A method for differentiated fertilization of highland barley in lhasa extreme alpine region

Abstract

This invention belongs to the field of crop planting and fertilization technology, and discloses a nitrogen-dominant differentiated fertilization method for highland barley in the extreme cold region of Lhasa, including the following steps: S1, dividing the planting field into low-yield fields, medium-yield fields, and high-yield fields; S2, the total pure nitrogen application rate for low-yield fields, medium-yield fields, and high-yield fields is 105~135 kg / hm², 90~105 kg / hm², and 75~90 kg / hm², respectively. kg / hm²; S3, apply 40%~50% basal fertilizer before sowing, apply 30%~35% quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer during tillering, and apply 20%~25% quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer during jointing; This invention is a nitrogen-based, differentiated fertilization scheme adapted to different soil fertility levels, achieving precise nitrogen fertilizer regulation and improving nitrogen utilization, taking into account both high and stable yields of barley and soil fertility maintenance, adapting to the ecological and soil conditions of the extreme cold region of Lhasa, and solving the problem of low temperature inhibiting nitrogen mineralization in cold regions and the inability to meet the nitrogen needs of barley in different soil fertility plots, resulting in inefficient fertilization.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of crop planting and fertilization technology, specifically a nitrogen-dominant differentiated fertilization method for highland barley in the extreme cold region of Lhasa. Background Technology

[0002] Highland barley is a major food crop in the extremely cold region of Lhasa. The region's unique climate, characterized by prolonged periods of low temperatures and large diurnal temperature variations, results in a significantly lower rate of soil nitrogen mineralization compared to temperate regions. Insufficient nitrogen availability is the core bottleneck restricting high and stable barley yields. Furthermore, there are significant differences in basic soil fertility across different plots in Lhasa. Low-yield, medium-yield, and high-yield fields exhibit marked differences in soil nitrogen reserves, fertilizer retention capacity, and barley nitrogen absorption efficiency, necessitating targeted fertilization programs.

[0003] Existing barley fertilization techniques mostly adopt the general soil testing and formula fertilization model, which does not fully consider the special ecological conditions of "low temperature inhibiting nitrogen mineralization" in the extreme high-altitude and cold region of Lhasa. This results in problems such as unreasonable timing of nitrogen fertilizer application and mismatch between the amount and soil fertility: insufficient nitrogen fertilizer application in low-yield fields cannot make up for the shortness of soil nitrogen mineralization, resulting in a lack of nutrients for barley growth; excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in high-yield fields not only wastes nitrogen and increases planting costs, but also easily leads to problems such as soil compaction and environmental pollution; and the lack of nutrient-ecological synergistic regulation in medium-fertility fields results in low nitrogen utilization rate, making it difficult to balance yield improvement and soil sustainability.

[0004] Existing patents (such as CN118830376A) disclose methods for reducing nitrogen fertilizer application and increasing efficiency in spring barley, which are mainly suitable for the river valley agricultural areas of Tibet. They do not focus on the low-temperature environment of the extreme cold region of Lhasa, nor do they optimize nitrogen fertilizer application parameters and differentiated control logic for the scenario of low temperature inhibiting nitrogen mineralization. Therefore, they cannot meet the growth needs of barley in different soil plots in this region. Thus, developing a differentiated fertilization method that fits the characteristics of the extreme cold region of Lhasa and is dominated by nitrogen fertilizer has important practical value and promotion significance. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention aims to provide a nitrogen-dominant differentiated fertilization method for barley in the extreme cold region of Lhasa. This method uses nitrogen fertilizer as the main component and adapts to different soil fertility levels to achieve precise nitrogen fertilizer control, improve nitrogen utilization efficiency, balance high and stable barley yields with soil fertility maintenance, and is adapted to the ecological and soil conditions of the extreme cold region of Lhasa. It solves the problems of low temperature inhibiting nitrogen mineralization in the cold region and the inefficiency of fertilization caused by the inability to meet the nitrogen needs of barley in different soil fertility plots.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0007] A nitrogen-dominant differentiated fertilization method for barley in the extremely cold region of Lhasa includes the following steps:

[0008] S1, Soil basic fertility classification:

[0009] Using the "3414" experimental method combined with the target yield of highland barley, the planting fields were divided into low-yield fields, medium-yield fields, and high-yield fields;

[0010] S2. Differentiated Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rate Setting:

[0011] The total amount of pure nitrogen used in low-yield fields is 105~135 kg / hm², the total amount of pure nitrogen used in medium-yield fields is 90~105 kg / hm², and the total amount of pure nitrogen used in high-yield fields is 75~90 kg / hm².

[0012] S3. Phased application:

[0013] Apply basal fertilizer before sowing, with pure nitrogen accounting for 40% to 50% of the total amount. Apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer accounting for 30% to 35% of the total amount of pure nitrogen during the tillering stage and 20% to 25% of the total amount of pure nitrogen during the jointing stage.

[0014] Furthermore, in step S1, the target yield for low-yield fields is <2250 kg / hm² and the soil available nitrogen is <60 mg / kg; the target yield for medium-yield fields is 2250~3000 kg / hm² and the soil available nitrogen is 60~90 mg / kg; and the target yield for high-yield fields is >3000 kg / hm² and the soil available nitrogen is >90 mg / kg.

[0015] Furthermore, in step S3, for medium-yield and high-yield fields, the base fertilizer includes slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, well-rotted organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer. The amount of well-rotted organic fertilizer is 22.5~30 t / hm²; the amount of phosphate fertilizer is P2O5, which is 60~90 kg / hm²; and the amount of potassium fertilizer is K2O, which is 45~75 kg / hm².

[0016] Furthermore, in step S3, for low-yield fields, the base fertilizer includes slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, well-rotted organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, and cold-resistant nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The amount of well-rotted organic fertilizer is 24-30 t / hm²; the amount of phosphate fertilizer is P2O5, which is 75-90 kg / hm²; the amount of potassium fertilizer is K2O, which is 55-75 kg / hm²; and the amount of cold-resistant nitrogen-fixing bacteria is 10-18 kg / hm².

[0017] Furthermore, in step S3, basal fertilizer is applied in strips 7-10 days before sowing, at a depth of 15-20 cm; topdressing is applied in holes and covered with soil after application.

[0018] The principles and beneficial effects of the technical solution are as follows:

[0019] 1. The fertilization method provided by this invention is highly targeted and adapted to extreme cold environments: focusing on the special scenario of low temperature inhibiting nitrogen mineralization in the extreme cold region of Lhasa, it optimizes application parameters with nitrogen fertilizer as the main factor, solves the problem of poor adaptability of existing general fertilization schemes, and significantly improves nitrogen utilization rate (10%~15% higher than conventional fertilization).

[0020] 2. The fertilization method provided by this invention provides differentiated regulation that takes into account various types of plots: Based on the basic soil fertility classification, personalized nitrogen fertilizer dosage and application plans are set for low-yield, medium-yield, and high-yield fields. Nitrogen is increased in low-yield fields to make up for deficiencies, nitrogen is controlled in high-yield fields to reduce waste, and medium-yield fields are optimized in a coordinated manner, so as to achieve high and stable yields of barley in various plots. The yield of barley in low-yield fields can be increased by more than 10%, and the yield in high-yield fields can be maintained at more than 3,000 kg / hm².

[0021] 3. The fertilization method provided by this invention is highly practical and easy to promote: the fertilization plan is in line with the local agricultural production conditions in Lhasa, the fertilizers used (slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer) are easy to obtain, the application method is compatible with existing farming operations, no new special equipment is required, and it is suitable for large-scale promotion and application.

[0022] 4. The fertilization method provided by this invention is eco-friendly and maintains soil fertility: by precisely regulating nitrogen fertilizer and using organic fertilizer and microbial agents in combination, nitrogen loss and environmental pollution are reduced, while the physical and chemical properties of the soil are improved, the soil's ability to retain fertilizer and supply nitrogen is enhanced, and the synergy between barley planting and sustainable soil development is achieved. Attached Figure Description

[0023] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the soil fertility classification process for barley fields in the extreme cold region of Lhasa, as described in this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0024] The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments:

[0025] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies that use general soil testing and formula fertilization, which fail to adapt to the low-temperature-induced nitrogen mineralization characteristics of the extreme cold region of Lhasa and cannot meet the nitrogen requirements of barley in different soil fertility plots, this invention provides a nitrogen-dominant differentiated fertilization method for barley in the extreme cold region of Lhasa. This method uses nitrogen fertilizer as the main component and is adapted to different soil fertility levels, achieving precise nitrogen fertilizer regulation, improving nitrogen utilization efficiency, and balancing high and stable barley yields with soil fertility maintenance. It is suitable for the ecological and soil conditions of the extreme cold region of Lhasa.

[0026] Specifically, the following steps are included:

[0027] S1, Soil basic fertility classification:

[0028] Using the "3414" experimental method combined with the target yield of highland barley, the planting fields were divided into low-yield, medium-yield, and high-yield fields. The grading standards were as follows: low-yield fields had a target highland barley yield < 2250 kg / hm² and soil available nitrogen content < 60 mg / kg; medium-yield fields had a target highland barley yield of 2250–3000 kg / hm² and soil available nitrogen content of 60–90 mg / kg; and high-yield fields had a target highland barley yield > 3000 kg / hm² and soil available nitrogen content > 90 mg / kg. The soil fertility grading flowchart is shown below. Figure 1 As shown, the general process is as follows: sampling and testing, 3414 test, soil fertility classification, and matching fertilization plan;

[0029] S2. Differentiated Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rate Setting:

[0030] Using pure nitrogen as the core control indicator, and combining it with the nitrogen mineralization coefficient (0.3~0.5) under low-temperature conditions, the total amount and application ratio of nitrogen fertilizer for each grade of land parcel were determined:

[0031] Low-yield fields: Total pure nitrogen application is 105~135 kg / hm², which is 1.2~1.5 times higher than the local conventional nitrogen application rate, to make up for insufficient nitrogen mineralization caused by low temperature;

[0032] Medium-yield fields: Total pure nitrogen application rate is 90~105 kg / hm², taking into account nitrogen supply and utilization rate, and adapting to soil nitrogen reserves and barley fertilizer requirements;

[0033] High-yield fields: Total pure nitrogen application rate is 75~90 kg / hm². Nitrogen should be moderately controlled to avoid excessive nitrogen waste and soil pollution. Organic fertilizers should be used to enhance the long-term nitrogen supply capacity.

[0034] S3. Phased application:

[0035] Based on the growth stages (sowing, tillering, and jointing stages) and low-temperature distribution characteristics of barley in the extreme cold region of Lhasa, the timing of nitrogen fertilizer application should be optimized to avoid nitrogen fixation caused by concentrated fertilization during periods of low temperatures.

[0036] Base fertilizer: Apply base fertilizer in strips 7-10 days before sowing, at a depth of 15-20 cm; pure nitrogen should account for 40%-50% of the total amount, using slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, combined with well-rotted organic fertilizer (24-30 t / hm² for low-yield fields, 22.5-30 t / hm² for medium and high-yield fields) to improve soil fertility retention, delay nitrogen release, and meet the slow mineralization needs of nitrogen during low-temperature periods; appropriate amounts of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be added to all grades of plots, with phosphorus fertilizer (calculated as P2O5, 75-90 kg / hm² for low-yield fields, 60-90 kg / hm² for medium and high-yield fields) and potassium fertilizer (calculated as K2O, 55-75 kg / hm² for low-yield fields, 45-75 kg / hm² for medium and high-yield fields) respectively. All fertilizers (kg / hm²) are applied as base fertilizer in one application. For low-yield fields, an additional 10-18 kg / hm² of cold-resistant nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Bacillus / Pseudomonas compound bacteria) is applied in combination with the base fertilizer to promote soil nitrogen activation and help improve nitrogen utilization.

[0037] Topdressing: Apply in two applications. Apply 30%-35% (pure nitrogen percentage of total application) during the tillering stage (3-4 leaf stage of barley) and 20%-25% (pure nitrogen percentage of total application) during the jointing stage. Use fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer (urea) for both applications, avoiding periods of low temperature and freezing damage, to ensure sufficient nitrogen supply during the key growth stages of barley. Topdressing should be applied in holes and covered with soil after application.

[0038] Application method: Base fertilizer is applied in strips at a depth of 15-20 cm to avoid nitrogen loss on the surface; topdressing is applied in holes and covered with soil after application to reduce nitrogen volatilization and improve absorption efficiency.

[0039] Example 1: Fertilization Implementation in Low-Yield Fields

[0040] The experimental plot is located in Linzhou County, Lhasa City, which is an extremely cold region. The soil type is black felt soil, and it was tested to be a low-yield field: the soil available nitrogen content is 58 mg / kg, and the target yield of highland barley is 2100 kg / hm².

[0041] The fertilization plan is as follows:

[0042] Nitrogen fertilizer: The total amount of pure nitrogen used is 110 kg / hm², using a combination of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (46% nitrogen content) and urea (46% nitrogen content). The base fertilizer application is 95.65 kg / hm² of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (equivalent to 44 kg / hm² of pure nitrogen, accounting for 40% of the total nitrogen). During the tillering stage, 83.7 kg / hm² of urea is applied as topdressing (equivalent to 38.5 kg / hm² of pure nitrogen, accounting for 35% of the total nitrogen). During the jointing stage, 59.78 kg / hm² of urea is applied as topdressing (equivalent to 27.5 kg / hm² of pure nitrogen, accounting for 25% of the total nitrogen).

[0043] Base fertilizer application: 27 t / hm² of well-rotted organic fertilizer, 75 kg / hm² of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), 60 kg / hm² of potassium fertilizer (K2O), and 18 kg / hm² of Bacillus / Pseudomonas compound microbial agent, mixed with slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and applied in strips at a depth of 18 cm.

[0044] Field management: The sowing variety is "Zangqing 2000", the sowing rate is 225 kg / hm², and other field management (irrigation, weeding, pest and disease control) adopts local conventional measures.

[0045] Experimental results: The measured yield of barley at maturity was 2352 kg / hm², which is 12% higher than that of conventional general fertilization schemes. Nitrogen utilization rate increased by 8%, soil available nitrogen content increased by 18 mg / kg compared with that before sowing, and soil fertilizer retention capacity was significantly improved.

[0046] Example 2: Fertilization Implementation in Medium-Yield Fields

[0047] The experimental plot is located in Mozhugongka County, Lhasa City, which is an extremely cold region. The soil type is black felt soil, and it was tested to be a medium-yield field: the soil available nitrogen content is 86 mg / kg, and the target yield of highland barley is 2600 kg / hm².

[0048] The fertilization plan is as follows:

[0049] Nitrogen fertilizer: The total amount of pure nitrogen used is 100 kg / hm². Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (46% nitrogen content) and urea (46% nitrogen content) are used in combination. The base fertilizer application is 97.83 kg / hm² of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (equivalent to 45 kg / hm² of pure nitrogen, accounting for 45% of the total nitrogen content). The top dressing of urea during the tillering stage is 71.74 kg / hm² of urea (equivalent to 33 kg / hm² of pure nitrogen, accounting for 33% of the total nitrogen content). The top dressing of urea during the jointing stage is 47.83 kg / hm² of urea (equivalent to 22 kg / hm² of pure nitrogen, accounting for 22% of the total nitrogen content).

[0050] Base fertilizer application: 24 t / hm² of well-rotted organic fertilizer, 80 kg / hm² of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and 55 kg / hm² of potassium fertilizer (K2O), mixed with slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and applied in strips at a depth of 16 cm;

[0051] Field management: The seeding variety is "Zangqing 2000", the seeding rate is 240 kg / hm², and other field management adopts local conventional measures.

[0052] Experimental results: The measured yield of highland barley at maturity was 2780 kg / hm², which is 10% higher than the conventional general fertilization scheme and the nitrogen utilization rate is increased by 10%. Combined with the characteristics of soil organic matter of 23.2 g / kg and available nitrogen of 86 mg / kg, precise nitrogen control and fertilization can achieve stable yield increase while reducing nitrogen waste and maintaining soil fertility in medium-yielding fields of black felt soil in extreme high-altitude and cold regions.

[0053] Example 3: Fertilization Implementation in High-Yield Fields

[0054] The experimental plot is located in Linzhou County, Lhasa City, which is an extremely cold region. The soil type is cold calcareous soil, and it has been tested to be a high-yield field: the soil available nitrogen content is 117 mg / kg, and the target yield of highland barley is 3225 kg / hm².

[0055] The fertilization plan is as follows:

[0056] Nitrogen fertilizer: The total amount of pure nitrogen used is 85 kg / hm². Slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (46% nitrogen content) and urea (46% nitrogen content) are used in combination. The base fertilizer application is 88.7 kg / hm² of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (equivalent to 40.8 kg / hm² of pure nitrogen, accounting for 48% of the total nitrogen content). The top dressing of urea during the tillering stage is 59.13 kg / hm² of urea (equivalent to 27.2 kg / hm² of pure nitrogen, accounting for 32% of the total nitrogen content). The top dressing of urea during the jointing stage is 36.96 kg / hm² of urea (equivalent to 17 kg / hm² of pure nitrogen, accounting for 20% of the total nitrogen content).

[0057] Base fertilizer application: 30 t / hm² of well-rotted organic fertilizer, 90 kg / hm² of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and 70 kg / hm² of potassium fertilizer (K2O), mixed with slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and applied in strips at a depth of 17 cm.

[0058] Field management: The seeding variety is "Zangqing 2000", the seeding rate is 270 kg / hm², and other field management adopts local conventional measures.

[0059] Experimental results: The measured yield of highland barley at maturity was 3350 kg / hm², which is 15% higher than the conventional general fertilization scheme. The nitrogen utilization rate was increased by 12%, effectively avoiding soil compaction caused by excessive nitrogen application and maintaining the soil fertility stability of high-yield fields in cold calcareous soil in extreme high-altitude and cold regions.

[0060] In summary, the fertilization method provided by this invention is highly targeted and adapted to extreme cold environments: focusing on the special scenario of low temperature inhibiting nitrogen mineralization in the extreme cold region of Lhasa, it optimizes application parameters with nitrogen fertilizer as the main component, solves the problem of poor adaptability of existing general fertilization schemes, and significantly improves nitrogen utilization (10%~15% higher than conventional fertilization).

[0061] Differentiated regulation, taking into account various types of plots: Based on the basic soil fertility classification, personalized nitrogen fertilizer application and schemes are set for low-yield, medium-yield, and high-yield fields. Nitrogen is increased in low-yield fields to make up for deficiencies, nitrogen is controlled and waste is reduced in high-yield fields, and coordinated optimization is carried out in medium-yield fields to achieve high and stable yields of barley in various plots. The yield of barley in low-yield fields can be increased by more than 10%, and the yield in high-yield fields can be maintained at more than 3,000 kg / hm².

[0062] Highly practical and easy to promote: The fertilization plan is tailored to the local agricultural production conditions in Lhasa. The fertilizers used (slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer, and organic fertilizer) are readily available, and the application methods are compatible with existing farming practices. No new special equipment is required, making it suitable for large-scale promotion and application.

[0063] Eco-friendly and maintains soil fertility: By precisely regulating nitrogen fertilizer and using organic fertilizer and microbial agents in combination, nitrogen loss and environmental pollution are reduced, while the physical and chemical properties of the soil are improved, the soil's ability to retain fertilizer and supply nitrogen is enhanced, and the synergy between barley planting and sustainable soil development is achieved.

[0064] The above descriptions are merely embodiments of the present invention, and common knowledge regarding specific technical solutions or characteristics is not elaborated upon here. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the technical solutions of the present invention, and these should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention. These modifications and improvements will not affect the effectiveness of the implementation of the present invention or the practicality of the patent. The scope of protection claimed in this application should be determined by the content of its claims, and the specific embodiments described in the specification can be used to interpret the content of the claims.

Claims

1. A nitrogen-dominant differentiated fertilization method for highland barley in the extreme cold region of Lhasa, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1, Soil basic fertility classification: Using the "3414" experimental method combined with the target yield of highland barley, the planting fields were divided into low-yield fields, medium-yield fields, and high-yield fields; S2. Differentiated Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Rate Setting: The total amount of pure nitrogen used in low-yield fields is 105~135 kg / hm², the total amount of pure nitrogen used in medium-yield fields is 90~105 kg / hm², and the total amount of pure nitrogen used in high-yield fields is 75~90 kg / hm². S3. Phased application: Apply basal fertilizer before sowing, with pure nitrogen accounting for 40% to 50% of the total amount. Apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer accounting for 30% to 35% of the total amount of pure nitrogen during the tillering stage and 20% to 25% of the total amount of pure nitrogen during the jointing stage.

2. The nitrogen-dominant differentiated fertilization method for highland barley in the extreme cold region of Lhasa according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the target yield for low-yield fields is <2250 kg / hm² and soil available nitrogen is <60 mg / kg; the target yield for medium-yield fields is 2250~3000 kg / hm² and soil available nitrogen is 60~90 mg / kg; and the target yield for high-yield fields is >3000 kg / hm² and soil available nitrogen is >90 mg / kg.

3. The nitrogen-dominant differentiated fertilization method for highland barley in the extreme cold region of Lhasa according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, for medium-yield and high-yield fields, the base fertilizer includes slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, well-rotted organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer. The amount of well-rotted organic fertilizer is 22.5~30 t / hm²; the amount of phosphate fertilizer is P2O5, which is 60~90 kg / hm²; and the amount of potassium fertilizer is K2O, which is 45~75 kg / hm².

4. The nitrogen-dominant differentiated fertilization method for highland barley in the extreme cold region of Lhasa according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, for low-yield fields, the base fertilizer includes slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, well-rotted organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, and cold-resistant nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The amount of well-rotted organic fertilizer is 24-30 t / hm²; the amount of phosphate fertilizer is P2O5, which is 75-90 kg / hm²; the amount of potassium fertilizer is K2O, which is 55-75 kg / hm²; and the amount of cold-resistant nitrogen-fixing bacteria is 10-18 kg / hm².

5. A nitrogen-dominant differentiated fertilization method for barley in the extreme cold region of Lhasa, as described in claim 1, is characterized in that: In step S3, apply base fertilizer in strips 7-10 days before sowing, at a depth of 15-20 cm; topdressing is applied in holes and covered with soil after application.

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