Method and device for determining at least one refractive value of eye

Abstract

The invention relates to a method (218), a computer program and a device (110) for determining at least one refractive value (216) of an eye (112) of a person (114), and to an associated method (210) for producing at least one ophthalmic lens (212) for an eye (112) of a person (114). The method (218) comprises the steps of: a) (220) displaying a visual stimulus (120) to an eye (112) of a person (114), where the visual stimulus (120) comprises a plurality of concentric radial lines (126, 126 ',...), where each radial line (126, 126',...) has a different angle value (128, 128 ',...) with respect to a center (130) of the visual stimulus (120); b) (224) recording a response of the person (114) to the visual stimulus (120); and c) (226) determining at least one refractive value (216) of the eye (112) of the person (114) by evaluating the response of the person (114) to the visual stimulus (120), where step a) (220) comprises: each radial line (126, 126 ',...) being projected to the eye (112) of the person (114) at a particular out-of-focus plane, thereby providing a particular diopter to the eye (112) of the person (114), and where the refractive value (216) of the eye (112) of the person (114) is determined by evaluating the response of the person (114) to the visual stimulus (120). Step b) (224) includes recording a response of the person (114) to the visual stimulus (120) indicative of a particular radial line (144) at a particular angle value (146) appearing with a maximum definition (148) to the eye (112) of the person (114).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a method, computer program, and apparatus for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye, and to a related method for producing at least one ophthalmic lens for a human eye. Background Technology

[0002] The use of rotating disc charts for subjective visual acuity testing to determine optimal spherical power, cylindrical power, astigmatic axis, and focal power dates back to the 19th century. As described in Keirl AW and Christie C., *Clinical Optics & Refraction*, 1st ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2007, pp. 117-123, and Elliot DB, *Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care*, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2003, pp. 117-123, Lancaster attributed the use of star-shaped charts, which included multiple concentric radial lines, to Donders, who had used star-shaped charts as a practical method for testing astigmatism as early as 1860. Green, in collaboration with Donders and Snellen, refined the astigmatic disc chart between 1866 and 1869. In 1899, Verhoeff proposed a chart with two principal meridians to measure astigmatism. The so-called "cross-cylinder method" has been modified to include sunburst charts or clock faces with lines at intervals of 30° or more (most commonly 10°).

[0003] Keirl AW and Christie C. (see above) further describe the so-called “fan-block technique,” ​​which is frequently implemented in visual acuity testing units to determine optimal spherical power, astigmatic axis, and diopter. In this paper, the fan is used to determine the presence of astigmatism and its principal axis, while the block is used in conjunction with cylindrical lenses to neutralize the astigmatism. Specifically, the fan-block technique may include the following two elements: - A pie chart comprising multiple concentric radial lines spaced 10° apart, each line opposing the limb at a distance of 6 m. These lines are arranged around a central rotating disk marked with an arrow called "Maddox V," where the numbers around the radial lines indicate the axis of the corrected negative cylinder; and - A central rotatable disk, which includes ○ Maddox V arrow; and ○ Relative to two parallel line blocks set at 90° to each other, The central rotatable disk is designed so that when the Maddox V arrow rotates toward the line of the sector that provides the greatest clarity for the human eye, the block aligns with the principal meridian of the human eye.

[0004] Thomson Software Solutions https: / / www.thomson-software-solutions.com / test-chart-xpert-3di / The so-called "Test Charts 2020" provided below includes multiple test charts and visual acuity tests, binocular visual acuity tests, and refractive stimulation. To use them, software must be installed on a personal computer, a monitor mounted on a wall must be installed, the screen viewing distance must be entered, and calibration tests must be performed. A sector-block test for identifying and correcting astigmatism is included.

[0005] Andrew Carkeet, Jia Hao Ng and Jia Sheng Choo, Bearing fixing: A new computer algorithm method for subjective determination of astigmatism[reference position Fixed: A novel computer algorithm method for subjectively determining astigmatism] Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 41(5), 2021, presented the principles of reference fixation (a computer-controlled procedure for subjectively determining astigmatism) and compared it with conventional clinician-controlled Jackson cross-cylinder refractive error. Astigmatism was measured twice in 20 visually normal participants aged 18 to 34 years using reference fixation and Jackson cross-cylinder correction. Visual acuity was measured for each refractive estimate after final spherical correction. Reference fixation results were available for all participants. The mean reference fixation cylinder power was slightly higher than that measured with Jackson cross-cylinder correction, by 0.05 D. No significant difference was found between the mean reference fixation and cross-cylinder astigmatism when using vector analysis to account for cylinder power and axis, but test-retest variability was indeed higher (p<0.05). Visual acuity corrected for reference fixation and cross-cylinder correction showed no significant difference in mean or repeatability.

[0006] Several alternative methods for displaying test patterns are known, particularly virtual refractive systems (e.g., the Vision Optimizer, i.e., a system that places the refractive element above the patient's head), digital infinity refractive systems (e.g., Essilor's Vision-S 700), or guided refractive systems (e.g., Topcon's Chronos or Vision Inc.'s VASRTM). Additionally, state-of-the-art solutions include in-store optometry units or desktop concepts, mobile subjective optometry methods (such as those used in conjunction with head-mounted VR goggles (e.g., EyeNetra)), or smartphone apps including desktop monitors (e.g., Opternative). Furthermore, CREAL SA, 1024 Ekubräu, Switzerland, published a white paper titled "Whitepaper: CREAL'S digital lightfield" (available for purchase online). https: / / creal.com / technology / The following describes a light field display configured to display virtual images at a desired focal length.

[0007] EP 3 730 038 A1 discloses a system and method for interactively measuring ocular refractive errors, under-excitation, and power of reading glasses without altering the optical convergence or divergence of the target. For one orientation or two perpendicular orientations, the system can measure the distance from the user's eye to any one or both boundaries of the clear visual range. The measurements, along with the user's age, can be used to estimate the spherical refractive error, under-excitation, and power of the reading glasses. The system can use targets of different sizes, orientations, and colors, which can change with the distance or user interaction.

[0008] US 2020 / 0397279 A1 discloses methods, systems, and devices for measuring ocular refractive error using a mobile device application without lenses. An exemplary method includes: measuring the distance between a patient and a mobile device; presenting the patient with one or more visual targets of a size and shape determined to represent perfect vision, such as by using a vernier target or a grating target; having the patient indicate whether they can accurately read the visual targets, and if not, moving the device closer until the patient can accurately read the visual targets; calculating a vision prescription for the patient based on the visual targets and the final distance between the patient and the mobile device; and displaying the patient's vision prescription.

[0009] WO 2014 / 195951 A1 discloses a method and system for measuring refractive errors of a subject's eye, the method comprising: (a) displaying at least one dynamic target image having at least one symbol on a display area; (b) receiving from the subject subjective feedback indicating that the subject is located at the optimal maximum visual acuity distance (MDBA) from the target image, wherein the MDBA is the maximum distance at which the subject identifies the symbol; (c) measuring one or more distance-related parameters using at least one sensor during the time period during which the subject has reached the MDBA distance; (d) estimating the MDBA by estimating the distance between the subject's eye and the display area in which the target image is displayed using sensor data; and (e) calculating the refractive error of the eye based on the estimated MDBA and characteristics of the target image.

[0010] WO 2020 / 243771 A1 discloses a system and method for eye testing applications on mobile devices, particularly for applications that self-determine eyeglass prescriptions via a mobile computing device. This includes simultaneous split-point focusing (SSPF) and low-latency dynamic distance monitoring (LLDDM) to enable self-determination of a user's eyeglass prescription via a mobile computing device. The device includes: volatile and non-volatile memory for storing data; a processor configured to execute program instructions stored in the non-volatile memory; a visual display adapted to receive image information from the processor to present instructions and images to the user; and a camera configured to perform tests during the testing process. The system receives an image of the user's pupil; wherein the system includes application instructions for commanding a processor to perform a method for determining an eyeglass prescription, the method including: determining whether the user's eyes are myopic, and determining the principal meridian and axial meridian of the user's eyes while the user is viewing image information on a display screen; enabling an LLDDM system to determine the refractive error of the user's eyes on the principal meridian and axial meridian in real time while the user is viewing SSPF image information on the display screen; calculating spherical power, cylindrical power, and axial prescription from the principal meridian and axial meridian values ​​obtained via the LLDDM system; and displaying the calculated prescription values ​​to the user.

[0011] WO 2003 / 090612 A1 discloses a method and apparatus for measuring characteristics of the human eye, particularly spherical refractive error. The apparatus includes a recorded hologram of an array of elements, each element bearing a label. When a subject views the reconstructed hologram, each label appears at a different virtual distance. By indicating which label appears to be in focus, the spherical refractive error and accommodative range of the eye are determined. Conveniently, these labels are numerical indicators of refractive power. An apparatus for carrying out this method is also described, which can be used to determine cylinder power and axis, binocular refractive error, and stereopsis.

[0012] The problem to be solved In particular, with regard to the disclosure of the so-called “fan-block technology” exemplarily described by Keirl AW et al. (see above), the object of the present invention is to provide a method, computer program and apparatus for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye, and relates to a related method for producing at least one ophthalmic lens for a human eye, which at least partially overcomes the aforementioned problems of the prior art.

[0013] A specific object of this invention is to enable the determination of at least one refractive value of a human eye, particularly regarding spherical power, cylindrical power, and cylindrical axis, using a reliable, simple, and intuitive method. Therefore, it is desirable to determine this at least one refractive value without requiring a specific ophthalmologist, optician, or optometrist, a set of measuring glasses, or complex equipment (such as automated refraction devices). In particular, it is desirable to determine this at least one refractive value in a manner applicable to a wide variety of people worldwide, thereby minimizing difficulties in communication or compliance. Summary of the Invention

[0014] This problem is solved by a method, computer program, and apparatus for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye, and a related method for producing at least one ophthalmic lens for a human eye, the subject matter of which has the characteristics of the independent claims. Preferred embodiments that can be implemented in isolation or in any arbitrary combination are set forth in the dependent claims or throughout the following description.

[0015] In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye. The method includes the following steps, which may be performed in a given order. However, a different order is also possible. Further, two or more of these method steps may be performed simultaneously. Thus, these method steps may at least partially overlap in time. Further, these method steps may be performed once or repeatedly. Further, one or more, or even all, of these method steps may be performed once or repeatedly. The method may include additional method steps not listed herein.

[0016] A method for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye includes the following steps: a) Presenting a visual stimulus to a human eye, wherein the visual stimulus comprises multiple concentric radial lines, wherein each radial line has a different angle value relative to the center of the visual stimulus, wherein each radial line is projected onto the human eye at a specific defocus plane, thereby providing a specific refractive power to the human eye. b) Record the human response to visual stimuli, indicating that a specific radial line at a particular angular value appears with maximum clarity to the human eye; and c) Determine at least one refractive value of a person’s eye by assessing the person’s response to visual stimuli.

[0017] This method is configured to determine at least one refractive value of a person's eye. Instead of the term "person," different terms such as "subject," "tester," "user," or "wearer" may be used. The person may perform the method autonomously; however, this person may be accompanied by another person to provide support, wherein the other person may preferably be selected from at least one of the following: parent, nurse, optician, apprentice, ophthalmologist, optical product salesperson, or technical photographer. However, other persons who may accompany this person are also conceivable.

[0018] As commonly used, the term "determine" or any grammatical variation thereof refers to a process configured to generate at least one representative result. A representative result can be determined in a process wherein at least one step of the process can be selected from at least one of the following: a measurement step; an evaluation step; or a display step. To determine a representative result, at least one measurement can be performed. Data generated in this measurement can be evaluated. The representative result can be data retrieved during the evaluation process. The representative result can be displayed. Particularly with respect to the invention, the representative result includes outcome data comprising at least one refractive value of a human eye. The outcome data can be displayed on at least one monitor.

[0019] As is further commonly used, the term "refraction" or "refractive" refers to the bending of incident light as it enters the human eye through the pupil, such that the incident light may (particularly due to the shape of the eye) not be properly focused on the retina, particularly causing blurred vision. In this document, the term "refraction value" is a numerical value indicating the intensity of the bending of incident light. Specifically, this method is configured to determine at least one astigmatic effect in a human eye, wherein the term "astigmatic effect" refers to a condition in which the optical system of one human eye forms two separate line images of a point object, typically due to the toricity of at least one refractive surface of the human eye. As a result, refraction causes light striking the eye to be distributed unequally on the retina, which may particularly cause visual distortion and / or blurring. This method can be implemented to be performed only on one human eye; the method can be repeated for the other human eye, wherein the other human eye can be covered, specifically initiated by a corresponding graphical user interface configured to assist the human in this regard.

[0020] As used herein, at least one refractive value of the human eye includes the following values: - Spherical power, abbreviated as "Sph"; - Cylinder power, abbreviated as "Cyl"; and - Cylinder axis, abbreviated as "A".

[0021] Based on section 3.12.2 of standard ISO 13666:2019 (hereinafter referred to as the “Standard”), the term “spherical power” refers to the posterior vertex power of an ophthalmic lens (including the lens of the human eye), or the posterior vertex power of an astigmatic lens on one of its two meridians, depending on the principal meridian chosen for reference. Based on section 3.13.2 of the Standard, the term “principal meridian” is one of two mutually perpendicular meridians parallel to the two focal points of an astigmatic lens. In this document, according to sections 3.13.3-4 of the Standard, the first principal meridian has an algebraically lower vertex power, while the second principal meridian has an algebraically higher vertex power. Based on sections 3.13.6-7 of the Standard, the term “cylindrical power” refers to the algebraic difference obtained by subtracting the power of the principal meridian chosen for reference from the power of the other perpendicular meridian. Based on section 3.13.8 of the standard, the term "cylindrical axis" refers to the direction of the principal meridian of the lens for which the vertex power is selected as a reference, and thus corresponds to the meridian direction of astigmatism in the human eye. Based on sections 3.10.2-3 of the standard, the term "refractive power" includes both the spherical and cylindrical power of an ophthalmic lens (if the prismatic effect is ignored).

[0022] Ophthalmic lenses can be used to influence at least one refractive value of the human eye. Based on Section 3.5.1 of the standard, the term "ophthalmic lens" refers to an optical lens configured for the purpose of measuring, correcting, or protecting at least one of the eye's refractive values. According to Section 3.5.2 of the standard, the term "spectacle lens" refers to a type of ophthalmic lens worn in front of the eyeball but not in contact with it, while the term "contact lens" refers to another type of ophthalmic lens worn in contact with the eyeball. However, other types of ophthalmic lenses are permissible.

[0023] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the method for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye can be a computer-implemented method. As commonly used, the term "computer-implemented method" refers to a method involving at least one device (specifically a computer) (particularly connected to a computer network). Multiple devices can be connected via a network through at least one connection interface at any of these devices, particularly for transmitting data. The computer-implemented method can be implemented as at least one computer program, which can be provided on a storage medium carrying the computer program, thereby allowing at least one step of the method to be performed using the at least one computer program. Preferably, any step of the method is performed using the at least one computer program. Alternatively, the at least one computer program can be accessed by a device suitable for performing the method via a network (particularly via an intranet, the Internet, or the cloud).

[0024] According to step a), a visual stimulus is presented to the human eye. As commonly used, the term "visual stimulus" refers to a graphic representation of an article, particularly an article known to or reasonably expected by those skilled in the art to be quite suitable for determining at least one refractive value of the human eye. Such an article may also be referred to by the term "optometry font". A visual stimulus may be particularly suitable if it is perceptible to a human, especially if the contrast between the visual stimulus and the background allows the human eye to distinguish between the visual stimulus and the background.

[0025] As indicated above, the visual stimulus comprises multiple concentric radial lines. As commonly used, the term "line" refers to a two-dimensional straight line whose length exceeds the lateral extent of the line, preferably by at least 10 times, more preferably by at least 25 times, and particularly by at least 50 times. In this document, the line may preferably be a continuous, elongated line; however, the use of dashed lines is also feasible. Further, the line may be black or may exhibit at least one color. Further, the line may exhibit a uniform lateral extent, or the lateral extent may vary along the length of the line. Further, the line may preferably exhibit uniform contrast; however, the contrast may vary slightly along the length of the line. Other embodiments of the line may also be feasible.

[0026] As further commonly used, the term "radial" refers to a direction originating from and departing from a center point in a straight line. Generally, the center point can be considered the "center" in the sense that a particular line may originate from it. However, in the context of this invention, the center point acts as the "center" in the sense that a particular line may not originate from the center point but from a specific distance therefrom. As further commonly used, the term "concentric" refers to an arrangement of multiple radial lines, wherein each radial line is oriented relative to the same center point. In this document, these multiple radial lines may preferably originate from the same specific distance from the center point; however, it may also be feasible to use different distances from the center point for some or all of the radial lines.

[0027] As further indicated above, each concentric radial line comprising the visual stimulus has a different angular value relative to the center of the visual stimulus. As commonly used, the term "angular value" refers to a number indicating a relative direction with respect to a predetermined radial direction. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the concentric radial lines may be arranged in a fan shape with a starburst pattern around the center of the visual stimulus. Hereinafter, the term "fan" is used in the sense disclosed by Keirl AW et al. (see above) in conjunction with the so-called "fan-block technique," which yields a so-called "starburst pattern" that appears to originate from the center of the visual stimulus. Preferably, the visual stimulus may be a monochrome starburst pattern; however, the use of a colored starburst pattern is also feasible.

[0028] In another particularly preferred embodiment, the concentric radial lines can be arranged with equidistant steps; however, it is also feasible to use different angular distances between adjacent lines for some or all of the concentric radial lines. In a preferred embodiment, the visual stimulus may include 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72, 90, 96, or 120 concentric radial lines, thereby producing angular distances of 3°, 3.75°, 4°, 5°, 6°, 7.5°, 10°, 12°, 15°, 20°, 24°, 30°, 40°, 45°, or 60°, respectively. However, it is also feasible to use different numbers of concentric radial lines.

[0029] In a particularly preferred embodiment, a projection device may be used, configured to display visual stimuli to a person's eyes according to step a). As used herein, the term "projection device" refers to an electronic visual display device designated for presenting visual stimuli, wherein the electronic visual display device is configured to project each radial line of the visual stimuli onto a person's eyes at a specific defocus plane. As particularly preferred, the projection device may be positioned in front of a person in a manner that allows it to face the person's eyes. However, the use of at least one additional optical element is also contemplated, particularly at least one of an optical mirror or a beam splitter. In a preferred embodiment, at least one holding element may be additionally attached to the projection device, wherein the at least one holding element may be configured to maintain the position of the projection device relative to the person's eyes.

[0030] Typically, the projection device may preferably be included in at least one of the following categories. - Monitors included in desktop computers; - Touchscreens included in mobile communication devices.

[0031] However, other types of screens are also feasible. As commonly used, the term "desktop computer" refers to a computer housed in a casing, suitable for use as a workstation, located on top of a table but sometimes placed under it. Further, as commonly used, the term "mobile communication device" refers to an electronic device configured to communicate with at least one other electronic device, which can be carried by a person and therefore can move with the person. Typically, a mobile communication device includes at least one of a screen, a processing device, and optionally a camera, wherein a mobile operating system running on the processing unit can be configured to facilitate the use of software, internet, and multimedia functionality, particularly through the use of wireless communication protocols such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. Further, the processing device may include an evaluation device as described in more detail below. Further, a mobile communication device may include at least one sensor, particularly selected from at least one of a motion sensor, a gyroscope sensor, an accelerometer, a proximity sensor, a magnetometer, or a barometer; however, the use of another type of sensor is also feasible. Further, a mobile communication device may include at least one actuator, particularly a vibration motor. Furthermore, the mobile communication device may include at least one microphone configured to record at least one of a person’s acoustic responses.

[0032] In particular, the mobile communication device may be selected from at least one of the following: - Smartphones; - Smartwatch; - Smart glasses; - Augmented reality glasses; - Virtual reality glasses; - Laptop computers; - Tablet PC; - Smart TV.

[0033] As commonly used, the term "smartphone" refers to a mobile phone with computer functionality and connectivity, and may additionally include at least one of a camera, sensor, or actuator. As commonly used, the term "smartwatch" refers to an electronic wristwatch with computer functionality and connectivity, and may include at least one of a sensor or actuator. As commonly used, the term "smart glasses" refers to wearable spectacle lenses with computer functionality and connectivity, wherein additional information is provided in addition to the wearer's visual reception through the ophthalmic lens. As commonly used, the term "augmented reality glasses" refers to controllable ophthalmic lenses configured to provide a wearer with access to augmented reality. As commonly used, the term "virtual reality headset" refers to a head-mounted display designed to provide a wearer with access to virtual reality. As commonly used, the term "laptop computer" refers to a particular type of computer having a screen movably attached to a housing, wherein the screen can fold onto the housing. As commonly used, the term "tablet computer" refers to a portable, flat-screen computer. As further commonly used, the term "smart TV" refers to a television set that further includes computer functionality and connectivity.

[0034] According to the invention, each radial line is projected onto the human eye at a specific defocus plane. Preferably, each of at least two radial lines, more preferably each radial line, is projected onto the human eye at different defocus planes; however, at least two radial lines may be projected onto the human eye at the same defocus plane, provided that enough radial lines are projected onto the human eye at different defocus planes for the purposes of the invention. As commonly used, the term "focal plane" or "focusing plane" refers to an imaginary plane perpendicular to the optical axis and passing through the focal point. As further commonly used, the term "defocus plane" refers to another imaginary plane spatially displaced in a parallel manner relative to the focal plane. Accordingly, each radial line projected at different defocus planes is perceived by the human eye as a virtual three-dimensional image with different distances relative to the human eye. This shows that each radial line corresponds to a different refractive effect produced by the human eye. Thus, each radial line provides a specific refractive power to the human eye.

[0035] In a particularly preferred embodiment, it is proposed to use a diopter step to define the difference between the defocus planes of adjacent radial lines. As a result, two adjacent radial lines represent a distance difference perceived by the human eye, corresponding to the diopter step. As commonly used, the term "diopter step" refers to a fixed difference between two diopters, expressed in diopters. In a particular embodiment, the diopter step may be selected from values ​​of 0.125 D, 0.25 D, 0.5 D, 0.75 D, or 1.0 D; however, it is also feasible to use different values ​​for the diopter step.

[0036] In order to project each radial line onto a human eye at a specific defocus plane, the projection device may preferably be configured to use virtual display technology, wherein the projection device may be specifically selected from at least one of the following: - Light field display; - Holographic optical elements; - Retinal laser beam projection.

[0037] However, the use of different types of projection devices is also conceivable. As commonly used, the term "light field" refers to a vector function indicating the amount of light propagating in a specific direction at a particular spatial point. Based on this, a "light field display" is designed to generate rendered 3D models or imaged scenes, such as those obtained from multiple viewpoints (particularly through the use of moving cameras or camera arrays). Further commonly used, the term "holographic optics" refers to an optical element configured to generate at least one holographic image or "hologram" using optical diffraction. In this paper, the term "optical diffraction" refers to the propagation of light in the presence of an obstacle called an "optical diffraction element" (such as a slit or diffraction grating). Known "holographic displays" can be used to generate volumetric holograms. Further commonly used, the term "retinal laser beam projection" refers to a device configured to project a laser beam onto the retina of a human eye. Thus, a person directly perceives the visual stimulus generated using a laser beam at the retina of the eye.

[0038] According to step b), the person's response to the visual stimulus is recorded. As commonly used, the term "response" refers to the action a person takes in response to a visual stimulus displayed to their eyes. As further commonly used, the term "record" or any grammatical variation thereof refers to the process of identifying a person's response by observing their behavior, which may be represented by a measurable signal (particularly an electronic or optical signal) provided by at least one input element as described in more detail below.

[0039] In a particularly preferred embodiment, at least one input element configured to record a person's response to a visual stimulus according to step b) may be used. As used herein, the term "input element" refers to an element configured to monitor the occurrence of an event by providing or interrupting a monitoring signal when the event occurs. In particular, the at least one input element may be configured to record at least one of the following: - Human tactile response; - Human acoustic response; - A person's gestures.

[0040] In this paper, recording a person's response to visual stimuli can be initiated using a graphical user interface that can be configured to assist the person in this regard, as described in more detail below.

[0041] As commonly used, the term "tactile response" refers to a person's manual touch of a mechanical or virtual element. To record at least one tactile response, at least one of a mechanical or virtual button can be used, wherein the virtual button may be displayed on a touchscreen and preferably positioned on a projection device near, but not overlapping with, a rotating element (preferably a mechanical or virtual rotating element) (as described in more detail below). Alternatively, a combined rotating and input element that may include the functions of both a rotating element and an input element can be used in this manner. For example, touching the combined rotating and input element in a particular manner (especially by pressing or stopping the combined rotating and input element or a portion thereof) can be considered as recording a person's expected response to a visual stimulus. Alternatively or additionally, recording that the combined rotating and input element has stopped for a predefined time interval can be interpreted as indicating a person's expected response to a visual stimulus. However, different types of input elements configured to record at least one tactile response are also conceivable.

[0042] As further commonly used, the term "acoustic response" refers to receiving sound generated by a person, where the sound is interpreted as indicating a person's expected response to a visual stimulus. To record at least one acoustic response of a person, at least one microphone can be used; however, the use of different types of components is also feasible. As further commonly used, the term "gesture" refers to a specific human behavior that can be interpreted as a person's expected response to a visual stimulus. To record at least one human gesture, at least one monitoring device can be used, particularly selected from monitoring devices such as cameras, motion sensors, or eye trackers. In particular, at least one front-facing camera placed near (especially above) a projection device is preferred; however, the use of monitoring devices with different arrangements and types is also contemplated.

[0043] Further according to step b), the human response to a visual stimulus indicates that a specific radial line at a particular angular value appears with maximum clarity to the human eye. As commonly used, the term "indicate" or any grammatical variation thereof refers to the process of providing information that an event is happening or has just happened. As commonly used further, the term "appearance" refers to the process by which a person recognizes an event. As commonly used further, the term "clarity" refers to the contrast between an object and the area at least partially surrounding the object. As commonly used further, the term "maximum value" refers to an extreme value indicating the highest value in a set of values. As commonly used even further, the term "minimum value" refers to another extreme value indicating the lowest value in a set of values.

[0044] Specifically, regarding the present invention, the human response to a visual stimulus provides the following information: the human recognizes that the contrast of a particular radial line displayed to the human eye at a specific angular value exhibits a higher or equal contrast compared to other radial lines included in the visual stimulus. Since each radial line is projected onto the human eye at a specific defocus plane according to step a), thereby providing a specific refractive power to the human eye, the human response to the visual stimulus provides the following information: the human eye can clearly see the specific radial line projected at the specific defocus plane.

[0045] According to step c), at least one refractive value of a person's eye is determined by evaluating the person's response to a visual stimulus. As commonly used, the term "determine" or any grammatical variation thereof refers to the process of generating at least one representative result (e.g., multiple representative results). For a definition of "refractive value," refer to the above definition. As further used herein, the term "evaluate" or any grammatical variation thereof refers to applying at least one algorithm to extract at least one piece of information from at least one response of a person to a visual stimulus. This at least one algorithm can be configured to determine at least one refractive value of a person's eye by evaluating the relationship between the angle value of a specific radial line at a specific angle value and the person's response to that specific radial line appearing with maximum clarity to the person's eye, according to a scheme. As indicated above, the information that the human eye can recognize that a specific radial line projected at a specific defocus plane is clear is used to determine at least one refractive value by applying at least one appropriate algorithm.

[0046] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention may further include the following additional steps: d) A person rotates a visual stimulus, in which the angle value of each radial line relative to the center of the visual stimulus is changed, thereby obtaining a rotated visual stimulus.

[0047] In this document, recording a person’s response to a visual stimulus according to step b) may specifically include: indicating that a specific radial line at a specific angular value in the rotated visual stimulus appears with maximum clarity for the person’s eye, and wherein determining at least one refractive value of the person’s eye according to step c) further includes: assessing the person’s response to the rotated visual stimulus.

[0048] According to step d), a person rotates the visual stimulus, thereby obtaining the rotated visual stimulus. As commonly used herein, the term "rotation" or any grammatical variation thereof refers to the process of moving an object while maintaining its center and simultaneously changing the angular value of the object. In relation to the present invention, rotating the visual stimulus includes maintaining the center of the visual stimulus and simultaneously changing the angular value of each radial line. As particularly preferred, a projection device as described in more detail above or below can be further configured to display at least one visual stimulus rotated by at least one angular value. As a result of rotating the visual stimulus in this manner, each radial line providing a specific refractive power to the human eye moves around the center of the visual stimulus.

[0049] In a particularly preferred embodiment, at least one rotating element configured to rotate the visual stimulus by a person by at least one angular value according to step d) can be used. As used herein, the term "rotating element" refers to an element configured to rotate the visual stimulus by a person such that the rotated visual stimulus is obtained by maintaining the center of the visual stimulus while changing the angular value of each radial line relative to the center of the visual stimulus. Preferably, the at least one rotating element may be selected from at least one of mechanical rotating elements or virtual rotating elements.

[0050] As commonly used, the term "mechanical rotating element" refers to an element that can be manually touched by a person to cause rotation of an object, wherein at least one of the intensity, duration, or direction of the person's touch on the element can be configured to cause at least one of the speed or direction of rotation of the object. Furthermore, removing the person's hand from the mechanical rotating element can cause the rotation of the object to stop. In particular, the mechanical rotating element can be selected from at least one of a rotary knob, button, or switch. However, it is also feasible to use different types of mechanical elements. Especially, the mechanical rotating element can be placed near the projection device to maintain the person's attention focused on the visual stimulus when the person actively performs the mechanical action to rotate the visual stimulus.

[0051] As commonly used further, the term "virtual rotating element" refers to a virtual element displayed on a screen, particularly on the same projection device used to display at least one visual stimulus. In a preferred embodiment, the screen may be a touchscreen, wherein a person can manually touch the virtual element on the touchscreen to cause the object to rotate, wherein at least one of the intensity, duration, or direction of the person's touch on the virtual element can be configured to cause at least one of the speed or direction of the object's rotation. Further, removing the person's hand from the virtual rotating element can cause the object's rotation to stop. In particular, the virtual rotating element may be placed on the projection device close to but not overlapping with the visual stimulus, so as to maintain the person's attention focused on the visual stimulus while the person virtually rotates the visual stimulus on the projection device. In particular, the virtual rotating element may be selected from at least one of a virtual rotary knob, a virtual button, or a virtual switch, the latter of which may be displayed on the screen and appear to the person as a mechanical equivalent selected from a rotary knob, button, or switch. However, it is also feasible to use different kinds of virtual elements. Alternatively or additionally, a virtual rotation element can refer to any element that can be configured for voice control by receiving a person's acoustic response, wherein the acoustic response can be configured to cause or stop the rotation of an object and to adjust the speed or direction of the object's rotation. However, even further alternative embodiments of the virtual rotation element may be feasible.

[0052] Specifically, regarding the present invention, the human response to a visual stimulus provides the following information: the human recognizes that the contrast of a particular radial line displayed to the human eye at a specific angular value exhibits a higher or equal contrast compared to other radial lines included in the visual stimulus. Since each radial line is projected onto the human eye at a specific defocus plane according to step a), thereby providing a specific refractive power to the human eye, and since the visual stimulus is rotated by the human according to step d) to obtain the visual stimulus, the human response to the visual stimulus provides the following information: the human eye can clearly see the specific radial line projected at the specific defocus plane.

[0053] In a particularly preferred embodiment, at least one refractive value of the human eye may include at least one value of at least one refractive ellipse, preferably all of the following values ​​of the at least one refractive ellipse: - First spatial direction, which indicates the refractive power ○ Maximum value, or ○ Minimum value - Second spatial direction, this second spatial direction ○ When indicating the maximum value of the refractive power in the first spatial direction, indicate the minimum value of the refractive power, or ○ In the case where the minimum refractive power is indicated in the first spatial direction, the maximum refractive power is indicated; and - Angle value, which indicates the refractive power: ○ The direction of the maximum value, or ○ The direction of the minimum value.

[0054] In this document, the term "diopter" is used as defined above. Further information regarding the refractive ellipse can be found below. Figure 2 It can be found in the corresponding description.

[0055] In this particularly preferred embodiment, step d) may include simultaneously - The principal meridian is determined from a specific angular value, and a specific radial line at that specific angular value appears with maximum clarity to the human eye; and - Determine the difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​of the refractive power from a specific refractive power value, where the specific radial line projected at the specific defocus plane is at that specific refractive power value.

[0056] For a definition of the term "principal meridian", please refer to the definition provided above.

[0057] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the method according to the invention may further include the following additional steps: e) The visual stimulus is further rotated by the person to obtain a further rotated visual stimulus, wherein the angle value of each radial line relative to the center of the visual stimulus is further changed; f) Record another response of the person to a visual stimulus after further rotation, which indicates that another specific radial line at another specific angular value appears with maximum clarity to the person's eye, wherein this other specific angular value is perpendicular to the specific angular value according to step d); and g) Determine at least one additional refractive value of a person’s eye by assessing this other response to a visual stimulus after further rotation.

[0058] As used herein, the term "further" indicates that at least one process is repeated at least once, preferably once. Specifically, by further rotating the visual stimulus by a person according to step e), a further rotated visual stimulus is obtained in addition to step d), wherein the angle value of each radial line relative to the center of the visual stimulus is additionally changed compared to step d). Similarly, according to step f), another response of the person to the further rotated visual stimulus is recorded such that this other response indicates that another specific radial line at another specific angle value also appears with maximum clarity for the person's eye. In a particularly preferred embodiment, this other specific angle value is selected to be perpendicular to the specific angle value recorded in step d). Finally, according to step g), at least one additional refractive value of the person's eye is determined by further evaluating both the person's response to the rotated visual stimulus as recorded in step d) and the other response of the person to the further rotated visual stimulus as recorded in step f).

[0059] In a particularly preferred embodiment, step g) may preferably include - Determine a vertical meridian perpendicular to the principal meridian from another specific angle value, and another specific radial line at that other specific angle value appears with maximum clarity to the human eye; - Determine the maximum value of the refractive power from another specific refractive power value, and the other specific radial line projected at another specific defocus plane is at that other specific refractive power value; and - The minimum refractive power is determined by using the maximum value of the refractive power and the difference between the maximum and minimum values.

[0060] Further information can be found in the following figures and corresponding descriptions.

[0061] Determining at least one refractive value of a human eye can be performed according to a predefined scheme; however, artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning, can also be applied, especially through the use of neural networks. As commonly used, the term "machine learning" refers to the process of automatically generating statistical models for at least one of classification or regression using artificial intelligence. Preferably, a machine learning algorithm configured to generate a desired model based on a large training dataset can be used. In this document, the machine learning algorithm can be a supervised algorithm or a self-learning algorithm. The machine learning algorithm can use or include a neural network, which is preferably developed into a trained neural network using the at least one training dataset. The neural network can include at least one element selected from hierarchical decision trees, Hough forests, regressive forests, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), deep neural networks (DNNs), residual neural networks, pixel-level voting, pixel-level fusion networks, and deep learning. Alternatively or additionally, the use of at least one other artificial intelligence method, such as kernel methods, especially support vector machines (SVMs), is also conceivable.

[0062] In a particularly preferred embodiment, at least one evaluation device may be used, configured to determine at least one refractive value of a person's eye by evaluating the person's response to visual stimuli according to step b). As further commonly used, the term "evaluation device" refers to a processing device configured to perform at least one algorithm as described above, wherein the processing of the at least one algorithm may be performed in at least one manner, either sequentially or in parallel. In a preferred embodiment, all method steps, as disclosed above and below in more detail, may be performed using a single processing device, such as a computer, particularly a desktop computer or a mobile communication device. Hereinafter, the single processing device may be configured to specifically execute at least one computer program, particularly at least one line of computer program code, configured to perform at least one algorithm as used in at least one method according to the invention. For this purpose, the computer program executed on the single processing device may include all instructions that cause the computer to implement at least one method according to the invention. Alternatively or additionally, at least one method step may be performed by using at least one remote processing device, particularly selected from at least one of a server or a cloud server, which, when performing at least one method step, may preferably not be located in the presence of a person. In this additional embodiment, the computer program may include at least one remote portion to be executed by the at least one remote processing device to implement the at least one method step.

[0063] Furthermore, the evaluation device may include at least one communication interface configured to: forward data to or receive data from at least one remote portion of a computer program. As commonly used, the term "communication interface" refers to a transmission channel configured to transmit data. Preferably, the communication interface may be arranged as a unidirectional interface configured to forward at least one piece of data in a single direction, i.e., from at least one input interface to the processing device, or from the evaluation device to at least one output interface. Alternatively, the communication interface may be arranged as a bidirectional interface configured to forward at least one piece of data in one of two directions, i.e., from the evaluation device to both the input and output interfaces, or vice versa.

[0064] As commonly used, the term "input interface" refers to a device configured to receive at least one piece of data (specifically, data related to a human response, as described in more detail above or below). For this purpose, the data can preferably be generated as input data using a graphical user interface and forwarded to an evaluation device for determining desired data related to at least one refractive value of the human eye. As commonly used, the term "graphical user interface" or "GUI" refers to an input interface of a type configured to receive desired data from graphical interaction with a user. Graphical interaction may include presenting at least one of a menu or graphical icons (preferably including visual stimuli, virtual rotating elements, and input elements) to the user on a screen, and recording a human response using at least one input element. For this purpose, at least one touchscreen configured to provide a means of inputting at least one piece of data can be used. Clear, easy, and intuitive user guidance is generally preferred. As used herein, the term "guidance" specifically refers to at least one piece of information, preferably visual, acoustic, or tactile, provided to a person during a response, offering at least one of advice to the person or confirmation of an action performed by the person. However, the use of a graphical user interface with at least one additional function is also contemplated.

[0065] As is further commonly used, the term "output interface" refers to another device configured to provide at least one output file containing at least one additional piece of data, specifically desired data related to at least one refractive value of a human eye. In this document, the processing device may preferably be configured to provide data related to at least one refractive value of a human eye by using a different graphical user interface or preferably the same graphical user interface (configured to display the data contained in the output file to a user). Alternatively or additionally, the output file may be transmitted to another processing device of this person, another person, or entity (particularly selected from opticians, ophthalmologists, or insurance companies), specifically for viewing the data and initiating a process for producing at least one spectacle lens, or for approving the data and enabling the initiation of a process for producing at least one spectacle lens. However, other alternatives or the use of another type of output interface are contemplated.

[0066] According to another aspect of the invention, a computer program for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye is disclosed. The computer program includes instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to implement a method for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye. As commonly used, the term "computer program" refers to at least one executable instruction for at least one programmable device (specifically a computer), preferably a sequence of executable instructions, for processing and / or solving at least one function and / or at least one task and / or at least one problem using at least one programmable means or device (specifically a computer), preferably for performing some or all of the steps of any of the methods described within this invention. Typically, the instructions are combined into computer program code and / or provided in a programming language. Typically, the computer program is processed using processing equipment included in at least one computer. For this purpose, the computer program can be run on a computer. The computer program code can be provided on a data storage medium or a separate device such as an optical storage medium, for example, provided on an optical disc, directly provided on a computer or data processing device, or provided via a network, such as via an intranet or via the Internet.

[0067] According to another aspect, the present invention relates to a data carrier signal carrying result data generated by a method for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye, the method comprising generating the result data. As commonly used, the term "data carrier signal" refers to an electronic signal containing information. The data carrier signal can be provided on a computer-readable storage medium. As used herein, the term "computer-readable storage medium" can specifically refer to a non-transitory data storage device, such as a hardware storage medium storing computer-executable instructions thereon.

[0068] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing at least one ophthalmic lens for human eyes, the method comprising the following steps: (i) Determining at least one refractive value of a human eye by using the method according to any one of the preceding claims relating to a method for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye; (ii) Generating at least one geometric model of at least one ophthalmic lens by using at least one refractive value of the human eye; and (iii) To produce the at least one ophthalmic lens by processing at least one lens blank according to at least one geometric model of the at least one ophthalmic lens.

[0069] For further details concerning computer programs, data carrier signals, or methods for producing at least one ophthalmic lens, refer to methods for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye, as disclosed elsewhere herein.

[0070] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a device for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye. According to the invention, the device comprises: - At least one projection device, wherein the at least one projection device is configured to display a visual stimulus to a human eye, wherein the visual stimulus comprises a plurality of concentric radial lines, wherein each radial line has a different angular value relative to the center of the visual stimulus, wherein each radial line is projected onto a human eye at a specific defocus plane, thereby providing a specific refractive power value to the human eye. - At least one input element, wherein the at least one input element is configured to record a person's response to a visual stimulus, the response indicating that a specific radial line at a specific angular value appears with maximum sharpness; and - At least one evaluation device, wherein the at least one evaluation device is configured to determine at least one refractive value of a person's eye by evaluating a person's response to visual stimuli.

[0071] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the device may further include - At least one rotating element, wherein the at least one rotating element is configured for rotating a visual stimulus by a person, wherein the angle value of each radial line relative to the center of the visual stimulus is changed, thereby obtaining a rotated visual stimulus. The at least one input element is further configured to record a person’s response to a rotated visual stimulus, and the at least one evaluation device is further configured to determine at least one refractive value of a person’s eye by evaluating the person’s response to the rotated visual stimulus.

[0072] In certain embodiments, the device may further include at least one rangefinder. As used herein, the term "rangefinder" refers to a device configured to determine at least one distance between a person's eye and at least one projection device configured to display at least one visual stimulus to the person's eye. Hereinafter, the value determined for at least one distance between the person's eye and at least one projection device can be used to determine at least one refractive value of the corresponding eye of the person. Preferably, the at least one rangefinder is included in a desktop computer or mobile communication device, particularly wherein at least one front-facing camera of the mobile communication device may be used, the at least one front-facing camera being configured to determine at least one distance between the person's eye and at least one projection device. However, other embodiments of the at least one rangefinder are also contemplated.

[0073] The device can be provided in any manner, as long as it is accessible to a person wishing to determine at least one refractive value of their eye. Typically, the device can be located in a space belonging to an ophthalmologist's clinic or an optician's or optometrist's shop. In a particular embodiment, the device can be located in a self-service kiosk or a portion thereof. As commonly used, the term "self-service kiosk" refers to an unmanned, freestanding structure housing at least one of an interactive terminal or video monitor, typically located in public places, particularly shopping malls or retail stores, accessible to people for use. Regarding the present invention, the device can be placed inside a self-service kiosk, and a person wishing to determine at least one refractive value of their eye can access the device and perform the methods described elsewhere herein. In this way, at least one refractive value can be determined in a manner applicable to a wide variety of people globally, thereby minimizing difficulties in communication or compliance. However, it is also contemplated that the device be provided in different ways.

[0074] Further details regarding the apparatus for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye can be found in the methods for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye as disclosed elsewhere herein.

[0075] The methods, computer programs, and apparatuses disclosed herein for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye advantageously allow for the determination of at least one refractive value of a human eye, particularly regarding astigmatism and astigmatic axis, through a reliable, easy, and intuitive approach. In particular, the at least one refractive value can be determined without requiring a specialist ophthalmologist, optician, or optometrist, a set of measuring glasses, or complex equipment (such as automated refraction devices). As indicated above, by using this method, the computer program, and the apparatus, the at least one refractive value can be determined in a manner applicable globally to all kinds of people with a wide range of cognitive skills, thereby minimizing difficulties in communication or compliance.

[0076] As used herein, the terms “have,” “include,” or “contain,” or any grammatical variation thereof, are used in a non-exclusive manner. Thus, these terms can refer either to a situation where no other features exist in the entity described in this context besides those introduced by these terms, or to a situation where one or more other features exist. For example, the statements “A has B,” “A includes B,” and “A contains B” can all refer to a situation where no other elements besides B exist in A (i.e., A is solely and exclusively composed of B), or they can refer to a situation where entity A contains one or more other elements besides B, such as element C, element C and element D, or even other elements.

[0077] As further used herein, the terms “preferredly,” “more preferably,” “particularly,” “even more particularly,” or similar terms are used in combination with optional features without limiting the possibility of substitution. Therefore, features described by these terms are optional features and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims in any way. As those skilled in the art will recognize, the invention can be practiced by using alternative features. Similarly, features described by “in embodiments of the invention” or similar expressions are intended to be optional features, without any limitation on alternative embodiments of the invention, without any limitation on the scope of the invention, and without any limitation on the possibility of combining features described in this manner with other features of the invention.

[0078] In summary, the following embodiments are particularly preferred within the scope of this invention.

[0079] Example 1. A method for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye, the method comprising the following steps: a) Presenting a visual stimulus to a person’s eye, wherein the visual stimulus comprises a plurality of concentric radial lines, wherein each radial line has a different angle value relative to the center of the visual stimulus, wherein each radial line is projected onto the person’s eye at a specific defocus plane, thereby providing the person’s eye with a specific refractive power value. b) Record the human response to the visual stimulus, which indicates that a specific radial line at a particular angular value appears with maximum clarity to the human eye; and c) Determine at least one refractive value of the person’s eye by assessing the person’s response to the visual stimulus.

[0080] Example 2. The method described in the previous example further includes the following steps: d) The person rotates the visual stimulus, wherein the angle value of each radial line relative to the center of the visual stimulus is changed, thereby obtaining the rotated visual stimulus; Wherein, recording the person’s response to the visual stimulus according to step b) includes: indicating that a specific radial line at a specific angular value in the rotated visual stimulus appears with maximum clarity for the person’s eye, and wherein determining the at least one refractive value of the person’s eye according to step c) further includes: assessing the person’s response to the rotated visual stimulus.

[0081] Example 3. The method according to the previous embodiment, wherein step d) includes simultaneously - The principal meridian is determined from a specific angular value, and a specific radial line at that angular value appears with maximum clarity to the person's eye; and - Determine the difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​of the refractive power from a specific refractive power value, where the specific radial line projected at the specific defocus plane is at that specific refractive power value.

[0082] Example 4. The method according to any one of the foregoing two embodiments further includes the following steps: e) The person further rotates the visual stimulus to obtain a further rotated visual stimulus, wherein the angle value of each radial line relative to the center of the visual stimulus is further changed; f) Record the person's other response to the visual stimulus after further rotation, the other response indicating that another specific radial line at another specific angular value appears with maximum clarity to the person's eye, wherein the other specific angular value is perpendicular to the specific angular value according to step d); and g) Determine at least one additional refractive value of the person’s eye by assessing the person’s other response to the visual stimulus after further rotation.

[0083] Example 5. The method according to the previous embodiment, wherein step g) includes - Determine a vertical meridian perpendicular to the principal meridian from another specific angle value, and another specific radial line at that other specific angle value appears with maximum clarity to the person's eye; - Determine the maximum value of the refractive power from another specific refractive power value, and the other specific radial line projected at another specific defocus plane is at that other specific refractive power value; and - The minimum refractive power is determined by using the maximum value of the refractive power and the difference between the maximum and minimum values.

[0084] Example 6. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein displaying the visual stimulus to the person's eyes includes using a projection device.

[0085] Example 7. The method according to the previous embodiment, wherein the projection device is configured to use virtual display technology, wherein the projection device may preferably be selected from at least one of the following: - Light field; - Holographic elements; - Retinal laser beam projection.

[0086] Example 8. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein the radial lines are arranged in a fan shape with a starburst pattern around the center of the visual stimulus.

[0087] Example 9. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein the visual stimulus is - Monochrome starburst pattern; or - Colorful star pattern.

[0088] Example 10. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein the radial lines are arranged at equal intervals.

[0089] Example 11. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein the visual stimulus comprises 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72, 90, 96 or 120 radial lines.

[0090] Example 12. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein the defocus plane of adjacent radial lines is set by using a diopter step.

[0091] Example 13. The method according to the previous example, wherein the diopter step size is selected from values ​​of 0.125 D, 0.25 D, 0.5 D, 0.75 D or 1.0 D.

[0092] Example 14. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein recording the person's response includes recording at least one of the following: - The person's tactile response; - The person's acoustic response; - The person's gesture.

[0093] Example 15. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein the at least one refractive value of the person's eye includes at least one value of the refractive ellipse, in particular: - A first spatial direction, which indicates the maximum or minimum value of the refractive power; - A second spatial direction, in which the first spatial direction indicates the maximum value of the refractive power and the second spatial direction indicates the minimum value of the refractive power, or in which the first spatial direction indicates the minimum value of the refractive power and the second spatial direction indicates the maximum value of the refractive power; - Angle value, which indicates the direction of the maximum or minimum refractive power.

[0094] Example 16. The method according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the person is accompanied by another person to provide support, wherein the other person is preferably selected from at least one of parents, nurses, opticians, apprentices, ophthalmologists, optical product salespersons, and technical photographers.

[0095] Example 17. A computer program comprising instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform a method for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye according to any of the foregoing embodiments.

[0096] Example 18. A computer program according to the previous example, wherein the computer program is stored on a computer-readable non-transitory data carrier.

[0097] Example 19. A data carrier signal carrying result data generated by the method for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye according to any one of the foregoing method embodiments.

[0098] Example 20. A method for producing at least one ophthalmic lens for a human eye, the method comprising the following steps: (i) The at least one refractive value of the human eye is determined by using the method according to any of the foregoing embodiments of the method relating to determining at least one refractive value of a human eye; (ii) Generating at least one geometric model of at least one ophthalmic lens using at least one refractive value of the person's eye; and (iii) To produce the at least one ophthalmic lens by processing at least one lens blank according to at least one geometric model of the at least one ophthalmic lens.

[0099] Example 21. An apparatus for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye, the apparatus comprising: - At least one projection device, wherein the at least one projection device is configured to display a visual stimulus to a human eye, wherein the visual stimulus comprises a plurality of concentric radial lines, wherein each radial line has a different angle value relative to the center of the visual stimulus, wherein each radial line is projected onto the human eye at a specific defocus plane, thereby providing the human eye with a specific refractive power value. - At least one input element, wherein the at least one input element is configured to record the person's response to the visual stimulus, the response indicating that a specific radial line at a specific angular value appears with maximum clarity to the person's eye; and - At least one assessment device, wherein the at least one assessment device is configured to determine at least one refractive value of the person's eye by assessing the person's response to the visual stimulus.

[0100] Example 22. The apparatus according to the previous embodiment further includes: - At least one rotating element, wherein the at least one rotating element is configured for rotating the visual stimulus by the person, wherein the angle value of each radial line relative to the center of the visual stimulus is changed, thereby obtaining a rotated visual stimulus. The at least one input element is further configured to record the person’s response to the rotated visual stimulus, and the at least one evaluation device is further configured to determine at least one refractive value of the person’s eye by evaluating the person’s response to the rotated visual stimulus.

[0101] Example 23. The apparatus according to the previous embodiment, wherein the at least one rotating element is further configured for the person to further rotate the visual stimulus, thereby obtaining a further rotated visual stimulus, wherein the angle value of each radial line relative to the center of the visual stimulus is further changed; wherein the at least one input element is further configured for recording another response of the person to the further rotated visual stimulus, the other response indicating that another specific radial line at another specific angle value appears with maximum clarity for the person's eye, wherein the other specific angle value is perpendicular to the specific angle value according to step d); and wherein the at least one evaluation device is further configured for determining at least one additional refractive value of the person's eye by evaluating the person's other response to the further rotated visual stimulus.

[0102] Example 24. The apparatus according to any one of the foregoing apparatus embodiments, wherein the at least one projection device is further configured to display that the at least one visual stimulus has rotated by the angle value.

[0103] Example 25. The apparatus according to any one of the foregoing apparatus embodiments, wherein the at least one projection device is selected from... - Monitors included in a desktop computer; or - Touchscreens included in mobile communication devices.

[0104] Example 26. The apparatus according to the preceding apparatus embodiment, wherein the mobile communication device is selected from at least one of the following: - Smartphones; - Smartwatch; - Smart glasses; - Augmented reality glasses; - Virtual reality glasses; - Laptop computers; - Tablet PC; - Smart TV.

[0105] Example 27. The apparatus according to any one of the foregoing apparatus embodiments further includes - At least one holding element attached to the projection device, wherein the at least one holding element is configured to maintain the position of the projection device relative to the person's eye.

[0106] Example 28. The apparatus according to any one of the foregoing apparatus embodiments, wherein the at least one rotating element is selected from at least one of the following: - Mechanical rotating components; - Virtual rotating element.

[0107] Example 29. The device according to the previous embodiment, wherein the mechanical rotating element is selected from at least one of a rotary knob, a button, or a switch.

[0108] Example 30. The device according to any one of the preceding two examples, wherein the virtual rotating element is selected from at least one of a virtual rotating knob, a virtual button, or a virtual switch.

[0109] Example 31. The method according to the first three examples, wherein the virtual rotating element is displayed on a touch screen.

[0110] Example 32. The apparatus according to the previous embodiment, wherein the touchscreen is included in the projection device configured to display the visual stimulus to the person's eyes.

[0111] Example 33. The apparatus according to any one of the foregoing apparatus embodiments, wherein the at least one input element is configured to record at least one of the following: - The person's tactile response; - The person's acoustic response; - The person's gesture.

[0112] Example 34. The apparatus according to the previous embodiment, wherein at least one tactile response of the person is recorded by using at least one of a mechanical button or a virtual button.

[0113] Example 35. The apparatus according to the previous embodiment, wherein the virtual button is displayed on the touch screen.

[0114] Example 36. The apparatus according to any one of the preceding three embodiments, wherein at least one acoustic response of the person is recorded by using a microphone.

[0115] Example 37. The apparatus according to any one of the preceding four embodiments, wherein at least one gesture of the person is recorded by using at least one of a camera, a motion sensor, or an eye tracker.

[0116] Example 38. The apparatus according to any one of the foregoing apparatus embodiments further includes - At least one rangefinder, wherein the at least one rangefinder is configured to determine at least one distance between the person’s eye and the at least one projection device configured to display the at least one visual stimulus to the person’s eye.

[0117] Example 39. The apparatus according to the previous embodiment, wherein the at least one rangefinder is included in the mobile communication device, and in particular, wherein at least one front-facing camera of the mobile communication device is configured to determine the at least one distance between the person's eye and the at least one projection device.

[0118] Example 40. The apparatus according to any one of the foregoing apparatus embodiments, wherein the at least one evaluation device is at least one of, or includes, the following: - Desktop computer - Mobile communication devices - server; - Cloud server. Attached Figure Description

[0119] In the following description of the preferred embodiments, further optional features and embodiments of the invention are disclosed in more detail, preferably in conjunction with the dependent claims. As those skilled in the art will recognize, the respective optional features may be implemented in isolation and in any feasible combination. It is emphasized here that the scope of the invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments. In the accompanying drawings: Figure 1 A preferred embodiment of a device according to the invention for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye is shown; Figures 2 to 5 Each demonstrates the visual stimuli associated with a preferred method for determining at least one refractive value; and Figure 6 A preferred embodiment of the method for producing spectacle lenses for human eyes according to the present invention is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0120] Figure 1 A preferred embodiment of a device 110 for determining at least one refractive value of an eye 112 of a person 114 is shown. Preferably, at least one refractive value of both eyes 112 of a person 114 can be determined sequentially. The device 110 can be located in a space belonging to an ophthalmologist's clinic or an optician's or optometrist's shop. Alternatively, the device 110 can be located in a self-service kiosk or a portion thereof. In this way, a person 114 can conveniently use the device 110 in public places (especially shopping malls or retail stores), thereby allowing for the determination of at least one refractive value for a wide variety of people 114 globally, with minimal difficulties in communication or compliance.

[0121] As illustrated schematically, Figure 1 The exemplary device 110 includes (without limiting the scope of the invention) an electronic device 116 having a projection device 118 configured to display a visual stimulus image 120 to a user 114. As shown herein, the electronic device 116 includes a monitor 122 and a corresponding desktop computer 124. Alternatively (not depicted herein), a touchscreen included in a mobile communication device may be used, wherein the mobile communication device may preferably be selected from at least one of a smartphone, smartwatch, smart glasses, augmented reality glasses, virtual reality glasses, laptop computer, tablet computer, or smart TV. However, other alternatives may also be feasible.

[0122] Figures 1 to 5 An exemplary visual stimulus 120 is schematically shown, having multiple concentric radial lines 126, 126', ..., wherein each radial line 126, 126', ... has a different angle value 128, 128', ... relative to the center 130 of the visual stimulus 120. Figures 1 to 5 In the particularly preferred exemplary embodiment shown, concentric radial lines 126, 126', ... are arranged in the sense of the so-called "fan-block technique" disclosed by Keirl AW et al. (see above), forming a fan with a starburst pattern around the center 130 of the visual stimulus. In this way, a so-called "starburst pattern" is provided that appears to originate from the center 130 of the visual stimulus 120. As depicted herein, the visual stimulus 120 is a monochrome starburst pattern; however, a colored starburst pattern is also possible.

[0123] Although each radial line 126, 126', ... points to the center 130 of visual stimulus 120, it originates from a specific distance from the center 130 of visual stimulus 120. For example... Figures 1 to 5 As further shown, the concentric radial lines 126, 126', ... are arranged with equal intervals; however, it is also possible to use different angular distances between adjacent radial lines 126, 126', ... Figures 1 to 5 The exemplary visual stimulus 120 depicted includes 18 concentric radial lines 126, 126', ..., such that the angular distance between adjacent radial lines 126, 126', ... is 20°; however, it is also feasible to use a different number of concentric radial lines 126, 126', ... Nevertheless, various other embodiments of the visual stimulus 120 are contemplated.

[0124] According to the invention, each radial line 126, 126', ... is projected onto the eye 112 of person 114 at a specific defocus plane, thereby providing a specific refractive power value to the eye 112 of person 114. Although the eye 112 of person 114 is located at a constant distance 132 from the projection device 118, it identifies each radial line 126, 126', ... as having a specific distance from the eye 112 of person 114, wherein, for each radial line 126, 126', ..., the specific distance from the eye 112 of person 114 can preferably be different. Figures 2 to 5 As further described, a diopter step of 0.75 D is used as the difference between the defocus planes of adjacent radial lines 126, 126', ...; however, it is also feasible to use different values ​​for the diopter step. In order to project each radial line 126, 126', ... onto the eye 112 of the person 114 at a specific defocus plane, the projection device 118 can preferably be configured to use virtual display technology, which is particularly selected from light field, holographic optical elements and / or retinal laser beam projection; however, it is also conceivable to use different types of projection devices.

[0125] Although according to Figure 1 and Figure 2 For example, each radial line 126, 126', ... of the visual stimulus 120 presented to the eye 112 of a person 114 on a projection device 118 is a continuous, thin line with uniform lateral extension and the same sharpness, but as Figures 3 to 5 As schematically depicted, the eye 112 of a person 114 recognizes the difference in sharpness, which depends on the at least one refractive value of the eye 112 of the person 114 and the relative orientation of the visual stimulus 120 with respect to the eye 112 of the person 114.

[0126] To alter the relative orientation of the visual stimulus 120 with respect to the eye 112 of the person 114, the device 110 further includes a rotating element 134. The rotating element 134 is configured for the person 114 to rotate the visual stimulus 120, thereby changing the angular values ​​of each concentric radial line 126, 126', ... relative to the center 130 of the visual stimulus, thus obtaining a rotated visual stimulus 136. Figure 1 As schematically shown, the rotating element 134 is a rotary knob 138 that can be touched by the hand 140 of a person 114 to cause rotation of the visual stimulus 120, as displayed on the projection device 118. In this document, the intensity, duration, and / or direction of the person 114's touch of the rotating element 134 causes the speed and / or direction of rotation of the visual stimulus 120. However, it is also feasible to use different types of mechanical rotating elements (particularly buttons or switches). Preferably, the mechanical rotating element can be placed near the projection device 118 to help the person 114 focus their attention on the visual stimulus 120 when using the rotating element.

[0127] Alternatively or otherwise (not depicted here), the virtual rotating element may be displayed on the projection device 118 near but not overlapping with the visual stimulus 120. In particular, the virtual rotating element may be a virtual rotary knob, virtual button, or virtual switch that appears mechanically equivalent to a person 134; however, the use of different types of virtual elements is also feasible. As another alternative or even further (not depicted here), the virtual rotating element may be configured for voice control by a person 114, particularly by recording the acoustic response of the person 114. For this purpose, the device 110 may include a microphone 142, such as... Figure 1 The illustration is schematic. However, further embodiments of the virtual rotating element are conceivable.

[0128] To indicate that a specific radial line 144 at a specific angle value 146 appears with maximum clarity 148 for the eye 112 of person 114, device 110 further includes an input element 150. Input element 150 is configured to record the response of person 114 to visual stimulus 120, or preferably to rotated visual stimulus 136, which indicates that the specific radial line 144 at a specific angle value 146 appears with maximum clarity 148 for the eye 112 of person 114, such as... Figure 4 As shown schematically. In Figure 1In an exemplary embodiment, input element 150 and rotation element 134 constitute a combined rotation and input element 152, which is configured to provide the functions of both rotation element 134 and input element 150. In this particular embodiment, the rotation knob 138 can be further pressed by the hand 140 of a person 114 to indicate the person 114's desired response to the rotated visual stimulus 136, which expresses the appearance of a specific radial line 144 at a specific angle value 146 with maximum clarity 148 for the person 114's eye 112. Alternatively, removing the person 114's hand 140 from the rotation knob 138 can initially cause a cessation of rotation of the visual stimulus 120, and after a predefined time interval, is interpreted as the person 114's desired response to the visual stimulus 120, or preferably to the rotated visual stimulus 136. However, it is also possible to use different types of input elements 150.

[0129] In addition to using, such as Figure 1 In addition to recording the tactile response of the hand 140 of person 114, the acoustic response and / or gestures of person 114 can also be used to record the expected response of person 114 to visual stimulus 120 or preferably to rotated visual stimulus 136, by the depicted input element 150. To record the acoustic response of person 114, further methods such as... Figure 1 The exemplary device 110 includes a microphone 142. To record at least one human gesture, device 110 may include a monitoring device, particularly such as... Figure 1 The front-facing camera 154 is depicted schematically; however, different arrangements and types of monitoring devices are also conceivable. In this document, the front-facing camera 154 can be used as a camera, a motion sensor, or an eye tracker. Furthermore, the front-facing camera 154 can be used as a rangefinder for determining the distance 132 between the eyes 112 of a person 114 and the projection device 118.

[0130] To determine at least one refractive value of the eye 112 of person 114, device 110 further includes an evaluation device 156. Evaluation device 156 is configured to determine at least one refractive value of the eye 112 of person 114 by evaluating the response of person 114 to visual stimulus 120, or preferably to rotated visual stimulus 136. Figure 1 As shown, the evaluation device 156 may preferably be comprised of a desktop computer 124. However, it may also be feasible to use another local processing device and / or a remote processing device (not depicted here) (especially a server or cloud server) entirely or partially.

[0131] Additionally, a graphical user interface 158 configured to assist person 114 in determining at least one refractive value of person 114's eye 112 can be displayed on projection device 118. Specifically, the graphical user interface 158 can display at least one piece of information about person 114, at least one refractive value of person 114's eye 112, and / or one or more steps of a procedure for determining that at least one refractive value of person 114's eye 112. For example, at least one piece of information about rotating visual stimulus 120 and / or person 114's response to rotated visual stimulus 136 can be provided to person 114, or initiated by providing person 114 with that at least one corresponding piece of information. Figure 1 As further described, the device 110 further includes a loudspeaker 160, which can be configured to support the graphical user interface 158 by acoustically providing the at least one piece of information to a person 114.

[0132] Figure 2 Demonstrated as Figure 1 The image shown is an enlarged version of the same visual stimulus 120 displayed on projection device 118. As depicted herein, visual stimulus 120 comprises 18 concentric radial lines 126, 126', ..., wherein the angular distance between adjacent radial lines 126, 126', ... is 20°. These radial lines are projected using virtual display technology, thereby utilizing 18 different defocus planes ranging from +2.25 D to -10.50 D with a diopter step of 0.75 D. As further indicated by arrow 162, the person 14 can rotate visual stimulus 120 using rotation element 134.

[0133] To determine at least one refractive value of the eye 112 of person 114, at least one value, preferably all values, of the refractive ellipse 164 is directly determined using visual stimulus 120 according to the method disclosed herein, the refractive ellipse being configured to describe the refractive value of the eye 112 of person 114, wherein the values ​​of the refractive ellipse 164, as further depicted herein, include: - A first spatial direction D1 indicating the maximum value of the refractive power, which corresponds to the major axis of the refractive ellipse 164; - A second spatial direction D2 indicating the minimum refractive power, which corresponds to the minor axis of the refractive ellipse 164; and - Angle value α relative to the first spatial direction D1.

[0134] Accordingly, the star pattern included in visual stimulus 120 (where each concentric radial line 126, 126', ... represents the individual refractive requirement of the eye 112 of person 114) is rotated to a specific angle value 146 to appear with maximum clarity 148 for the eye 112 of person 114. By using continuous, elongated, concentric radial lines 126, 126', ... for visual stimulus 120, the contrast within visual stimulus 120 can be primarily a function of the broadening of the width of each line 126, 126', ... which can be minimized by rotating visual stimulus 120 such that the rotated visual stimulus 136 can be oriented parallel to the angle value α relative to the first spatial direction D1 to compensate for the maximum refractive power, or alternatively, oriented parallel to the angle value 90° + α relative to the first spatial direction D1 to compensate for the minimum refractive power. As a result, the orientation of the refractive ellipse 164 and one of its meridians can be measured by rotating the visual stimulus 120 individually, without being visually affected by the astigmatism of the human eye 112.

[0135] Subsequently, the visual stimulus 120 can be further rotated to maximize the contrast of another specific radial line 166 at another specific angle value 168, resulting in maximum sharpness 148 for the eye 112 of person 114, wherein the other specific angle value 168 in the further rotated visual stimulus 170 is perpendicular to the specific angle value 146 as previously determined. As a result, both the major and minor axes of the refractive ellipse 164 configured to describe the refractive value of the eye 112 of person 114 can be determined.

[0136] Figure 3 An example of how a person 114's eye 112 recognizes visual stimulus 120 is shown. In this paper, the corresponding eye 112 of person 114 has the following refractive values: Sph = -1.5 D, Cyl = -2.25 D, and A = 170°. As a result, the first principal meridian has a refractive power of -3.75 D at A = 80°, while the second principal meridian has a refractive power of -1.5 D at A = 170°. Therefore, the corresponding eye 112 of person 114 recognizes lines closer to the smallest circle of blur of person 114 more clearly than other lines; however, in cases such as... Figure 3 At the rotation angle of the star pattern depicted in the visual stimulus 120, the human eye 112 is unable to discern any lines with maximum clarity 148.

[0137] Person 114 now rotates the star pattern included in visual stimulus 120 until a rotated visual stimulus 136 is obtained, in which a specific line 144 at a specific angle value 146 appears to person 114's eye 112 with maximum clarity 148, as shown. Figure 4As illustrated schematically. Furthermore, the diopter of -1.5 D and its rotational position at A = 170° correspond to the corresponding value of the first principal meridian of the refractive ellipse 164 configured to describe the refractive value of the eye 112 of person 114.

[0138] like Figure 5 As shown, person 114 further rotates the already rotated star pattern of visual stimulus 136 until a further rotated visual stimulus 170 is obtained, wherein another specific radial line 166 at another specific angle value 168 appears with maximum clarity 148 for person 114's eye 112. As indicated above, according to Figure 5 The further rotation of the visual stimulus 170, with another specific angle value 168 perpendicular to, is as follows Figure 4 The specific angle value 146 shown indicates that the sum of the -1.5 D refractive power and the -3.75 D refractive power at the orientation of the other principal meridian at axis A = 80° is -4.5 D°. As a result, the major and minor axes of the refractive ellipse 164 configured to describe the refractive value of the eye 112 of person 114 can be determined in this way.

[0139] Figure 6 A preferred embodiment of the method 210 according to the present invention for producing an ophthalmic lens 212 for an eye 112 of a person 114 is illustrated schematically.

[0140] In the refractive determination step 214 according to method step (i), at least one refractive value 216 of the eye 112 of the person 114 is determined by using method 218 for determining at least one refractive value 216 of the eye 112 of the person 114.

[0141] In this document, method 218 includes a display step 220 following step a), wherein a visual stimulus 120 is displayed to the eyes 112 of a person 114. As described above, the visual stimulus 120 includes a plurality of concentric radial lines 126, 126', ..., wherein each radial line 126, 126', ... has a different angle value 128, 128', ... relative to the center 130 of the visual stimulus 120.

[0142] Method 218 may further include an optional rotation step 222 following step d), according to which person 114 may rotate visual stimulus 120, wherein the angle values ​​128, 128', ... of each radial line 126, 126', ... relative to the center 130 of visual stimulus 120 may be changed, thereby obtaining a rotated visual stimulus 136, for example... Figure 4 As illustrated.

[0143] Further, the method 218 for determining at least one refractive value 216 of the eye 112 of a person 114 includes a recording step 224 according to step b), according to which the person 114's response to visual stimulus 120 or preferably to rotated visual stimulus 136 is recorded.

[0144] Further, method 218 includes a determination step 226 according to step c), wherein at least one refractive value 216 of the eye 112 of person 114 is determined by evaluating the response of person 114 to visual stimulus 120 or preferably to rotated visual stimulus 136.

[0145] In a particularly preferred embodiment, method 218 may further include a further rotation step 228 following step e), according to which person 114 further rotates the visual stimulus 120, for example... Figure 5 An exemplary depiction is provided, thereby obtaining a further rotated visual stimulus 170, wherein the angular values ​​128, 218, ... of each radial line 126, 126', ... relative to the center 130 of the visual stimulus 120 are further altered.

[0146] In this particularly preferred embodiment, method 218 may further include another recording step 230 according to step f), which records another response of person 114 to the further rotated visual stimulus 170. Herein, the other response of person 114 to the further rotated visual stimulus 170 indicates that another specific radial line 166 at another specific angle value 168 appears with maximum clarity 148 for person 114's eye 112. This other specific angle value 168 is perpendicular to the specific angle value 146 as recorded according to recording step 224 according to step d).

[0147] In this particularly preferred embodiment, method 218 may further include another determining step 232 according to step g), which determines at least one additional refractive value 216 of the eye 112 of the person 114 by evaluating another response of the person 114 to the further rotated visual stimulus 170. Hereinafter, at least one additional value as determined herein by applying the other determining step 232 is attributed to at least one refractive value 216 of the eye 112 of the person 114 as determined above in determining step 226 according to step d).

[0148] Further, the method 210 for producing at least one ophthalmic lens 212 for the eye 112 of a person 114 includes a generation step 234 according to method step (ii), wherein at least one geometric model 236 of at least one ophthalmic lens 212 is generated by using at least one refractive value 216 of the eye 112 of the person 114 determined as in method step (i).

[0149] Furthermore, the method 210 for producing at least one ophthalmic lens 212 for the eye 112 of a person 114 includes a processing step 238 according to method step (iii), wherein at least one lens blank 240 is processed according to at least one geometric model 236 of the at least one ophthalmic lens 212, thereby producing at least one ophthalmic lens 212.

[0150] List of reference numerals 110 A device for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye 112 Eyes 114 people 116 Electronic devices 118 Projection Equipment 120 visual stimuli 122 desktop computers 124 desktop computers 126, 126', ... concentric radial lines 128, 128', ... Angle values 130 Center 132 Distance 134 Rotating element 136 Visual stimulation after rotation 138. Turn the knob. 140 lots 142 microphones 144 Specific radial lines 146 Specific angle value 148 Maximum resolution 150 input elements 152 Combined rotary and input elements 154 Front camera 156 Evaluation Equipment 158 Graphical User Interface 160 megaphone 162 arrows 164 Refractive Ellipse 166 Another specific radial line 168 Another specific angle value Visual stimulation after 170 degrees of further rotation 210 Method for producing at least one ophthalmic lens 212 Ophthalmic lenses 214 Refractive Error Determination Procedure At least one refractive value of the eye of 216 people 218 Method for determining at least one refractive value of a human eye 220 Show steps 222 Rotation Steps 224 Record steps 226 Determine the steps 228 Another rotation step 230 Another recording step 232 Another determining step 234 Generation Steps 236. At least one geometric model of an ophthalmic lens 238 Processing Steps 240 Lens blank.

Claims

1. A method (218) for determining at least one refractive value (216) of an eye (112) of a person (114), the method (218) comprising the steps of: a) (220) Displaying a visual stimulus (120) to the eyes (112) of a person (114), wherein the visual stimulus (120) comprises multiple concentric radial lines (126, 126', ...), wherein each radial line (126, 126', ...) has a different angle value (128, 128', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120); b) (224) Record the person's (114) response to the visual stimulus (120); and c) (226) Determine at least one refractive value (216) of the person's (114) eye (112) by assessing the person's (114) response to the visual stimulus (120). Step a) (220) includes: each radial line (126, 126', ...) is projected onto the eye (112) of the person (114) at a specific defocus plane, thereby providing a specific refractive power to the eye (112) of the person (114), and step b) (224) includes: recording the person's (114's) response to the visual stimulus (120) indicating that a specific radial line (144) at a specific angular value (146) appears with maximum clarity (148) for the eye (112) of the person (114). Its features are, The method (218) further includes the following steps: d) (222) The person (114) rotates the visual stimulus (120) such that the angle values ​​(128, 128', ...) of each radial line (126, 126', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120) are changed, thereby obtaining the rotated visual stimulus (136). e) (228) The person (114) further rotates the visual stimulus (120) to obtain a further rotated visual stimulus (170), wherein the angle values ​​(128, 128', ...) of each radial line (126, 126', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120) are further changed; f) (230) Record the person (114)’s other response to the further rotated visual stimulus (170), which indicates that another specific radial line (166) at another specific angle value (168) appears with maximum clarity (148) for the person’s (114) eye (112), wherein the other specific angle value (168) is perpendicular to the specific angle value (146) according to step d) (224); and g) (232) Determine at least one additional refractive value (216) of the person's (114) eye (112) by assessing the person's (114) other response to the visual stimulus (170) after further rotation. Wherein, recording the person's (114's) response to the visual stimulus (120) according to step b) includes: indicating that a specific radial line (144) at a specific angle value (146) in the rotated visual stimulus (136) appears with maximum clarity (148) for the person's (114's) eye (112), and wherein determining the at least one refractive value (216) of the person's (114's) eye (112) according to step c) further includes: assessing the person's (114's) response to the rotated visual stimulus (136).

2. The method (218) according to the preceding claim, wherein, Step d) (226) includes simultaneously - The principal meridian is determined from a specific angular value, and a specific radial line (144) at that specific angular value appears with maximum clarity (148) for the eye (112) of the person (114); and - Determine the difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​of the refractive power from a specific refractive power value, where the specific radial line (144) projected at the specific defocus plane is at that specific refractive power value.

3. The method (218) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, Step g) (232) includes - Determine a vertical meridian perpendicular to the principal meridian from another specific angle value (168), and another specific radial line (166) at that other specific angle value appears with maximum clarity (148) for the eye (112) of the person (114); - Determine the maximum value of the refractive power from another specific refractive power value, and the other specific radial line (166) projected at another specific defocus plane is at that other specific refractive power value; and - The minimum value of the refractive power is determined by using the maximum value of the refractive power and the difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​of the refractive power.

4. The method (218) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, Displaying the visual stimulus (120) to the eyes (112) of the person (114) includes using a projection device (118), wherein the projection device (118) is configured to use virtual display technology, wherein the projection device (118) is specifically selected from at least one of light field, holographic element or retinal laser beam projection.

5. The method (218) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, These radial lines (126, 126', ...) are arranged in a fan shape with a starburst pattern around the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120).

6. The method (218) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, These radial lines (126, 126', ...) are arranged with equal intervals.

7. The method (218) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, The defocus plane of adjacent radial lines (126, 126', ...) is set by using diopter steps.

8. The method (218) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, Recording the person's (114) response includes recording at least one of the following: - The tactile response of the person (114); - The acoustic response of the person (114); - The gesture of the person (114).

9. A computer program comprising instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform a method (218) for determining at least one refractive value (216) of an eye (112) of a person (114), the method (218) comprising the steps of: a) (220) Displaying a visual stimulus (120) to the eyes (112) of a person (114), wherein the visual stimulus (120) comprises multiple concentric radial lines (126, 126', ...), wherein each radial line (126, 126', ...) has a different angle value (128, 128', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120); b) (224) Record the person's (114) response to the visual stimulus (120); and c) (226) Determine at least one refractive value (216) of the person's (114) eye (112) by assessing the person's (114) response to the rotated visual stimulus (136). Step a) (220) includes: each radial line (126, 126', ...) is projected onto the eye (112) of the person (114) at a specific defocus plane, thereby providing a specific refractive power to the eye (112) of the person (114), and step b) (224) includes: recording the person's (114's) response to the visual stimulus (120) indicating that a specific radial line (144) at a specific angular value (146) appears with maximum clarity (148) for the eye (112) of the person (114). Its features are, The method (218) further includes the following steps: d) (222) The person (114) rotates the visual stimulus (120) such that the angle values ​​(128, 128', ...) of each radial line (126, 126', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120) are changed, thereby obtaining the rotated visual stimulus (136). e) (228) The person (114) further rotates the visual stimulus (120) to obtain a further rotated visual stimulus (170), wherein the angle values ​​(128, 128', ...) of each radial line (126, 126', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120) are further changed; f) (230) Record the person (114)’s other response to the further rotated visual stimulus (170), which indicates that another specific radial line (166) at another specific angle value (168) appears with maximum clarity (148) for the person’s (114) eye (112), wherein the other specific angle value (168) is perpendicular to the specific angle value (146) according to step d) (224); and g) (232) Determine at least one additional refractive value (216) of the person's (114) eye (112) by assessing the person's (114) other response to the visual stimulus (170) after further rotation. Wherein, recording the person's (114's) response to the visual stimulus (120) according to step b) includes: indicating that a specific radial line (144) at a specific angle value (146) in the rotated visual stimulus (136) appears with maximum clarity (148) for the person's (114's) eye (112), and wherein determining the at least one refractive value (216) of the person's (114's) eye (112) according to step c) further includes: assessing the person's (114's) response to the rotated visual stimulus (136).

10. A method (210) for producing at least one ophthalmic lens (212) for a human eye (114), the method (210) comprising the steps of: (i) (214) The at least one refractive value (216) of the eye (112) of the person (114) is determined by using the method (218) according to any of the preceding claims of the method (218) relating to determining at least one refractive value (216) of the eye (112) of the person (114). (ii) (234) Generating at least one geometric model (236) of at least one ophthalmic lens (212) by using at least one refractive value (216) of the eye (112) of the person (114); and (iii) (238) To process at least one lens blank (240) according to at least one geometric model (236) of the at least one ophthalmic lens (212), thereby producing the at least one ophthalmic lens (212).

11. A device (110) for determining at least one refractive value (216) of an eye (112) of a person (114), the device (110) comprising: - At least one projection device (118), wherein the at least one projection device (118) is configured to display a visual stimulus (120) to the eye (112) of a person (114), wherein the visual stimulus (120) comprises a plurality of concentric radial lines (126, 126', ...), wherein each radial line (126, 126', ...) has a different angle value (128, 128', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120); - At least one input element (150), wherein the at least one input element (150) is configured to record the person's (114's) response to the visual stimulus (120); and - At least one assessment device (156), wherein the at least one assessment device (156) is configured to determine at least one refractive value (216) of the person's (114) eye (112) by assessing the person's (114) response to the visual stimulus (120). The at least one projection device (118) is further configured to display the visual stimulus (120) to the eyes (112) of the person (114), such that each radial line (126, 126', ...) is projected onto the eyes (112) of the person (114) at a specific defocus plane, thereby providing a specific refractive power value to the eyes (112) of the person (114), and wherein the at least one input element (150) is further configured to record the response of the person (114) to the visual stimulus (120), the response indicating that a specific radial line (144) at a specific angle value (146) appears with maximum clarity (148) to the eyes (112) of the person (114). Its features are, - At least one rotating element (134), wherein the at least one rotating element (134) is configured to rotate the visual stimulus (120) by the person (114), wherein the angle values ​​(128, 128', ...) of each radial line (126, 126', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120) are changed, thereby obtaining the rotated visual stimulus (136). The at least one input element (150) is further configured to record the person's (114's) response to the rotated visual stimulus (136), and the at least one evaluation device (156) is further configured to determine at least one refractive value (216) of the person's (114's) eye (112) by evaluating the person's (114's) response to the rotated visual stimulus (136). The at least one rotating element (134) is further configured to be further rotated by the person (114) to obtain a further rotated visual stimulus (170), wherein the angle values ​​(128, 128', ...) of each radial line (126, 126', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120) are further changed; The at least one input element (150) is further configured to record another response of the person (114) to the further rotated visual stimulus (170), the other response indicating that another specific radial line (166) at another specific angle value (168) appears with maximum clarity (144) for the person's (114) eye (112), wherein the other specific angle value (168) is perpendicular to the specific angle value (146) according to step d); and The at least one assessment device (156) is further configured to determine at least one additional refractive value (216) of the person's (114) eye (112) by assessing the person's (114) other response to the further rotated visual stimulus (170).

12. A method (218) for determining at least one refractive value (216) of an eye (112) of a person (114), the method (218) comprising the steps of: a) (220) Displaying a visual stimulus (120) to the eyes (112) of a person (114), wherein the visual stimulus (120) comprises multiple concentric radial lines (126, 126', ...), wherein each radial line (126, 126', ...) has a different angle value (128, 128', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120); b) (224) Record the person's (114) response to the visual stimulus (120); and c) (226) Determine at least one refractive value (216) of the person's (114) eye (112) by assessing the person's (114) response to the visual stimulus (120). Step a) (220) includes: each radial line (126, 126', ...) is projected onto the eye (112) of the person (114) at a specific defocus plane, thereby providing a specific refractive power to the eye (112) of the person (114), and step b) (224) includes: recording the person's (114's) response to the visual stimulus (120) indicating that a specific radial line (144) at a specific angular value (146) appears with maximum clarity (148) for the eye (112) of the person (114). Its features are, The method (218) further includes the following steps: d) (222) The person (114) rotates the visual stimulus (120) such that the angle values ​​(128, 128', ...) of each radial line (126, 126', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120) are changed, thereby obtaining the rotated visual stimulus (136). e) (228) The person (114) further rotates the visual stimulus (120) to obtain a further rotated visual stimulus (170), wherein the angle values ​​(128, 128', ...) of each radial line (126, 126', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120) are further changed; f) (230) Record the person (114)’s other response to the further rotated visual stimulus (170), which indicates that another specific radial line (166) at another specific angle value (168) appears with maximum clarity (148) for the person’s (114) eye (112), wherein the other specific angle value (168) is perpendicular to the specific angle value (146) according to step d) (224); and g) (232) Determine at least one additional refractive value (216) of the person's (114) eye (112) by assessing the person's (114) other response to the visual stimulus (170) after further rotation. In step b), recording the person's (114) response to the visual stimulus (120) includes: indicating that a specific radial line (144) at a specific angle value (146) in the rotated visual stimulus (136) appears with maximum clarity (148) for the person's (114) eye (112). Wherein, determining the at least one refractive value (216) of the person's (114's) eye (112) according to step c) further includes: assessing the person's (114's) response to the rotated visual stimulus (136), and Step d) (226) includes simultaneously - The principal meridian is determined from a specific angular value, and a specific radial line (144) at that specific angular value appears with maximum clarity (148) for the eye (112) of the person (114); and - Determine the difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​of the refractive power from a specific refractive power value, where the specific radial line (144) projected at the specific defocus plane is at that specific refractive power value.

13. The method (218) according to the preceding claim, wherein, Step g) (232) includes - Determine a vertical meridian perpendicular to the principal meridian from another specific angle value (168), and another specific radial line (166) at that other specific angle value appears with maximum clarity (148) for the eye (112) of the person (114); - Determine the maximum value of the refractive power from another specific refractive power value, and the other specific radial line (166) projected at another specific defocus plane is at that other specific refractive power value; and - The minimum value of the refractive power is determined by using the maximum value of the refractive power and the difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​of the refractive power.

14. The method (218) according to any one of claims 12 or 13, wherein, Displaying the visual stimulus (120) to the eyes (112) of the person (114) includes using a projection device (118), wherein the projection device (118) is configured to use virtual display technology, wherein the projection device (118) is specifically selected from at least one of light field, holographic element or retinal laser beam projection.

15. The method (218) according to any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein, These radial lines (126, 126', ...) are arranged in a fan shape with a starburst pattern around the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120).

16. The method (218) according to any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein, These radial lines (126, 126', ...) are arranged with equal intervals.

17. The method (218) according to any one of claims 12 to 16, wherein, The defocus plane of adjacent radial lines (126, 126', ...) is set by using diopter steps.

18. The method (218) according to any one of claims 12 to 17, wherein, Recording the person's (114) response includes recording at least one of the following: - The tactile response of the person (114); - The acoustic response of the person (114); - The gesture of the person (114).

19. A computer program comprising instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform a method (218) for determining at least one refractive value (216) of an eye (112) of a person (114), the method (218) comprising the steps of: a) (220) Displaying a visual stimulus (120) to the eyes (112) of a person (114), wherein the visual stimulus (120) comprises multiple concentric radial lines (126, 126', ...), wherein each radial line (126, 126', ...) has a different angle value (128, 128', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120); b) (224) Record the person's (114) response to the visual stimulus (120); and c) (226) Determine at least one refractive value (216) of the person's (114) eye (112) by assessing the person's (114) response to the rotated visual stimulus (136). Step a) (220) includes: each radial line (126, 126', ...) is projected onto the eye (112) of the person (114) at a specific defocus plane, thereby providing a specific refractive power to the eye (112) of the person (114), and step b) (224) includes: recording the person's (114's) response to the visual stimulus (120) indicating that a specific radial line (144) at a specific angular value (146) appears with maximum clarity (148) for the eye (112) of the person (114). Its features are, The method (218) further includes the following steps: d) (222) The person (114) rotates the visual stimulus (120) such that the angle values ​​(128, 128', ...) of each radial line (126, 126', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120) are changed, thereby obtaining the rotated visual stimulus (136). In step b), recording the person's (114) response to the visual stimulus (120) includes: indicating that a specific radial line (144) at a specific angle value (146) in the rotated visual stimulus (136) appears with maximum clarity (148) for the person's (114) eye (112). e) (228) The person (114) further rotates the visual stimulus (120) to obtain a further rotated visual stimulus (170), wherein the angle values ​​(128, 128', ...) of each radial line (126, 126', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120) are further changed; f) (230) Record the person (114)’s other response to the further rotated visual stimulus (170), which indicates that another specific radial line (166) at another specific angle value (168) appears with maximum clarity (148) for the person’s (114) eye (112), wherein the other specific angle value (168) is perpendicular to the specific angle value (146) according to step d) (224); and g) (232) Determine at least one additional refractive value (216) of the person's (114) eye (112) by assessing the person's (114) other response to the visual stimulus (170) after further rotation. Wherein, determining the at least one refractive value (216) of the person's (114's) eye (112) according to step c) further includes: assessing the person's (114's) response to the rotated visual stimulus (136), and Step d) (226) includes simultaneously - The principal meridian is determined from a specific angular value, and a specific radial line (144) at that specific angular value appears with maximum clarity (148) for the eye (112) of the person (114); and - Determine the difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​of the refractive power from a specific refractive power value, where the specific radial line (144) projected at the specific defocus plane is at that specific refractive power value.

20. A method (210) for producing at least one ophthalmic lens (212) for a human eye (114), the method (210) comprising the steps of: (i) (214) The at least one refractive value (216) of the eye (112) of the person (114) is determined by using the method (218) for determining at least one refractive value (216) of the eye (112) of the person (114) according to any one of claims 12 to 18. (ii) (234) Generating at least one geometric model (236) of at least one ophthalmic lens (212) by using at least one refractive value (216) of the eye (112) of the person (114); and (iii) (238) To process at least one lens blank (240) according to at least one geometric model (236) of the at least one ophthalmic lens (212), thereby producing the at least one ophthalmic lens (212).

21. A device (110) for determining at least one refractive value (216) of an eye (112) of a person (114), the device (110) comprising: - At least one projection device (118), wherein the at least one projection device (118) is configured to display a visual stimulus (120) to the eye (112) of a person (114), wherein the visual stimulus (120) comprises a plurality of concentric radial lines (126, 126', ...), wherein each radial line (126, 126', ...) has a different angle value (128, 128', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120); - At least one input element (150), wherein the at least one input element (150) is configured to record the person's (114's) response to the visual stimulus (120); and - At least one assessment device (156), wherein the at least one assessment device (156) is configured to determine at least one refractive value (216) of the person's (114) eye (112) by assessing the person's (114) response to the visual stimulus (120). The at least one projection device (118) is further configured to display the visual stimulus (120) to the eyes (112) of the person (114), such that each radial line (126, 126', ...) is projected onto the eyes (112) of the person (114) at a specific defocus plane, thereby providing a specific refractive power value to the eyes (112) of the person (114), and wherein the at least one input element (150) is further configured to record the response of the person (114) to the visual stimulus (120), the response indicating that a specific radial line (144) at a specific angle value (146) appears with maximum clarity (148) to the eyes (112) of the person (114). Its features are, - At least one rotating element (134), wherein the at least one rotating element (134) is configured to rotate the visual stimulus (120) by the person (114), wherein the angle values ​​(128, 128', ...) of each radial line (126, 126', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120) are changed, thereby obtaining the rotated visual stimulus (136). The at least one input element (150) is further configured to record the person's (114's) response to the rotated visual stimulus (136), and the at least one evaluation device (156) is further configured to determine at least one refractive value (216) of the person's (114's) eye (112) by evaluating the person's (114's) response to the rotated visual stimulus (136). The at least one rotating element (134) is further configured to be further rotated by the person (114) to obtain a further rotated visual stimulus (170), wherein the angle values ​​(128, 128', ...) of each radial line (126, 126', ...) relative to the center (130) of the visual stimulus (120) are further changed; The at least one input element (150) is further configured to record another response of the person (114) to the further rotated visual stimulus (170), the other response indicating that another specific radial line (166) at another specific angle value (168) appears with maximum clarity (144) for the person's (114) eye (112), wherein the other specific angle value (168) is perpendicular to the specific angle value (146) according to step d); and The at least one assessment device (156) is further configured to determine at least one additional refractive value (216) of the person's (114's) eye (112) by assessing the person's (114's) other response to the further rotated visual stimulus (170) in a manner that simultaneously - The principal meridian is determined from a specific angular value, and a specific radial line (144) at that specific angular value appears with maximum clarity (148) for the eye (112) of the person (114); and - Determine the difference between the maximum and minimum values ​​of the refractive power from a specific refractive power value, where the specific radial line (144) projected at the specific defocus plane is at that specific refractive power value.

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