Total radiated power for uplink mimo with non-aligned transmit polarizations

Abstract

Various aspects of the present disclosure relate to uplink MIMO total radiated power. A test apparatus receives (1102) a first transmission from a first antenna of a user equipment (UE) and determines (1104) a first radiated power measurement for each of two orthogonal polarizations based on a radiated power of the first transmission. The test apparatus receives (1106) a second transmission from a second antenna of the UE and determines (1108) a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations based on a radiated power of the second transmission. The test apparatus determines (1110) a radiated power of a multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on a multi-antenna precoder, the first radiated power measurement, and the second radiated power measurement.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to wireless communication, and more specifically to total radiated power (TRP) for uplink (UL) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) with unaligned transmission polarization. Background Technology

[0002] A wireless communication system may include one or more network communication devices, which may be referred to as network devices (NEs), supporting wireless communication for one or more user communication devices, which may also be referred to as user equipment (UEs), or other suitable terms. The wireless communication system can support wireless communication with one or more user communication devices by utilizing the resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, time slots, subframes, frames, etc.) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)). Furthermore, the wireless communication system can also support wireless communication across various radio access technologies, including third-generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth-generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth-generation (5G) radio access technology, and other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., 5G-Advanced (5G-A), (sixth-generation (6G) etc.)). Summary of the Invention

[0003] The article “a (a)” preceding an element is non-restrictive and is understood to refer to “at least one” or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a (a),” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” are interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items beginning with phrases such as “at least one,” “one or more,” or “one or two”) indicates an inclusive list, such that a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Furthermore, as used herein, the phrase “based on” should not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step described as “based on condition A” could be based on both condition A and condition B without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” should be interpreted in the same manner as the phrase “at least partially based on.” Furthermore, as used herein, including in the claims, “set” can include one or more elements.

[0004] A test apparatus for wireless communication is described. In some examples, the test apparatus may implement an NE or may be implemented by an NE. The test apparatus may be configured to receive a first transmission from a first antenna of a UE; determine a first radiated power measurement for each of two orthogonal polarizations based on the measured radiated power of the first transmission; receive a second transmission from a second antenna of the UE; determine a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations based on the measured radiated power of the second transmission; and determine the radiated power of the multi-antenna transmission (e.g., for azimuth angle) at least in part based on a multi-antenna precoder, the first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations of the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations of the second transmission. and elevation angle of ).

[0005] A processor for wireless communication is described. The processor can be configured or operable to receive a first transmission at a test device and from a first antenna of a UE; determine a first radiated power measurement for each of two orthogonal polarizations based on a measured radiated power of the first transmission; receive a second transmission at the test device and from a second antenna of the UE; determine a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations based on a measured radiated power of the second transmission; and determine the radiated power (e.g., for azimuth angle) of a multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on a multi-antenna precoder, the first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations in the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations in the second transmission. and elevation angle of ).

[0006] A method performed or executable by a test device for wireless communication is described. The method may include: receiving a first transmission from a first antenna of a UE; determining a first radiated power measurement for each of two orthogonal polarizations based on a measured radiated power of the first transmission; receiving a second transmission from a second antenna of the UE; determining a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations based on a measured radiated power of the second transmission; and determining the radiated power (e.g., for azimuth angle) of a multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on a multi-antenna precoder, the first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations in the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations in the second transmission. and elevation angle of ).

[0007] A UE for wireless communication is described. The UE can be configured or operable to receive instructions from a test device to use a multi-antenna precoder for multi-antenna transmission, wherein the test device determines the radiated power relative to the UE for azimuth and elevation angles (e.g., for azimuth) based at least in part on the multi-antenna precoder and separate radiated power measurements from individual antennas of the UE. and elevation angle of According to a first single-antenna pre-encoder for transmissions from the first antenna, a first transmission is transmitted from the first antenna to the test equipment, the first transmission being used for a first radiated power measurement, the first radiated power measurement being used for each of two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment; and according to a second single-antenna pre-encoder for transmissions from the second antenna, a second transmission is transmitted from the second antenna to the test equipment, the second transmission being used for a second radiated power measurement, the second radiated power measurement being used for each of two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment.

[0008] A processor for wireless communication is described. The processor can be configured or operable to receive instructions from a test device to use a multi-antenna precoder for multi-antenna transmission, wherein the test device determines the radiated power relative to the azimuth and elevation angles of the UE (e.g., for azimuth) based at least in part on the multi-antenna precoder and separate radiated power measurements from individual antennas of the UE. and elevation angle of According to a first single-antenna pre-encoder for transmissions from the first antenna, a first transmission is transmitted from the first antenna to the test equipment, the first transmission being used for a first radiated power measurement, the first radiated power measurement being used for each of two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment; and according to a second single-antenna pre-encoder for transmissions from the second antenna, a second transmission is transmitted from the second antenna to the test equipment, the second transmission being used for a second radiated power measurement, the second radiated power measurement being used for each of two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment.

[0009] A method for wireless communication, performed or executable by a UE, is described. The method may include: receiving instructions from a test device to use a multi-antenna precoder for multi-antenna transmission, wherein the test device determines, at least in part, the radiated power relative to the UE for azimuth and elevation angles (e.g., for azimuth angle) based on the multi-antenna precoder and separate radiated power measurements from individual antennas of the UE. and elevation angle of According to a first single-antenna pre-encoder for transmissions from the first antenna, a first transmission is transmitted from the first antenna to the test equipment, the first transmission being used for a first radiated power measurement, the first radiated power measurement being used for each of two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment; and according to a second single-antenna pre-encoder for transmissions from the second antenna, a second transmission is transmitted from the second antenna to the test equipment, the second transmission being used for a second radiated power measurement, the second radiated power measurement being used for each of two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment. Attached Figure Description

[0010] Figure 1 Examples of wireless communication systems according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown.

[0011] Figure 2 An example of a transmitter diagram with two transmit antennas according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown.

[0012] Figure 3 Examples of loss distribution due to phase alignment errors of a coherent, dual-antenna-port precoder are shown according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0013] Figure 4 An example of a transmitter diagram with four transmit antennas according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown.

[0014] Figure 5 Examples of loss distribution due to phase alignment errors of a coherent, four-antenna-port precoder are shown according to various aspects of this disclosure.

[0015] Figure 6 An example of a process for determining the TRP of a UE according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown.

[0016] Figure 7 Examples of UEs according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown.

[0017] Figure 8 Examples of processors according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown.

[0018] Figure 9 Examples of NEs according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown.

[0019] Figure 10 A flowchart of a method performed by a UE according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown.

[0020] Figure 11 A flowchart is shown illustrating a method performed by a test apparatus according to various aspects of this disclosure. Detailed Implementation

[0021] A wireless communication system includes communication devices (such as UEs) that transmit and receive wireless communications as signaling in the FR1 and FR2 frequency ranges. The frequency ranges in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) include designated FR1 and FR2 frequency ranges, such as those used for transmitting and / or receiving radio signals at frequencies lower than 6 GHz (e.g., FR1) or higher than 6 GHz (e.g., FR2 or millimeter wave (mmWave)).

[0022] For operability requirements, the UE must meet transmission power requirements to confirm how likely the UE will perform when used in a wireless communication system. Testing can include evaluating the UE's transmission in a wireless communication system at least for operability, with a minimum uplink radiated power requirement (determined as TRP). TRP represents the combined power emitted by the device's antenna or antenna array while transmitting a signal, and it encompasses both the directivity and radiation efficiency of the device's antenna or antenna array.

[0023] For communication devices (such as UEs) that support coherent uplink MIMO (e.g., single-layer MIMO transmission), measuring the Transmission Replication Rate (TRP) is more complex than simply measuring the TRP for a single-antenna device. A UE may include at least two transmit antennas supporting transmit diversity and / or MIMO. MIMO systems can be implemented using two or more transmitters and receivers to simultaneously transmit and receive wireless communications using multiple antennas (e.g., at the UE) to improve uplink transmission performance. By utilizing multiple antennas (e.g., antennas in an antenna array), the UE can simultaneously transmit communications on different spatial paths, thereby improving coverage and reliability, as well as enabling higher throughput. For a UE with two antennas and for single-layer transmission, a codebook designed to match a specific antenna configuration for dual-antenna transmission can be used to control the relative phase of the two antennas by using a precoder to achieve in-phase (e.g., align signal phase) at the signal receiver.

[0024] For a UE with two antennas, the currently proposed method for measuring TRP includes a first method: wherein for each azimuth and elevation angle, the radiated power is measured separately for each antenna. The power for both antennas is added, and this power is integrated on a sphere to estimate the total radiated power. The currently proposed method for measuring TRP also includes a second method: wherein for each azimuth and elevation angle, the radiated power is measured for each precoder. For a given azimuth and elevation angle, the radiated power is taken as the maximum value on the precoder set, and this power is integrated on a sphere to estimate the total radiated power.

[0025] However, neither of these methods fully establishes the ability to accurately measure TRP for devices supporting coherent uplink MIMO. In the first proposed method, radiated power is underestimated because transmissions from two antennas can be at least partially in phase using a single-layer uplink MIMO with an optimal precoder. In the implementation, the optimal precoder is selected based on the precoder that supports the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or the highest signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) at the gNB.

[0026] However, an unknown phase offset exists between the two transmission paths. In the best-case scenario, the in-phase power of the two antennas can be up to 3 dB higher than the sum of the powers of each antenna. It should also be noted that the summation of transmitter powers can overestimate the radiated power, such as if the transmitter powers are superimposed beyond phase. In the worst-case scenario, the signal from the two transmission antennas can be completely canceled out. Therefore, the first proposed method relies on too many assumptions about the signal response and the SNR of the received signal at gNB, and introduces parameters that may overestimate or underestimate the radiated power.

[0027] In the second proposed method, the concern is that, given that precoder selection is based on noise measurements, gNB precoder selection may not always be optimal. Therefore, precoder selection is proposed to be simulated in tests. However, simulating realistic precoder selection would require assumptions about the distance between the gNB and the UE in order to determine the signal-to-noise ratio of the channel estimate used for precoder selection. In the case of extremely long distances, or when one antenna does not have significant gain in the direction of the gNB, transmitting a signal from a second antenna is not beneficial; therefore, the optimal precoder is a single-antenna precoder.

[0028] Furthermore, the current definition of phase coherence provides for the time-varying relative phase of the signal at the transmitting antenna. Typically, the relative phase and relative gain between two antennas change due to the previous Sound Reference Signal (SRS) transmission, and the relative phase between the antennas is unspecified and unknown.

[0029] Various aspects of this disclosure pertain to uplink MIMO TRP. In some embodiments, to evaluate the performance of a precoder used for uplink transmission, the radiated power is averaged over a distribution of random phase offsets. Alternatively, the precoder can be evaluated for worst-case phase offsets. It is noteworthy that, given the current lack of technology for measuring or controlling the phase between device antennas, neither of these methods can be implemented via measurement during radiated testing. However, as detailed in the described techniques, the average phase performance and worst-case performance of the precoder can be analyzed and evaluated using per-antenna power measurements.

[0030] Various aspects of this disclosure are described in the context of wireless communication systems.

[0031] Figure 1 Examples of wireless communication systems 100 according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown. Wireless communication system 100 may include one or more NEs 102, one or more UEs 104, and a core network (CN) 106. Wireless communication system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, wireless communication system 100 may be a 4G network, such as a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, wireless communication system 100 may be a New Radio (NR) network, such as a 5G network, 5G-Advanced (5G-A), or an Ultra Wideband (5G-UWB) network.

[0032] In other implementations, the wireless communication system 100 may be a combination of 4G and 5G networks, or other suitable radio access technologies (RATs), including IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), and IEEE 802.20. The wireless communication system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Furthermore, the wireless communication system 100 may support technologies such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

[0033] One or more NEs 102 may be distributed across a geographical area to form a wireless communication system 100. One or more of the NEs 102 described herein may be, include, or may be referred to as a network node, base station, network element, network function, network entity, radio access network (RAN), NodeB, eNodeB (eNB), next-generation NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terms. NEs 102 and UEs 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless connection or a wired connection. For example, NEs 102 and UEs 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) via a Uu interface.

[0034] NE 102 can provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which NE 102 can support services for one or more UEs 104 within that geographic coverage area. For example, NE 102 and UE 104 can support wireless communication of signals associated with services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcasting, etc.) based on one or more radio access technologies. In some implementations, NE 102 can be mobile, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN). In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but different geographic coverage areas can be associated with different NEs 102.

[0035] One or more UEs 104 may be distributed within a geographical area of ​​the wireless communication system 100. UE 104 may include or be referred to as a remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, remote device, subscriber device, transmitter device, receiver device, or some other suitable term. In some implementations, UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, station, terminal, or client, among other examples. Additionally or alternatively, UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a Machine Type Communication (MTC) device, among other examples.

[0036] UE 104 can support direct wireless communication with other UE 104s via a communication link. For example, UE 104 can support direct wireless communication with another UE 104 via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular V2X deployments, the communication link may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, UE 104 can support direct wireless communication with another UE 104 via a PC5 interface.

[0037] NE 102 may support communication with CN 106, or with another NE 102, or both. For example, NE 102 may interface with other NE 102 or CN 106 via one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via S1, N2, N3, or network interfaces). In some implementations, NE 102 may communicate directly with each other. In some other implementations, NE 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via CN 106). In some implementations, one or more NE 102 may include sub-components, such as access network entities, which may be examples of access node controllers (ANCs). The ANC may communicate with one or more UEs 104 via one or more other access network transport entities, which may be referred to as radio terminals, smart radio terminals, or transmit / receive points.

[0038] CN 106 can support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. CN 106 can be an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC), which may include control plane entities that manage access and mobility (e.g., Mobility Management Entity (MME), Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF)) and user plane entities that route packets or interconnect to external networks (e.g., Serving Gateway (S-GW), Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW), or User Plane Functions (UPF)). In some implementations, the control plane entities may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signaling bearers, etc.) for one or more UEs 104 served by one or more NEs 102 associated with CN 106.

[0039] CN 106 can communicate with a packet data network via one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via S1, N2, N3, or another network interface). The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 can communicate with the application server. UE 104 can establish a session with CN 106 via NE 102 (e.g., a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session or a PDN connection). CN 106 can use the established session (e.g., an established PDU session) to route traffic (e.g., control information, data, etc.) between UE 104 and the application server. A PDU session can serve as an example of a logical connection between UE 104 and CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of CN 106).

[0040] In the wireless communication system 100, NE 102 and UE 104 can use the resources of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, time slots, subframes, frames, etc.) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communication). In some implementations, NE 102 and UE 104 can support different resource structures. For example, network entity 102 and UE 104 can support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, NE 102 and UE 104 can support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and other suitable radio access technologies, NE 102 and UE 104 can support various frame structures (i.e., multi-frame structures). NE 102 and UE 104 can support various frame structures based on one or more parameter sets.

[0041] One or more parameter sets can be supported in the wireless communication system 100, and the parameter sets may include subcarrier spacing and cyclic prefix. The first parameter set (e.g.) =0) can be associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and the normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first parameter set associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) is... =0) allows each subframe to utilize one time slot. The second parameter set (e.g., =1) can be associated with the second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and the normal cyclic prefix. The third parameter set (e.g., =2) can be associated with the third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and the normal or extended cyclic prefix. The fourth parameter set (e.g., =3) can be associated with the fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and the normal cyclic prefix. The fifth parameter set (e.g., =4) can be associated with the fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and the normal cyclic prefix.

[0042] Time intervals for resources (e.g., communication resources) can be organized according to frames (also known as radio frames). Each frame can have a duration, for example, 10 milliseconds (ms). In some implementations, each frame can include multiple subframes. For example, each frame can include 10 subframes, and each subframe can have a duration, for example, 1 ms. In some implementations, each frame can have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame can have the same duration.

[0043] Alternatively or concurrently, the time intervals of resources (e.g., communication resources) can be organized according to time slots. For example, a subframe may include a certain number (e.g., quantity) of time slots. The number of time slots in each subframe may also depend on one or more parameter sets supported in the wireless communication system 100. For example, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth parameter sets (i.e., ...) associated with the corresponding subcarrier intervals of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz. =0、 =1、 =2、 =3、 =4) can be configured to use a single time slot per subframe, two time slots per subframe, four time slots per subframe, eight time slots per subframe, or 16 time slots per subframe, respectively.

[0044] Each time slot may include a certain number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols). In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of time slots used for a subframe may depend on the parameter set. For a normal cyclic prefix, a time slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., for a 60 kHz subcarrier spacing), a time slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per time slot for the normal and extended cyclic prefixes, the number of time slots per subframe, and the number of time slots per frame may depend on the parameter set. It should be understood that the first parameter set (e.g., 15 kHz) associated with the first parameter set (e.g., =0) can be used interchangeably between subframes and time slots.

[0045] In wireless communication system 100, the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum can be divided into various categories, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc., based on frequency or wavelength. For example, wireless communication system 100 can support one or more operating frequency bands, such as frequency ranges specified as FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz), FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz), FR3 (7.125 GHz – 24.25 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz – 114.25 GHz), FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz – 71 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz – 300 GHz). In some implementations, network entity 102 and UE 104 can perform wireless communication on one or more operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 can be used by network entity 102 and UE 104, as well as other devices or apparatuses, for cellular communication traffic (e.g., control information, data). In some implementations, FR2 can be used by network entity 102 and UE 104, as well as other devices or apparatuses, for short-range, high-data-rate capabilities.

[0046] FR1 can be associated with one or more parameter sets (e.g., at least three parameter sets). For example, FR1 can be associated with the first parameter set (e.g., =0) is associated with, including a 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; the second parameter set (e.g., =1), including a 30kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third parameter set (e.g., =2), including a 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 can be associated with one or more parameter sets (e.g., at least two parameter sets). For example, FR2 can be associated with a third parameter set (e.g., =2) associated with, including a 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth parameter set (e.g., =3), including a 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.

[0047] In wireless communication system 100, UE 104 (e.g., representing a specific model UE) has testing requirements to confirm how the UE performs in a radiated environment. Communication devices such as UE 104 (also referred to as FR2 devices) operating in the FR2 frequency range have uplink and radiated power requirements for operability in wireless communication system 100. Conventional device testing is typically performed as conducted testing of the device, at least in part because radiated testing can be time-consuming and costly.

[0048] Depending on the implementation, one or more of UE 104 and the test equipment are operable to implement various aspects of the technology described with reference to this disclosure. For example, UE 104 is capable of transmitting separate transmissions from individual antennas of the UE, and the test equipment receives these separate transmissions and is capable of measuring the radiated power of each separate transmission. In some embodiments, the test equipment may be implemented by the functions in NE 102 and / or CN 106. In other embodiments, the test equipment may be a standalone device used to evaluate one or more UE 104.

[0049] For MIMO communication devices such as UEs supporting coherent uplink MIMO, measuring the TRP is more complex than simply measuring the TRP for a single-antenna device. MIMO systems can be implemented using two or more transmitters and receivers to simultaneously transmit and receive wireless communications using multiple antennas, thereby improving uplink transmission performance. By utilizing multiple antennas (e.g., antennas in an antenna array), the UE can simultaneously transmit communications on different spatial paths, improving coverage and reliability, as well as achieving higher throughput.

[0050] To meet power requirements, transmission is typically needed across all antennas. This can be achieved using transparent transmit diversity, or alternatively, single-layer uplink MIMO. However, the problem lies in the fact that the relative phase between the transmitting antennas is unspecified and unknown.

[0051] For single-layer MIMO transmission, a codebook designed to match a specific antenna configuration used for dual-antenna transmission can be used to control the relative phase of the two antennas by using a precoder to achieve in-phase (e.g., align the signal phase) at the signal receiver. It is important to note that when the signals are in phase, the actual received power can be 3 dB higher than the sum of the power measurements from each antenna.

[0052] In the aforementioned aspects of the technology, the total radiated power (TRP) is determined or calculated (e.g., by a testing device) as the radiated power per unit sphere using equation (1). Integrals: .

[0053] Alternative sites, if the radiated power is for... Given a finite set of directions to be measured, the total radiated power can be expressed as equation (2): For those that depend on the set of directions Appropriate weighting function W In some implementations, the weight function Corresponding to the unit sphere Compare to the set Any other direction closer to the region.

[0054] For a UE with two antennas, previously proposed techniques for measuring TRP include separate measurements for each antenna for each azimuth angle. and elevation angle radiated power The measured power for both antennas is summed, and the radiated power is... The TRP is estimated by integrating on the sphere.

[0055] The previously proposed method for measuring TRP also includes a second technique in which the UE cycles through all coherent single-layer precoders for dual antennas, while the gNB (e.g., a test device) measures (i.e., for each of the single-layer precoders) for each azimuth angle. and elevation angle Maximum radiated power The radiated power takes the maximum value on the pre-encoder set, and the power... The TRP is estimated by integrating on the sphere.

[0056] However, neither of these previously proposed techniques can fully establish an accurate measurement of the TRP (Transmission Power Requirement) for communication devices (e.g., UEs) supporting coherent uplink MIMO. In the first previously proposed technique, the radiated power is underestimated because transmissions from two antennas can be at least partially in phase using single-layer uplink MIMO with an optimal precoder. In the implementation, the optimal precoder is selected based on the precoder that supports the highest SNR or the highest SIR at the gNB.

[0057] However, there are unknown random phase shifts between the transmission paths of a single-layer MIMO signal. In the best-case scenario, the in-phase power of two antennas can be up to 3 dB higher than the sum of the powers of each antenna. It should also be noted that summing the transmitted power can also overestimate the radiated power, such as if the transmitter power superposition exceeds the phase. In the worst-case scenario, the signals from the two transmit antennas can completely cancel each other out. Therefore, the previously proposed first technique relies on too many assumptions about the signal response and the SNR of the received signal at the gNB, and introduces parameters that may overestimate or underestimate the radiated power.

[0058] In the previously proposed second technique, the gNB precoder selection may not always be optimal, given that it is based on noise measurements. While it has been proposed that precoder selection be simulated in tests, a true simulation of precoder selection would require assuming the distance between the gNB and the UE to determine the signal-to-noise ratio of the channel estimate used for precoder selection. At extremely long distances, or where one of the antennas does not have significant gain in the direction of the gNB, transmission from the second antenna offers no benefit; therefore, the optimal precoder is a single-antenna precoder.

[0059] Furthermore, the current definition of phase coherence provides for the time-varying relative phase of the signal at the transmitting antenna. The requirements for coherent uplink MIMO define the maximum permissible variation in the relative power and relative phase measured between two antenna connectors in any time slot within a specified time window for uplink transmission purposes (codebook or non-codebook use), compared to the relative gain and relative phase measured on the most recent SRS transmission using the same two antenna connectors.

[0060] As shown in Table 1 below, within a 20-millisecond time interval following the last SRS transmission, the relative phase and relative gain between the two antennas can vary by up to 40 degrees and 4 dB, respectively, and the relative phase between the antennas is unspecified and unknown. These requirements apply when the UL transmitted power at each antenna connector is greater than 0 dBm during the SRS transmission and for the duration of the time window. Table 1: Maximum permissible difference between relative phase and power

[0061] Therefore, the relative gain difference between the two antennas is also unspecified and unknown. Consequently, due to the random phase shift between the antennas, the power measured in a specific direction using the optimal precoder becomes a random variable that depends on the random phase shift value.

[0062] Figure 2An exemplary model of a transmitter 200 with two transmit antennas according to various aspects of this disclosure is depicted. For the purpose of measuring TRP, it can be assumed that both antennas transmit at full power. For this purpose, a minimum variation in transmit power with respect to both antennas is assumed.

[0063] Precoder W 0 and W 1 It is applied to transmitter 200. Furthermore, there is a random phase shift between the two antennas, determined by the quantity... This indicates that, while the relative phase change is restricted, there are no requirements regarding the relative phase offset, making the phase unknown and capable of being any value θ. In other words, the value of θ is not constant but varies with time.

[0064] Therefore, how quickly the value of θ changes is unknown, and neither the operator nor the manufacturer can control the value of θ or its rate of change. The phase θ may change slowly (e.g., up to 40 degrees within a 20-millisecond time interval), or it may change at other rates. Therefore, since the time period within which the measurement is performed is unknown, the test cannot resolve random phase shifts by measuring only within a single time period.

[0065] Table 2 defines the precoding matrix for single-layer transmission using two antenna ports for Transport Precoding Matrix Index (TPMI) values ​​0-5. W . Figure 2 pre-encoder in W 0 , W 1 Corresponding to the precoding matrix W [1,0] and [1,- j ]wait. Table 2: Precoding Matrix for Single-Layer Transmission Using Dual-Antenna Ports with Transform Precoding W

[0066] Typically, the relative phase between two transmission antennas can be modeled as a gap [0, 2]. The uniform random variables within ) are transformed into phase-interference encoders listed in Table 3 due to random phase shifts, where the second weight of each pre-encoder is determined by the random phase shift. Multiply . Table 3: Phase Interference Encoders

[0067] Although the coherence requirement will The rate of change is limited to 40 degrees every 20 milliseconds, but the rate of change may be much lower. Because this phase offset is unspecified, and its value and rate of change are unknown, it will be difficult to ensure that the effects of random phase offsets are correctly captured by measurement.

[0068] Due to the random phase shift between the two transmission antennas, the optimal precoder is used at a specific azimuth angle. and elevation angle Power transmitted in It is a random variable whose distribution depends on the random phase offset between the two transmission antennas. The distribution of .

[0069] To evaluate the performance of the pre-encoder, the radiated power can be measured in phase. The distribution is averaged. Alternatively, the pre-encoder's performance can also be optimized for worst-case phase conditions. The evaluation is underway. However, neither of these methods can be achieved through measurement because the phase shift between antennas cannot be measured or controlled during radiation testing. But the precoder is in phase... The average and worst-case performance can be analytically evaluated using power measurements for each antenna.

[0070] The third proposed technique addresses the issue that the power for a given precoder in any direction is a random variable, dependent on the random phase offset between the transmission antennas. In this technique, it is proposed that the TRP can be analytically calculated using one of three methods with power measurements for each antenna (when transmitting separately): 1) for each elevation angle and azimuth 1) Average power over the phase; 2) For each elevation angle and azimuth Minimum power on phase; or 3) for each elevation angle and azimuth The maximum power in the phase.

[0071] This third technique implicitly assumes that the polarizations of the two transmit antennas are aligned. However, this is not a valid assumption. Therefore, this disclosure proposes a solution for analytical evaluation of TRP in the case of non-aligned polarizations. In this case, the average transmit power, minimum transmit power, and maximum transmit power can be defined based on the power measurement of each antenna, wherein the transmit power on each of the two orthogonal receive polarizations is measured and recorded separately.

[0072] Typically, the test equipment measures the power received from the UE on two orthogonal polarizations. The orientation of the test equipment relative to the UE's orthogonal polarizations can be arbitrarily defined.

[0073] The first solution embodiment describes a technique for determining the TRP metric for a UE with two transmit antennas using UL MIMO with unaligned transmit polarization and random phase offset.

[0074] make and The marker is transmitted from the first UE antenna by the test equipment at the elevation angle. and azimuth The power received on the first and second polarizations. Similarly, let and The marker is transmitted from the second UE antenna by the test equipment at the elevation angle. and azimuth The power received on the first and second polarizations.

[0075] make and The markers are obtained from the first and second antennas by the test equipment for the elevation angle. and azimuth The total received power makes: ,and .

[0076] When the azimuth and elevation angles are omitted from the markings, the total power received by the test equipment becomes: .

[0077] To determine the received power when both antennas simultaneously transmit using a specific precoder, phase... and and phase shift This must be known. For example, using a precoder with a TPMI index of 2, by... Given the elevation angle of the received signal, and azimuth The power will be given by equation (4): , (4) in and The sign of the antenna pattern's projection onto the second polarization axis depends on the sign of its projection onto the first polarization axis. The power of the received signal in equation (2) depends on the phase difference. and and relative phase shift .

[0078] Since the power of the received signal depends on the relative phase shift Therefore, the optimal precoder will also depend on .because It is unspecified and unknown; the radiated power can be determined in one of two ways:

[0079] First, as for each Used within the interval [0, 2π). The average power of the best pre-encoder, denoted as .

[0080] Second, as for each Used for worst-case phase within the interval [0, 2π). The power of the optimal pre-encoder, denoted as .

[0081] Since the first method averages the power of the optimal pre-encoder over the interval [0, 2]... relative phase on ) The function, therefore the result is different from the initial phase difference. Irrelevant. Regarding the second method, let... Indicates when The phase that causes the minimum power to be minimized in the optimal pre-encoder. If Then phase This will generate the product used for The minimum power of the same pre-encoder is the same. Therefore, it can be assumed that for both methods i) and ii), .

[0082] Therefore, for each In the interval [0, 2] On The power of the optimal pre-encoder on average will be given by equation (5): (5)

[0083] Expanding this gives equation (6). (6)

[0084] therefore, Can be represented as in .

[0085] This expression can be further simplified to

[0086] If the polarizations of the two antennas are perfectly aligned, then ,and Therefore, thereafter and (Same polarization)

[0087] Conversely, if the polarizations of the two antennas are orthogonal, then And for a certain angle We have: and Make and (Orthogonal polarization)

[0088] (1) On the precoder set The maximum power is given by the following:

[0089] Similarly, on the precoder set in (1) The minimum power is given by the following:

[0090] In summary, when the polarizations of the two transmission antennas are allowed to be different, we have (without needing to suppress elevation and azimuth angles). in and The power received by the test equipment from the first UE's transmission antenna on the first and second polarizations is marked, and similarly, and The power received by the test equipment from the second UE transmission antenna on the first and second polarizations. Finally, we have: , and and The sign of the projection of the antenna pattern onto the second polarization axis depends on the sign of its projection onto the first polarization axis.

[0091] For two transmission antennas with the same polarization and In this case, the power with precise phase alignment is 4. P For the worst-case relative phase The optimal power for the pre-encoder is 3.4. P The difference between the two is 0.7 dB. The optimal pre-encoder has an average power of approximately 3.8 P over the relative phase, which is 0.2 dB less than the power required for perfect phase alignment.

[0092] Figure 3 A diagram based on various aspects of this disclosure depicts the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) 300 of the phase alignment error, showing that the two transmit antennas have the same polarization and receive equal power from the two separately transmitting antennas. The CCDF 300 illustrates the probability that a given phase alignment error for a coherent dual-antenna port precoder (i.e., with the same polarization and equal power) in Table 3 exceeds a specific decibel (dB) value, according to various aspects of this disclosure. The probability that x-axis tracking loss due to phase alignment error (in dB) is exceeded, while the probability that y-axis tracking loss is exceeded, is also shown.

[0093] from Figure 3 It can be observed that the power-phase shift corresponds to the optimal pre-encoder. Very insensitive. Furthermore, it should be noted that for a given azimuth and elevation angle, when... At this point, the phase alignment loss is at its maximum, but it will usually be significantly reduced.

[0094] In some embodiments, for a single-layer uplink MIMO with two antennas, for the elevation angle and azimuth radiated power The average power that can be defined as the optimal pre-encoder is given by the following: in Indicates from the test equipment at the j The first polarization received i The power received by each transmission antenna, of which Furthermore, their polarizations are orthogonal relative to each other. Here, for the first and second transmission antennas... and The sign of the projection of the antenna pattern onto the second polarization axis depends on the sign of its projection onto the first polarization axis.

[0095] Alternatively, for a single-layer uplink MIMO with two antennas, for elevation angle and azimuth radiated power The minimum power that can be defined as the optimal pre-encoder is given by the following: in Indicates from the test equipment at the j The first polarization received i The power received by each transmission antenna, of which Furthermore, their polarizations are orthogonal relative to each other. Here, for the first and second transmission antennas... and The sign of the projection of the antenna pattern onto the second polarization axis depends on the sign of its projection onto the first polarization axis.

[0096] Alternatively, for a single-layer uplink MIMO with two antennas, for elevation angle and azimuth radiated power The maximum power that can be defined as the optimal pre-encoder is given by the following: in Indicates from the test equipment at the j The first polarization received i The power received by each transmission antenna, of which Furthermore, their polarizations are orthogonal relative to each other. Here, for the first and second transmission antennas... and The sign of the projection of the antenna pattern onto the second polarization axis depends on the sign of its projection onto the first polarization axis.

[0097] Regardless of which alternative is used to Defined as elevation angle and azimuth The total radiated power (TRP) is determined or calculated (e.g., by a test device) as the radiated power per unit surface area of ​​a sphere. The integral is given by equation (1): .

[0098] Alternative sites, if the radiated power is for... Given a finite set of directions for measurement, the total radiated power can be expressed as equation (2): For an appropriate weighting function It depends on the set of directions. In some implementations, the weight function Corresponding to the unit sphere Compare to the set The region is closer to any other direction in the middle.

[0099] The second solution describes an embodiment of a technique for determining a TRP metric for a UL MIMO with unaligned transmission polarization and random phase offset for a UE with two transmit antennas.

[0100] If a dual-antenna phase-interference encoder is used to define the TRP for a device with two transmission antennas, then it seems reasonable to consider using a four-antenna phase-interference encoder to define the TRP for a device with four transmission antennas.

[0101] As the number of UE transmission antennas increases from two to four, the number of single-layer phase interference encoders increases from four to sixteen. Therefore, the previously proposed technique for measuring the power of all 16 pre-encoders at each azimuth and elevation angle remains possible, but it may be significantly more time-consuming.

[0102] Furthermore, the second, third, and fourth antennas each have a random phase offset relative to the first antenna. Similarly, as with the dual-transmission antenna case, the previously proposed measurement techniques cannot address the randomness of the phase offsets between the antennas, and will only provide snapshots of these phase offsets at a specific point in time. Therefore, the TRP can be determined using a method similar to that in the dual-antenna case, but it is significantly more complex given the presence of more precoders and now three, rather than one, random phase offsets.

[0103] Figure 4 An exemplary model of a transmitter 400 with four transmission antennas according to various aspects of this disclosure is depicted. For the purpose of measuring TRP, it can be assumed that all four antennas transmit at full power. For this purpose, a minimum variation in transmission power is assumed with respect to the four antennas.

[0104] Precoder W 0、 W 1. W 2 andW 3 is applied to transmitter 400. Furthermore, there is a random phase shift between the four antennas, determined by the quantity... , and It is worth noting that although the relative phase change is finite, there are no requirements regarding the relative phase offset, making these phases unknown and capable of being any value θ. n In other words, θ n The value of is not constant, but changes over time.

[0105] Therefore, θ n The rate at which the value changes is unknown, and neither the operator nor the manufacturer can control θ. n The value of θ and its rate of change. n It can change rapidly (e.g., up to 40 degrees within a 20-millisecond time interval), or at some other rate. Therefore, since the time period in which the measurement is performed is unknown, the test cannot explain the random phase shift by measuring only within a single time period.

[0106] Table 4 defines the precoding matrix for single-layer transmission using four antenna ports. W . Figure 2 pre-encoder in W 0、 W 1 corresponds to the precoding matrix W [1,0,0,0] and [1,- j ,- j ,1] etc. Table 4: Precoding matrix W for single-layer transmission using a four-antenna port with transform precoding

[0107] Due to random phase shifts, the pre-encoders indexed 12 to 15 in Table 4 above become the phase interference encoders listed in Table 5, taking into account three random phase shifts relative to the first antenna. , and Modeling. Table 5: Phase Interference Encoders

[0108] In the same manner as with two transmit antennas, the power can be measured separately for each of the four transmit antennas. Let , , and This represents the elevation angle received from each of the antennas transmitting one at a time. and azimuth The received power .

[0109] It is worth noting that the single-antenna power measurement already reflects a scaling factor of 1 / 2 corresponding to the precoder with TPMI indices 0, 1, 2, and 3, and therefore this scaling factor is not included in the following expression. In the same manner as with two transmit antennas, , ,as well as It can be defined for the set of 16 phase interference encoders with TPMI indices 12-27 in Table 6.3.1.5-2[7].

[0110] Applying the same random phase to all precoders, the average of the maximum power across the precoder set can be expressed as: , The precoder coefficients used for precoders with TPMI indices 12-27 In Table 6 below: Table 6: Precoding coefficients for TPMI indexes 12-27 (no scaling factor required)

[0111] Similar to what was used previously, and Indicates the elevation angle as determined by the testing equipment. and azimuth The power received by the third and fourth transmission antennas on the first and second polarizations makes: .

[0112] Similarly, and The sign of the projection of the antenna pattern onto the second polarization axis depends on the sign of its projection onto the first polarization axis.

[0113] The squared term of the integrand in equation (3) can be expressed as:

[0114] Able to notice

[0115] average It can then be evaluated numerically, as given in equation (7):

[0116] The power of the optimal pre-encoder on the pre-encoder set for the worst-case phase can be expressed as given by equation (8): (8) And it can also be evaluated numerically.

[0117] Finally, the maximum power of the optimal precoder on the precoder set is given by equation (9): . (9) This can be evaluated numerically. In In this case, it can display for , and The maximum value is achieved in this case:

[0118] Given the additional requirement that all antennas have the same polarization, the maximum power of the optimal precoder on the precoder set is: .

[0119] Finally, if it is still In the case of... .

[0120] The expressions in equation (7-9) can both be evaluated numerically. In this equation, the polarizations of all four transmission antennas are aligned and... In special circumstances, We have: , ,as well as .

[0121] As can be observed above, the power of the optimal precoder varies by 3 dB across the precoder set, depending on the state of the random phase shift between the antennas. This is comparable to the case with two antennas, where the power of the optimal precoder varies by a maximum of 0.7 dB as a function of the random phase shift.

[0122] Figure 5This is a graph depicting the phase alignment error of the CCDF 500 according to various aspects of this disclosure, shown for the case where the polarization of the four transmitting antennas is the same and the power received from the four separately transmitting antennas is equal, such that... CCDF 500 shows the probability that a given phase alignment error for a coherent four-antenna-port precoder (i.e., with the same polarization and equal power) in Table 5 exceeds a specific decibel (dB) value, according to various aspects of this disclosure. The probability that x-axis tracking loss due to phase alignment error (in dB) is exceeded, and the probability that y-axis tracking loss is exceeded, are also shown.

[0123] from Figure 5 It can be observed that the power corresponding to the optimal pre-encoder is related to the phase shift. Sensitive. Furthermore, it should be noted that for a given azimuth and elevation angle, when At this point, the phase alignment loss can be maximized, but it will usually be significantly reduced.

[0124] It can be observed that, for four antennas, at specific azimuth and elevation angles, the power transmitted using the optimal precoder within the precoder set is [data missing]. It is a random variable that depends on the phase offset between the transmission antennas. , and The distribution of .

[0125] It can be observed that, for four antennas, the power of the optimal precoder for the precoder set can vary by 3 dB, depending on the random phase shift between the antennas. , and The value of .

[0126] Furthermore, it can be observed that the power variation can be very large due to the random phase shift of the optimal precoder across the precoder set. Therefore, defining the power as the power of the optimal precoder at a single moment in time carries some risks.

[0127] In some embodiments, for a single-layer uplink MIMO with four antennas, for elevation angle and azimuth radiated power The average power that can be defined as the optimal pre-encoder is given by the following: It can be evaluated numerically.

[0128] Here Indicates from the test equipment at the j The first polarization received iThe power received by each transmission antenna, of which Furthermore, their polarizations are orthogonal relative to each other. Here, for the th i One antenna The sign of the projection of the antenna pattern onto the second polarization axis depends on the sign of its projection onto the first polarization axis.

[0129] Alternatively, for a single-layer uplink MIMO with four antennas, for elevation angle and azimuth radiated power The minimum power that can be defined as the optimal pre-encoder is given by the following: It can be evaluated numerically.

[0130] Here, Indicates from the test equipment at the j The first polarization received i The power received by each transmission antenna, of which Furthermore, their polarizations are orthogonal relative to each other. Here, more than the first... i One antenna The sign of the projection of the antenna pattern onto the second polarization axis depends on the sign of its projection onto the first polarization axis.

[0131] Alternatively, for a single-layer uplink MIMO with two antennas, for elevation angle and azimuth radiated power The maximum power that can be defined as the optimal pre-encoder is given by the following: in Indicates from the test equipment at the j The first polarization received i The power received by each transmission antenna, of which Furthermore, their polarizations are orthogonal relative to each other. Here, for the first and second transmission antennas, and It depends on the sign of the projection of the antenna pattern onto the second polarization axis relative to its projection onto the first polarization axis.

[0132] Figure 6 An example signal diagram of a process 600 for determining radiated power according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. In one implementation, UE 602 may include two transmit antennas from which transmissions are received at test device 604. In some embodiments, UE 602 is an implementation of UE 104 described above.

[0133] In the described aspects of the technology, UE 602 receives (at 606) instructions, messages or indications from test equipment 604 for multi-antenna transmission using a precoder (or precoder sequence).

[0134] According to the first precoder, UE 602 transmits (at 608) from the first antenna to test equipment 604 a first transmission for a first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment. Therefore, test equipment 604 receives the first transmission from the first antenna of the UE and (at 610) measures the radiated power from the first transmission from the first antenna to perform a first radiated power measurement.

[0135] According to the pre-encoder, UE 602 transmits (at 612) a second transmission from the second antenna to test equipment 604 for a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment. Therefore, test equipment 604 receives the second transmission from the UE's second antenna and (at 614) measures the radiated power from the second transmission from the second antenna to perform a second radiated power measurement.

[0136] Test equipment 604 (at 616) determines the azimuth angle relative to the UE for multi-antenna transmission, based at least in part on the pre-encoder and radiated power measurements of each of the two orthogonal polarizations for separate transmissions from the individual antennas of the UE. and elevation angle radiated power .

[0137] Although process 600 is described for a UE 602 with two transmit antennas, in other embodiments, the UE 602 may have four transmit antennas. In these embodiments, the UE 602 transmits additional signals for additional radiated power measurements for each of the two orthogonal polarizations, namely a third transmission for a third radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations, and a fourth transmission for a fourth radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations. Here, the UE transmits according to a single-antenna precoder as described herein.

[0138] Figure 7An example of a UE 700 according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. In some embodiments, UE 700 implements or may be implemented by UE 602. UE 700 may include a processor 702, a memory 704, a controller 706, and a transceiver 708. The processor 702, memory 704, controller 706, or transceiver 708, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of parts for performing various aspects of this disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled via one or more interfaces (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically).

[0139] Processor 702, memory 704, controller 706, or transceiver 708, or various combinations or components thereof, may be implemented in hardware (e.g., a circuit system). The hardware may include a processor, digital signal processor (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof, configured to or otherwise support the performance of the functions described in this disclosure.

[0140] Processor 702 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., a general-purpose processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, processor 702 may be configured to operate memory 704. In some other implementations, memory 704 may be integrated into processor 702. Processor 702 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory 704 to cause UE 700 to perform various functions of this disclosure.

[0141] Memory 704 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. Memory 704 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code, including instructions that, when executed by processor 702, cause UE 700 to perform the various functions described herein. This code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as memory 704 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media include both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media, including any medium that facilitates the transfer of computer programs from one place to another. Non-transitory storage media may be any available medium that can be accessed by a general-purpose computer or a special-purpose computer.

[0142] In some implementations, processor 702 and memory 704 coupled to processor 702 may be configured to cause UE 700 to perform various functions (e.g., operation, signaling) of the radio nodes (e.g., sensing transmitter nodes and / or sensing receiver nodes) described herein (e.g., instructions stored in memory 704 executed by processor 702). In some implementations, processor 702 may include multiple processors, and memory 704 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which may be configured individually or collectively to perform various functions (e.g., operation, signaling) of UE 700 as disclosed herein.

[0143] The processor 702 coupled to the memory 704 can be configured to cause the UE 700 to receive instructions from a test device to perform multi-antenna transmission using a multi-antenna precoder, wherein the test device determines the radiated power relative to the azimuth and elevation angles of the UE 700 based at least in part on the radiated power measurements of the multi-antenna precoder and separate transmissions from the individual antennas of the UE 700.

[0144] The processor 702, coupled to the memory 704, can be configured such that the UE 700 transmits a first transmission from the first antenna to the test equipment according to a first single-antenna pre-encoder for the transmission from the first antenna, the first transmission being for a first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment. Furthermore, the processor 702, coupled to the memory 704, can be configured such that the UE 700 transmits a second transmission from the second antenna to the test equipment according to a second single-antenna pre-encoder for the transmission from the second antenna, for a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment.

[0145] Furthermore, multi-antenna transmission can be based at least in part on a codebook that includes a multi-antenna precoder in the precoder set. In some embodiments, multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between a first transmission from a first antenna of the UE 700 and a second transmission from a second antenna of the UE 700, wherein the polarization of the transmission antennas (e.g., the first antenna and the second antenna) is unaligned.

[0146] In some embodiments, the radiated power relative to the UE 700 at azimuth and elevation angles is a calculated power based on a multi-antenna precoder, which is averaged over a random phase offset based at least in part on a first radiated power measurement of each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the first transmission and a second radiated power measurement of each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the second transmission. In these embodiments, the multi-antenna precoder may be an optimally executed precoder whose calculated power, averaged over a random phase offset, is determined as a function of the random phase offset of the precoder set.

[0147] In some embodiments, the radiated power is a calculated power based on a multi-antenna precoder, which is minimized over random phase offset based at least in part on a first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations used for the first transmission and a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations used for the second transmission. In these embodiments, the multi-antenna precoder may be an optimally executed precoder whose calculated power for the worst-case random phase offset of each precoder is determined as a function of the random phase offset of the precoder set.

[0148] Controller 706 can manage input and output signals for UE 700. Controller 706 can also manage peripherals not integrated into UE 700. In some implementations, controller 706 can utilize an operating system such as iOS®, Android®, Windows®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, controller 706 can be implemented as part of processor 702.

[0149] In some implementations, UE 700 may include at least one transceiver 708. In other implementations, UE 700 may have more than one transceiver 708. Transceiver 708 may represent a wireless transceiver. Transceiver 708 may include one or more receiver chains 710, one or more transmitter chains 712, or combinations thereof.

[0150] Receiver chain 710 can be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) via a wireless medium. For example, receiver chain 710 may include one or more antennas for receiving signals over the air or via a wireless medium. Receiver chain 710 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. Receiver chain 710 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the received signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during signal transmission. Receiver chain 710 may include at least one decoder for decoding / processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0151] Transmitter chain 712 can be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). Transmitter chain 712 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques, such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes, such as phase shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Transmitter chain 712 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over a wireless medium. Transmitter chain 712 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal over the air or wireless medium.

[0152] Figure 8 Examples of processor 800 according to various aspects of this disclosure are shown. Processor 800 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations according to the examples described herein. Processor 800 may include controller 802 configured to perform various operations according to the examples described herein. Processor 800 may optionally include at least one memory 804, for example, the memory may be an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally or alternatively, processor 800 may optionally include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs) 806. One or more of these components may be electronically or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0153] Processor 800 may be a processor chipset and includes a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receive, acquire, retrieve, transmit, output, forward, store, determine, identify, access, write, read) according to examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory native to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., processor 800)), or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase-change memory (PCM), etc.).

[0154] Controller 802 can be configured to manage and coordinate various operations of processor 800 (e.g., signaling, receiving, acquiring, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, and reading) to enable processor 800 to support various operations according to the examples described herein. For example, controller 802 can operate as a control unit of processor 800 to generate control signals that manage the operation of various components of processor 800. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating the timing of operations.

[0155] Controller 802 may be configured to fetch (e.g., fetch, retrieve, receive) instructions from memory 804 and determine subsequent instructions(s) to be executed, such that processor 800 supports various operations according to the examples described herein. Controller 802 may be configured to track the memory addresses of instructions associated with memory 804. Controller 802 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operations to be performed and their operands. For example, controller 802 may be configured to interpret instructions and determine control signals to be output to other components of processor 800, such that processor 800 supports various operations according to the examples described herein. Alternatively or additionally, controller 802 may be configured to manage data flow within processor 800. Controller 802 may be configured to control data transfers between registers, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and other functional units of processor 800.

[0156] Memory 804 may include one or more caches (e.g., local to processor 800 or included in processor 800) or other memories such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, memory 804 may be located inside or on the processor chipset (e.g., local to processor 800). In some other implementations, memory 804 may be located outside the processor chipset (e.g., remote from processor 800).

[0157] Memory 804 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code, including instructions that, when executed by processor 800, cause processor 800 to perform the various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as system memory or another type of memory. Controller 802 and / or processor 800 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory 804 to cause processor 800 to perform various functions. For example, processor 800 and / or controller 802 may be coupled to or coupled to memory 804, and processor 800, controller 802, and memory 804 may be configured to perform the various functions described herein. In some examples, processor 800 may include multiple processors, and memory 804 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which may be configured individually or collectively to perform the various functions described herein.

[0158] One or more ALU 806s can be configured to support various operations as illustrated in the examples described herein. In some implementations, one or more ALU 806s may be located inside or on a processor chipset (e.g., processor 800). In some other implementations, one or more ALU 806s may be located outside the processor chipset (e.g., processor 800). One or more ALU 806s can perform one or more computations on data, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. For example, one or more ALU 806s can receive input operands and an opcode, the opcode determining the operation to be performed. One or more ALU 806s can be configured with various logic and arithmetic circuitry, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate data according to the operation. Alternatively or additionally, one or more ALU 806s can support logical operations such as AND, OR, XOR, NOR, and NAND, enabling one or more ALU 806s to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[0159] Based on the examples disclosed herein, processor 800 may support various functions (e.g., operation, signaling). For example, controller 802 coupled to memory 804 may be configured, capable of, or operable to cause processor 800 to receive instructions from a test device to perform multi-antenna transmission using a multi-antenna precoder, wherein the test device determines the radiated power relative to the UE for azimuth and elevation angles (e.g., for azimuth) based at least in part on the multi-antenna precoder and separate radiated power measurements from individual antennas of the UE. and elevation angle of According to a first single-antenna pre-encoder for transmission from the first antenna, a first transmission is transmitted from the first antenna to the test equipment, the first transmission being used for a first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment; and according to a second single-antenna pre-encoder for transmission from the second antenna, a second transmission is transmitted from the second antenna to the test equipment, the second transmission being used for a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment. Furthermore, a controller 802 coupled to memory 804 may be configured, enabled, or operable to cause processor 800 to perform one or more functions of the UE as described herein (e.g., operation, signaling).

[0160] In various embodiments, processor 800 may support various functions of the test device (e.g., operation, signaling) according to examples disclosed herein. For example, controller 802 coupled to memory 804 may be configured, capable of, or operable such that processor 800 receives a first transmission from a first antenna of the UE; determines a first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations based on the measured radiated power of the first transmission; receives a second transmission from a second antenna of the UE; determines a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations based on the measured radiated power of the second transmission; and determines the radiated power of the multi-antenna transmission (e.g., for azimuth angle) based at least in part on a multi-antenna precoder, the first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the second transmission. and elevation angle of Furthermore, the controller 802 coupled to the memory 804 may be configured, enabled, or operable to cause the processor 800 to perform one or more functions of the test apparatus as described herein (e.g., operation, signaling).

[0161] Figure 9 An example of an NE 900 according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. In some embodiments, the NE 900 implements or may be implemented by test device 604. The NE 900 may include a processor 902, a memory 904, a controller 906, and a transceiver 908. The processor 902, memory 904, controller 906, or transceiver 908, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of parts for performing various aspects of this disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled via one or more interfaces (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically).

[0162] Processor 902, memory 904, controller 906, or transceiver 908, or various combinations or components thereof, may be implemented in hardware (e.g., a circuit system). The hardware may include a processor, digital signal processor (DSP), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof, configured to or otherwise support the performance of the functions described in this disclosure.

[0163] Processor 902 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., a general-purpose processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, processor 902 may be configured to operate memory 904. In some other implementations, memory 904 may be integrated into processor 902. Processor 902 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory 904 to cause NE 900 to perform various functions of this disclosure.

[0164] Memory 904 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. Memory 904 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code, including instructions that, when executed by processor 902, cause NE 900 to perform the various functions described herein. This code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as memory 904 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media include both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media, including any medium that facilitates the transfer of computer programs from one place to another. Non-transitory storage media may be any available medium that can be accessed by a general-purpose computer or a special-purpose computer.

[0165] In some implementations, processor 902 and memory 904 coupled to processor 902 can be configured such that NE900 performs various functions described herein (e.g., operations, signaling) (e.g., instructions stored in memory 904 are executed by processor 902). In some implementations, processor 902 may include multiple processors, and memory 904 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which may be configured individually or collectively to perform various functions of NE 900 as disclosed herein (e.g., operations, signaling).

[0166] A processor 902 coupled to memory 904 can be configured such that NE 900 receives a first transmission from a first antenna of the UE (e.g., according to a first single-antenna precoder) and measures the radiated power for the first transmission from the first antenna for a first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations. In other words, processor 902 coupled to memory 904 can be configured such that NE 900 determines the first radiated power for each of the two orthogonal polarizations based on the measured radiated power of the first transmission.

[0167] The processor 902, coupled to the memory 904, can be configured such that the NE 900 receives a second transmission from the UE's second antenna (e.g., according to a second single-antenna precoder) and measures the radiated power for the second transmission from the second antenna for use in a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations. In other words, the processor 902, coupled to the memory 904, can be configured such that the NE 900 determines the second radiated power for each of the two orthogonal polarizations based on the measured radiated power of the second transmission.

[0168] The processor 902 coupled to the memory 904 can be configured such that the NE 900 determines the radiated power of the multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on the multi-antenna pre-encoder, a first radiated power measurement of each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the first transmission, and a second radiated power measurement of each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the second transmission.

[0169] Furthermore, the processor 902 coupled to the memory 904 can be configured such that the NE 900 calculates the TRP of a multi-antenna transmission by integrating multiple radiated power measurements over a unit sphere. In some embodiments, the processor 902 coupled to the memory 904 can be configured such that the NE 900 transmits instructions to use a first single-antenna precoder for a first transmission, to use a second single-antenna precoder for a second transmission, and to use a multi-antenna precoder for synchronous transmissions from multiple antennas.

[0170] In some embodiments, multi-antenna transmission from the UE is based at least in part on a codebook comprising a multi-antenna precoder from a set of precoders. In some embodiments, multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between a first transmission from a first antenna of the UE and a second transmission from a second antenna of the UE, wherein the polarization of the transmission antennas (e.g., the first and second antennas of the UE) is unaligned.

[0171] In some embodiments, to determine the radiated power, the processor 902 coupled to the memory 904 may be configured such that the NE 900 calculates the power of the precoder averaged over a random phase offset, at least in part, based on a first radiated power measurement of each of the two orthogonal polarizations used for the first transmission and a second radiated power measurement of each of the two orthogonal polarizations used for the second transmission. In these embodiments, the multi-antenna precoder may be the best-performing precoder based on the calculated power of each precoder averaged over a random phase offset, determined as a function of the random phase offset of the precoder set.

[0172] In some embodiments, to determine the radiated power, the processor 902 coupled to the memory 904 can be configured such that NE 900: calculates the radiated power as ,in P 1,1 This represents the first radiated power measurement received on the first polarization, where P 1,2 This represents the first radiated power measurement received on the second polarization, where P 2,1 This represents the measurement of the second radiated power received on the first polarization, where P 2,2 This represents the second radiated power measurement received on the second polarization, and where... and It depends on the sign of the projection of the antenna pattern onto the second polarization axis relative to its projection onto the first polarization axis.

[0173] In some embodiments, to determine the radiated power, the processor 902 coupled to the memory 904 may be configured such that the NE 900 calculates the power of the precoder minimized over the random phase offset, at least in part, based on a first radiated power measurement of each of the two orthogonal polarizations used for the first transmission and a second radiated power measurement of each of the two orthogonal polarizations used for the second transmission. In these embodiments, the multi-antenna precoder may be an optimally executed precoder whose calculated power for the worst-case random phase offset of each precoder is determined as a function of the random phase offset of the precoder set.

[0174] In some embodiments, to determine the radiated power, the processor 902 coupled to the memory 904 can be configured such that NE 900: calculates the radiated power as ,in P 1,1 This represents the first radiated power measurement received on the first polarization, where P 1,2This represents the first radiated power measurement received on the second polarization, where P 2,1 This represents the measurement of the second radiated power received on the first polarization, and where... P 2,2 This represents the second radiated power measurement received on the second polarization, and where... and It depends on the sign of the projection of the antenna pattern onto the second polarization axis relative to its projection onto the first polarization axis.

[0175] In some embodiments, a processor 902 coupled to memory 904 may be configured such that NE 900 receives from one or more additional antennas of the UE a corresponding additional transmission based on one or more single-antenna precoders. In these embodiments, the processor 902 coupled to memory 904 may be configured such that NE 900 determines the radiated power of the multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on a multi-antenna precoder, a first radiated power measurement for each of two orthogonal polarizations of a first transmission from a first antenna, a second radiated power measurement for each of two orthogonal polarizations of a second transmission from a second antenna, and one or more additional radiated power measurements for each of two orthogonal polarizations of a corresponding additional transmission measured individually from one or more additional antennas.

[0176] In some embodiments, multi-antenna transmission includes multiple random phase offsets, one less than the number of UE's transmission antennas, and the polarization of the UE's transmission antennas is unaligned. Here, the UE's transmission antennas include at least a first antenna, a second antenna, and one or more additional antennas. In one embodiment, the multi-antenna precoder is the best-performing precoder in a set of precoders, and the calculated power based on the average of each precoder over the random phase offsets is determined as a function of the random phase offsets. In another embodiment, the multi-antenna precoder is the best-performing precoder in a set of precoders, and the calculated power based on the worst-case scenario for minimum power of each precoder is determined as a function of the random phase offsets.

[0177] Controller 906 manages input and output signals for the NE 900. Controller 906 can also manage peripherals not integrated into the NE 900. In some implementations, controller 906 can utilize an operating system such as iOS®, Android®, Windows®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, controller 906 can be implemented as part of processor 902.

[0178] In some implementations, the NE 900 may include at least one transceiver 908. In other implementations, the NE 900 may have more than one transceiver 908. The transceiver 908 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 908 may include one or more receiver chains 910, one or more transmitter chains 912, or a combination thereof.

[0179] Receiver chain 910 can be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) via a wireless medium. For example, receiver chain 910 may include one or more antennas for receiving signals over the air or via a wireless medium. Receiver chain 910 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. Receiver chain 910 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the received signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during signal transmission. Receiver chain 910 may include at least one decoder for decoding / processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0180] Transmitter chain 912 can be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). Transmitter chain 912 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques, such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes, such as phase shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). Transmitter chain 912 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over a wireless medium. Transmitter chain 912 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal over the air or wireless medium.

[0181] Figure 10 A flowchart of a method 1000 according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. In various embodiments, the operation of the method 1000 can be implemented by a UE, as described herein. In some implementations, the UE can execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the functions.

[0182] At step 1002, the method may include receiving instructions from a test device to use a multi-antenna precoder for multi-antenna transmission, wherein the test device determines the radiated power relative to the UE for azimuth and elevation angles based at least in part on the multi-antenna precoder and separate transmission radiated power measurements from individual antennas of the UE. The operation of step 1002 may be performed according to examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operation of step 1002 may be performed by the UE, as referenced in [reference]. Figure 7 As stated above.

[0183] At step 1004, the method may include transmitting a first transmission from the first antenna to the test equipment according to a first single-antenna precoder for a transmission from the first antenna, the first transmission being used for a first radiated power measurement for each of two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment. The operation of step 1004 may be performed according to examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operation of step 1004 may be performed by the UE, as referenced in [reference]. Figure 7 As stated above.

[0184] In step 1006, the method may include transmitting a second transmission from the second antenna to the test equipment according to a second single-antenna precoder for the transmission from the second antenna, the second transmission being used for a second radiated power measurement for each of two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment. The operation of step 1006 may be performed according to examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operation of step 1006 may be performed by the UE, as referenced in [reference]. Figure 7 As stated above.

[0185] It should be noted that the method 1000 described herein describes one possible implementation, and the operations and steps can be rearranged or otherwise modified, and other implementations are possible.

[0186] Figure 11 A flowchart of method 1100 according to various aspects of this disclosure is shown. The operation of this method can be implemented by a test device, as described herein. In some implementations, the test device can execute a set of instructions to control functional elements of the test device to perform the functions. It should be noted that the methods described herein describe one possible implementation, and the operations and steps can be rearranged or otherwise modified, and other implementations are possible.

[0187] At step 1102, the method may include receiving a first transmission from a first antenna of the UE. The operation of step 1102 may be performed according to examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operation of step 1102 may be performed by a test device or NE, as referenced in [reference]. Figure 9 As stated above.

[0188] At step 1104, the method may include determining a first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations based on a measured radiated power from the first transmission. The operation of step 1104 may be performed according to examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operation of step 1104 may be performed by a test device or a NE, as referenced... Figure 9 As stated above.

[0189] At step 1106, the method may include receiving a second transmission from the UE's second antenna. The operation of step 1106 can be performed according to examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operation of step 1106 may be performed by a test device or NE, as referenced... Figure 9 As stated above.

[0190] At step 1108, the method may include determining a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations based on a measured radiated power from the second transmission. The operation of step 1108 may be performed according to examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operation of step 1108 may be performed by a test device or a NE, as referenced... Figure 9 As stated above.

[0191] At step 1110, the method may include determining the radiated power of the multi-antenna transmission based at least in part on a multi-antenna precoder, a first radiated power measurement of each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the first transmission, and a second radiated power measurement of each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the second transmission. The operation of step 1110 may be performed according to examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operation of step 1110 may be performed by a test device or NE, as referenced in [reference]. Figure 9 As stated above.

[0192] It should be noted that the method 1100 described herein describes one possible implementation, and the operations and steps can be rearranged or otherwise modified, and other implementations are possible.

[0193] The description herein is provided to enable those skilled in the art to make or use this disclosure. Various modifications to this disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein can be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, this disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but should be considered according to the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A test device for wireless communication, comprising: At least one memory; as well as At least one processor, said at least one processor being coupled to said at least one memory and configured such that the test device: Receive the first transmission from the first antenna of the user equipment (UE); Based on the measured radiated power of the first transmission, a first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations is determined; Receive a second transmission from the second antenna of the UE; Based on the measured radiated power of the second transmission, a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations is determined; as well as The radiated power of the multi-antenna transmission is determined at least in part based on the multi-antenna precoder, the first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the second transmission.

2. The test apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured such that the test apparatus calculates the total radiated power (TRP) transmitted by the multi-antenna system by integrating multiple radiated power measurements over a unit sphere.

3. The test apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: The transmission instructions are to use a first single-antenna precoder in the first transmission, to use a second single-antenna precoder in the second transmission, and to use the multi-antenna precoder in synchronous transmissions from multiple antennas.

4. The test apparatus of claim 1, wherein the multi-antenna transmission from the UE is at least partially based on a codebook, the codebook including the multi-antenna precoder in a precoder set.

5. The test apparatus of claim 4, wherein the multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between the first transmission from the first antenna of the UE and the second transmission from the second antenna of the UE, and wherein the first polarization of the first antenna of the UE and the second polarization of the second antenna of the UE are unaligned.

6. The testing equipment according to claim 5, wherein, To determine the radiated power, the at least one processor is configured such that the test device calculates the power of the multi-antenna precoder averaged over the random phase offset, based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the second transmission.

7. The test apparatus of claim 6, wherein the multi-antenna precoder is an optimally executed precoder based on the calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offset as a function of the random phase offset of the precoder set.

8. The testing equipment according to claim 5, wherein, To determine the radiated power, the at least one processor is configured such that the test device: calculates the radiated power as... ,in P 1,1 This represents the first radiated power measurement received on the first polarization, wherein P 1,2 This represents the first radiated power measurement received on the second polarization, wherein P 2,1 This represents the second radiated power measurement received on the first polarization, and wherein... P 2,2 This represents the second radiated power measurement received on the second polarization.

9. The testing equipment according to claim 5, wherein, To determine the radiated power, the at least one processor is configured such that the test device calculates the power of the multi-antenna precoder that is minimized over the random phase offset, based at least in part on the first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations used for the first transmission and the second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations used for the second transmission.

10. The test apparatus of claim 9, wherein the multi-antenna precoder is an optimally executed precoder based on the calculated power of each precoder for the worst-case random phase offset, as a function of the random phase offset of the set of precoders.

11. The testing equipment according to claim 5, wherein, To determine the radiated power, the at least one processor is configured such that the test device: calculates the radiated power as... ,in P 1,1 This represents the first radiated power measurement received on the first polarization, wherein P 1,2 This represents the first radiated power measurement received on the second polarization, wherein P 2,1 This represents the second radiated power measurement received on the first polarization, and wherein... P 2,2 This represents the second radiated power measurement received on the second polarization.

12. The test apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured such that the test apparatus: Receive corresponding additional transmissions from one or more additional antennas of the UE according to one or more single-antenna precoders; and The radiated power of the multi-antenna transmission is determined at least in part based on the multi-antenna precoder, the first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations of the first transmission from the first antenna, the second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations of the second transmission from the second antenna, and one or more additional radiated power measurements for each of the two orthogonal polarizations of the corresponding additional transmission, which are measured individually from the one or more additional antennas.

13. A method performed by a test device, the method comprising: Receive the first transmission from the first antenna of the user equipment (UE); Based on the measured radiated power of the first transmission, a first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations is determined; Receive a second transmission from the second antenna of the UE; Based on the measured radiated power of the second transmission, a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations is determined; as well as The radiated power of the multi-antenna transmission is determined at least in part based on the multi-antenna precoder, the first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the first transmission, and the second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the second transmission.

14. A user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising: At least one memory; as well as At least one processor, the at least one processor being coupled to the at least one memory and configured such that the UE: The test equipment receives instructions to use a multi-antenna precoder for multi-antenna transmission, wherein the test equipment determines the radiated power relative to the UE for azimuth and elevation angles based at least in part on the radiated power measurements of the multi-antenna precoder and separate transmissions from individual antennas of the UE. A first transmission is transmitted from the first antenna to the test equipment according to a first single-antenna pre-encoder for the transmission from the first antenna, the first transmission being used for a first radiated power measurement, the first radiated power measurement being used for each of two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment; as well as A second transmission is transmitted from the second antenna to the test equipment according to a second single-antenna pre-encoder for the transmission from the second antenna. The second transmission is used for a second radiated power measurement, which is used for each of the two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment.

15. The UE of claim 14, wherein the multi-antenna transmission is at least partially based on a codebook including the multi-antenna precoder in a precoder set, wherein the multi-antenna transmission includes a random phase offset between a first transmission from the first antenna of the UE and a second transmission from the second antenna of the UE, and wherein the corresponding polarizations of the transmission antennas are unaligned, the transmission antennas including the first antenna and the second antenna.

16. The UE of claim 15, wherein the radiated power at the azimuth and elevation angles relative to the UE is based on a calculated power of the multi-antenna precoder averaged over the random phase offset, the calculated power being at least in part based on a first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the first transmission and a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the second transmission.

17. The UE of claim 16, wherein the multi-antenna precoder is an optimally executed precoder based on the calculated power of each precoder averaged over the random phase offset, which is determined as a function of the random phase offset of the precoder set.

18. The UE of claim 15, wherein the radiated power is based on a calculated power of the multi-antenna precoder minimized over the random phase offset, the calculated power being at least in part based on a first radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the first transmission and a second radiated power measurement for each of the two orthogonal polarizations for the second transmission.

19. The UE of claim 18, wherein the multi-antenna precoder is an optimal execution precoder based on the worst-case random phase offset determined as a function of the set of precoders.

20. A processor for wireless communication, comprising: At least one controller, coupled to the at least one memory and configured such that the processor: The test equipment receives instructions to use a multi-antenna precoder for multi-antenna transmission, wherein the test equipment determines the radiated power relative to the UE for azimuth and elevation angles based at least in part on the radiated power measurements of the multi-antenna precoder and separate transmissions from individual antennas of the user equipment (UE). A first transmission is transmitted from the first antenna to the test equipment according to a first single-antenna pre-encoder for the transmission from the first antenna, the first transmission being used for a first radiated power measurement, the first radiated power measurement being used for each of two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment; as well as A second transmission is transmitted from the second antenna to the test equipment according to a second single-antenna pre-encoder for the transmission from the second antenna. The second transmission is used for a second radiated power measurement, which is used for each of the two orthogonal polarizations at the test equipment.

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