Array antenna system with both over-the-air test mechanism and circuit self-calibration mechanism

Abstract

The application provides an array antenna system with both over-the-air test mechanism and circuit self-calibration mechanism, which comprises a plurality of antenna units, a plurality of radio frequency modules, a processing device and a plurality of signal management modules. The plurality of antenna units are arranged in an array structure and are respectively connected to the radio frequency modules. The processing device is provided with an over-the-air test calibration database, and the processing device can transmit radio frequency signals to each of the radio frequency modules and each of the signal management modules in the circuit self-calibration mechanism to obtain corresponding signals to be analyzed. According to the signals to be analyzed and the content of the over-the-air test calibration database, the required calibration information is calculated respectively, and the final calibration parameters are calculated by merging. In this way, during actual operation, the over-the-air test mechanism and the circuit self-calibration mechanism can be synchronized by the content of the over-the-air test calibration database, thereby optimizing the radiation characteristics of the array antenna system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to an array antenna system, and more particularly to an array antenna system that can combine an air test mechanism and a circuit self-calibration mechanism, and can obtain calibration information from the aforementioned two mechanisms to perform independent calibration during real-time operation without establishing a communication link with an external system. Background Technology

[0002] Antennas are core components for wireless signal transmission and reception. Their operational status directly affects the signal quality, communication range, and reliability of wireless communication and radar systems. Especially in high-frequency, long-range applications such as wireless communication and radar, active array antennas are required to generate high gain and narrow beamwidth radio frequency characteristics to complement system operation. The performance of these active array antennas is crucial to the overall system performance. Since active array antennas are often composed of dozens or even hundreds of antenna elements, it is essential to verify the normal operation of each active antenna element and the coordinated operation between them. Therefore, precise calibration of active array antennas to ensure their performance meets design specifications in real time is a technical requirement highly valued by those skilled in the art.

[0003] Traditionally, antenna calibration involves measuring key parameters such as gain, radiation pattern, and frequency response. This calibration is typically performed in a reflection-free laboratory using over-the-air (OTA) testing equipment during the R&D and production phases. The testing method involves establishing a communication link between a test antenna and the antenna under test (AUT) to calibrate its performance. This calibration test ensures that the antenna stably transmits and receives signals in the field, maintaining the expected performance. However, in actual operation, antennas face numerous challenges that can cause wear, damage, or decreased accuracy in the active and passive components of an active array antenna system. This can affect its radiation characteristics and prevent it from meeting the system's operational requirements. For example, drastic changes in ambient temperature can cause active components to malfunction. In such cases, the active array antenna system must be periodically returned to the laboratory for calibration, testing of malfunctioning components, and related repairs. This return for repair and testing is time-consuming and expensive, requiring costly equipment, especially when calibrating large-scale antenna arrays, where the costs are particularly significant.

[0004] In conclusion, the importance of real-time calibration for active array antenna systems has been widely recognized. However, existing calibration and testing methods not only cause system downtime, but also require complex calibration equipment that is not easily handled by the average user. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this application is to provide an array antenna system that combines an air-to-air testing mechanism and a circuit self-calibration mechanism, the array antenna system comprising:

[0006] It consists of multiple antenna units, multiple radio frequency modules, a processing device, and multiple signal management modules.

[0007] The multiple antenna elements are arranged in an array structure; each radio frequency module is electrically connected to each antenna element.

[0008] The processing device is electrically connected to each of the radio frequency modules and can receive source signals of the nature of base frequency / intermediate frequency signals and convert them into transmission signals of the nature of radio frequency signals. The processing device is equipped with an air test calibration database, which stores test parameters obtained by the array antenna system after conducting an air test mechanism in advance.

[0009] Each of the signal management modules is disposed between each of the corresponding antenna units and each of the radio frequency modules, and can be electrically connected to the processing device to shunt or import radio frequency signals to form a circuit self-calibration mechanism.

[0010] When the array antenna system operates in transmit mode, the processing device can transmit multiple transmission signals to each of the radio frequency modules respectively, and each signal management module can divert a portion of the radio frequency signal from each of the transmission signals in the corresponding main radio frequency path, and transmit the diverted portion of the radio frequency signal to the processing device via the circuit self-calibration path. The processing device can convert the diverted portion of the radio frequency signal into a corresponding signal to be analyzed, and calculate each of the required calibration information according to the signal to be analyzed and the contents of the air test calibration database, and then combine them to calculate the final calibration parameters.

[0011] When the array antenna system operates in receiving mode, the processing device can transmit multiple transmission signals to each signal management module via corresponding circuit self-calibration paths. Each signal management module can import at least a portion of the radio frequency (RF) signal from each transmission signal into the corresponding main RF path. The RF module will transmit the imported portion of the RF signal to the processing device. The processing device can convert the imported portion of the RF signal into the corresponding signal to be analyzed, and calculate each required calibration information according to the signal to be analyzed and the contents of the air test calibration database, and then combine them to calculate the final calibration parameters.

[0012] Thus, when the array antenna system is in actual operation, the air test mechanism and the circuit self-calibration mechanism can be carried out synchronously by means of the contents of the air test calibration database, and each can calculate and obtain its own calibration information. The aforementioned calibration information is related, and the final calibration parameters are generated through calculation, thereby adjusting the characteristics of the radio frequency module and optimizing the radiation characteristics of the array antenna system.

[0013] Optionally, the processing device includes an upsampling unit, an downsampling unit, and a signal processing module. The upsampling unit is used to convert a baseband / intermediate frequency (IF) signal into a radio frequency (RF) signal; the downsampling unit is used to convert the RF signal back into a baseband / IF signal; the signal processing module is electrically connected to the upsampling unit, the downsampling unit, and the over-the-air (OTA) test calibration database, and can analyze and process each signal to be analyzed and the contents of the OTA test calibration database to obtain the corresponding calibration information for each signal.

[0014] Optionally, the up-conversion unit and the down-conversion unit are integrated into a single up-down converter.

[0015] Optionally, the processing device includes a first upsampling unit, a first downsampling unit, a second upsampling unit, a second downsampling unit, and a signal processing module. The first upsampling unit converts a baseband / IF signal into a radio frequency (RF) signal and, in the circuit self-calibration mechanism, operates on the main RF path to transmit the transmitted signal to each corresponding RF module. The first downsampling unit converts the RF signal into a baseband / IF signal and, in the circuit self-calibration mechanism, operates on the main RF path to receive a portion of the RF signal introduced from each RF module. The second upsampling unit converts the baseband / IF signal into an RF signal and, in the circuit self-calibration mechanism, operates on the circuit self-calibration path to transmit the transmitted signal to each corresponding signal management module. The second downsampling unit converts the RF signal into a baseband / IF signal and, in the circuit self-calibration mechanism, operates on the circuit self-calibration path to receive a portion of the RF signal shunted from each signal management module. The signal processing module is electrically connected to the first up-frequency converter, the first down-frequency converter, the second up-frequency converter, the second down-frequency converter and the air test calibration database, and can analyze and calculate each of the signals to be analyzed and the contents of the air test calibration database to obtain the corresponding calibration information.

[0016] Optionally, the first up converter and the first down converter are integrated into a first up-down converter; the second up converter and the second down converter are integrated into a second up-down converter.

[0017] Optionally, the processing device includes an upsampling unit, an downsampling unit, a power detector, and a signal processing module. The upsampling unit converts a baseband / IF signal into a radio frequency (RF) signal; the downsampling unit converts the RF signal back into a baseband / IF signal; the power detector receives a portion of the RF signal from the signal management module to measure and obtain the corresponding RF power value; the signal processing module is electrically connected to the upsampling unit, the downsampling unit, the RF power value, and the over-the-air (OTA) test calibration database, and can analyze and process each of the signals to be analyzed, the RF power value, and the contents of the OTA test calibration database to obtain the corresponding calibration information.

[0018] Optionally, the signal management module is a directional coupler or a power divider.

[0019] Optionally, the processing device further includes a path selection module, and in the circuit self-calibration mechanism, the main radio frequency path can be divided into a normal transmission path and a normal reception path, and the circuit self-calibration path can be divided into a transmission circuit self-calibration path and a reception circuit self-calibration path. The processing device, through the path selection module, transmits the transmission signal to each of the radio frequency modules via the normal transmission path, or transmits the transmission signal to each of the signal management modules via the reception circuit self-calibration path, or receives a portion of the radio frequency signal that has been introduced from each of the radio frequency modules via the normal reception path, or receives a portion of the radio frequency signal that has been diverted from each of the signal management modules via the transmission circuit self-calibration path.

[0020] Optionally, in the circuit self-calibration mechanism, the signals of the normal transmission path, the normal reception path, the transmission circuit self-calibration path, and the reception circuit self-calibration path all enter and exit the processing device through a single radio frequency port.

[0021] Optionally, the path selection module is a radio frequency switch, a directional coupler, or a duplexer.

[0022] Optionally, the test parameters in the air test calibration database are obtained through at least one of the air test methods: orthogonal beam method, one-to-one switch measurement method, phase switching measurement method, and continuous projection method.

[0023] Optionally, the array antenna system further includes a signal source device for generating the source signal.

[0024] To further illustrate the purpose, technical features, and effects of this application, specific embodiments are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the drawings provided are for reference and illustration only and are not intended to limit this application. Attached Figure Description

[0025] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of the array antenna system of this application;

[0026] Figure 2A A schematic diagram of each path is provided for the path selection module of this application;

[0027] Figure 2B This is a schematic diagram showing that the path selection module of this application is a radio frequency switch;

[0028] Figure 2C This is a schematic diagram of the path selection module of this application being a directional coupler;

[0029] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of the array antenna system of this application; and

[0030] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a third embodiment of the array antenna system of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0031] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the "array antenna system with both air-to-air testing mechanism and circuit self-calibration mechanism" disclosed in this application, in conjunction with specific implementation methods and with reference to the accompanying drawings, provides further details. Those skilled in the art can understand the advantages and effects of this application from the content disclosed in this specification. This application can be implemented or applied through other different specific embodiments, and various details in this specification can also be modified and changed based on different viewpoints and applications without departing from the concept of this application. Furthermore, it should be stated in advance that the accompanying drawings of this application are for simple illustrative purposes only and are not depictions based on actual dimensions. Although this document provides examples of parameters containing specific values, it should be understood that the parameters do not need to be exactly equal to the corresponding values, but can approximate the corresponding values ​​within acceptable error tolerances or design constraints. In addition, unless the context clearly indicates or defines it, the meanings of "a," "the," and "the" in this application include the plural.

[0032] It should be understood that although terms such as "first," "second," etc., may be used herein to describe various components or signals, each described component or signal should not be limited by the foregoing terms, which are primarily used to distinguish one component from another or one signal from another. Furthermore, directional terms mentioned in subsequent embodiments, such as "up," "down," "front," "back," "left," and "right," are only for reference to the accompanying drawings. Therefore, the directional terms used are for illustrative purposes and not for limiting the scope of protection of this application. Additionally, the term "or" as used herein may, depending on the specific circumstances, include any combination of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0033] Furthermore, the terms "substantially" or "approximately" as used herein can refer to the average of a numerical or complex numerical value within a range of deviations from a particular value, which can be recognized or determined by those skilled in the art. This includes taking into account certain specific errors that may occur when measuring the particular value due to limitations of the measurement system or equipment. For example, a numerical value referred to "substantially" can include ±5%, ±3%, ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.1%, or one or more standard deviations of the particular value.

[0034] This application discloses an array antenna system that combines an air-to-air testing mechanism and a circuit self-calibration mechanism. During operation, the array antenna system S can obtain corresponding calibration information through the circuit self-calibration mechanism and, in conjunction with pre-stored test parameters obtained from the air-to-air testing mechanism, perform real-time and independent corrections under different environments and conditions to optimize the radiation characteristics of the array antenna system S, without requiring an air-to-air testing mechanism during actual use. Please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 1 As shown, in the first embodiment, the array antenna system S includes multiple antenna units T1, multiple radio frequency modules T2, a processing device 1, and multiple signal management modules 3. The antenna units T1 and radio frequency modules T2 can jointly form an antenna section T, and the antenna section T generally refers to any antenna architecture suitable for electromagnetic wave transmission.

[0035] For details, please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 1 As shown, the antenna unit T1 can be used to transmit and / or receive electromagnetic waves, and can be arranged in an array structure. The radio frequency module T2 can be electrically connected to the corresponding antenna unit T1. The radio frequency module T2 may contain active and passive electronic components to process and adjust radio frequency signals. Depending on the operational purpose of the antenna unit T1 (e.g., transmitting or receiving electromagnetic waves), the electronic components of the radio frequency module T2 can also be changed. For example, when the antenna unit T1 is used to transmit electromagnetic waves (i.e., when the array antenna system S operates in transmission mode), the active and passive electronic components in the radio frequency module T2 can form a transmit module to achieve beamforming, so that the array antenna system S can enhance the radiation pattern in a specific direction. The active electronic components of the transmit module typically include, but are not limited to, power amplifiers (PA), phase shifters (PS), and attenuators, while the passive electronic components may include, but are not limited to, resistors, capacitors, and filters.

[0036] Please refer to the above. Figure 1As shown, when the antenna unit T1 is used to receive electromagnetic waves (i.e., when the array antenna system S operates in receiving mode), the active and passive electronic components in the radio frequency module T2 can form a receiver module to enhance signal reception sensitivity in a specific direction and achieve beamforming requirements. The active electronic components of the receiver module typically include, but are not limited to, low-noise amplifiers (LANs), phasers (PS), and attenuators, while the passive electronic components may include, but are not limited to, resistors, capacitors, and filters. When the antenna unit T1 can both transmit and receive electromagnetic waves in practical applications, the active and passive electronic components in the radio frequency module T2 can form a transmitter module and a receiver module to support the switching requirements between the two operational uses.

[0037] Please refer to the following: Figure 1 As shown, in the first embodiment, the processing device 1 is electrically connected to each of the radio frequency modules T2 and each of the signal management modules 3 to transmit signals between the radio frequency modules T2 and the signal management modules 3, respectively. The processing device 1 can receive a source signal from a signal source device P and convert the source signal into a transmission signal. The source signal is either a baseband signal or an intermediate frequency (IF) signal; for ease of explanation, it will be referred to as either a baseband signal or an intermediate frequency signal thereafter. The transmission signal is a radio frequency (RF) signal. In other words, the processing device 1 has the ability to convert between baseband / IF signals and radio frequency signals. It is worth mentioning that, although... Figure 1 The processing device 1 is presented as a single device, but according to actual needs, the processing device 1 can also be composed of multiple devices to adapt to various production or application environments. Those skilled in the art can adjust the specific circuit architecture of the processing device 1 according to the following description.

[0038] Please refer to the above. Figure 1As shown, the processing device 1 includes an over-the-air (OTA) test calibration database 10, which stores test parameters obtained after the array antenna system S has undergone an over-the-air (OTA) test mechanism. The OTA test mechanism is primarily used to evaluate the radiation performance and reception capability of the array antenna system S in a wireless environment, ensuring that the array antenna system S meets expected requirements during actual operation. The method for obtaining the test parameters in the OTA test calibration database 10 is described here (but is not limited to this). During the OTA test mechanism, when the array antenna system S operates in transmit mode, an air measurement device 5 receives the radiated radio frequency (RF) signal from each antenna element T1 and transmits the RF signal to an analysis device (not shown in the figure); or, when the array antenna system S operates in receive mode, the air measurement device 5 emits a reference RF signal, which is received by each antenna element T1. Then, each antenna element T1 can transmit the signal directly or indirectly to the analysis device via its corresponding RF module T2. Furthermore, depending on actual needs, the processing device 1 in the array antenna system S can be used as the analysis device and possess the relevant functions of the analysis device. In other words, the analysis device mentioned later can be replaced by the processing device 1.

[0039] Please refer to the following: Figure 1 As shown, the analysis device can extract multiple signal features from the received radiated radio frequency signal and the reference radio frequency signal, including but not limited to one or more basic data such as phase, amplitude, frequency, and time delay. These basic data reflect the characteristic changes of the array antenna system S during signal reception or transmission. That is, each basic data point reveals the influence of the internal circuit components (e.g., radio frequency module T2) of the array antenna system S on the signal during operation. Subsequently, the analysis device can calculate corresponding test parameters (e.g., phase compensation value, gain adjustment value, or time delay compensation value) based on each basic data point. These test parameters can be used to correct the array antenna system S. It is worth mentioning that when performing the OTA testing mechanism, it is not limited to testing the entire array antenna system S, but can be performed on only the antenna part T. For example, the OTA testing mechanism can be performed during the production process of the antenna part T. Therefore, in some embodiments, when performing the OTA testing mechanism, the antenna part T can be electrically connected to the corresponding signal management module 3; or, in some embodiments, the antenna part T has not yet been electrically connected to the corresponding signal management module 3.

[0040] The OTA testing mechanism used in this application will be described herein, but this application is not limited to the following technical means. Furthermore, in the OTA testing mechanism, the radiated radio frequency signal emitted by the antenna T can originate from the processing device 1 or other devices, and the reference radio frequency signal emitted by the air measurement device 5 can also originate from the processing device 1 or other devices.

[0041] (1) Element-by-element on / off method:

[0042] When the antenna section T is in the transmission mode (i.e., the antenna element T1 is used to transmit electromagnetic waves), this method activates each antenna section T to be measured one by one and shuts down other antenna sections T that do not yet need to be measured, so that the air measurement device 5 receives the radiated radio frequency signal of the activated antenna section T and transmits the radiated radio frequency signal to the analysis device, so as to measure the radiation characteristics of the aforementioned activated antenna section T and extract basic data accordingly to further obtain the corresponding test parameters.

[0043] When the antenna unit T is in receiving mode (i.e., antenna element T1 is used to receive electromagnetic waves), this method activates each antenna unit T to be measured one by one, so that the activated antenna unit T receives the reference radio frequency signal emitted by the air measurement device 5, and transmits the reference radio frequency signal to the analysis device, so as to measure the receiving characteristics of the activated antenna unit T, and extract basic data accordingly to further obtain the corresponding test parameters.

[0044] (2) Phase toggling method:

[0045] When antenna T is in transmit mode, this method selects one antenna T as the measurement object. First, the airborne measurement device 5 receives radiated radio frequency signals from multiple antenna Ts and transmits these signals to the analysis device, allowing the analysis device to obtain a radiation field characteristic (i.e., overall radiation characteristic) of the multiple antenna Ts. Then, except for the selected antenna T, the phase of the radiated radio frequency signals emitted by the other antenna Ts changes by 180 degrees. Subsequently, the airborne measurement device 5 receives the radiated radio frequency signals from the multiple antenna Ts again and transmits them to the analysis device, allowing the analysis device to obtain another radiation field characteristic of the multiple antenna Ts. Finally, the analysis device adds the radiation field characteristic results obtained from the two measurements to cancel out the radiation contribution of the other antenna Ts, retaining only the radiation characteristic of the selected antenna T, and extracting basic data accordingly to further obtain the corresponding test parameters.

[0046] (3) Orthogonal beam method:

[0047] This method aims to improve transmission performance by utilizing the beam orthogonality of each antenna section T.

[0048] Beam orthogonality depends on the configuration of the radio frequency path and the excitation state of active electronic components (such as power amplifiers (PA) and phasers (PS)). When antenna section T is in transmit mode, each antenna section T must operate under normal operating conditions, that is, each antenna section T emits radiated radio frequency signals according to its normal excitation conditions. Furthermore, the airborne measurement device 5 receives the radiated radio frequency signals from each of the antenna sections T and transmits them to the analysis device. Then, the analysis device extracts the required basic data (such as phase and amplitude) from each received radiated radio frequency signal and calculates the beam orthogonality information of the antenna section T based on the aforementioned basic data to further obtain the corresponding test parameters.

[0049] (4) Successive Projection Method:

[0050] When antenna T is in transmit mode, this method simultaneously excites all antenna Ts, ensuring they all emit radiated radio frequency (RF) signals under normal operating conditions. Furthermore, the airborne measurement device 5 receives the radiated RF signals from each antenna T and transmits them to the analysis device. The analysis device extracts corresponding basic data and measures the RF power using a power detector or power meter. Based on the current RF power data, the analysis device calculates an excitation weight. Subsequently, each antenna T emits a radiated RF signal with the aforementioned excitation weight. The airborne measurement device 5 receives each radiated RF signal and transmits it again to the analysis device. The analysis device measures the RF power again using a power detector or power meter, compares the current RF power with the previous RF power, and adjusts the excitation weight based on the comparison result to optimize the weight value, thereby generating a new excitation weight. This process is repeated iteratively until the weight value is optimized. In other words, the analysis device obtains the corresponding test parameters (e.g., weight values) based on subsequent projection calculations for calibration.

[0051] When antenna section T is in receiving mode, the air measurement device 5 transmits a reference radio frequency (RF) signal to each antenna section T, ensuring that each antenna section T receives the reference RF signal during normal operation. Furthermore, each antenna section T transmits the reference RF signal to an analysis device. The analysis device extracts the corresponding basic data and measures the RF power using a power detector or power meter. Based on the current RF power data, the analysis device calculates a receiving weight. Then, each antenna section T receives the reference RF signal with the new receiving weight and transmits it to the analysis device again. The analysis device measures the RF power again using a power detector or power meter, compares the current RF power with the previous RF power, and adjusts the receiving weight based on the comparison result to optimize the weight value, thereby generating a new receiving weight. This process is repeated iteratively until the weight value is optimized. In other words, the analysis device obtains the corresponding test parameters (e.g., weight values) based on subsequent projection calculations for calibration.

[0052] In addition, for a further explanation of the circuit self-calibration mechanism in this application, please refer to [link / reference needed]. Figure 1 As shown, circuit self-calibration mechanisms typically involve two signal paths:

[0053] (1) Main radio frequency path:

[0054] When the array antenna system S is operating normally (in transmitting or receiving mode), the path taken by the aforementioned radio frequency (RF) signal during the process of the antenna unit T transmitting electromagnetic waves to the outside world or receiving electromagnetic waves from the outside world is as follows: Specifically, in transmitting mode, the processing device 1 transmits the RF signal to the antenna unit T1 via the RF module T2, and the antenna unit T1 then transmits electromagnetic waves outward. The aforementioned path is the main RF path in the transmitting mode. In receiving mode, after the antenna unit T1 receives the electromagnetic waves, it transmits the RF signal to the processing device 1 via the RF module T2. The aforementioned path is the main RF path in the receiving mode.

[0055] (2) Circuit self-calibration path:

[0056] The array antenna system S requires an additional path during self-calibration. Specifically, in transmit mode, the signal management module 3 can divert a portion of the radio frequency signal from the main radio frequency path of the antenna section T and transmit the diverted portion of the radio frequency signal to the processing device 1. The path used to transmit the diverted radio frequency signal is the main radio frequency path in transmit mode. In receive mode, the processing device 1 transmits the transmission signal to the signal management module 3 so that the signal management module 3 can guide at least a portion of the radio frequency signal of the transmission signal into the main radio frequency path in receive mode. The path through which the processing device 1 transmits the transmission signal to the signal management module 3 is the main radio frequency path in receive mode.

[0057] Furthermore, please refer to [the relevant documents / references]. Figure 1 As shown, the signal management module 3 serves as the junction between the main RF path and the circuit self-calibration path. It can be a directional coupler or a power divider, used to divert RF signals from the main RF path and import them into the circuit self-calibration path; or to divert RF signals from the circuit self-calibration path and import them into the main RF path. Furthermore, when the signal management module 3 diverts a portion of the RF signal, the diversion process does not significantly affect the RF signal in the main RF path, ensuring the normal operation of the antenna section T.

[0058] For details, please refer to [link / reference]. Figure 1 As shown, in the first embodiment, the signal management module 3 is a directional coupler and can be located between the antenna unit T1 and the radio frequency module T2. When the antenna unit T1 is used to transmit electromagnetic waves, the transmission signal flows from the radio frequency module T2 to the antenna unit T1, and the signal management module 3 will shunt (couple) a portion of the radio frequency signal from the transmission signal and transmit the shunted portion of the radio frequency signal to the processing device 1. At this time, the shunted portion of the radio frequency signal can already reflect its influence from the radio frequency module T2. When the antenna unit T1 is used to receive electromagnetic waves, at least a portion of the radio frequency signal of the transmission signal will be introduced to the antenna unit T via the signal management module 3 and will flow through the radio frequency module T2 to be transmitted to the processing device 1. At this time, the introduced portion of the radio frequency signal can already reflect its influence from the radio frequency module T2.

[0059] Please refer to the above. Figure 1As shown, the processing device 1 can convert the received radio frequency (RF) signals into signals to be analyzed, and the nature of the signals to be analyzed is a fundamental frequency (FFM) / intermediate frequency (IF) signal. The aforementioned "received RF signal" includes the shunted portion of the RF signal transmitted by the signal management module 3, and the imported portion of the RF signal transmitted by the RF module T2. Furthermore, the processing device 1 can extract the signal characteristics of the signals to be analyzed and perform analysis and calculation on each of the basic data (e.g., evaluate the difference between the aforementioned basic data and the expected performance) to further obtain one or more calibration information such as phase deviation, gain, frequency response, radiation pattern characteristics, time delay compensation, and coupling coefficients. Thus, the processing device 1 can calculate each required calibration information based on the signal to be analyzed and the contents of the air-to-air test calibration database 10 (e.g., test parameters). That is, the processing device 1 can calculate the calibration information required for the air-to-air test mechanism and the calibration information required for the circuit self-calibration mechanism, and combine the two calibration information to calculate the final calibration parameters for calibrating the array antenna system S. Therefore, during actual operation, the array antenna system S can independently obtain the final calibration parameters and perform real-time calibration, ensuring that the array antenna system S meets the expected specifications and performance of those skilled in the art or users, without requiring another air-to-air test during actual operation, greatly improving the convenience and accuracy of calibration.

[0060] The following describes various embodiments of the array antenna system S. It is specifically stated that the wiring between components in the drawings of this application is merely illustrative, intended to show signal transmission paths, and not a detailed depiction of actual connections. For the first embodiment, please refer again to... Figure 1 As shown, the processing device 1 includes an up-down converter 11 (UDC) and a signal processing module 13. The up-down converter 11 can convert between baseband / IF signals and radio frequency signals, and can be electrically connected to the radio frequency module T2 and the signal management module 3. Furthermore, the up-down converter 11 includes an up-frequency unit and a down-frequency unit. The up-frequency unit can convert baseband / IF signals into radio frequency signals, and the down-frequency unit can convert radio frequency signals into baseband / IF signals. The signal processing module 13 is used to analyze and process the signal to be analyzed to obtain corresponding calibration information.

[0061] In some embodiments, the up-down converter 11 can be split into two independent components (e.g., Figure 2A The frequency upconverter 111 and frequency downconverter 113 are not limited to a single component. The frequency upconverter 111 is equivalent to the aforementioned frequency upconverting unit, capable of converting the source signal into a transmission signal; the frequency downconverter 113 is equivalent to the aforementioned frequency downconverting unit, capable of converting a portion of the RF signal that is shunted out or introduced into the corresponding signal to be analyzed. Depending on actual needs, the frequency upconverter 111 can be a block upconverter module (BUC), and the frequency downconverter 113 can be a block downconverter module (BDC). It should be specifically noted that the frequency upconverters mentioned in subsequent embodiments can be replaced with independent frequency upconverters and frequency downconverters. If the name is "first frequency upconverter," then the connection relationship and function with other components can be replaced with "first frequency upconverter and first frequency downconverter"; if the name is "second frequency upconverter," then the connection relationship and function with other components can be replaced with "second frequency upconverter and second frequency downconverter," and so on. Therefore, they are not specifically specified one by one.

[0062] Furthermore, to simplify hardware requirements and reduce design and maintenance complexity, the processing device 1 can output and receive signals using a single RF port 14. Specifically, to clearly illustrate the connection relationships and signal transmission relationships of the various components in the array antenna system S, separate connection lines for the main RF path and the circuit self-calibration path are depicted on the diagram. However, these paths ultimately converge near the processing device 1 and enter the processing device 1 through a single RF port 14 (e.g., ...). Figure 1 (as shown), and is processed by the up-down converter 11. The second and third embodiments mentioned later in this application can also adopt the aforementioned single RF port 14 design.

[0063] Please refer to the above. Figures 1 to 2A As shown, in order to correctly process the signal, the processing device 1 further includes a path selection module 15. Depending on the first embodiment or its variations, the path selection module 15 can be electrically connected to the up-conversion unit 111 and the down-conversion unit 113, or the path selection module 15 can be electrically connected to the up-conversion converter 11. It can connect the up-conversion unit 111 and the down-conversion unit 113 (or the up-conversion converter 11) to the corresponding main RF path and circuit self-calibration path according to the operating mode (transmit mode or receive mode) of the antenna section T. Furthermore, depending on the operating mode of the array antenna system S, the main RF path and circuit self-calibration path can be subdivided in the following ways, and the path selection module 15 has the ability to switch to any of the following paths:

[0064] (1) Normal transmission path TX:

[0065] In the transmission mode, the transmission signal is transmitted from the up-conversion unit 111 (or the up-conversion unit of the up-conversion converter 11) to the path on the radio frequency module T2;

[0066] (2) Transmitter circuit self-calibration path TX-S:

[0067] In the transmission mode, a portion of the RF signal that is diverted is transmitted from the signal management module 3 to the down-converter 113 (or the down-converter unit of the up-down converter 11) via the path of the down-converter 11.

[0068] (3) Normal receive path RX:

[0069] In the receiving mode, a portion of the radio frequency signal is transmitted from the radio frequency module T2 to the down-converter 113 (or the down-converter unit of the up-down converter 11);

[0070] (4) Receiver circuit self-calibration path RX-S:

[0071] In the receiving mode, the transmission signal is transmitted from the up-converter 111 (or the up-converter unit of the up-converter 11) to the signal management module 3.

[0072] Depending on actual needs, the path selection module 15 is not limited to Figure 2A The path selection module 15 is a single component. In some embodiments, it can be a combination of multiple independent components; please refer to [link to relevant documentation]. Figure 2B As shown, the path selection module 15 can be in the form of an RF switch, one end of which can be electrically connected to the upsampling unit 111, and the other end of which can switch between the "normal transmit path TX" and the "receive circuit self-calibration path RX-S" to control the direction of the transmitted signal. Alternatively, in some embodiments, please refer to... Figure 2C As shown, the path selection module 15 can be in the form of a directional coupler or a diplexer, and it is disposed between the down-conversion unit 113 and the "normal receiving path RX" and the "transmitter circuit self-calibration path TX-S" to control the flow of a portion of the radio frequency signal. Furthermore, the aforementioned... Figure 2B The path selection module 15 can be replaced with a directional coupler or a duplexer, similarly, the aforementioned Figure 2C The path selection module 15 can also be replaced with an RF switch. Therefore, in the first embodiment, the main RF path and the circuit self-calibration path can share the same up-down converter 11, or share the same up-converter 111 and down-converter 113.

[0073] In the second embodiment, which differs from the first embodiment, the main RF path and the circuit self-calibration path each have their own up-down converters, or each have their own up-conversion and down-conversion converters. For ease of explanation, these are omitted from the diagrams. Figure 1 The signal source device P, RF port 14, and air measurement device 5 are described, with only the new components renumbered; components with the same function retain their original numbers and are not described in detail. Please refer to Figure 3 As shown, the processing device 1 includes a first up-down converter 11', a second up-down converter 11"', the signal processing module 13, and the over-the-air test calibration database 10. The first up-down converter 11'' operates on the main radio frequency path, the second up-down converter 11"' operates on the circuit self-calibration path, and the signal processing module 13 can be electrically connected to the first up-down converter 11'', the second up-down converter 11"', and the over-the-air test calibration database 10, respectively.

[0074] Please refer to the above. Figure 3 As shown, the first up-down converter 11' is electrically connected to each of the radio frequency modules T2 so that it can transmit signals to each of the radio frequency modules T2. Specifically, the up-up unit of the first up-down converter 11' can transmit radio frequency signals (e.g., transmission signals) to each of the radio frequency modules T2; the down-down unit of the first up-down converter 11' can receive radio frequency signals from each of the radio frequency modules T2. Furthermore, the second up-down converter 11” is electrically connected to each of the signal management modules 3 to transmit signals with each of the signal management modules 3. Specifically, the up-up unit of the second up-down converter 11” can transmit radio frequency signals (e.g., transmission signals) to each of the signal management modules 3; the down-up unit of the second up-down converter 11” can receive radio frequency signals from each of the signal management modules 3. Furthermore, the signal processing module 13 can transmit the source signal to the first up-down converter 11' or the second up-down converter 11” to convert it into the corresponding transmission signal; and can receive the signal to be analyzed from the first up-down converter 11' or the second up-down converter 11”, and calculate the required calibration information for each of the signals to be analyzed and the contents of the air test calibration database 10, and then combine them to calculate the final calibration parameters.

[0075] In the third embodiment, which differs from the first embodiment, the processing device 1 further includes a power detector 17 for measuring the radio frequency power value affected by the radio frequency module T2. (For ease of explanation, the drawing is omitted.) Figure 1 The signal source device P, RF port 14, and air measurement device 5 are described, with only the new components renumbered; components with the same function retain their original numbers and are not described in detail. Please refer to Figure 4 As shown, the processing device 1 includes the up-down converter 11, the signal processing module 13, the air-to-air test calibration database 10, and a power detector 17. The power detector 17 receives a portion of the radio frequency (RF) signal from the signal management module 3 to measure the RF power value of each antenna section T. Therefore, the signal processing module 13 receives the signal to be analyzed from the up-down converter 11 and the RF power value from the power detector 17, and analyzes and calculates the signal to be analyzed and the RF power value to obtain corresponding calibration information. Then, it can combine the calibration information calculated based on the air-to-air test calibration database 10 to calculate the final calibration parameters. Thus, by analyzing the magnitude of the RF power value affected by the RF module T2, it is possible to assess whether the transmit power of the antenna section T meets the expected standard. Therefore, when the purpose of adjustment is only to ensure that the radio frequency module T2 (or antenna T) meets the expected transmit power requirements, the corresponding calibration information can be obtained by measuring the power detector 17 to perform basic power correction without involving phase information. This reduces the design complexity of the processing device 1 (since there is no need to consider and analyze the calibration requirements of phase and amplitude), thereby reducing costs and shortening the computation time.

[0076] In conclusion, please refer to the following: Figure 1 As shown, the array antenna system S possesses both an air-to-air testing mechanism and a circuit self-calibration mechanism. The air-to-air testing mechanism pre-tests the array antenna system S and stores the test results (test parameters) in the air-to-air testing and calibration database 10. The circuit self-calibration mechanism executes after the array antenna system S is actually in operation. It measures key parameters in the circuit, including but not limited to phase, gain, and output power. These measurements are independent of the external wireless environment and can be performed under any temperature and time conditions to obtain the corresponding signal to be analyzed. Since the test parameters and the signal to be analyzed are related, corresponding control parameters and signals (final calibration parameters) can be generated through calculation to adjust the characteristics of the RF module T2 and optimize the radiation characteristics of the antenna section T. Thus, the array antenna system S achieves the following effects and advantages:

[0077] (1) The signal management module 3 (e.g., directional coupler or power divider) is used to provide the data required for calibration, which realizes an efficient data collection process. During the measurement process, not only can basic data be obtained, but also the required calibration information can be calculated, which helps the array antenna system S to perform real-time calibration during use.

[0078] (2) Signals from both the main RF path and the circuit self-calibration path can be output and received through a single RF port, reducing the difficulty of design and maintenance.

[0079] (3) The array antenna system S can measure the transmitting or receiving antenna section T regardless of time or temperature, so as to analyze and calculate the calibration information, ensuring that the signal data of the array antenna system S or at least the antenna section T can meet the design specifications and can perform stably and reliably in actual operation.

[0080] The above description is merely a preferred and feasible embodiment of this application and does not limit the scope of protection of the claims of this application. Therefore, any equivalent changes that can be conceived by those skilled in the art based on the technical content disclosed in this application without creative effort should be included within the scope of protection of the claims of this application.

Claims

1. An array antenna system that combines an in-flight testing mechanism and a circuit self-calibration mechanism, characterized in that, The array antenna system includes: Multiple antenna elements are arranged in an array structure; Multiple radio frequency modules are electrically connected to each of the antenna units; A processing device, electrically connected to each of the aforementioned radio frequency modules, is capable of receiving source signals of a fundamental frequency / intermediate frequency nature and converting them into transmission signals of a radio frequency nature. The processing device includes an air-to-air test calibration database, which stores test parameters obtained after the array antenna system has undergone prior air-to-air testing. Multiple signal management modules are respectively disposed between each of the corresponding antenna units and each of the radio frequency modules, and can be electrically connected to the processing device respectively. They are used to shunt or import radio frequency signals to form a circuit self-calibration mechanism. When the array antenna system operates in transmission mode, the processing device can transmit multiple transmission signals to each of the radio frequency modules respectively, and each of the signal management modules can divert a portion of the radio frequency signal from each of the transmission signals in the corresponding main radio frequency path, and transmit the diverted portion of the radio frequency signal to the processing device via the circuit self-calibration path. The processing device can convert the diverted portion of the radio frequency signal into a corresponding signal to be analyzed, and calculate each of the required calibration information according to the signal to be analyzed and the contents of the air test calibration database, and then combine them to calculate the final calibration parameters. When the array antenna system operates in receiving mode, the processing device can transmit multiple transmission signals to each signal management module via corresponding circuit self-calibration paths. Each signal management module can import at least a portion of the radio frequency (RF) signal from each transmission signal into the corresponding main RF path. The RF module will transmit the imported portion of the RF signal to the processing device. The processing device can convert the imported portion of the RF signal into the corresponding signal to be analyzed, and calculate each required calibration information according to the signal to be analyzed and the contents of the air test calibration database, and then combine them to calculate the final calibration parameters.

2. The array antenna system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The processing apparatus includes: An upsampling unit is used to convert baseband / intermediate frequency signals into radio frequency signals; A downconverter is used to convert radio frequency signals into base frequency / intermediate frequency signals; and A signal processing module is electrically connected to the up-conversion unit, the down-conversion unit, and the air-to-air test calibration database, and can analyze and process each of the signals to be analyzed and the contents of the air-to-air test calibration database to obtain the corresponding calibration information for each signal.

3. The array antenna system according to claim 2, characterized in that, The up-converter and the down-converter are integrated into a single up-down converter.

4. The array antenna system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The processing apparatus includes: A first upsampling unit is used to convert the base frequency / intermediate frequency signal into a radio frequency signal, and in the circuit self-calibration mechanism, it acts on the main radio frequency path to transmit the transmitted signal to each of the corresponding radio frequency modules; A first down-conversion unit is used to convert the radio frequency signal into a base frequency / intermediate frequency signal, and in the circuit self-calibration mechanism, it acts on the main radio frequency path to receive the imported portion of the radio frequency signal from each of the radio frequency modules; A second upsampling unit is used to convert the base frequency / intermediate frequency signal into a radio frequency signal, and in the circuit self-calibration mechanism, it acts on the circuit self-calibration path to transmit the transmitted signal to each of the corresponding signal management modules; A second down-conversion unit is used to convert the radio frequency signal into a base frequency / intermediate frequency signal, and in the circuit self-calibration mechanism, it acts on the circuit self-calibration path to receive a portion of the radio frequency signal shunted from each of the signal management modules; and A signal processing module is electrically connected to the first up-frequency converter, the first down-frequency converter, the second up-frequency converter, the second down-frequency converter and the air test calibration database, and can analyze and calculate each of the signals to be analyzed and the contents of the air test calibration database to obtain the corresponding calibration information.

5. The array antenna system according to claim 4, characterized in that, The first up converter and the first down converter are integrated into a first up-down converter; the second up converter and the second down converter are integrated into a second up-down converter.

6. The array antenna system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The processing apparatus includes: An upsampling unit is used to convert baseband / intermediate frequency signals into radio frequency signals; A frequency downconverter is used to convert radio frequency signals into base frequency / intermediate frequency signals; A power detector is used to receive a portion of the radio frequency signal transmitted from the signal management module, so as to measure and obtain the corresponding radio frequency power value; and A signal processing module is electrically connected to the up-conversion unit, the down-conversion unit, the RF power value, and the over-the-air test calibration database. It can analyze and calculate each of the signals to be analyzed, the RF power value, and the contents of the over-the-air test calibration database to obtain the corresponding calibration information.

7. The array antenna system according to claim 6, characterized in that, The up-converter and the down-converter are integrated into a single up-down converter.

8. The array antenna system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The signal management module is a directional coupler or a power divider.

9. The array antenna system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The processing device further includes a path selection module, and in the circuit self-calibration mechanism, the main radio frequency path can be divided into a normal transmission path and a normal reception path, and the circuit self-calibration path can be divided into a transmission circuit self-calibration path and a reception circuit self-calibration path. The processing device, through the path selection module, transmits the transmission signal to each of the radio frequency modules via the normal transmission path, or transmits the transmission signal to each of the signal management modules via the reception circuit self-calibration path, or receives a portion of the radio frequency signal that has been introduced from each of the radio frequency modules via the normal reception path, or receives a portion of the radio frequency signal that has been diverted from each of the signal management modules via the transmission circuit self-calibration path.

10. The array antenna system according to claim 9, characterized in that, In the circuit self-calibration mechanism, the signals from the normal transmission path, the normal reception path, the transmission circuit self-calibration path, and the reception circuit self-calibration path all enter and exit the processing device through a single radio frequency port.

11. The array antenna system according to claim 9, characterized in that, The path selection module is a radio frequency switch, a directional coupler, or a duplexer.

12. The array antenna system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The test parameters in the air test calibration database are obtained through at least one of the air test methods: orthogonal beam method, one-to-one switch measurement method, phase switching measurement method, and continuous projection method.

13. The array antenna system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The array antenna system further includes a signal source device for generating the source signal.

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