Rural house and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration

Abstract

The application discloses a rural house and land integrated investigation method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent cooperation, and has the characteristics that house and land data are acquired and preprocessed and coded to obtain first data; the first data includes real estate unit number; external operation right ownership investigation data is acquired to serve as second data; the second data includes land ownership information; supplementary cadastral data is acquired to serve as third data; the third data includes a repaired house graph; the first data, the second data and the third data are subjected to investigation office processing to realize rural house and land integrated investigation. The method integrates multi-source data to form high-precision and high-present-situation cadastral results, the results provide the most direct and most accurate data support for land space planning compilation, old village reconstruction, land expropriation compensation, illegal land use treatment and the like, and improve the problems of operation difficulty and low efficiency of traditional measurement in dense house areas.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of real estate registration technology, specifically to a method for integrated rural housing and land survey based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration. Background Technology

[0002] Current integrated surveys of rural homesteads and collective construction land face multiple challenges: Data integration difficulties: Multiple data sources, including rural cadastral survey results and high-resolution remote sensing imagery, suffer from inaccuracies in accuracy and timeliness, resulting in low integration efficiency and ambiguity in ownership and location information. Ownership survey complexity: Traditional methods rely on manual collection of ownership documents (such as ID cards and land certificates), requiring repeated supplementation when data is incomplete, and making the resolution and coordination of ownership disputes difficult. Insufficient efficiency in multi-source data integration: Reliance on a single data source and the lack of standardized integration mechanisms make it difficult to efficiently process heterogeneous data from multiple sources, such as rural cadastral survey results and ownership archives, compromising data accuracy and timeliness. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art and to provide a rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration, so as to accurately extract housing and land ownership information and solve the problem of missing historical data.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0005] A rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration includes:

[0006] Acquire housing and land parcel data, preprocess and encode them to obtain first data; the first data includes real estate unit number;

[0007] Obtain land ownership survey data for external operations as secondary data; the secondary data includes land ownership information.

[0008] Obtain supplementary cadastral data as third data; the third data includes repaired building plans.

[0009] The first, second, and third data are processed in the survey to achieve integrated rural housing and land survey.

[0010] Optionally, the acquisition of housing and land parcel data and its preprocessing and encoding include:

[0011] The building and land parcel layers are extracted from the cadastral map, and attribute values ​​are assigned by linking them to the rights holder information table. The system also calculates whether there are any intersections or gaps between the main building and its ancillary structures. If intersections or gaps exist, the area of ​​the intersection or gap is calculated. If the area is greater than 0, cases where only the endpoints or boundaries coincide or there are gaps are excluded, thus determining whether gaps exist between the main building and its ancillary structures. At the same time, attribute fields from the survey database are matched to automatically link the building number with the land parcel number and real estate unit number.

[0012] Based on the two-level coding mechanism of "pre-numbering-official numbering" and spatial sorting rules, real estate units that do not conform to the coding rules, have no number, or are newly added are pre-numbered.

[0013] Optionally, obtaining the survey data on the ownership of off-site operations includes:

[0014] Import survey maps in real time, collect and modify ownership information on site, synchronize data to the desktop in real time, generate parcel maps, building floor plans, household plans and real estate survey and registration application forms in batches, villagers check on site and sign electronically to confirm, realize ownership survey;

[0015] OCR recognition technology is used to collect land ownership information.

[0016] Optionally, the acquisition of field operation ownership survey data further includes a housing ownership survey, which includes:

[0017] Property ownership investigation includes the following information: owner, source of ownership, property type, location, number of floors, floor level, building structure, year of construction, purpose of use, and area of ​​the property.

[0018] The land ownership survey, based on the results of the rural cadastral survey, investigates and verifies the location of each land parcel; investigates and verifies the name of the rights holder, the nature of the entity, industry code, unified social credit code, the name of the legal representative and their identity certificate; investigates and verifies the source data of land ownership; determines the nature of land ownership, the type of land use right, and whether there are any mortgages, easements or other rights and co-ownership status; and conducts supplementary investigations and verifies the approved use and actual use of the land parcel.

[0019] Boundary demarcation involves issuing boundary demarcation notices and verifying with the rights holders on a case-by-case basis whether the boundaries of the rural land survey results are correct. If re-demarcation is required, boundary markers should be made and the new boundaries should be measured on-site.

[0020] After the ownership boundaries and house measurements are confirmed, signatures are made and photos are taken on site, including one front and two side photos of the house, which should reflect the main body and ancillary structures of the house.

[0021] In handling ownership disputes, it is necessary to record the ownership dispute events, actively understand the ownership dispute situation, and clarify the parties involved in the dispute, the location and area of ​​the disputed land, and the content of the dispute.

[0022] Optionally, the acquisition of external property rights survey data also includes real estate measurement. The real estate measurement uses a calibrated steel ruler or handheld rangefinder to ensure that the error between two readings of the building's side length is ≤2 cm, automatically averages the data, captures the position of the 2.20m height line and the clearance dimensions, and simultaneously takes one real-scene photo of the building's front and two photos of its side.

[0023] Optionally, obtaining supplementary cadastral data includes identifying change areas, which includes:

[0024] Two years of remote sensing images better than 1m were collected. House samples were extracted from the real estate database and rural cadastral survey. Deep learning was performed on the samples to identify changes in houses in the two years of remote sensing images better than 1m, including newly added and demolished houses. The identified change areas were verified to obtain accurate house change areas. Newly added patches were marked during the survey, and repair measurements were carried out after the data was compiled.

[0025] For newly built houses, mark their specific locations and select the appropriate repair measurement methods according to the overall distribution of newly built houses; for houses under construction that have been verified on-site, collect the construction drawings of the houses, draw the houses using the construction drawings, and add notes and explanations.

[0026] Within the scope of rural collective land, for houses that have been demolished, on-site investigation and verification should be carried out. If a new house is being built on the original site, construction drawings should be collected and the house information should be re-marked using the construction drawings. If a new house has already been built on the original site, repair and surveying work should be carried out in a coordinated manner with the new house. If no house has been built on the original site after demolition, the original house land information should be classified separately, such houses should be deleted from the survey base map, and the purchaser should be notified to verify whether the deregistration has been completed.

[0027] Optionally, the acquisition of supplementary cadastral data further includes multi-source fusion repair survey, wherein the multi-source fusion repair includes:

[0028] For concentrated and contiguous building areas, laser 3D scanning is used; for sporadic newly added buildings, RTK combined with total station measurement is used, with the plane accuracy of boundary points having a mean error of ≤±5cm; control surveying adopts an adaptive mode that uses network RTK as the main method, conventional RTK as a supplement, and electromagnetic wave ranging traverse measurement as a supplement.

[0029] Optionally, the laser three-dimensional scanning includes:

[0030] Point cloud data is acquired through airborne or vehicle-mounted LiDAR scanning and then initially categorized.

[0031] The point cloud data that has been initially classified is segmented, and points belonging to the same physical entity are grouped together to form point clusters;

[0032] According to preset geometric rules, point clusters that belong to the same physical entity but are broken due to occlusion are merged and iterated continuously until a complete and continuous physical entity is reconstructed, thus obtaining a three-dimensional point cloud model of the physical entity.

[0033] The three-dimensional point cloud model is converted into a two-dimensional vector graphic conforming to cartographic standards;

[0034] The two-dimensional vector graphics contain the precise planar location, shape, and area information of each building, and are linked with the ownership survey information to ultimately form integrated real estate data, which serves as the graphic representation of the repaired buildings.

[0035] Optionally, the collected ownership information images can be preprocessed using binarization as follows:

[0036] The image is divided into several equally sized regions. The local mean and standard deviation of each region are then calculated. Finally, the binarization threshold for each pixel is calculated using the following formula:

[0037] T(x,y)=mean(x,y)×(1+k×(std(x,y) / R-1))

[0038] Where T(x, y) represents the binarization threshold of pixel (x, y); mean(x, y) is the local mean around pixel (x, y); std(x, y) represents the local standard deviation around pixel (x, y); k is a key correction parameter used to control the sensitivity of the value, usually ranging from 0.1 to 0.5; and R is a fixed constant used to control the normalization of the local standard deviation.

[0039] Optionally, the first, second, and third data may undergo investigation and data processing, including:

[0040] Link land parcel ownership information with repair and survey building graphics, add real estate unit numbers, pass data consistency verification, automatically identify and correct missing fields and format errors, and transmit modified data back to the server in real time.

[0041] The modified data is based on standardized templates, generating integrated land and housing ownership survey information disclosure forms and real estate survey registration application forms; and batch exporting parcel maps, building floor plans, and area calculation tables, automatically labeling multiple map sheet numbers for parcels spanning different map sheets.

[0042] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of this invention are as follows:

[0043] In response to the challenges of dense housing in urban villages and rural areas, as well as the demolition of houses during old village renovations, this invention employs novel and modern operating methods, including 3D laser scanning technology, AI-based housing change detection technology, collaborative indoor and outdoor operations technology, integrated flat panel surveys, and one-stop mapping and database creation technology. These methods improve upon the difficulties and low efficiency of traditional surveying operations in densely populated areas. Attached Figure Description

[0044] Figure 1 The main flowchart of the rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration provided in the embodiments of this application;

[0045] Figure 2 A technical roadmap for ownership investigation;

[0046] Figure 3 Flowchart for collecting ownership information;

[0047] Figure 4 A technical roadmap for real estate surveying;

[0048] Figure 5 This is a flowchart of a 3D laser scanning-based building repair measurement technology.

[0049] Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating the land parcel codes;

[0050] Figure 7 A diagram illustrating the house coding system;

[0051] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the registration qualification review ledger;

[0052] Figure 9 Different policy timelines for rural housing allocation, construction, and property rights confirmation;

[0053] Figure 10 This is a table showing the household registration information before the separation of households;

[0054] Figure 11 This is a table showing the household registration information after the separation of households. Detailed Implementation

[0055] Example:

[0056] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0057] See Figure 1 As shown in the figure, the rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration provided in this embodiment mainly includes the following steps:

[0058] Step 1: Obtain housing and land parcel data, preprocess and encode them to obtain the first data; the first data includes the real estate unit number;

[0059] Step 2: Obtain the land ownership survey data for the field operation as the second data; the second data includes land ownership information.

[0060] Step 3: Obtain supplementary cadastral data as third data; the third data includes repaired house drawings;

[0061] Step 4: Conduct survey and data processing on the first, second, and third data to achieve integrated rural housing and land survey.

[0062] It is evident that the high-precision and highly up-to-date cadastral results formed by integrating multi-source data in this method provide the most direct and accurate data support for land spatial planning, old village renovation, land acquisition compensation, and investigation and handling of illegal land use, thus improving the problems of difficulty and low efficiency in traditional surveying operations in densely populated areas.

[0063] In one specific embodiment, step 1 above includes:

[0064] Step 1.1, Intelligent Preprocessing of Buildings and Land Parcels: Building and land parcel layers are extracted from the 1:500 cadastral map (.DWG). Attribute assignment is automatically completed by linking the rights holder information table. The PostGIS spatial query function ST_Intersection is used to calculate whether there are intersections or gaps between the main building and its ancillary structures. If intersections or gaps exist, the ST_Area function is used to calculate the area of ​​the intersection or gap. An area greater than 0 excludes cases where only endpoints or boundaries coincide or gaps exist, thus determining whether gaps exist between the main building and its ancillary structures. Simultaneously, through intelligent matching technology with attribute fields in the provincial survey database, key fields such as building number, land parcel number, and real estate unit number are automatically linked, significantly reducing the workload of fieldwork.

[0065] Step 1.2, Intelligent Coding of Movable Property Units: Using a two-level coding mechanism of "pre-numbering-official numbering" and based on the spatial sorting rule of "west to east, north to south", intelligent pre-numbering is carried out for immovable property units that do not conform to the coding rules, have no number, or are newly added; during the registration stage, the number range provided by the local natural resources bureau is used for official numbering, and the uniqueness verification algorithm of the code is used to ensure that there is no duplicate connection with the unified real estate registration database, and the coding accuracy rate is 100%.

[0066] Step 1.3, Long-distance data transmission deployment: Adopting the "layered compression + partitioned upload + dedicated personnel management" model, the building and land parcel layers are compressed and uploaded by village committee or natural village, and the image data is uploaded as a whole by county / district. Through the division of labor and access control mechanism, the data transmission and storage security are guaranteed.

[0067] In one specific embodiment, step 2 includes:

[0068] Step 2.1, Digital Collaboration in Ownership Survey: Field personnel import survey maps in real time via a tablet app, collect and modify ownership information on-site, and the data is synchronized to the desktop in real time; the internal system automatically generates parcel maps, building floor plans, household plans, and real estate survey and registration application forms in batches, and then sends them back to the tablet for villagers to verify on-site and sign electronically, significantly shortening the process cycle. The flowchart is as follows: Figure 2 As shown, it includes:

[0069] Step 2.2, Intelligent Collection and Management of Ownership Data: This step employs a "high-speed scanner + mobile app dual-terminal collection + intelligent classification and storage" technology, supporting JPG format photos at 200dpi resolution for storage. Through OCR intelligent recognition technology, it achieves semi-automatic extraction and integrity verification of 13 categories of core ownership data, including photocopies of the rights holder's (legal representative's) ID card, legal representative's identity certificate, rights holder's household registration book, organization code certificate / business license, land source proof materials (such as homestead land), legal property ownership certificates (such as real estate), land use and building status certificates, application power of attorney / boundary demarcation power of attorney, authorized agent's identity certificate, real estate survey and registration application form, one household, one homestead certificate, pledge, and other ownership source materials. Missing data is automatically marked and triggers a supplementary collection process. Encrypted storage technology is used to ensure data privacy and security. The process is as follows: Figure 3 As shown.

[0070] Step 2.3, precise investigation of real estate ownership, including:

[0071] Step 2.3.1, Property Ownership Investigation. The property ownership investigation includes information such as the owner, source of ownership, property type, location, number of floors, floor level, building structure, year of construction, property use, and property area.

[0072] Step 2.3.2, Land Ownership Survey. Based on the results of the rural cadastral survey, investigate and verify the location of each land parcel; investigate and verify the name of the rights holder, the nature of the entity, industry code, unified social credit code, name of the legal representative (or person in charge) and their identity certificate, etc.; investigate and verify the source data of land ownership, determine the nature of land ownership, the type of land use right, etc., and whether there are any mortgages, easements or other rights and co-ownership situations; supplement the investigation and verification of the approved use and actual use of the land parcel.

[0073] Step 2.3.3, Boundary Determination. First, issue a boundary demarcation notice and verify with the rights holder the accuracy of the land boundaries in the rural land survey results. If re-demarcation is required, boundary markers should be made and the new boundaries measured on-site. Generally, the building foundation is considered the land parcel boundary. Hardened surfaces with clear boundaries separating them from public facilities, such as private courtyard walls, areas in front of or behind houses, and open-air parking spaces, can also be included in the land parcel boundary upon confirmation by the boundary demarcation person. For boundary points with clear boundary features, the rights holder can conduct unilateral boundary demarcation. For boundary points with shared walls, bilateral on-site boundary demarcation must be conducted and boundary markers painted. For those who do not attend the boundary demarcation, a notice of breach of contract and absence from boundary demarcation should be issued.

[0074] Step 2.3.4: After the ownership boundary and house measurement are confirmed, a tablet device is used to sign and take photos on site. One photo of the front and two photos of the side of the house are taken. The photos should reflect the main body and auxiliary structure of the house.

[0075] Step 2.3.5 involves dispute resolution. In cases of ownership disputes, the dispute must be recorded, and the details of the dispute must be actively investigated. The parties involved, the location and area of ​​the disputed land, and the content of the dispute must be clarified. The procuring entity and the coordinating agency should then convene the parties and relevant functional departments for coordination and consultation. Policy promotion and explanation should be conducted, and the procuring entity and the coordinating agency should cooperate in resolving ownership disputes discovered during the integrated land and housing survey and maintaining stability.

[0076] Step 2.4, Intelligent Measurement of Real Estate

[0077] Using a calibrated steel ruler or handheld rangefinder, the error between two readings of the building's side length is ≤2 cm, and the average value is automatically recorded; the position of the 2.20m height line and the clear dimensions are accurately captured; one real-view photo of the building's front and two photos of its side are taken simultaneously to provide visual support for interior processing, specifically including:

[0078] Step 2.4.1, Preparation of Base Map for On-site Measurement. Extract the boundary lines of each floor of the building to be measured from the overall property rights survey results, create a floor plan, and form the base map for the field survey. The exterior of the first floor of the building must be complete and cannot be omitted due to the building's symmetry or the fact that it is composed of identical units. Floor data with different shapes must not be recorded on the same floor plan.

[0079] Step 2.4.2, in-home measurement.

[0080] Step 2.4.2.1: Measure the side lengths and orientations of each functional unit within the building, and record the type of each internal unit. The measurement data should reflect the unit division within the building, and the sum of the areas of all internal units should be equal to the total area of ​​the floor plan, or the difference should be within the acceptable tolerance range. Non-standard floors require floor-by-floor measurement; standard floors require measurement of their starting and ending floors, with one floor potentially measured using a continuous length method. If flatbed recording is insufficient, sketches should be used during the measurement process (limited to situations involving changes in building structure, structural errors, land subdivision, and unit division).

[0081] Step 2.4.2.2: The external dimensions of the underground portion can be obtained by adding the internal dimensions to the designed external wall thickness.

[0082] Step 2.4.2.3: For data that cannot be measured on-site (such as the wall thickness without holes), the design data can be copied and the data source can be noted.

[0083] Step 2.4.2.4: For areas where the roof is sloping and the height is less than 2.20m, locate the 2.20m line on site and measure its relative relationship with the adjacent wall.

[0084] Step 2.4.2.5: For sections with a floor height of less than 2.20m, the clear dimensions should be recorded.

[0085] Step 2.4.3, actual measurement of the required side length of the house.

[0086] Step 2.4.3.1: The side length of the house is measured by building and by floor.

[0087] (1) For multi-story buildings with the same structure on the upper and lower floors, the first floor only needs to be measured.

[0088] (2) For multi-story buildings with inconsistent upper and lower structures, measurements must be taken on a floor-by-floor basis.

[0089] (3) For houses with separate ownership, the owner must provide proof of separate ownership before the separate ownership measurement is carried out.

[0090] Step 2.4.3.2: The corner point should be set 80-120 cm above the plinth of the building wall.

[0091] Step 2.4.3.3: The measuring tool must be a steel ruler or a calibrated handheld rangefinder.

[0092] Step 2.4.3.4: For each side length measurement, two readings should be taken, and the difference between the two readings should not exceed 2 cm. If the difference exceeds 2 cm, the measurement should be repeated. If the value is within the allowable range, take the average value (side length in meters, rounded to 0.01 meters) and record it on the sketch. The side length annotation should be parallel to the side and close to the side line. If the length of a particular side is too short to be annotated within the specified range, a leader line can be used for annotation.

[0093] Step 2.4.3.5: When there are obstacles, other indirect methods should be used to determine the side length of the house.

[0094] Step 2.4.3.6: The average (adjusted) value is marked in parentheses at the position corresponding to the original data of the input plate or sketch, for example, 3.85 (3.87).

[0095] Step 2.4.3.7: When the house shape is irregular, divide it into simple geometric shapes.

[0096] Step 2.4.4: Measure the side lengths of each floor of the house.

[0097] Step 2.4.4.1: Measure the perimeter of the building and its ancillary facilities on each floor.

[0098] Step 2.4.4.2: For rectangular houses, the lengths of all four sides should generally be measured. If the difference between opposite sides of the length or width is within 20 centimeters, the average value should be taken. Otherwise, the area cannot be calculated as a rectangular house. When it is difficult to measure opposite sides, at least the length and width of the rectangle must be measured.

[0099] Step 2.4.4.3: When the side length of a house is measured as a whole and the opposite side is measured in segments (the outer side of the same side is measured as a whole and the interior side is measured in segments), the side length data must be adjusted.

[0100] Step 2.4.4.4: When several layers have the same outer shape, one of the layers can be measured and marked as "xy" layer on the sketch.

[0101] Step 2.4.5: Measure the side lengths for each household.

[0102] Step 2.4.5.1: Measure the interior length of each side of the house and its ancillary facilities, including the house area.

[0103] Step 2.4.5.2: When the apartment layouts on each floor from i to n are the same, only one apartment's floor area needs to be measured.

[0104] The side length of the product can be used by other households.

[0105] Step 2.4.6, Representation and Measurement of Adjacent Walls. When measuring adjacent walls between this land parcel and neighboring land parcels, for shared walls, the measurement is taken to the center line of the wall thickness, with the middle of the wall as the boundary; for adjacent walls, the measurement is taken to the inner side of the wall; for private walls, the measurement is taken to the outer side of the wall and represented by the corresponding symbols.

[0106] Step 2.4.7: Take actual photos of the building. Because there are many types of elements to be measured during a building site visit, the internal structure of each floor is complex, and the measurement data lacks absolute coordinates, to prevent omissions, actual photos of different functional units of the building should be taken during the site visit. These photos will be useful for the workers when drawing up plans and calculating areas, and will also be provided for the inspectors' reference during inspections.

[0107] Step 2.5, intelligent area calculation.

[0108] Based on the requirements of the "Real Estate Measurement Standards", we developed internal software to automatically calculate the area, enabling intelligent calculation of building area, shared building area, and property area. Through functional zoning and multi-level allocation algorithms, the shared building area is allocated step by step according to "whole building - functional area - floor - individual unit", with an area calculation error of ≤±0.3%, far exceeding the industry standard.

[0109] The calculation of building area is carried out on a per-building basis, including two categories: building area and land area. Land area calculation utilizes data from the "Rural Homestead and Collective Construction Land Cadastral Survey." Building area calculation includes the calculation of building area, shared building area, and property rights area. Building area refers to the horizontal projection area of ​​the outer perimeter of each floor above the plinth of the exterior walls (columns), including balconies, corridors, basements, outdoor staircases, etc., and must be a permanent structure with a roof, solid construction, and a floor height of 2.20m (inclusive) or more. Shared building area refers to the building area jointly owned or used by all property owners. Property rights area refers to the building area for which the property owner legally owns the building.

[0110] Step 2.5.1, Area Calculation Method. Based on the measured side lengths, the building area is determined using computer-aided mapping and analytical methods.

[0111] Step 2.5.2, Rules for calculating building area.

[0112] Step 2.5.2.1, Conditions for calculating building area. A building whose building area can be calculated must meet the following conditions: it has a roof, has enclosures, has a solid structure, is a permanent building, has a floor height of more than 2.20m, and can be used as a place for people to produce or live.

[0113] Step 2.5.2.2: Calculate the range of the total building area.

[0114] (1) For single-story buildings with permanent structures, the building area shall be calculated as one floor; for multi-story and high-rise buildings, the building area shall be calculated as the sum of the building areas of each floor.

[0115] (2) For mezzanine floors, intermediate floors, technical floors, stairwells, elevator shafts, etc. in a building, the area above 2.20m shall be calculated based on the horizontal projected area. When the height of the mezzanine and the building space below it is less than 2.20m, but the total height is not less than 2.20m, only the building area of ​​one floor shall be calculated.

[0116] (3) Passageways through the building, entrance halls and main halls inside the building are all calculated as one floor area. For the corridors in the entrance halls and main halls, if the floor height is above 2.20m, the area is calculated based on the horizontal projection area of ​​their outer perimeter.

[0117] (4) Stairwells, elevator (sightseeing elevator) shafts, material hoists, garbage chutes, pipe shafts, etc. are all calculated based on the natural floors of the building.

[0118] (5) On the roof of a building, for permanent buildings, stairwells, water tank rooms, elevator machine rooms and sloped roofs with a height of 2.20m or more shall be calculated based on their outer horizontal projection area.

[0119] (6) The area of ​​cantilevered buildings, enclosed corridors, and enclosed balconies shall be calculated based on their horizontal projection area.

[0120] (7) For outdoor staircases with permanent structures and roofs, the area shall be calculated based on the horizontal projected area of ​​each floor.

[0121] (8) For columned corridors connected to buildings, and corridors between two buildings with roofs and not single-row columns, the area shall be calculated based on the horizontal projection area of ​​the outer perimeter of the columns.

[0122] (9) Permanent enclosed elevated corridors between buildings shall be calculated based on the horizontal projection area of ​​the outer perimeter.

[0123] (10) For basements, semi-basements and their corresponding entrances and exits, if the floor height is above 2.20m, the area shall be calculated based on the horizontal projection area of ​​the outer perimeter of the outer walls (excluding light wells, damp-proof courses and protective walls).

[0124] (11) For permanent porches and vestibules connected to the building and having non-independent columns or enclosing structures, the area shall be calculated based on the horizontal projection area of ​​the outer perimeter of the columns or enclosing structures. For vestibules with both columns and enclosing structures, the area shall be calculated based on the horizontal projection area of ​​the outer perimeter of the enclosing structures.

[0125] (12) For glass curtain walls, metal curtain walls and other material curtain walls used as exterior walls of buildings, the area shall be calculated based on their horizontal projection area. If there are both main walls and glass curtain walls on the same floor, the building area shall be calculated based on the main walls.

[0126] (13) For permanent buildings such as carports and cargo sheds that are not single-row columns, the area is calculated based on the horizontal projection area of ​​the outer perimeter of the columns.

[0127] (14) For houses built on slopes, if a stilt is used to create an open floor and there is an enclosure structure, the area shall be calculated based on the horizontal projection area of ​​the outer perimeter of the part with a height of 2.20m or more.

[0128] (15) For houses with expansion joints, if the expansion joints are connected to the interior, the expansion joint area shall be included in the building area calculation.

[0129] Step 2.5.2.3: Calculate the area of ​​half the building area.

[0130] (1) For column-free corridors and eaves connected to the building and covered by a roof, the area shall be calculated as half of the horizontal projected area of ​​the outer perimeter of the enclosing structure. If both ends of the corridor or eaves have walls connected to the building as enclosing structures, it shall be regarded as a corridor or eaves with an enclosing structure and the area shall be calculated as half of the horizontal projected area of ​​the outer perimeter of the enclosing structure.

[0131] (2) For porches, canopies, carports, etc. with independent columns or single rows of columns that are permanent buildings, the area shall be calculated as half of the horizontal projected area of ​​the roof.

[0132] (3) For unenclosed balconies and cantilevered corridors, the area shall be calculated as half of the horizontal projection area of ​​the outer perimeter of the enclosure structure.

[0133] (4) Outdoor staircases without a roof (including those without a permanent roof or whose roof cannot completely cover the staircase) are calculated as half of the horizontal projected area of ​​each floor.

[0134] (5) For permanent elevated corridors with roofs but not enclosed, the area shall be calculated as half of the horizontal projection area of ​​the outer perimeter.

[0135] Step 2.5.2.4, the area where the building area is not calculated.

[0136] (1) Annexes (including mezzanine, insert, and technical floors) with a floor height of less than 2.20m and basements and semi-basements with a floor height of less than 2.20m.

[0137] (2) Components, accessories, decorative columns, decorative glass curtain walls, buttresses, plinths, steps, column-free canopies, etc. that highlight the building walls.

[0138] (3) Uncovered elevated corridors between buildings.

[0139] (4) The roof of the house, the balcony, the roof garden, and the swimming pool.

[0140] (5) Operating platforms, loading platforms and platforms for boxes and tanks placed using the space of the building.

[0141] (6) The ground floor of arcades and overpasses, as well as the passageways through the buildings, are used as passageways for street traffic.

[0142] (7) Houses built using approach bridges, viaducts, elevated roads, or road surfaces as roofs.

[0143] (8) Mobile houses, temporary houses, simple houses.

[0144] (9) Independent chimneys, pavilions, towers, tanks, pools, underground civil defense trunks and branch lines.

[0145] (10) Expansion joints between rooms that are not connected to the interior of the house.

[0146] Step 2.5.3 Classification of Public Building Area

[0147] The common building area is divided into the shared common building area and the non-shared common building area. The shared common building area is also known as the common building area.

[0148] Step 2.5.3.1 Total building area

[0149] (1) The building area of ​​the common stairwells, elevator shafts, elevator shafts, sightseeing shafts (elevators), material hoists, outdoor staircases and other vertical passages, as well as pipe shafts and garbage chutes within the building.

[0150] (2) The building area of ​​the common horizontal passages such as the entrance hall, lobby, corridor, porch, and vestibule within the building.

[0151] (3) The building area of ​​the common protruding roof with enclosing structures such as water tank room, elevator machine room, and stairwell.

[0152] (4) The building area of ​​equipment rooms, duty rooms (including duty rest rooms connected to the guard room, reception rooms and reception rooms combined with the guard room that serve the building, as well as automatic alarm control center and video monitoring room) and other public and management rooms that serve the whole building, a certain floor or several units and are necessary for basic production or life.

[0153] (5) The building area of ​​half of the horizontal projection area of ​​the partition wall between the unit and the public building, and the exterior wall (including the gable wall).

[0154] Step 2.5.3.2 Public building area not allocated

[0155] (1) The building area of ​​the basement or semi-basement designed as a fire refuge floor (room) for civil defense projects and high-rise buildings.

[0156] (2) The building area of ​​independent basements, semi-basements, parking spaces, garages, storage rooms, etc. in basements or semi-basements.

[0157] (3) The building area of ​​equipment rooms, duty rooms, management rooms, ancillary facilities rooms, public buildings and passages serving the community, etc., built inside the building to serve other buildings or multiple buildings.

[0158] (4) The building area of ​​the technical (structural) conversion layer with a floor height of more than 2.20m, which is built according to the plan, and the elevated floor is used as a public open space for parking vehicles, public rest, greening and other purposes.

[0159] (5) The building area of ​​houses reserved and used by the construction and development unit and the business office space of the property management company.

[0160] (6) The building area of ​​pavilions, corridors, green spaces and other buildings used for public rest.

[0161] Step 2.5.4 Classification of Shared Building Area. Based on the function of shared building area, it can be divided into the following four categories.

[0162] Step 2.5.4.1 Shared building area: refers to the shared building area that serves the entire building. This type of shared building area is allocated among the entire building.

[0163] Step 2.5.4.2 Shared building area of ​​functional areas: refers to the shared building area specifically serving a certain functional area. For example, in a building, there may be guard rooms, restrooms, management rooms, etc., specifically serving a certain commercial area or office area. This type of shared building area specifically serving a certain functional area should be allocated by that functional area.

[0164] Step 2.5.4.3 Shared building area: When the shared building area of ​​each floor is different, the shared building area of ​​each floor should be distinguished and allocated separately by each floor. For example, if the toilets and public corridors of each floor are different, they should be allocated separately by each floor.

[0165] Step 2.5.4.4 Other shared building area.

[0166] Step 2.5.5 Rules for apportionment of common building area.

[0167] Step 2.5.5.1 The apportionment of shared building area shall be carried out on a building-by-building basis. Shared building area not belonging to this building shall not be apportioned to this building, and shared building area of ​​this building shall not be apportioned to other buildings.

[0168] Step 2.5.5.2 If the parties to the property rights have legal ownership division documents or agreements, the provisions of the documents or agreements shall apply.

[0169] Step 2.5.5.3 If there is no property division document or agreement, the apportionment shall be made proportionally based on the building area within the relevant unit.

[0170] Step 2.5.5.4 After the shared building area is apportioned, the property boundaries of each owner on the shared building area are not demarcated.

[0171] Step 2.5.6 Several Detailed Rules for Calculation and Apportionment of Common Building Area

[0172] Step 2.5.6.1 Common buildings listed as not subject to apportionment should be considered as a property unit and participate in the apportionment of the corresponding common building area.

[0173] Step 2.5.6.2 The clubhouse, savings bank, recreation room, gym, reading room, nursery, senior activity center, neighborhood committee, police station and other independently used rooms located within the building should be a property unit and participate in the sharing of the corresponding common building area of ​​the building.

[0174] Step 2.5.6.3 For buildings with ancillary floors (or elevated floors with a floor height of 2.20m or more), the ancillary floors should be divided into independent functional areas.

[0175] Step 2.5.6.4 A building consisting of multiple towers connected by a podium, the towers should be divided into different functional areas.

[0176] Step 2.5.6.5 When a single-function building has multiple units, the shared area is generally allocated uniformly on a building-by-building basis. However, if any of the following conditions exist, it should be divided into different functional areas:

[0177] (1) Some units have elevators and some do not. Functional areas are divided according to whether the units have elevators or not.

[0178] (2) Some units are corridor-type stairwells and some units are unit-type stairwells. Functional areas are divided according to the different units of the stairwell.

[0179] (3) Some units are multi-story and some are high-rise. Functional areas are divided according to multi-story and high-rise units.

[0180] (4) The number of households on each floor of each unit is different, and functional areas are divided according to different units.

[0181] Step 2.5.6.6 Calculation of the building area of ​​basement passageways

[0182] (1) Entrances and exits that serve the entire building shall be included in the shared building area to be allocated to this building; otherwise, they shall be included in the shared building area to be allocated to the basement.

[0183] (2) The area of ​​the driveway and other public walkways specifically serving the parking spaces shall be shared by each parking space in the basement.

[0184] (3) The basement functional rooms and the dedicated corridors serving these functional rooms shall be shared by the households using these functional rooms.

[0185] Step 2.5.6.7 Outdoor staircase treatment

[0186] (1) If it is used by only one household, the entire area shall be included in the internal building area of ​​that household.

[0187] (2) If it serves different functional areas, its area shall be listed as the common building area of ​​the corresponding functional area; if it serves only a certain functional area, it shall be included in the common building area of ​​that functional area.

[0188] Step 2.5.6.8 Indoor staircase treatment

[0189] (1) Staircases or elevators that serve the entire building are shared by the entire building (if a door on a particular floor or some floors is not open, it does not affect the sharing of the entire building).

[0190] (2) When the staircase is divided into functional areas according to different service ranges, the roof staircase is still part of the building’s common building area.

[0191] (3) If different floors have different uses and different heights of stairs are set up in different locations, but the floors on which the stairs are located are interconnected, the common area of ​​the stairwells of these stairs can be combined into the common area of ​​the interval. If a floor also has a dedicated stair, it shall be treated as an indoor dedicated stair.

[0192] (4) Indoor dedicated staircases (stairs, elevators). The shared area of ​​the stairwells on the "unused" floors is listed as the shared area between the "unused" and "used" parts of the building; the shared area of ​​the stairwells on the "used" floors is the shared area within the "used" part of the building.

[0193] Step 2.5.6.9 Passageways through the building. If this passageway serves only this building, it is listed as a shared building area to be allocated to this building; otherwise, it is listed as a non-shared common building area.

[0194] Step 2.5.6.10 Corridor treatment.

[0195] (1) The interior and exterior corridors of all floors other than the first floor (ground) of the building shall be included in the common building area of ​​this floor.

[0196] (2) External corridors and eaves located on the first floor (ground level) of a building shall be listed as non-apportionable common building area if they meet the following conditions: 1. The corridor or eaves is adjacent to the street or a public passage or public open space outside the land parcel. 2. The ends of the corridor or eaves cannot be closed, and passage is allowed parallel to the street. If neither of the above two conditions is met, the area shall be listed as apportionable common building area. If the first floor is entirely composed of shops and each shop opens onto the corridor (or eaves), the building area of ​​the corridor (or eaves) shall be listed as the common building area apportionable by each shop on the first floor. The same principle applies when the first floor is an apartment or office space. Otherwise, the building area of ​​external corridors and eaves on the first floor shall be listed as the common building area apportionable by the entire building.

[0197] Step 2.5.6.11 When the shopping mall needs to be divided into aisles and several shops, the building area of ​​the aisles shall be shared by each relevant shop according to its building area ratio.

[0198] Step 2.5.6.12 The elevated corridor between two independent buildings is listed as a common building area that is not apportioned.

[0199] Step 2.5.7 Confirmation of Total Building Area

[0200] Before the calculation data of a building is entered into the calculation system, the common building area can be analyzed and determined by following these steps.

[0201] Step 2.5.7.1 Determine the scope and names of all common building areas in a building.

[0202] Step 2.5.7.2 divide the public building area into two categories: those that should be shared and those that should not be shared.

[0203] Step 2.5.7.3 Analyze the service area of ​​the shared public buildings for each part, and determine its service functional area according to the service area of ​​the shared buildings. The shared building area serving only a certain functional area is the shared building area within the area; the shared building area serving multiple functional areas is the shared building area between areas.

[0204] Step 2.5.7.4 After allocating the shared building area between zones, the allocated area for each zone is added to the corresponding shared building area within that zone, and then allocated according to the proportion of the internal building area within that zone. That is, the shared building area obtained from the higher level allocation is first added to the shared building area of ​​the lower level, the allocation coefficient is calculated separately, and the allocation is carried out level by level.

[0205] Step 2.5.8 Calculation of shared building area.

[0206] Step 2.5.8.1 Apportionment Formula. The shared building area is apportioned based on the relevant building area, calculated using the following formula: ;

[0207] In the formula: K- is the area allocation coefficient, which is rounded to 0.000001;

[0208] Si -- the internal floor area (m²) of each unit participating in the apportionment. 2 );

[0209] &Si represents the shared building area allocated to each unit;

[0210] Σ&Si represents the total shared building area to be allocated (m²). 2 )

[0211] ΣSi -- The total internal floor area of ​​all units participating in the apportionment (m²) 2 ).

[0212] Step 2.5.8.2 Allocation Method

[0213] Overall apportionment. 1. The overall apportionment method is suitable for houses with a single function and where all households have essentially the same shared use of the common building area. 2. Shared building area apportioned by each household = Shared building area apportionment coefficient × Internal building area. 3. Shared building area apportionment coefficient = Shared building area ÷ Sum of internal building areas.

[0214] (1) Multi-level apportionment. Multi-level apportionment is used for houses that are not suitable for overall apportionment. Multi-level apportionment should follow the principle of apportionment from the whole to the part, and from the large to the small.

[0215] 1. First-level apportionment. Based on the building's intended use and the service area of ​​each shared building component, several functional zones are defined. These zones are typically divided according to different uses or shared areas, such as residential, office, commercial, underground parking, and warehouse areas. The shared building area within each functional zone, i.e., the building's shared building area, is proportionally allocated to each functional zone based on the owner's building area within that zone. The shared building area allocated to a functional zone = First-level apportionment coefficient × Owner's building area of ​​that functional zone; the first-level apportionment coefficient = shared building area of ​​functional zones ÷ sum of owner's building areas of each functional zone; the owner's building area of ​​each functional zone is the sum of the horizontal projection areas of each floor's perimeter within that functional zone minus the portion of the shared building area of ​​the functional zones allocated as first-level apportionment.

[0216] 2. Second-level apportionment. The shared building area of ​​a functional zone, obtained through the first-level apportionment, plus the shared building area between floors within that functional zone, constitutes the shared building area of ​​that functional zone. Following the first-level apportionment method, this shared building area is proportionally allocated to each floor based on the floor area within each unit. Floor-level apportioned shared building area = Second-level apportionment coefficient × Floor area within that unit. Second-level apportionment coefficient = (Shared building area obtained through the first-level apportionment + Inter-floor shared building area) ÷ Sum of floor areas within each unit. Floor area within each unit is the horizontal projection area of ​​each floor's perimeter minus the inter-floor shared building area within that floor and the portion of the shared building area of ​​the functional zone allocated in the first-level apportionment.

[0217] 3. Third-level apportionment. The shared building area obtained from the second-level apportionment, plus the shared building area within each floor, is proportionally allocated to each unit within that floor based on their internal building area. Shared building area per unit = Third-level apportionment coefficient × Internal building area of ​​that unit. Third-level apportionment coefficient = (Shared building area obtained from the second-level apportionment + Shared building area within the floor) ÷ Sum of internal building areas of each unit.

[0218] 4. Other apportionments.

[0219] 1) When the house needs to be further subdivided, the apportionment calculation shall be carried out on the basis of the previous level of apportionment, referring to the above method.

[0220] 2) For areas in non-suite houses that are shared by some property owners, such as halls, wardrobes, kitchens, and bathrooms, the apportionment shall be based on the agreement if there is one; otherwise, the apportionment shall be based on the building area in proportion to the above method.

[0221] In one embodiment, step 3 includes:

[0222] Step 3.1: Intelligent identification of changed areas.

[0223] Employing a dual-track identification technology combining deep learning and manual verification, and training a model based on remote sensing image samples with a resolution better than 1 meter, the system automatically identifies newly built and demolished houses and areas of land parcel change since 2017, combined with national-level analysis of building facade changes and on-site marking. For newly built houses, the system adaptively selects repair measurement methods based on distribution; demolished houses are categorized as "under construction - completed - no construction." The process is as follows: Figure 4 As shown.

[0224] Step 3.1.1 Change Area Identification. Collect remote sensing images better than 1m from two consecutive years of observation. Extract house samples using the real estate database and house facades from rural cadastral surveys. Perform deep learning on the samples to identify house changes in the two consecutive years of observation in the better than 1m remote sensing images, including newly added and demolished houses. Manually verify the identified change areas to obtain accurate house change regions. Mark newly added patches during the survey process, and conduct remediation measurements after summarizing the data.

[0225] Step 3.1.1.1 Within the scope of rural collective land, for newly built houses, mark their specific locations and select appropriate repair survey methods according to the overall distribution of newly built houses. For houses under construction that are verified on-site and for which it is difficult to carry out repair survey work, construction drawings of the houses should be collected, and the houses should be drawn using the construction drawings, with annotations added.

[0226] Step 3.1.1.2 Within the scope of rural collective land, conduct on-site investigation and verification of demolished houses. If a new house is being built on the original site, making it difficult to carry out repair and surveying work, construction drawings of the house should be collected and the house information should be re-marked using the construction drawings. If a new house has already been built on the original site, the repair and surveying work should be carried out in a coordinated manner with the new house. If no house has been built on the original site after demolition, the original house land parcel information should be classified separately, such houses should be deleted from the survey base map, and the purchaser should be notified to verify whether the deregistration has been completed.

[0227] Step 3.2 Multi-element fusion repair test

[0228] A differentiated measurement scheme combining laser 3D scanning, GNSS-RTK, and total station was adopted. For concentrated, contiguous building areas, laser 3D scanning technology was used to quickly collect and map building plots. For sporadic newly added buildings, RTK combined with total station measurement was used, with the horizontal accuracy of boundary points ≤ ±5cm. Control surveying adopted an intelligent adaptation mode of "network RTK as the main method, conventional RTK as a supplement, and electromagnetic wave ranging traverse measurement as a backup" to ensure full measurement coverage in complex environments.

[0229] Step 3.2.1 GNSS-RTK control measurement.

[0230] Target control points and control points are primarily measured using GNSS-RTK mode. When network RTK signal coverage is poor, conventional RTK measurement can also be considered. In areas with weak RTK signals, traditional electromagnetic wave ranging traverse measurement is used. Control points require ground stakes; only in cases where traverse lines cannot reach concealed buildings can relative positions be measured using surrounding buildings and other terrain features combined with a steel measuring tape.

[0231] Step 3.2.1.1 Control Point Accuracy Requirements. Referring to the "1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000 Field Digital Mapping Procedures" (GB / 14912-2005), the horizontal accuracy requirement for target control points is ≤ ±5cm, and the vertical accuracy requirement is ≤ ±5cm. For control points on the map, the horizontal accuracy requirement is ≤ ±5cm, and no vertical accuracy requirement is specified.

[0232] Step 3.2.1.2 Observation Method: Refer to the measurement methods in the "Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Measurement Specification" (GB / T 18314-2024). This includes network RTK measurement and conventional RTK measurement, and then the observation data is processed using NETRTK software.

[0233] The data processing software used is NETRTK, whose main functions include coordinate transformation, data quality analysis, result generation, and accuracy statistics. In terms of data standardization verification, NETRTK software achieves full-dimensional automatic checking of RTK point data, automatically checking for standardization in RTK point data format and point number naming. Regarding data preprocessing and accuracy calculation, an automated preprocessing pipeline is designed to automatically perform data adjustment and out-of-limit checks, and calculate point accuracy. For coordinate transformation and intelligent conversion, it can quickly perform coordinate system conversion for RTK points in different coordinate systems. Furthermore, it innovatively achieves integrated processing of result generation and accuracy statistics, enabling intelligent Gaussian forward calculation (converting geographic coordinates to projected coordinates) and Gaussian inverse calculation (converting projected coordinates to geographic coordinates), as well as rapid conversion between data from different zones, to meet the delivery needs of different scenarios.

[0234] Data quality check and processing. In the office inspection, if any single epoch has an error exceeding three times the mean square error, the observation period is considered to have gross errors and requires re-measurement of that period in the field. For each control point, observations are conducted for two time periods. The average of all epochs in one time period is taken as one measurement result. Control points are observed twice, and the difference in plane coordinates and elevation between each measurement should not exceed ±5 cm. Finally, the average of all measurements is taken as the final result. The data used to calculate the average is submitted for inspection as the final calculation result.

[0235] Step 3.2.1.4 Electromagnetic Wave Distance Measurement Traverse. When observing control points, electromagnetic wave distance measurement traverse can be used when densely built-up areas result in weak RTK signals. Control points directly provide the basis for topographic mapping. They are densely distributed based on control points of various levels to meet mapping needs. Traverses can be used for layout. When it is difficult to conduct control point traverse measurements in concealed areas or densely built-up areas, branch traverses or the electromagnetic distance measurement polar coordinate method can be used to densify control points. The technical requirements for branch traverses and the electromagnetic distance measurement polar coordinate method shall be implemented in accordance with relevant specifications. The main technical requirements for electromagnetic wave distance measurement traverses of control points are shown in Table 1 below.

[0236] Table 1 Technical Specifications for Traverse Electromagnetic Wave Ranging Measurement

[0237] Limits for various parameters in the direction observation method. When using the direction observation method in electromagnetic wave ranging traverse surveying, the limits for various parameters should conform to the provisions of Table 2.

[0238] Table 2 Technical Specifications for Direction Observation Measurement

[0239] Other technical specifications. The length of the traverse wire between nodes and higher-level points, or between nodes, should not exceed 0.7 times the specified length of the traverse wire. When the length of the traverse wire is less than 1 / 3 of the specified length, the total closure error of the traverse wire should not exceed 0.13m. In particularly difficult sections, when the traverse wire cannot meet the requirements, branch traverses may be used. The total length of the branch traverses should not exceed 200m, the number of sides should not exceed 3, and the starting point should be measured in two directions. Horizontal angles should be measured once for each of the left and right angles, and distances should be measured once.

[0240] Step 3.2.2: Repair measurement is performed using laser 3D scanning, such as... Figure 5 As shown, it includes:

[0241] Step 3.2.2.1 Field data collection.

[0242] Route design. The route design should be reasonable to ensure full coverage of the target, and the route for a single scan should be a closed loop.

[0243] 3D laser scanning. Measurements are performed using a handheld or automated measuring robot. Walking speed is sufficient; excessive speed is not recommended. Measurement time is controlled to ensure closure on the first measurement. In densely populated areas, it is advisable to enter alleyways to ensure complete coverage of the building interiors. If the equipment has a visual interface, point cloud density should be checked regularly; areas with insufficient density should be scanned repeatedly.

[0244] Control surveys. Control points are established using prominent ground features with elevation differences or temporary targets.

[0245] Step 3.2.2.2 Internal data processing.

[0246] 1. Data Input and Preprocessing Input the original LiDAR point cloud (.las)*. The point cloud is obtained by scanning with airborne or vehicle-mounted LiDAR. It contains a massive dataset of hundreds of millions or even billions of three-dimensional coordinate points. Each point accurately records the spatial location of objects on the ground (houses, ground, etc.). Then, the messy "point data" is initially classified to prepare for the next step of house identification. 2. Intelligent Identification and Extraction of House Point Cloud (1) Point Cloud Segmentation: The algorithm first segments the original point cloud. Its core logic is to gather points belonging to the same physical entity (such as a roof plane or a wall) together based on the spatial distribution density, continuity and other characteristics of the points to form "point clusters". This is like picking out the blocks belonging to the same wooden board or pillar from a pile of mixed Lego bricks and stacking them into small piles. (2) Surface Growth: On the basis of segmentation, "surface growth" is performed. Using the identified house plane (such as the roof surface) as the "seed", according to the preset geometric rules (such as flatness, angle threshold, etc.), it "grows" to the surrounding area, merging point clusters that belong to the same roof plane but may be broken due to occlusion. This process is continuously iterated until a complete and continuous house roof surface is reconstructed. This step ensures that even if the house is partially occluded by trees, its overall outline can be accurately identified. 3. Vector outline generation and optimization This stage converts the three-dimensional point cloud model into two-dimensional vector graphics that conform to the mapping standards. (1) Vector generation: The system automatically extracts the boundary lines of each house roof obtained after "surface growth" and initially converts them into two-dimensional polygon vectors. At this time, the polygons may have jagged edges and are not regular enough. (2) Optimization: The initial vector is geometrically optimized. For example, "right angle" processing is used to adjust the angle close to 90 degrees to a standard right angle (which conforms to the architectural characteristics of most houses); the boundary lines are smoothed and simplified to remove unnecessary detail noise, making the graphics both accurate and concise and beautiful. 4. Output and Integration of Results (1) Boundary Acquisition / Confirmation: The optimized house vector can be directly imported into the database as an automated result. In applications requiring higher precision, this result can also be provided to field personnel as a high-precision base map on a tablet computer for on-site verification, fine-tuning, or supplementary acquisition, achieving "human-machine collaboration". (2) Final Output of Results: Generate a house vector file that meets the specifications (such as Shapefile, GeoJSON, etc.). This file contains the precise planar location, shape, and area information of each house, which can be linked with the ownership survey information (owner, property certificate number, etc.) to ultimately form the core spatial data results of the "integrated housing and land" survey.

[0247] Step 3.3 Add new land parcel and building coding rules.

[0248] The system adopts a 19-digit land parcel hierarchical code (county-level administrative division + cadastral district + cadastral sub-district + ownership type + sequence number) and a 28-digit house code (land parcel code + feature code + sequence number + household number). Automatic verification technology based on coding rules ensures the uniqueness and standardization of the codes, achieving seamless integration with the real estate registration system. Newly added land parcel codes are provided by the Natural Resources Bureau.

[0249] Step 3.3.1 Unified Land Parcel Numbering. The land parcel code adopts a five-level 19-digit hierarchical code structure, with each level representing the county-level administrative division, cadastral district, cadastral sub-district, land ownership type, and parcel sequence number. For example... Figure 6 As shown.

[0250] The specific encoding method is as follows.

[0251] Step 3.3.1.1 The first level is the county-level administrative division, with a 6-digit code, which adopts the "Administrative Division Code of the People's Republic of China" (GB / T 2260).

[0252] Step 3.3.1.2 The second level is the cadastral area, with a 3-digit code represented by Arabic numerals.

[0253] Step 3.3.1.3 The third level is the cadastral sub-region, with a 3-digit code represented by Arabic numerals.

[0254] Step 3.3.1.4 The fourth level is the land ownership type, with a 2-digit code. The first digit indicates the land ownership type, represented by G, J, or Z: "G" represents state-owned land ownership, "J" represents collective land ownership, and "Z" represents land ownership disputes. The second digit represents the parcel feature code, represented by A, B, S, X, C, W, or Y: "A" represents a collective land ownership parcel, "B" represents a construction land use right parcel (surface), "S" represents a construction land use right parcel (above ground), "X" represents a construction land use right parcel (underground), "C" represents a residential land use right parcel, "W" represents land with undetermined or disputed use rights, and "Y" represents...

[0255] This indicates other land use rights parcels and is used to expand the characteristics of the parcels.

[0256] Step 3.3.1.5 The fifth level is the parcel sequence number, which is 5 digits long and is represented by 00001 to 99999. It is encoded after the corresponding parcel feature code.

[0257] Step 3.3.1.6 Unused land is not assigned a unified land parcel code.

[0258] Step 3.3.2 House Numbering. House numbers use a 28-digit hierarchical code structure. The hierarchy represents the land parcel code, house feature code, and so on.

[0259] House serial number, house number. For example... Figure 7 As shown.

[0260] The specific encoding method is as follows.

[0261] Step 3.3.2.1 The first level is the land parcel code, which is 19 digits long.

[0262] Step 3.3.2.2 The second level is the house feature code, which is 1 digit and represented by F.

[0263] Step 3.3.2.3 The third level is the house sequence number, which is a 4-digit code represented by 0001 to 9999. It is sequentially encoded after the house feature code and uniformly numbered within the land parcel of the right of use.

[0264] Step 3.3.2.4 The fourth level is the house number, which is a 4-digit code, represented by 0001 to 9999. It is sequentially coded after the house number and uniformly numbered within each house.

[0265] Step 3.4 Supplement field survey.

[0266] During the field ownership survey, any newly discovered land parcels are marked on a tablet and uploaded to the integrated indoor and outdoor production platform. Based on the information reflected in real time during the supplementary field survey, the field survey team conducts supplementary field surveys, completes indoor mapping, preprocessing of buildings, uploads to the server, and then uses a field APP to conduct supplementary surveys to ensure the accuracy of all elements on the cadastral map.

[0267] In one specific embodiment, step 4 above includes:

[0268] Step 4.1 Intelligent Data Linking and Modification: Automatically link the land ownership information from the field survey with the building maps from the repair survey, add real estate unit numbers, and automatically identify and correct issues such as missing fields and format errors through a data consistency verification algorithm. Modified data is then transmitted back to the server in real time.

[0269] Step 4.2 Batch generation of tables and maps: Based on standardized templates, automatically generate tables such as the "Integrated Housing and Land" property rights survey information disclosure form and the real estate survey registration application form; batch export parcel maps (including boundary point coordinate tables), building floor plans, and area calculation tables; automatically label multiple parcel numbers across map sheets, significantly improving map generation efficiency.

[0270] In a preferred embodiment, the rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration provided in this embodiment further includes:

[0271] Step 5: Publicize the survey results.

[0272] A dual-track public disclosure model of "offline posting + online intelligent query" is adopted. Based on the latest high-resolution images, a cadastral map and public disclosure form with overlaid house and land parcel information are produced and posted offline. An online query system of "QR code + facial recognition" has been developed so that villagers can conveniently query their own property ownership information.

[0273] Step 6: Assist in conducting registration eligibility analysis.

[0274] By analyzing and organizing cadastral survey data, integrating topographic maps, imagery, and planning data from multiple years, a rapid assessment and analysis system for applicant registration eligibility based on "time-ownership-division" is constructed. This system automates data entry, analysis, and organization, automatically generating registration eligibility analysis tables to provide accurate data for subsequent registration and certificate issuance, including:

[0275] Step 6.1 Property Ownership Analysis and Organization Techniques

[0276] Step 6.1.1 Perform binarization preprocessing on the collected ownership information images, specifically including:

[0277] The image is divided into several equally sized regions, and the local mean and standard deviation of each region are calculated. Then, the binarization threshold for each pixel is calculated using the following formula:

[0278] T(x,y)=mean(x,y)×(1+k×(std(x,y) / R-1))

[0279] Where T(x, y) represents the binarization threshold of pixel (x, y); mean(x, y) is the local mean around pixel (x, y); std(x, y) represents the local standard deviation around pixel (x, y); k is a key correction parameter used to control the sensitivity of the value, usually ranging from 0.1 to 0.5; and R is a fixed constant used to control the normalization of the local standard deviation.

[0280] Step 6.1.2 Based on the CTPN model, perform text detection and locate text lines in complex background images;

[0281] Step 6.1.3 Text recognition and extraction are performed based on a neural network model combining DenseNet and CTC.

[0282] Ultimately, the system will automatically extract and organize the ownership and household registration information collected during the survey into a spreadsheet, forming a registration eligibility verification ledger that includes property ownership and housing information, such as... Figure 8 As shown.

[0283] Step 6.2 Planning-Assisted Review Technology Based on Time Constraints

[0284] Step 6.2.1 Collect local land planning, urban and rural planning, historical land use data, etc.

[0285] Step 6.2.2 Utilize the registration qualification rapid and accurate analysis and monitoring platform. Based on housing construction status at different times, and according to the housing construction time stages divided by the "integrated housing and land" work plan, the requirements for rural housing allocation, construction, and property rights confirmation are matched with relevant planning data to automatically analyze whether the house complies with the planning requirements. Figure 9 As shown.

[0286] Step 6.3 Time-Constrained Assisted Household Separation Technology

[0287] To fully protect villagers' rights, household division should be maximized within the framework of policies, allowing more homesteads and houses to meet the conditions for registration. The most important task in verifying eligibility for registration (one household, one homestead) is to divide households.

[0288] Step 6.3.1 Determine the criteria for "one household". According to the household division policy (if the local household division logic differs from the general household division policy requirements, the embedded household division logic can be modified to make the household division results more closely reflect local realities), a household meeting one of the following four conditions can be considered a "one household":

[0289] ① A couple living together with their children who have not reached the legal marriage age constitutes one household.

[0290] ② If there are siblings, one of them should be in the same household as their parents, while the other siblings can apply for separate households after reaching the legal marriage age or getting married.

[0291] ③ If you are an only child, you can continue to live with your parents as a household after marriage, or you can live as a separate household.

[0292] ④ If rural villagers are divorced and live independently with adequate housing, they can be considered as one household.

[0293] Step 6.3.2 Conduct household division work by comprehensively analyzing family member relationships, age composition, number of houses, and combining the logic of household division with policy requirements.

[0294] 6.3.2.1 The age of household members can be extracted by ID number. Males over 22 years old and females over 20 years old are marked as having reached the legal marriage age.

[0295] 6.3.2.2 List those who have reached the legal marriage age as item A.

[0296] 6.3.2.3 Based on marital status and family relationships, merge married individuals (item A) into individual item B. For only children who are unmarried, only children who have reached the legal marriage age should be merged into the parents' item.

[0297] 6.3.2.4 Based on family relationships, household members who have not reached the legal marriage age are matched to item B, forming household division result C.

[0298] 6.3.2.5. For cases where multiple children are in separate households after household division and the parents are in a separate household, a note should be added indicating that the parents must be in one of the children's households.

[0299] 6.3.2.6. Output a reference table of individual household results, such as... Figure 10-11 As shown.

[0300] Therefore, it can be seen that the method and steps realize the automated and intelligent processing from cadastral survey results to the output of registration qualification analysis results, and can quickly process up to 100,000 cases in a single county.

[0301] Step 7: Hierarchical dynamic database construction phase.

[0302] Step 7.1 Establish a municipal-level database. After completing the public announcement of property rights surveys and registration qualifications, cooperate with the overall planning team to build a municipal-level rural real estate property rights survey database, connect it to the real estate registration system, and cooperate with the purchaser to complete registration and certificate issuance. Finally, generate a registration database for the registered and issued data, and a catalog database for the data that cannot be registered and issued. Finally, cooperate with the purchaser to organize and archive the documents for both issued and unissued certificates.

[0303] Step 7.2 Establish a provincial database. Utilizing the existing municipal-level property rights survey database, and after coordinate transformation by the property owners, establish a provincial-level rural real estate property rights survey database in accordance with the requirements for provincial-level results submission.

[0304] Step 8: Quality Control and Inspection.

[0305] Step 8.1 Quality Management. To ensure the quality of the deliverables, a "two-level inspection and one-level acceptance" system is implemented for quality management. Process inspection is conducted during the operation, with a random check of 30% of all land parcels. The final inspection covers 5% of all land parcels, ensuring coverage of every administrative village. Inspections can utilize data measured during accuracy checks in each village, and the inspection rules are as follows.

[0306] Step 8.1.1 In terms of quality management, quality shall be supervised and managed in accordance with the steps of technical training, process supervision and guidance, process inspection, final inspection and acceptance.

[0307] Step 8.1.2 Each key process should be strictly monitored, and key positions and key personnel should not be changed midway. Corresponding quality records should be made for key quality control points to ensure that they are verifiable and that the results are reliable.

[0308] Step 8.1.3 During the production phase, the institute's technical and inspection personnel should supervise the production process, promptly grasp the quality of operations, and correct any technical or quality problems that arise during production.

[0309] Step 8.1.4 Use the integrated real estate mapping and database software and field photos to check the quality of map information. The first level of inspection is the team-level process inspection. Team-level inspectors should provide work guidance and process quality checks to each operator and check the results.

[0310] Step 8.1.5, the secondary inspection, is the final inspection by the institute's quality management department. Inspectors from the institute's quality management department conduct quality control on the production process and perform sampling inspections on the final results.

[0311] Step 8.1.6 Inspections at all levels should be conducted independently and in sequence, and the order should not be omitted, substituted, or reversed.

[0312] Step 8.1.7 The final inspection should have an audit process record, and any problems found during the audit should be treated as errors or omissions in the data quality.

[0313] Step 8.2 Main contents and requirements of quality inspection. The quality of the results shall be inspected in accordance with the "Quality Inspection and Acceptance of Surveying and Mapping Results" (GB / T24356-2009) and this design document. The main contents of the quality inspection are as follows.

[0314] Step 8.2.1 Mathematical Accuracy. Check whether the spatial reference system, plane accuracy, elevation accuracy, and edge accuracy of the data meet the requirements.

[0315] Step 8.2.2 Attribute Precision. Check the correctness of the data's feature classification and codes, the correctness of feature attribute values, the correctness and completeness of data stratification, and the correctness of in-plot annotations and symbols.

[0316] Step 8.2.3 Logical Consistency. Check the consistency of data format, the correctness of topological relationships, and the rationality of overall selection.

[0317] Step 8.2.4 Completeness and timeliness of elements. Check the completeness of elements, the time of element collection or update, and the completeness of annotations.

[0318] Step 8.2.5 Quality of Attachments. Check the completeness of the technical design document, technical summary, inspection report, and metadata files, as well as the completeness of the deliverables.

[0319] In summary, the rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration provided in this embodiment has the following technical advantages compared with existing technologies:

[0320] 1. Addressing the challenges of dense housing in urban villages and rural areas, as well as the demolition and redevelopment of old villages, new and modern operational methods were adopted, including 3D laser scanning, AI-based housing change detection, collaborative field and office work, integrated flat-panel surveys, and one-stop mapping and database creation. These methods improved upon the difficulties and inefficiencies of traditional surveying in densely populated areas. AI-based housing construction detection technology can quickly locate demolished, altered, or expanded buildings, facilitating adjustments to the cadastral survey focus and accelerating project progress. The collaborative field and office work model enabled real-time verification of both office processing and field conditions, significantly reducing the time and cost associated with returning to the field and communication, thereby saving substantial costs. This optimized and improved the "integrated housing and land" work involving millions of cases, overcoming the inefficiencies of traditional surveying, investigation, and registration qualification verification, and effectively promoting the intensive, refined, and intelligent development of surveying.

[0321] 2. The high-precision, highly up-to-date cadastral data formed by integrating multi-source data is a core component of the "single base map" for territorial spatial planning. The results of this method provide the most direct and accurate data support for territorial spatial planning, old village renovation, land acquisition compensation, and investigation and handling of illegal land use. By identifying inefficient land use and illegal construction, it helps the government make scientific decisions, promote the economical and intensive use of land, implement the strictest farmland protection system, and comprehensively improve the refinement and intelligence of natural resource management.

[0322] The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical concept and features of the present invention, and are intended to enable those skilled in the art to understand the content of the present invention and implement it accordingly. They should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention. All equivalent changes or modifications made based on the essence of the content of the present invention should be covered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for integrated rural housing and land survey based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration, characterized in that: include: Acquire housing and land parcel data, preprocess and encode them to obtain first data; the first data includes real estate unit number; Obtain land ownership survey data for external operations as secondary data; the secondary data includes land ownership information. Obtain supplementary cadastral data as third data; the third data includes repaired building plans. The first, second, and third data are processed in the survey to achieve integrated rural housing and land survey.

2. The rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The acquisition, preprocessing, and encoding of housing and land parcel data includes: The building and land parcel layers are extracted from the cadastral map, and attribute values ​​are assigned by linking them to the rights holder information table. The system also calculates whether there are any intersections or gaps between the main building and its ancillary structures. If intersections or gaps exist, the area of ​​the intersection or gap is calculated. If the area is greater than 0, cases where only the endpoints or boundaries coincide or there are gaps are excluded, thus determining whether gaps exist between the main building and its ancillary structures. At the same time, attribute fields from the survey database are matched to automatically link the building number with the land parcel number and real estate unit number. Based on the two-level coding mechanism of "pre-numbering-official numbering" and spatial sorting rules, real estate units that do not conform to the coding rules, have no number, or are newly added are pre-numbered.

3. The rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The acquisition of external operation ownership survey data includes: Import survey maps in real time, collect and modify ownership information on site, synchronize data to the desktop in real time, generate parcel maps, building floor plans, household plans and real estate survey and registration application forms in batches, villagers check on site and sign electronically to confirm, realize ownership survey; OCR recognition technology is used to collect land ownership information.

4. The rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The acquisition of field operation ownership survey data also includes a housing ownership survey, which includes: Property ownership investigation includes the following information: owner, source of ownership, property type, location, number of floors, floor level, building structure, year of construction, purpose of use, and area of ​​the property. The land ownership survey, based on the results of the rural cadastral survey, investigates and verifies the location of each land parcel; investigates and verifies the name of the rights holder, the nature of the entity, industry code, unified social credit code, the name of the legal representative and their identity certificate; investigates and verifies the source data of land ownership; determines the nature of land ownership, the type of land use right, and whether there are any mortgages, easements or other rights and co-ownership status; and conducts supplementary investigations to verify the approved use and actual use of the land parcel. Boundary demarcation involves issuing boundary demarcation notices and verifying with the rights holders on a case-by-case basis whether the boundaries of the rural land survey results are correct. If re-demarcation is required, boundary markers should be made and the new boundaries should be measured on-site. After the ownership boundaries and house measurements are confirmed, signatures are made and photos are taken on site, including one front and two side photos of the house, which should reflect the main body and ancillary structures of the house. In handling ownership disputes, it is necessary to record the ownership dispute events, actively understand the ownership dispute situation, and clarify the parties involved in the dispute, the location and area of ​​the disputed land, and the content of the dispute.

5. The rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The acquisition of external property rights survey data also includes real estate measurement. The real estate measurement uses a calibrated steel ruler or handheld rangefinder to ensure that the error between two readings of the building's side length is ≤2 cm, automatically averages the data, captures the position of the 2.20m height line and the clearance dimensions, and simultaneously takes one front and two side real-scene photos of the building.

6. The rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The acquisition of supplementary cadastral data includes change area identification, which includes: Two years of remote sensing images better than 1m were collected. House samples were extracted from the real estate database and rural cadastral survey. Deep learning was performed on the samples to identify changes in houses in the two years of remote sensing images better than 1m, including newly added and demolished houses. The identified change areas were verified to obtain accurate house change areas. Newly added patches were marked during the survey, and repair measurements were carried out after the data was compiled. For newly built houses, mark their specific locations and select the appropriate repair measurement methods according to the overall distribution of newly built houses; for houses under construction that have been verified on-site, collect the construction drawings of the houses, draw the houses using the construction drawings, and add notes and explanations. Within the scope of rural collective land, for houses that have been demolished, on-site investigation and verification should be carried out. If a new house is being built on the original site, construction drawings should be collected and the house information should be re-marked using the construction drawings. If a new house has already been built on the original site, repair and surveying work should be carried out in a coordinated manner with the new house. If no house has been built on the original site after demolition, the original house land information should be classified separately, such houses should be deleted from the survey base map, and the purchaser should be notified to verify whether the deregistration has been completed.

7. The rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration as described in claim 6, characterized in that, The acquisition of supplementary cadastral data also includes multi-source fusion and repair surveys, which include: For concentrated and contiguous building areas, laser 3D scanning is used; for sporadic newly added buildings, RTK combined with total station measurement is used, with the plane accuracy of boundary points having a mean error of ≤±5cm; control surveying adopts an adaptive mode that uses network RTK as the main method, conventional RTK as a supplement, and electromagnetic wave ranging traverse measurement as a supplement.

8. The rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration as described in claim 7, characterized in that, The laser three-dimensional scanning includes: Point cloud data is acquired through airborne or vehicle-mounted LiDAR scanning and then initially categorized. The point cloud data that has been initially classified is segmented, and points belonging to the same physical entity are grouped together to form point clusters; According to preset geometric rules, point clusters that belong to the same physical entity but are broken due to occlusion are merged and iterated continuously until a complete and continuous physical entity is reconstructed, thus obtaining a three-dimensional point cloud model of the physical entity. The three-dimensional point cloud model is converted into a two-dimensional vector graphic conforming to cartographic standards; The two-dimensional vector graphics contain the precise planar location, shape, and area information of each building, and are linked with the ownership survey information to ultimately form integrated real estate data, which serves as the graphic representation of the repaired buildings.

9. The rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The collected ownership information images are preprocessed using binarization as follows: The image is divided into several equally sized regions. The local mean and standard deviation of each region are then calculated. Finally, the binarization threshold for each pixel is calculated using the following formula: T(x,y)=mean(x,y)×(1+k×(std(x,y) / R-1)) Where T(x, y) represents the binarization threshold of pixel (x, y); mean(x, y) is the local mean around pixel (x, y); std(x, y) represents the local standard deviation around pixel (x, y); k is a key correction parameter used to control the sensitivity of the value, usually ranging from 0.1 to 0.5; and R is a fixed constant used to control the normalization of the local standard deviation.

10. The rural housing and land integrated survey method based on multi-source data fusion and intelligent collaboration as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The investigation and data processing of the first, second, and third data includes: Link land parcel ownership information with repair and survey building graphics, add real estate unit numbers, pass data consistency verification, automatically identify and correct missing fields and format errors, and transmit modified data back to the server in real time. The modified data is based on standardized templates, generating information disclosure forms for integrated land and housing ownership surveys and application forms for real estate survey registration; and batch exporting parcel maps, building floor plans, and area calculation tables, automatically labeling multiple map sheet numbers for parcels spanning different map sheets.

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