radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) and produce a reflected radar reference signal that will propagate back toward a radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004). The radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1004) can then generate sensing measurements based on the reflected radar reference signal.

[0186] In some examples, radar receivers (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c and UE 1006b) and / or radar transmitters (e.g., base station 1004) can send sensing measurements from received reflected sensing signals and / or sensing measurements from received radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c (and / or reflected radar reference signals) to a network entity (e.g., radar server 1010). At least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 The processor 522 of the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c and UE 1006b) can then determine or calculate characteristics (e.g., position, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) by using the sensing measurements from the received reflected sensing signals. The characteristics of the target (e.g., UE 1006a, 1006c) can indicate the sensing environment related to the radar receiver (e.g., base stations 1002a, 1002b, 1002c and UE 1006b).

[0187] At least one processor (eg, Figure 5 Processor 522 of the system may then determine (calculate) a performance metric (e.g., operating range, maximum range, and / or range / Doppler accuracy) of a radar receiver (e.g., base station 1002a, 1002b, 1002c) by using sensed measurements from received radar reference signals 1012a, 1012b, 1012c (and / or reflected radar reference signals) and, optionally, using information about a sensed environment associated with the radar receiver (e.g., base station 1002a, 1002b, 1002c).

[0188] Fig.11 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 1100 for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. The system 1100 may perform MIMO (e.g., MU-MIMO, mMIMO, etc.) downlink communication and single-site MIMO sensing for a UE (e.g., UE 1108a). Fig.11In the system 1100, a plurality of network devices and network entities are shown. The plurality of network devices include UEs 1108a, 1108b, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k, which may be in the form of various different types of devices, including but not limited to mobile devices or mobile phones (e.g., UEs 1106a, 1106b, 1106k), extended reality (XR) devices (such as augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) headsets), networked or smart watches, vehicles (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1108b), and / or other types of devices. The network entity may be in the form of a base station 1102 (e.g., a gNB or eNB) or a portion of a base station having a decomposed architecture (e.g., one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC of a base station).

[0189] System 1100 may include Fig.11 In addition, the system 1100 may include more or fewer network devices and / or more or fewer network entities than those shown in FIG. Fig.11 In addition, in one or more examples, network devices (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1108b, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k) can be equipped with heterogeneous capabilities, which can include but are not limited to C-V2X / DSRC capabilities, 4G / 5G cellular connectivity, GPS capabilities, camera capabilities, or other sensor-based capabilities (e.g., light or sound-based sensors, such as depth sensors that use any suitable technology to determine depth).

[0190] The network devices (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1108b, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k) and the network entities (e.g., base station 1102) may be able to perform communications (e.g., 5G NR communications) with each other. In such cases, for example, the network entity (e.g., base station 1102) may send communication signals (e.g., communication signals 1104a, 1104b, 1104c) to the UEs (e.g., UEs 1106a, 1106b, 1106k).

[0191] In one or more examples, a network device and / or network entity (e.g., base station 1102) may be able to send and receive some type of sensing signal (e.g., camera, RF sensing signal, optical sensing signal, etc.). In some cases, a network device and / or network entity (e.g., base station 1102) may send and receive sensing signals (e.g., RF sensing signal 1110a) to detect nearby UEs (e.g., UE 1108a) and / or objects using one or more sensors. In some cases, a network device and / or network entity (e.g., base station 1102) may detect nearby UEs and / or objects based on one or more images or frames captured using one or more cameras.

[0192] The base station 1102, which can operate as both a radar transmitter and a radar receiver, can perform RF sensing (e.g., single-station sensing) of at least one target (e.g., UE 1108a) to obtain RF sensing measurement results (e.g., RTT measurement results, TOA measurement results, and / or TDOA measurement results) of these targets (e.g., UE 1108a). The RF sensing measurement results of the target (e.g., UE 1108a) can be used (e.g., by at least one processor of the base station 1102 or a radar server) to determine one or more characteristics (e.g., location, distance, movement, heading, size, and / or other characteristics) of the target (e.g., UE 1108a). The characteristics of the target (e.g., UE 1108a) can indicate the sensing environment of the base station 1102 and can be used (e.g., by at least one processor of the base station 1102 or a radar server) to determine the sensing measurement accuracy of the base station 1102.

[0193] In some examples, Fig.11 The system 1100 may perform radar-based sensing, wherein a base station 1102 may determine characteristics of at least one target (eg, UE 1108a), and may determine the accuracy of sensing measurements of the base station 1102. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, Fig.11 The system 1100 may perform network-based sensing, wherein a base station 1102 may determine characteristics of at least one target (eg, UE 1108a), and an accuracy of sensing measurements of the base station 1102 may be determined.

[0194] In one or more examples, system 1100 can perform MU-MIMO (e.g., mMIMO) operations. In MU-MIMO, multiple users (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1108b, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k) share the same time and frequency resources, and base station 1102 is equipped with multiple antennas (e.g., at least one antenna array including multiple antenna elements, such as Fig.14physical antenna port 1404) and serve many users (e.g., UE 1108a, 1108b, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k) simultaneously. In one or more examples, when system 1100 performs MIMO operation (e.g., MU-MIMO operation), base station 1102 may include at least one antenna array (e.g., a direct radiating antenna array and / or a phased antenna array), which may include multiple antenna elements (e.g., antenna horns, patch antenna elements, cup-shaped dipole antenna elements, and / or dipole antenna elements).

[0195] Each of the antenna elements of the antenna array and / or a grouping of antenna elements may be used to form a plurality of antenna beams to be transmitted from the base station 1102 to users (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k). Each of the antenna beams may include at least one corresponding signal (e.g., signals 1110a, 1104a, 1104b, 1104k), which may be a communication signal, a sensing signal, or a combined communication and sensing signal. Fig.11 In the system 1100, the antenna beam is shown as including a sensing signal 1110a and a plurality of communication signals 1104a, 1104b, 1104k. In one or more examples, a network entity (e.g., a radar server) can manage and / or initiate beam coordination of antenna beams of a base station 1102 for cooperative sensing.

[0196] During operation of the system 1100 for MU-MIMO (e.g., mMIMO) radar-based sensing, for example, when performing single-station sensing of a target (e.g., UE 1108a), the base station 1102 (operating as a radar transmitter) may transmit an RF sensing signal 1110a toward the target (e.g., UE 1108a). The sensing signal 1110a may be reflected from the target (e.g., UE 1108a) to produce an RF reflection sensing signal 1110b, which is reflected back to the base station 1102. The base station 1102 (also operating as a radar receiver) may receive the reflection sensing signal 1110b. At least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 The processor 522 of the base station 1102 may then determine or calculate characteristics (e.g., position, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of the target (e.g., UE 1108a) by using the sensing measurements from the received reflected sensing signal 1110b. In some examples, the base station 1102 may send the determined characteristics (e.g., position, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of the target (e.g., UE 1108a) to a network entity (e.g., a radar server).

[0197] In some examples, a network entity (e.g., a radar server) may determine characteristics (e.g., location, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of a target (e.g., UE 1108a). For example, during operation of a system for RF sensing based on a MU-MIMO (e.g., mMIMO) network, such as when performing single-station sensing of a target (e.g., UE 1108a), a base station 1102 (operating as a radar transmitter) may transmit an RF sensing signal 1110a toward the target (e.g., UE 1108a). The sensing signal 1110a may be reflected from the target (e.g., UE 1108a) to generate an RF reflection sensing signal 1110b. The base station 1102 (also operating as a radar receiver) may receive the reflection sensing signal 1110b. The base station 1102 may then generate a sensing measurement result based on the received reflection sensing signal 1110b.

[0198] In some examples, the base station 1102 can send sensing measurements from the received reflected sensing signal 1110b to a network entity (e.g., a radar server). At least one processor (e.g., Figure 5 The processor 522 of the processor 522 can then determine or calculate the characteristics (e.g., position, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.) of the target (e.g., UE 1108a) by using the sensing measurements from the received reflected sensing signal 1110b.

[0199] In one or more examples, Fig.11 The system 1100 that can perform single-site MU-MIMO sensing can employ at least one unified waveform (e.g., a JCS waveform) for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing. In some examples, a multi-antenna JCS transceiver (e.g., a network entity such as base station 1102) can schedule and generate the waveform.

[0200] In one or more examples, base station 1102 can have N antenna arrays. t The number of transmit antenna elements (eg, N t Tx) and has N in its antenna array r The number of receiving antenna elements (eg, N r Rx). The base station 1102 can serve k number of users (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1108b, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k). During operation, the base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) can detect targets (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k) and estimate parameters or characteristics of the targets (e.g., location, distance, movement, heading, size, etc.).

[0201] Since prior information about the number of targets (e.g., UE 1108a) is unknown to base station 1102, for example, during the target detection phase, base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) can maximize the degrees of freedom in its hardware (e.g., maximizing the number of antenna elements used to transmit different waveforms). In doing so, base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) can transmit a rank N for MIMO sensing of targets. t Waveforms (e.g., orthogonal waveforms). For example, in a MIMO radar system, each transmit antenna element of base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) can transmit an orthogonal waveform. If there are a total of N antenna elements in the antenna array t transmit antenna elements, the base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) can transmit at most N t A number of mutually orthogonal waveforms are formed to form a rank N t waveform.

[0202] However, sending a rank Nt waveform for MIMO sensing of a target may result in conflicts between sensing and communication. For example, in some MU-MIMO communications, the number of degrees of freedom (DoF) is limited by the minimum number N of transmit antennas of the base station 1102 (e.g., gNB). t Limit, the minimum number is min(N t ; J), where J is less than N t (J <N t ), especially for mMIMO scenarios. Item J is the number of layers (e.g., communication orthogonal waveforms) that a base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) can schedule for its MU-MIMO downlink (DL) communications.

[0203] A base station 1102 (e.g., a gNB) can estimate the rank of a channel, such as based on channel state information (CSI) feedback from a UE (e.g., UE 1108a). Based on the estimated channel rank, the base station 1102 (e.g., a gNB) can determine a scheduling of time / frequency resources for a waveform. However, the scheduling of time / frequency resources and waveforms based on CSI for MU-MIMO downlink communications (e.g., a baseline for LTE / NR) may not fully utilize waveform diversity for MIMO sensing. Therefore, design metrics for MIMO communication and sensing may conflict. The systems and techniques described herein provide a unified waveform (e.g., a JCS waveform) to efficiently implement joint MIMO sensing and MIMO (e.g., MU-MIMO, mMIMO, etc.) downlink communications to achieve high spectral efficiency.

[0204] In one or more examples, base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) can schedule and generate a JCS waveform (e.g., rank N) for a joint transmission scheme. tIn some cases, the matrix S C represents or includes the communication resources of the JCS waveform, and the matrix S A In some examples, base station 1102 (e.g., gNB) can generate a JCS waveform by using N t - J number of dedicated sensing flows (including sensing resources) are added to the matrix S A To expand the data matrix S for waveform X C (including communication resources), which can result in waveforms with up to N t - J dedicated sensing flows (with sensing resources). t -J number of dedicated sensing streams (and corresponding sensing resources) can be used for sensing and may not contain any information (whereas communication resources include communication data). Then, the generated waveform X is of rank N t And it can be expressed as follows:

[0205] X=W C S C +W A S A

[0206] The matrix S C is of rank J, and the matrix S A is the rank Nt-J. W C and W A Is a matrix. For waveform X, we need W C S C With W A S A The waveform X is of rank N. t The JCS waveform can be used for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing (e.g., single-station sensing, dual-station sensing, or multi-station sensing).

[0207] As mentioned above, N t -J number of dedicated sensing streams is the maximum number of sensing streams that can be allocated for waveform X. For example, during the target detection phase, when the base station 1102 (e.g., the gNB or a part thereof, such as a CU, DU, RU, etc. of a decomposed gNB) does not have any knowledge about the target, the base station 1102 can add the maximum number of waveform X (e.g., N t -J number of sensing streams (sensing resources) to maximize the degrees of freedom to locate the target. However, for example, during the target tracking phase when the base station 1102 has some general knowledge about the location of the target, the base station 1102 may use less than the maximum number of sensing streams (e.g., N) of waveform X. t -J) sensing streams, because fewer degrees of freedom are required to locate the target.

[0208] In some aspects, such a joint precoder design (e.g., of a JCS waveform) implements spatial domain multiplexing (SDM), which allows spatially correlated (e.g., spatially aligned) UEs to use the JCS waveform for both communication and sensing. For example, when a target (e.g., UEs 1108a, 1106a, 1106b, 1106k) and a UE (e.g., UE 1108b) are spatially correlated (e.g., the target and UE are spatially aligned with each other in the same direction), the communication waveform can be reused for sensing.

[0209] In one or more examples, if the sensing is independent (e.g., without any cross-base station or cross-device coordination for sensing) and single-station (e.g., where the base station performs sensing alone), the base station 1102 can control the scheduling of dedicated sensing flows (e.g., sensing resources). For example, in such examples, the base station 1102 can determine waveform parameters for each of the sensing flows.

[0210] In contrast, if the sensing is network-based collaborative sensing (e.g., in a Fig.10 In the case where a sensing server such as the radar server 1010 assists in the scheduling of sensing resources), the sensing server (for example, Fig.10 The radar server 1010 of the embodiment can guide the base station 1102 to perform the scheduling of dedicated sensing streams (sensing resources). For such network-based collaborative sensing, the base station 1102 can report its partial CSI, the number of layers used for downlink MIMO communication, and / or other information to the sensing server. After the sensing server receives the partial CSI from one or more base stations (e.g., base station 1102), the sensing server can guide the base station to schedule additional sensing streams (e.g., from additional N t -J number of additional sensing streams for dedicated sensing streams). In one or more examples, the sensing server can determine which of the base stations should operate as a sensing transmitter (e.g., a radar transmitter) by considering partial CSI from the base stations and the hardware capabilities of the base stations. For example, if the supported dedicated sensing streams supported by base station 1 may be greater than (>) the supported dedicated sensing streams supported by base station 2, the sensing server can select base station 1 to operate as a MIMO sensing transmitter (e.g., a radar transmitter) to maximize the degrees of freedom, and can select base station 2 to operate as a MIMO sensing receiver (e.g., a radar receiver).

[0211] In one or more examples, the sensing server can signal the sensing waveform parameters to the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1) and the radar receiver (e.g., base station 2) (e.g., send signaling with the sensing waveform parameters). In other examples, the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1) can send a signal to the sensing server (e.g., Fig.10 The radar server 1010 of the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1) signals the number of dedicated sensing streams that the radar transmitter plans to send (e.g., sends signaling with this number). It should be noted that the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1) can also signal other parameters associated with the sensing waveform to the sensing server (e.g., send signaling with other parameters). The parameters and / or streams can be sent in one or more information elements (IEs) or fields of one or more messages. After receiving the parameters from the radar transmitter (e.g., base station 1), the sensing server can signal (e.g., send signaling) the information (e.g., the number of dedicated sensing streams and / or parameters associated with the sensing waveform) to the radar receiver (e.g., base station 2).

[0212] In some cases, if the target (e.g., UE 1108a) and the UE (e.g., UE 1106a) are spatially correlated (e.g., spatially aligned with each other) and the dedicated sensing streams share the same time and frequency, the dedicated sensing stream may affect the performance of downlink communications. In such cases, in one or more examples, if the sensing stream is OFDM-based (e.g., the sensing stream includes an OFDM waveform), the JCS waveform can be scheduled in one or more demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and the dedicated sensing stream can be orthogonal to the DMRS antenna port used to transmit the one or more DMRS symbols (e.g., Fig.14 logical antenna port 1414). In addition, in such cases, in one or more examples, if the sensing stream is OFDM-based (e.g., the sensing stream includes an OFDM waveform), the JCS waveform can be scheduled in one or more physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols. In some examples, when scheduled in one or more PDSCH symbols, waveform orthogonality between the sensing stream and the data stream (communication stream) may not be guaranteed because the PDSCH is a random signal. In some cases, if the sensing stream is non-OFDM-based, waveform orthogonality between the sensing stream and the data stream (communication stream) may not be guaranteed. The dedicated sensing stream is transparent to the UE (e.g., UE 1108a) by default unless the UE is also operated as a radar receiver for sensing.

[0213] In one or more examples, to assist in interference cancellation at the UE side, the base station 1102 can signal information associated with the sensing flow to the UE (e.g., UE 1108a) (e.g., send signaling with the information). In one or more examples, the information about the sensing flow can include, but is not limited to, additional antenna ports allocated for the dedicated sensing flow (e.g., Fig.14 The logical antenna ports 1414 of the sensing stream being added, the time and frequency resources of the sensing stream, the parameters of the sensing waveform for each layer of the sensing stream, the power offset between the DMRS (or PDSCH) and the sensing stream, any combination thereof, and / or other information. In some aspects, if a UE (e.g., UE 1108a) is served by multiple transmit / receive points (TRPs), the UE may receive multiple sets of assistance information (e.g., assistance data (AD)). In some cases, each set of assistance information corresponds to a dedicated sensing stream associated with a specific TRP (e.g., a base station such as a gNB).

[0214] Fig.12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a system 1200 for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing, wherein the system 1200 may utilize a JCS waveform for both communication and sensing (eg, single-station sensing) of a UE, in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. Fig.12 The system 1200 is similar to Fig.11 The system 1100 is just Fig.12 The base station 1102 shown in the system 1200 additionally sends a communication signal 1104c to a UE (e.g., UE 1108a). Fig.12 In FIG. 1 , base station 1102 is shown as sending both communication signal 1104c and sensing signal 1110a to UE 1108a. Therefore, if communication signal 1104c and sensing signal 1110a share the same time and frequency, there may be a conflict between the signals because the signals are directed to the same network device. To avoid such possible conflicts, base station 1102 may use the disclosed JCS waveform for communication and sensing of UE 1108a.

[0215] Fig.13 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a joint communication and sensing (JCS) waveform that may be employed by the disclosed system for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. Fig.13 13, the x-axis of graph 1300 represents angle (from negative 90 degrees to positive 90 degrees), and the y-axis of graph 1300 represents amplitude in decibels (dB).

[0216] Specifically, in Fig.1313, a cross-section of a beam pattern of an example JCS waveform is illustrated in graph 1300. The beam pattern of the JCS waveform exhibits eight different antenna beams that can radiate in a number of different directions and can be used by a JCS transceiver (e.g., Fig.11 The two wide antenna beams on either side of the beam pattern include signals to be sent to UEs located at approximately -75 degrees and 80 degrees (e.g., Fig.11 The six narrow antenna beams located between the two wide antenna beams include communication signals to be sent to UEs located at -45 degrees, -30 degrees, -10 degrees, 8 degrees, 25 degrees, and 55 degrees (e.g., Fig.11 's sensing signal of UE 1108a).

[0217] Fig.14 1400 is a diagram illustrating an example of a mapping of antenna ports (e.g., logical antenna ports 1414) to physical antenna ports 1404 that can be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In 5G NR and 4G LTE, MIMO is a key technology that is frequently employed (e.g., MIMO transmission is often used in the downlink). The term "antenna port" related to MIMO is a logical concept related to the physical layer (e.g., layer 1), rather than a physical concept related to the physical RF antenna located on the base station.

[0218] According to the 3GPP specification definition, an "antenna port" (e.g., logical antenna port 1414) is defined such that the channel on which a symbol on the antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel on which another symbol on the same antenna port is conveyed. Therefore, each individual downlink transmission is sent from a specific antenna port whose identity is known to the UE, and the UE can assume that the two signals transmitted experience the same radio channel if and only if they are sent from the same port. Therefore, it can be assumed that at least each antenna port used for downlink transmissions corresponds to a specific reference signal, and the UE receiver can assume that the reference signal can be used to estimate the channel corresponding to the antenna port (and derive channel state information (CSI)).

[0219] The 3GPP specification 38.211 for 5G NR defines the antenna port sets (e.g., logical antenna ports 1414) for the downlink as follows: the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) utilizes antenna ports starting from 1000 (1000 series), the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) utilizes antenna ports starting from 2000 (2000 series), the channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) utilizes antenna ports starting from 3000 (3000 series), and the synchronization signal block / physical broadcast channel (SS block / PBCH) utilizes antenna ports starting from 4000 (4000 series). The 3GPP specification 38.211 for 5G NR defines the antenna port set (e.g., logical antenna port 1414) for the uplink as follows: the physical uplink shared channel / demodulation reference signal (PUSCH / DMRS) utilizes antenna ports starting from 0 (0 series), the sounding reference signal (SRS), precoded PUSCH utilizes antenna ports starting from 1000 (1000 series), the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) utilizes antenna ports starting from 2000 (2000 series), and the physical random access channel (PRACH) utilizes antenna ports starting from 4000 (4000 series). It should be noted that different transmission layers for a channel (e.g., PDSCH) can use different antenna ports in the defined series. For example, antenna ports 1000 and 1001 can be used for two-layer PDSCH transmission.

[0220] It should be noted that "antenna port" is an abstract concept that does not necessarily correspond to a specific physical antenna port (e.g., physical antenna port 1404). There is no strict mapping of antenna ports (e.g., logical antenna port 1414) to physical antenna ports (e.g., physical antenna port 1404) in 5G NR or 4G LTE. The mapping of antenna ports to physical antenna ports is controlled by beamforming, where a specific antenna beam needs to send a signal on a specific antenna port to form the desired antenna beam. Therefore, it is possible that two antenna ports can be mapped to one physical antenna port and / or a single antenna port can be mapped to multiple physical antenna ports.

[0221] exist Fig.14, specifically, an overview of an example of a 5G physical layer process 1412 is shown. The 5G physical layer process 1412 is shown to include a beamforming network 1408, a resource mapper 1410, and a plurality of antenna ports (e.g., logical antenna ports 1414). The logical antenna ports 1414 are numbered from antenna port P0 to antenna port P4999 and are divided into a plurality of different series, which are separated by rows in the figure. The plurality of different series of logical antenna ports 1414 include series 0 spanning from antenna port P0 to antenna port P0999, series 1000 spanning from antenna port P1000 to antenna port P1999, series 2000 spanning from antenna port P2000 to antenna port P2999, series 3000 spanning from antenna port P3000 to antenna port 3999, and series 4000 spanning from antenna port P4000 to antenna port P4999.

[0222] Also in Fig.14 In FIG. 1 , a physical antenna array 1402 is shown as including a plurality of physical antenna ports 1404. Fig.14 , the physical antenna array 1402 is shown to include a total of 35 physical antenna ports 1404. It should be noted that in one or more examples, the physical antenna array 1402 may include more than Fig.14 1404. The physical antenna array 1402 may be in the form of various different types of physical antennas, including but not limited to a direct radiating antenna array or a phased antenna array. The physical antenna array 1402 may include various different types of physical antenna elements, which may include but are not limited to a horn antenna, a patch antenna element, a cup-shaped dipole antenna element, and / or a dipole antenna element. Each physical antenna element of the physical antenna array 1402 corresponds to a different physical antenna port 1404 of the physical antenna array 1402.

[0223] During the operation of the 5G physical layer processing 1412, the beamforming network 1408, together with the resource mapper 1410, maps the logical antenna ports 1414 to the physical antenna ports 1404 of the physical antenna array 1402 as needed to form the desired antenna beams 1406a (beam 1), 1406b (beam 2), 1406c (beam 3). Specifically, the logical antenna ports 1414 are mapped to the physical antenna ports 1404 so that the signals are transmitted on certain physical antenna ports 1404 as needed to form the desired antenna beams 1406a, 1406b, 1406c.

[0224] Thus, the logical antenna ports 1414 may be mapped to specific physical antenna ports 1404 of the physical antenna array 1402. For example, antenna port P0 may be mapped to the first physical antenna port 1404 of the physical antenna array 1402. It should be noted that multiple logical antenna ports 1414 may be mapped to only one physical antenna port 1404, and / or a single logical antenna port from multiple logical antenna ports 1414 may be mapped to multiple physical antenna ports 1404.

[0225] Fig.15 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a process 1500 for wireless communications utilizing joint MIMO communications and MIMO sensing. The process 1500 may be performed by a network entity (e.g., a base station such as an eNB or gNB, or one or more of a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC of a base station having a disaggregated architecture) or by a component or system (e.g., a chipset) of the network entity. The operations of the process 1500 may be implemented as a processor on one or more processors (e.g., Fig.17 The software components executed and run on the processor 1710 or other processor of the wireless communication device. In addition, the wireless communication device can be enabled to send and receive signals in the process 1500, for example, through one or more antennas and / or one or more transceivers (e.g., wireless transceivers).

[0226] At block 1510, a network entity (or a component thereof) may t -J sensing streams generate waveforms including communication resources and sensing resources. The waveform has rank N t , and the network entities include N t J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication (e.g., multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication) and is less than N t In some cases, the network entity includes at least one antenna array including transmit antenna elements.

[0227] In some aspects, as described herein, the waveform is generated using the matrix S C and the matrix S A For example, the matrix S C can represent the communication resources, and the matrix S A In one illustrative example, the matrix S C is of rank J and the matrix S A is rank N t -J. In some cases, the waveform includes a first waveform W associated with a communication resourceC S C and a second waveform W associated with the sensing resource A S A , where W C and W A is a matrix. In some examples, the first waveform W C S C With the second waveform W A S A In some aspects, the communication resources include communication data and the sensing resources do not include data.

[0228] In some cases, the network entity (or a component thereof) may schedule the waveform. In some cases, the waveform is scheduled by a radar server. In some aspects, the waveform is scheduled (e.g., by a network entity or a component thereof, a radar server, etc.) within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols. In these aspects, N t - The J sensing streams may be orthogonal to a plurality of DMRS ports associated with a plurality of DMRS symbols. In some aspects, the waveform is scheduled (eg, by a network entity or component thereof, a radar server, etc.) within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols.

[0229] At block 1520, the network entity (or a component thereof) may t -J sensing streams send waveforms to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via several sensing streams. The network device may include at least one user equipment (UE) or other network device (e.g., a mobile device, an XR device such as a VR device, an AR device, an MR device, a wearable device such as a networked watch, a vehicle or a component or system of a vehicle, or other network device). In some aspects, the network entity (or its component) may reuse communication resources to sense one or more network devices based on at least two of the one or more network devices being spatially correlated (e.g., spatially aligned with each other).

[0230] Fig.16 1 is a flow chart illustrating an example of a process 1600 for wireless communication utilizing joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing. The process 1600 may be performed by a network device (e.g., a UE such as a mobile device, an XR device such as a VR device, an AR device, an MR device, a wearable device such as a connected watch, a vehicle or a component or system of a vehicle, or other network device) or by a component or system of a network device (e.g., a chipset). The operations of the process 1600 may be implemented as a processor on one or more processors (e.g., Fig.17The software components executed and run on the processor 1710 or other processor of the wireless communication device. In addition, the wireless communication device can be enabled to send and receive signals in the process 1600, for example, through one or more antennas and / or one or more transceivers (e.g., wireless transceivers).

[0231] At block 1610, a network device (or a component thereof) may be configured to communicate with a network device based on a maximum of N t -J sensing flows receive waveforms including communication resources and sensing resources from a network entity via a number of sensing flows. For example, the network entity may be a base station (e.g., gNB, eNB, etc.) or a CU, DU, RU, near-RT RIC, or non-RT RIC of a base station with a decomposed architecture. The waveform has a rank N t , and the network entities include N t J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication (e.g., multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication) and is less than N t In some cases, the network entity includes at least one antenna array including transmit antenna elements.

[0232] In some aspects, as described herein, the waveform is generated using the matrix S C and the matrix S A For example, the matrix S C can represent the communication resources, and the matrix S A In one illustrative example, the matrix S C is of rank J and the matrix S A is rank N t -J. In some cases, the waveform includes a first waveform W associated with a communication resource C S C and a second waveform W associated with the sensing resource A S A , where W C and W A is a matrix. In some examples, the first waveform W C S C With the second waveform W A S A In some aspects, the communication resources include communication data and the sensing resources do not include data.

[0233] In some cases, the waveform is scheduled by a network entity (or a component thereof). In some cases, the waveform is scheduled by a radar server. In some aspects, the waveform is scheduled (e.g., by a network entity or a component thereof, a radar server, etc.) within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols. In these aspects, N t- The J sensing streams may be orthogonal to a plurality of DMRS ports associated with a plurality of DMRS symbols. In some aspects, the waveform is scheduled (eg, by a network entity or component thereof, a radar server, etc.) within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols.

[0234] At block 1620, the network device (or a component thereof) may process at least the communication resources of the waveform. In some aspects, the one or more network devices are sensed (e.g., by a network entity, a network device, or other device or server) for reuse of communication resources based on at least two of the one or more network devices being spatially correlated (e.g., spatially aligned with each other).

[0235] Fig.17 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computing system 1700 that may be employed by the disclosed systems and techniques for joint MIMO communication and MIMO sensing according to some aspects of the present disclosure. Specifically, Fig.17 An example of a computing system 1700 is illustrated, which may be any computing device, for example, constituting an internal computing system, a remote computing system, a camera, or any components thereof, wherein the components of the system communicate with each other using a connection 1705. The connection 1705 may be a physical connection using a bus, or a direct connection into the processor 1710, such as in a chipset architecture. The connection 1705 may also be a virtual connection, a networked connection, or a logical connection.

[0236] In some aspects, computing system 1700 is a distributed system in which the functionality described in the present disclosure can be distributed within a data center, multiple data centers, a peer-to-peer network, etc. In some aspects, one or more of the described system components represent a number of such components that each perform some or all of the functionality that the component is described for. In some aspects, each component can be a physical or virtual device.

[0237] The example system 1700 includes at least one processing unit (CPU or processor) 1710 and connections 1705 that communicatively couple various system components including system memory 1715, such as read only memory (ROM) 1720 and random access memory (RAM) 1725, to the processor 1710. The computing system 1700 may include a cache 1712 of high-speed memory directly connected to the processor 1710, in close proximity to the processor, or integrated as part of the processor.

[0238] Processor 1710 may include any general purpose processor and hardware or software services, such as services 1732, 1734, and 1736 stored in storage device 1730, that are configured to control processor 1710 as well as a dedicated processor where software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. Processor 1710 may essentially be a completely independent computing system containing multiple cores or processors, buses, memory controllers, caches, etc. Multi-core processors may be symmetric or asymmetric.

[0239] To enable user interaction, computing system 1700 includes input device 1745, which can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for voice, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, a keyboard, a mouse, motion input, voice, etc. Computing system 1700 may also include output device 1735, which may be one or more of several output mechanisms. In some examples, a multimodal system may enable a user to provide multiple types of input / output to communicate with computing system 1700.

[0240] The computing system 1700 may include a communication interface 1740, which may generally govern and manage user input and system output. The communication interface may perform or facilitate receiving and / or sending wired or wireless communications using wired and / or wireless transceivers, including using audio jacks / plugs, microphone jacks / plugs, Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports / plugs, Apple TM Lightning TM Ports / plugs, Ethernet ports / plugs, Fiber optic ports / plugs, Dedicated wired ports / plugs, 3G, 4G, 5G and / or other cellular data network wireless signal delivery, Bluetooth TM Wireless signal transmission, Bluetooth TM Low energy (BLE) wireless signal transmission, IBEACON TM Wireless signal transmission, radio frequency identification (RFID) wireless signal transmission, near field communication (NFC) wireless signal transmission, dedicated short range communication (DSRC) wireless signal transmission, 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless signal transmission, wireless local area network (WLAN) signal transmission, visible light communication (VLC), World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), infrared (IR) communication wireless signal transmission, public switched telephone network (PSTN) signal transmission, integrated services digital network (ISDN) signal transmission, ad hoc network signal transmission, radio wave signal transmission, microwave signal transmission, infrared signal transmission, visible light signal transmission, ultraviolet light signal transmission, wireless signal transmission along the electromagnetic spectrum, or some combination thereof.

[0241] The communication interface 1740 may also include one or more range finding sensors (e.g., LIDAR sensors, laser range finders, RF radars, ultrasonic sensors, and infrared (IR) sensors) configured to collect data and provide measurements to the processor 1710, whereby the processor 1710 may be configured to perform determinations and calculations required to obtain various measurements of the one or more range finding sensors. In some examples, the measurements may include flight time, wavelength, azimuth, elevation, range, linear velocity, and / or angular velocity, or any combination thereof. The communication interface 1740 may also include one or more global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers or transceivers for determining the location of the computing system 1700 based on receiving one or more signals from one or more satellites associated with one or more GNSS systems. GNSS systems include, but are not limited to, the United States' GPS, Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and Europe's Galileo GNSS. There is no restriction to operating on any particular hardware arrangement, and thus the underlying features herein may be readily substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.

[0242] The storage device 1730 may be a non-volatile and / or non-transitory and / or computer-readable memory device and may be a hard disk or other type of computer-readable medium that can store data that can be accessed by a computer, such as a magnetic cassette, a flash memory card, a solid-state memory device, a digital versatile disk, a cassette, a floppy disk, a floppy disk, a hard disk, a magnetic tape, a magnetic stripe / magnetic stripe, any other magnetic storage medium, flash memory, a memristor memory, any other solid-state memory, a compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM) optical disk, a rewritable compact disk (CD) optical disk, a digital video disk (DVD) optical disk, a Blu-ray disc (BDD) optical disk, a holographic optical disk, another optical medium, a secure digital (SD) card, a micro secure digital (microSD) card, a Memory Card, or a memory card. card, a smart card chip, an EMV chip, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a mini / micro / nano / pico SIM card, another integrated circuit (IC) chip / card, a random access memory (RAM), a static RAM (SRAM), a dynamic RAM (DRAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a flash EPROM (FLASH EPROM), a cache memory (e.g., a layer 1 (L1) cache, a layer 2 (L2) cache, a layer 3 (L3) cache, a layer 4 (L4) cache, a layer 5 (L5) cache, other (L#) cache), a resistive random access memory (RRAM / ReRAM), a phase change memory (PCM), a spin transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM), another memory chip or box, and / or a combination thereof.

[0243] Storage device 1730 may include software services, servers, services, etc., which, when the code defining such software is executed by processor 1710, causes the system to perform functions. In some aspects, hardware services that perform specific functions may include software components for performing functions stored in a computer-readable medium connected to necessary hardware components such as processor 1710, connection 1705, output device 1735, etc. The term "computer-readable medium" includes, but is not limited to, portable or non-portable storage devices, optical storage devices, and various other media capable of storing, containing or carrying instructions and / or data. Computer-readable media may include non-transient media in which data may be stored and does not include carrier waves and / or transient electronic signals propagated wirelessly or on a wired connection. Examples of non-transient media may include, but are not limited to, disks or tapes, optical storage media (such as compact disks (CDs) or digital versatile disks (DVDs)), flash memory, memory, or memory devices. Computer readable media may store thereon code and / or machine executable instructions, which may represent a procedure, function, subprogram, program, routine, subroutine, module, software package, category, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by transmitting and / or receiving information, data, independent variables, parameters, or memory contents. Information, independent variables, parameters, data, etc. may be transmitted, forwarded, or sent via any suitable means, including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network sending, etc.

[0244] Specific details are provided in the above description to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects and examples provided herein, but those skilled in the art will recognize that the application is not limited thereto. Thus, although the exemplary aspects of the present application have been described in detail herein, it should be understood that each inventive concept can be implemented and adopted in various other ways, and the appended claims are not intended to be interpreted as including these variations, unless limited by the prior art. The various features and aspects of the above-mentioned applications can be used individually or in combination. In addition, without departing from the broader scope of this specification, each aspect can be used in any number of environments and applications beyond the environment and application described herein. Therefore, the description and the accompanying drawings should be considered as illustrative rather than restrictive. For the purpose of illustration, each method is described in a specific order. It should be appreciated that, in alternative aspects, each method can be performed in a different order than described.

[0245] For clarity of explanation, in some instances, the present technology may be presented as including separate functional blocks, which include devices, device components, steps or routines in the method embodied in software or a combination of hardware and software. Additional components other than those components shown in the drawings and / or described herein may be used. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes and other components may be shown as components in block diagram form to avoid confusing these aspects in unnecessary details. In other instances, known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures and techniques may be shown without unnecessary details to avoid confusing various aspects.

[0246] In addition, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the various exemplary logic blocks, modules, circuits and algorithmic steps described in conjunction with the aspects disclosed herein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software or a combination of the two. In order to clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various exemplary components, blocks, modules, circuits and steps have been generally described above in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints proposed to the entire system. The technician can implement the described functionality in different ways for each specific application, but such specific implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0247] Various aspects may be described above as a process or method, which is depicted as a flow chart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flow chart may describe an operation as a sequential process, many operations in the operation may be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be rearranged. The process is terminated when the operation of the process is completed, but the process may have additional steps not included in the accompanying drawings. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, the termination of the process may correspond to the function returning to a calling function or a main function.

[0248] The processes and methods according to the above examples can be implemented using stored computer executable instructions or otherwise obtained from computer readable media. These instructions may include, for example, instructions and data that configure a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or a processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Parts of the computer resources used can be accessed through a network. Computer executable instructions can be, for example, binary, intermediate format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, source code. Examples of computer readable media that can be used to store instructions, information used, and / or information created during the method according to the described examples include disks or optical disks, flash memories, USB devices with non-volatile memory, networked storage devices, etc.

[0249] In some aspects, computer readable storage devices, media, and memories may include wired or wireless signals containing bit streams, etc. However, when referred to, non-transitory computer readable storage media explicitly excludes media such as power consumption, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and signals themselves.

[0250] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and methods. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be mentioned throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in some cases on the specific application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0251] Various illustrative logic blocks, modules, and circuits described in conjunction with the various aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or executed using hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or any combination thereof, and may be implemented in any of a variety of form factors. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware, or microcode, program code or code segments (e.g., computer program products) for performing necessary tasks may be stored in a computer-readable or machine-readable medium. The processor may perform the necessary tasks. Examples of form factors include: laptops, smart phones, mobile phones, tablet devices, or other small form factor personal computers, personal digital assistants, rack-mounted devices, stand-alone devices, etc. The functionality described herein may also be embodied in peripheral devices or add-in cards. By way of additional examples, such functionality may also be implemented on circuit boards in different chips or different processes executed on a single device.

[0252] Instructions, media for conveying such instructions, computing resources for executing them, and other structures for supporting such computing resources are example means for providing the functionality described in this disclosure.

[0253] The technology described herein can also be implemented in electronic hardware, computer software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Such technology can be implemented in any of a variety of devices, such as general-purpose computers, wireless communication device mobile phones, or integrated circuit devices with multiple uses, including applications in wireless communication device mobile phones and other devices. Any features described as modules or components can be implemented together in an integrated logic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices. If implemented in software, the technology can be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable data storage medium including a program code, which includes instructions for executing one or more of the above-mentioned methods, algorithms, and / or operations when executed. Computer-readable data storage media can form part of a computer program product, which can include packaging materials. Computer-readable media can include memory or data storage media, such as random access memory (RAM) (such as synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM)), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage media, etc. Additionally or alternatively, the technology may be implemented at least in part by a computer-readable communication medium that carries or communicates program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed, read, and / or executed by a computer, such as a propagated signal or wave.

[0254] The program code may be executed by a processor, which may include one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general-purpose microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable logic arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuit systems. Such a processor may be configured to perform any of the techniques described in this disclosure. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor; however, in an alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, such as a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Therefore, the term "processor" as used herein may refer to any of the aforementioned structures, any combination of the aforementioned structures, or any other structure or device suitable for implementing the techniques described herein.

[0255] It should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the less than ("<") and greater than (">") symbols or terms used herein may be replaced by less than or equal to ("≤") and greater than or equal to ("≥") symbols, respectively, without departing from the scope of the present specification.

[0256] Where a component is described as being “configured to” perform certain operations, such configuration may be achieved, for example, by designing electronic circuits or other hardware to perform the operations, by programming programmable electronic circuits (e.g., a microprocessor or other suitable electronic circuits) to perform the operations, or any combination thereof.

[0257] The phrases “coupled to” or “communicatively coupled to” refer to any component being physically connected directly or indirectly to another component and / or any component being in communication with another component directly or indirectly (e.g., connected to the other component via a wired or wireless connection and / or other suitable communication interface).

[0258] Claim language or other language stating "at least one of" a set and / or "one or more of" a set indicates that one member of the set or multiple members of the set (in any combination) satisfies the claim. For example, claim language stating "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" means A, B, or A and B. In another example, claim language stating "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" means A, B, C, or A and B, or A and C, or B and C, or A and B and C. The language "at least one of" a set and / or "one or more of" a set does not limit the set to the items listed in the set. For example, claim language stating "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" may mean A, B, or A and B, and may additionally include items not listed in the set of A and B.

[0259] Illustrative aspects of the present disclosure include:

[0260] Aspect 1. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor, the at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory, the at least one processor configured to: based on a maximum of N t -J sensing flows receive a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources from a network entity via a number of sensing flows, the waveform having a rank N t , where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ; and said communication resources for processing at least said waveform.

[0261] Aspect 2. The apparatus according to aspect 1, wherein the waveform is generated using a matrix S C and the matrix S A is defined as follows, where the matrix S C represents the communication resources, and the matrix S A represents the sensing resource.

[0262] Aspect 3. The apparatus according to aspect 2, wherein the matrix S C It is rank J.

[0263] Aspect 4. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 2 or 3, wherein the matrix S A is rank N t -J.

[0264] Aspect 5. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 2 to 4, wherein the waveform comprises a first waveform WCSC associated with the communication resource and a second waveform WASA associated with the sensing resource, wherein WC and WA are matrices.

[0265] Aspect 6. The apparatus according to aspect 5, wherein the first waveform WCSC and the second waveform WASA are orthogonal to each other.

[0266] Aspect 7. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein the communication resources are reused for sensing the one or more network devices based on at least two of the one or more network devices being spatially correlated.

[0267] Aspect 8. The apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the MIMO communication is multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication.

[0268] Aspect 9. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 8, wherein the communication resources include communication data, and wherein the sensing resources do not include data.

[0269] Aspect 10. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 9, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and wherein the N t - The J sensing streams are orthogonal to the plurality of DMRS ports associated with the plurality of DMRS symbols.

[0270] Aspect 11. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 10, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols.

[0271] Aspect 12. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 11, wherein the network entity is a base station.

[0272] Aspect 13. An apparatus according to aspect 12, wherein the base station is one of a next generation Node B (gNB) or an evolved Node B (eNB).

[0273] Aspect 14. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 1 to 13, wherein the network entity is at least one of: a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC of a base station.

[0274] Aspect 15. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 14, wherein the apparatus comprises a user equipment (UE).

[0275] Aspect 16. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 1 to 15, wherein the waveform is scheduled by the network entity or a radar server.

[0276] A method for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: at the UE, based on a maximum of N t -J sensing flows receive a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources from a network entity via a number of sensing flows, the waveform having a rank N t , where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ; and said communication resources for processing at least said waveform.

[0277] Aspect 18. The method according to aspect 17, wherein the waveform is generated using a matrix S C and the matrix S A is defined as follows, where the matrix S C represents the communication resources, and the matrix S A represents the sensing resource.

[0278] Aspect 19. A method according to any one of aspects 17 or 18, wherein the matrix S C It is rank J.

[0279] Aspect 20. A method according to any one of aspects 17 to 19, wherein the matrix S A is rank N t -J.

[0280] Aspect 21. A method according to any one of aspects 17 to 20, wherein the waveform comprises a first waveform W associated with the communication resource. C S C and a second waveform W associated with the sensing resource A S A , where W C and W A is a matrix.

[0281] Aspect 22. The method according to aspect 21, wherein the first waveform W C S C With the second waveform W A S A Orthogonal to each other.

[0282] Aspect 23. The method according to any one of Aspects 17 to 22, wherein the communication resources are reused for sensing the one or more network devices based on at least two of the one or more network devices being spatially correlated.

[0283] Aspect 24. The method according to any one of aspects 17 to 23, wherein the MIMO communication is multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication.

[0284] Aspect 25. The method according to any one of aspects 17 to 24, wherein the communication resources include communication data, and wherein the sensing resources do not include data.

[0285] Aspect 26. A method according to any one of aspects 17 to 25, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and wherein the N t - The J sensing streams are orthogonal to the plurality of DMRS ports associated with the plurality of DMRS symbols.

[0286] Aspect 27. A method according to any one of aspects 17 to 26, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols.

[0287] Aspect 28. The method according to any one of aspects 17 to 27, wherein the network entity is a base station.

[0288] Aspect 29. A method according to aspect 28, wherein the base station is one of a next generation Node B (gNB) or an evolved Node B (eNB).

[0289] Aspect 30. A method according to any one of Aspects 17 to 29, wherein the network entity is at least one of: a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC of a base station.

[0290] Aspect 31. The method according to any one of aspects 17 to 30, wherein the waveform is scheduled by the radar server by the network entity.

[0291] Aspect 32. A method according to any one of Aspects 17 to 30, wherein the waveform is scheduled by a radar server.

[0292] Aspect 33. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor, the at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory, the at least one processor configured to: based on a maximum of N t - J sensing streams to generate a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources, the waveform having a rank N t , wherein the device comprises N t The number of transmit antenna elements, and where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ; and based on the maximum N t -J sensing streams The waveform is sent to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via several sensing streams.

[0293] Aspect 34. The apparatus according to aspect 33, wherein the waveform is generated using a matrix S C and the matrix S A is defined as follows, where the matrix S C represents the communication resources, and the matrix S A represents the sensing resource.

[0294] Aspect 35. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 or 34, wherein the matrix S C It is rank J.

[0295] Aspect 36. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 33 to 35, wherein the matrix S A is rank N t -J.

[0296] Aspect 37. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 33 to 36, wherein the waveform comprises a first waveform W associated with the communication resource. C S C and a second waveform W associated with the sensing resource A S A , where W C and W A is a matrix.

[0297] Aspect 38. The apparatus according to aspect 37, wherein the first waveform WCSC and the second waveform WASA are orthogonal to each other.

[0298] Aspect 39. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 38, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: reuse the communication resources to sense the one or more network devices based on at least two of the one or more network devices being spatially correlated.

[0299] Aspect 40. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 33 to 39, wherein the MIMO communication is multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication.

[0300] Aspect 41. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 33 to 40, wherein the communication resources include communication data, and wherein the sensing resources do not include data.

[0301] Aspect 42. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 41, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one antenna array, the at least one antenna array comprising the transmitting antenna element.

[0302] Aspect 43. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 33 to 42, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and wherein the N t - The J sensing streams are orthogonal to the plurality of DMRS ports associated with the plurality of DMRS symbols.

[0303] Aspect 44. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 33 to 43, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols.

[0304] Aspect 45. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 33 to 44, wherein the apparatus is a base station.

[0305] Aspect 46. An apparatus according to Aspect 45, wherein the base station is one of a next generation Node B (gNB) or an evolved Node B (eNB).

[0306] Aspect 47. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 46, wherein the apparatus is at least one of: a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC of a base station.

[0307] Aspect 48. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 33 to 47, wherein the one or more network devices include at least one user equipment (UE).

[0308] Aspect 49. An apparatus according to any one of aspects 33 to 48, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: schedule the waveform.

[0309] Aspect 50. An apparatus according to any one of Aspects 33 to 48, wherein the waveform is scheduled by a radar server.

[0310] Aspect 51. A method for wireless communication at a network entity, the method comprising: at the network entity, based on a maximum of N t - J sensing streams to generate a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources, the waveform having a rank N t , wherein the network entity comprises N t The number of transmit antenna elements, and where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ; and based on the maximum N t -J sensing streams The waveform is sent to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via several sensing streams.

[0311] Aspect 52. The method according to aspect 51, wherein the waveform is generated using a matrix S C and the matrix S A is defined as follows, where the matrix S C represents the communication resources, and the matrix S A represents the sensing resource.

[0312] Aspect 53. A method according to any one of Aspects 51 or 52, wherein the matrix S C It is rank J.

[0313] Aspect 54. A method according to any one of aspects 51 to 53, wherein the matrix S A is rank N t -J.

[0314] Aspect 55. A method according to any one of aspects 51 to 54, wherein the waveform comprises a first waveform W associated with the communication resource. C S C and a second waveform W associated with the sensing resource A S A , where W C and W A is a matrix.

[0315] Aspect 56. The method according to aspect 55, wherein the first waveform W C S C With the second waveform W A S A Orthogonal to each other.

[0316] Aspect 57. According to any one of Aspects 51 to 56, the method further comprises: reusing the communication resources to sense the one or more network devices based on at least two of the one or more network devices being spatially correlated.

[0317] Aspect 58. The method according to any one of aspects 51 to 57, wherein the MIMO communication is multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication.

[0318] Aspect 59. A method according to any one of aspects 51 to 58, wherein the communication resources include communication data, and wherein the sensing resources do not include data.

[0319] Aspect 60. A method according to any one of aspects 51 to 59, wherein the network entity comprises at least one antenna array, the at least one antenna array comprising the transmit antenna element.

[0320] Aspect 61. A method according to any one of aspects 51 to 60, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and wherein the N t - The J sensing streams are orthogonal to the plurality of DMRS ports associated with the plurality of DMRS symbols.

[0321] Aspect 62. A method according to any one of aspects 51 to 61, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols.

[0322] Aspect 63. A method according to any one of aspects 51 to 62, wherein the network entity is a base station.

[0323] Aspect 64. A method according to Aspect 63, wherein the base station is one of a next generation Node B (gNB) or an evolved Node B (eNB).

[0324] Aspect 65. A method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 64, wherein the network entity is at least one of: a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC of a base station.

[0325] Aspect 66. A method according to any one of aspects 51 to 65, wherein the one or more network devices include at least one user equipment (UE).

[0326] Aspect 67. The method according to any one of aspects 51 to 66, the method further comprising: scheduling the waveform at the network entity.

[0327] Aspect 68. A method according to any one of Aspects 51 to 66, wherein the waveform is scheduled by a radar server.

[0328] The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Therefore, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be consistent with the full scope consistent with the language claims, where elements mentioned in the singular are not intended to mean "one and only one", unless specifically stated so, but "one or more".

Claims

1. A device for wireless communication, the device comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor, the at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory, the at least one processor configured to: Based on up to N t -J sensing flows receive a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources from a network entity via a number of sensing flows, the waveform having a rank N t , where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ;as well as At least the communication resource of the waveform is processed.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the waveform is generated using a matrix S C and the matrix S A is defined as follows, where the matrix S C represents the communication resources, and the matrix S A represents the sensing resource.

3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the matrix S C It is rank J.

4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the matrix S A is rank N t -J.

5. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the waveform comprises a first waveform associated with the communication resource. C S C and a second waveform W associated with the sensing resource A S A , where W C and W A is a matrix.

6. The device according to claim 5, wherein the first waveform W C S C With the second waveform W A S A Orthogonal to each other. 7 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the communication resources are reused for sensing the one or more network devices based on at least two of the one or more network devices being spatially correlated.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the MIMO communication is multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the communication resources include communication data, and wherein the sensing resources do not include data.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and wherein the N t - The J sensing streams are orthogonal to the plurality of DMRS ports associated with the plurality of DMRS symbols.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the network entity is a base station.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the base station is one of a next generation Node B (gNB) or an evolved Node B (eNB).

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the network entity is at least one of: a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC of a base station.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises a user equipment (UE).

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the waveform is scheduled by the network entity or a radar server.

17. A method for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: At the UE, based on a maximum of N t -J sensing flows receive a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources from a network entity via a number of sensing flows, the waveform having a rank N t , where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ;as well as At least the communication resource of the waveform is processed.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the waveform is generated using a matrix S C and the matrix S A is defined as follows, where the matrix S C represents the communication resources, and the matrix S A represents the sensing resource.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the matrix S C It is rank J.

20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the matrix S A is rank N t -J.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein the waveform comprises a first waveform associated with the communication resource. C S C and a second waveform W associated with the sensing resource A S A , where W C and W A is a matrix.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the first waveform W C S C With the second waveform W A S A Orthogonal to each other.

23. The method of claim 17, wherein the communication resources are reused for sensing the one or more network devices based on at least two of the one or more network devices being spatially correlated.

24. The method of claim 17, wherein the MIMO communication is a multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) communication.

25. The method of claim 17, wherein the communication resources include communication data, and wherein the sensing resources do not include data.

26. The method of claim 17, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of demodulation reference signal (DMRS) symbols, and wherein the N t - The J sensing streams are orthogonal to the plurality of DMRS ports associated with the plurality of DMRS symbols.

27. The method of claim 17, wherein the waveform is scheduled within a plurality of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) symbols.

28. The method of claim 17, wherein the network entity is a base station or at least one of: a central unit (CU), a distributed unit (DU), a radio unit (RU), a near real-time (near-RT) RAN intelligent controller (RIC), or a non-real-time (non-RT) RIC of a base station.

29. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to at least one memory, the at least one processor configured to: Based on up to N t - J sensing streams to generate a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources, the waveform having a rank N t , wherein the device comprises N t The number of transmit antenna elements, and where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ;as well as Based on the maximum N t -J sensing streams The waveform is sent to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via several sensing streams.

30. A method for wireless communication at a network entity, the method comprising: At the network entity based on a maximum of N t - J sensing streams to generate a waveform including communication resources and sensing resources, the waveform having a rank N t , wherein the network entity comprises N t The number of transmit antenna elements, and where J is the number of layers scheduled for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication and is less than N t ;as well as Based on the maximum N t -J sensing streams The waveform is sent to one or more network devices for MIMO communication and MIMO sensing via several sensing streams.

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