Ue assisted phase of arrival based positioning for ambient IoT devices
Patent Information
- Application Number
- EP2023926798
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-03-16
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-21
Smart Images

Figure CN2023081809_19092024_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
UE ASSISTED PHASE OF ARRIVAL BASED POSITIONING FOR AMBIENT IOT DEVICESTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to determining a position or location of a device.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0004] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , massive machine type communications (mMTC) , and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) . Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.
[0005] BRIEF SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects. This summary neither identifies key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineates the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a passive backscatterdevice configured to receive a configuration of a backscattering operation for a plurality of position reference signals (PRSs) associated with at least one first wireless device. The apparatus may further be configured to receive, from the at least one second wireless device, the plurality of PRSs and backscatter each of the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration of the backscattering operation.
[0008] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a second wireless device configured to transmit, to at least one first wireless device and a passive backscatter device, a configuration associated with a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs. The apparatus may further be configured to receive from the passive backscatter device, a plurality of backscattered signals associated with the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation and to estimate a distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one first wireless device based on the plurality of backscattered signals.
[0009] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a first wireless device configured to receiving a configuration associated with a backscattering operation at a passive backscatter device for a plurality of PRSs. The apparatus may further be configured to transmit, based on the configuration, the plurality of PRSs.
[0010] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects may include the featureshereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.
[0012] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0013] FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of downlink (DL) channels within a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating an example of a second frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 2D is a diagram illustrating an example of uplink (UL) channels within a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0016] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and user equipment (UE) in an access network.
[0017] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a UE positioning based on reference signal measurements.
[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates a diagram of an ambient-IoT (A-IoT) device thatreceives an ambient signal from a reader device.
[0019] FIG. 6 is a diagram of a power harvesting circuit.
[0020] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating different communication paths associated with a passive backscatter device in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 8 is a call flow diagram illustrating a first positioning operation associated with an A-IoT device, a reader device, a first UE and one or more additional UEs in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 9 is a set of diagrams and illustrating aspects of a phase of arrival (POA) -based positioning operation using different PRS configurations for different UEs in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 10 is a call flow diagram illustrating a second positioning operation associated with an A-IoT device, a reader device, a first UE, a second UE, and a third UE in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 11 is a set of diagrams and illustrating different configurations for PRS sets in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 12 is a set of diagrams illustrating the structure of individual PRS instances in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.
[0027] FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.
[0028] FIG. 15 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.
[0029] FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.
[0030] FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.
[0031] FIG. 18 is a flowchart of a method of wireless communication.
[0032] FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example apparatus and / or network entity.
[0033] FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity.
[0034] FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] In some aspects of wireless communication, wireless-device-assisted positioning may be desirable for low complexity ambient-IoT (A-IoT) device (e.g., a passive, or a semi-passive, IoT device) . While the term A-IoT, in some contexts, may refer specifically to ultra-low complexity and ultra-low power devices providing complexity and power consumption orders of magnitude lower than existing enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) or narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT) devices, as used herein, the term “A-IoT device” may generally be used to describe a device, or device component, that may possess a backscattering capability using no, or limited, stored power. Accordingly, the term A-IoT as used herein may refer to a wireless device, such as a UE, including a passive RF component (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) integrated circuit (RFIC) , an RF identifier (RFID) device, a tag, a passive backscatter device) or the passive RF component itself.
[0036] Some existing approaches using backscattering are associated with tight synchronization between an assisting wireless device and the A-IoT device. Additionally, if a backscattering operation includes switching between different antenna load impedances, the backscattering operation may introduce a non-negligible group delay which could be time varying over the duration of the backscattering operation due to different impedances being associated with the backscattering and the unknown group delay may result in additional bias, or uncertainty, in the measurement. Phase of arrival (POA) based ranging, in some aspects, may be a possible positioning method for short distance applications such as RFID and, in some cases, may perform better than time of arrival (TOA) based ranging, especially for low signal bandwidth. However, current implementations for POA based ranging or positioning may be described for monostatic deployment with a full duplex reader and the performance is conditioned on the interval (frequency offset) between two tones (e.g., PRS frequencies) . As such, the maximum measurable distance is inversely related to the frequency interval and, if the frequency interval is decreased to accommodate longer range, the resolution, or ranging, error increases. Furthermore, the channels of the two tones cannot be assumed to be same when frequency interval increases due to frequency selectivity and different channel characteristics may introduce additional uncertainty in the measurements.
[0037] Various aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless-device-assisted positioning and more particularly to wireless-device-assisted positioning for low complexity A-IoT devices. Some aspects more specifically relate to POA based ranging. In some examples, a first wireless device (e.g., an assisting wireless device) may transmit a set of PRS that may be backscatteredby a passive backscatter device (e.g., an A-IoT device) and received at a second wireless device (e.g., a reader device) . The passive backscattering device may be configured to introduce a frequency shift when backscattering each PRS in the set of PRS to distinguish the backscattered PRS from the transmitted PRS. The set of PRS, in some aspects, may be configured with a series of frequency hops that allow the second wireless device to estimate a distance associated with the first wireless device and the passive backscatter device (e.g., a path length from the first wireless device to the second wireless device via the passive backscatterdevice) . If the above operations are performed in association with multiple first wireless devices (e.g., multiple assisting wireless devices or UEs) , a location of the passive backscatter device may then be determined elliptic-based positioning.
[0038] For example, in some aspects, assisting UEs may transmit PRS with fixed and random frequency hopping and an A-IoT UE may toggle its RF switch to backscatter the PRS signals. In some aspects, the toggling of the RF switch includes a plurality of switching actions to create a series of continuous square waves (CSWs) which shift the incoming PRS signals to adjacent orthogonal subcarriers (e.g., orthogonal to the subcarriers carrying the transmitted PRS) . A network node (e.g., a base station or gNB) may measure the POA (or TOA) by calculating the rotating phase of the reflected PRS at different tones. The group delay caused by the A-IoT UE reflecting can be eliminated by the differential time measurement from multiple assisting UEs with known location. The location of the A-IoT UE, in some aspects, may then be determined using the observer time difference of arrival (OTDOA) positioning.
[0039] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. The POA based ranging disclosed herein may increase a resolution of a ranging operation, such as a POA-basedranging operation. Additionally, the increased resolution is not based on a measurement at the A-IoT UE, or device, thus significantly reducing a power consumption at the A-IoT UE compared to methods using measurements made by the A-IoT.
[0040] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the drawings describes various configurations and does not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0041] Several aspects of telecommunication systems are presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods are described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0042] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise, shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, or any combination thereof.
[0043] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, implementations, and / or use cases, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, such computer-readable media can include a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that canbe accessedby a computer.
[0044] While aspects, implementations, and / or use cases are described in this application by illustration to some examples, additional or different aspects, implementations and / or use cases may come about in many different arrangements and scenarios. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein may be implemented across many differing platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may come about via integrated chip implementations and other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI) -enabled devices, etc. ) . While some examples may or may not be specifically directed to use cases or applications, a wide assortment of applicability of described examples may occur. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may range a spectrum from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations and further to aggregate, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more techniques herein. In some practical settings, devices incorporating described aspects and features may also include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspect. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes a number of components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antenna, RF-chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffer, processor (s) , interleaver, adders / summers, etc. ) . Techniques described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc. of varying sizes, shapes, and constitution.
[0045] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station (BS) , or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB) , evolved NB (eNB) , NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , or a cell, etc. ) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.
[0046] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , or one or more radio units (RUs) ) . In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) .
[0047] Base station operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) ) , or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) ) . Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units atvarious physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which canenable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.
[0048] FIG. 1 is a diagram 100 illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network. The illustrated wireless communications system includes a disaggregated base station architecture. The disaggregated base station architecture may include one or more CUs 110 that can communicate directly with a core network 120 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 120 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 115 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 105, or both) . A CU 110 may communicate with one or more DUs 130 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 130 may communicate with one or more RUs 140 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 140 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 140.
[0049] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 110, the DUs 130, the RUs 140, as well as the Near-RT RICs 125, the Non-RT RICs 115, and the SMO Framework 105, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or to transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or to transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) , configured to receive or to transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0050] In some aspects, the CU 110 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 110. The CU 110 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit -User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit -Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 110 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as an E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 110 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 130, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0051] The DU 130 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 140. In some aspects, the DU 130 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation, demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by 3GPP. In some aspects, the DU 130 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 130, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 110.
[0052] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 140. In some deployments, an RU 140, controlled by a DU 130, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 140 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 140 canbe controlled by the corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 130 and the CU 110 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0053] The SMO Framework 105 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 105 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements that may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 105 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 190) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 110, DUs 130, RUs 140 andNear-RT RICs 125. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 105 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 111, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 105 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 105 also may include a Non-RT RIC 115 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 105.
[0054] The Non-RT RIC 115 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) workfiows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 125. The Non-RT RIC 115 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 125. The Near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 125.
[0055] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 125, the Non-RT RIC 115 may receive parameters or external enrichment information fiom external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 125 and may be received at the SMO Framework 105 or the Non-RT RIC 115 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 115 or the Near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 115 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 105 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0056] At least one of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 maybe referredto as a base station 102. Accordingly, a base station 102 may include one or more of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 (each component indicated with dotted lines to signify that each component may or may not be included in the base station 102) . The base station 102 provides an access point to the core network 120 for a UE 104. The base station 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links between the RUs 140 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referredto as reverse link) transmissions from aUE 104 to an RU 140 and / or downlink (DL) (also referredto as forward link) transmissions from an RU 140 to a UE 104. The communication links may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base station 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to YMHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respectto DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referredto as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0057] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL wireless wide area network (WWAN) spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , aphysical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0058] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with UEs 104 (also referred to as Wi-Fi stations (STAs) ) via communication link 154, e.g., in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum or the like. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the UEs 104 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0059] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FRi (410 MHz-7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz-52.6 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referredto (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz -300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band.
[0060] The frequencies betweenFR1 and FR2 are often referredto as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz -24.25 GHz) . Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5GNR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR2-2 (52.6 GHz -71 GHz) , FR4 (71 GHz -114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz -300 GHz) . Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.
[0061] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, ormay include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.
[0062] The base station 102 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate beamforming. The base station 102 may transmit a beamformed signal 182 to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 102 in one or more receive directions. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal 184 to the base station 102 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 102 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 102 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 102 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 102 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0063] The base station 102 may include and / or be referred to as a gNB, Node B, eNB, an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a TRP, network node, network entity, network equipment, or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 can be implemented as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, an aggregated (monolithic) base station with a baseband unit (BBU) (including a CU and a DU) and an RU, or as a disaggregated base station including one or more of a CU, a DU, and / or an RU. The set of base stations, which may include disaggregated base stations and / or aggregated base stations, may be referredto as next generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN) .
[0064] The core network 120 may include an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 161, a Session Management Function (SMF) 162, a User Plane Function (UPF) 163, a Unified Data Management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. The AMF 161 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 120. The AMF 161 supports registration management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. The SMF 162 supports session management and other functions. The UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. The UDM 164 supports the generation of authentication and key agreement (AKA) credentials, user identification handling, access authorization, and subscription management. The one or more location servers 168 are illustrated as including a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 165 and a Location Management Function (LMF) 166. However, generally, the one or more location servers 168 may include one or more location / positioning servers, which may include one or more of the GMLC 165, the LMF 166, a position determination entity (PDE) , a serving mobile location center (SMLC) , a mobile positioning center (MPC) , or the like. The GMLC 165 and the LMF 166 support UE location services. The GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) for accessing UE positioning information. The LMF 166 receives measurements and assistance information from the NG-RAN and the UE 104 via the AMF 161 to compute the position of the UE 104. The NG-RAN may utilize one or more positioning methods in order to determine the position of the UE 104. Positioning the UE 104 may involve signal measurements, a position estimate, and an optional velocity computation based on the measurements. The signal measurements may be made by the UE 104 and / or the base station 102 serving the UE 104. The signals measured may be based on one or more of a satellite positioning system (SPS) 170 (e.g., one or more of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) , global position system (GPS) , non-terrestrial network (NTN) , or other satellite position / location system) , LTE signals, wireless local area network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, a terrestrial beacon system (TBS) , sensor-based information (e.g., barometric pressure sensor, motion sensor) , NR enhanced cell ID (NR E-CID) methods, NR signals (e.g., multi-round trip time (Multi-RTT) , DL angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) , DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) , UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) , and UL angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA) positioning) , and / or other systems / signals / sensors.
[0065] Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, he art monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. In some scenarios, the term UE may also apply to one or more companion devices such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may collectively access the network and / or individually access the network.
[0066] Referring again to FIG. 1, in certain aspects, the UE 104 may have a POA based ranging component 198 that may be configured to receive a configuration of a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs associated with at least one first wireless device. The POA based ranging component 198 may further be configured to receive, from the at least one second wireless device, the plurality of PRSs and backscatter each of the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration of the backscattering operation. The POA based ranging component 198, in some aspects, may be configured to receive a configuration associated with a backscattering operation at a passive backscatter device for a plurality of PRSs. The POA based ranging component 198 may further be configured to transmit, based on the configuration, the plurality of PRSs. In certain aspects, the base station 102 may have a POA based ranging component 199 that may be configured to transmit, to at least one first wireless device and a passive backscatter device, a configuration associated with a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs. The POA based ranging component 199 may further be configured to receive from the passive backscatter device, a plurality ofbackscattered signals associated with the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation and to estimate a distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one first wireless device based on the plurality of backscattered signals. Although the discussion below may focus on ambient IoT devices, the method and apparatus may be applicable for any wireless device capable of backscattering received transmissions.
[0067] FIG. 2A is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. FIG. 2B is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G NR subframe. FIG. 2C is a diagram 250 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. FIG. 2D is a diagram 280 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure may be frequency division duplexed (FDD) in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) , subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL, or may be time division duplexed (TDD) in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) , subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL. In the examples provided by FIGs. 2A, 2C, the 5G NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, with subframe 4 being configured with slot format 28 (with mostly DL) , where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexible for use between DL / UL, and subframe 3 being configured with slot format 1 (with all UL) . While subframes 3, 4 are shown with slot formats 1, 28, respectively, any particular subframe may be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0-61. Slot formats 0, 1 are all DL, UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2-61 include a mix of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. UEs are configured with the slot format (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) through a received slot format indicator (SFI) . Note that the description infra applies also to a 5G NR frame structure that is TDD.
[0068] FIGs. 2A-2D illustrate a frame structure, and the aspects of the present disclosure may be applicable to other wireless communication technologies, which may have a different frame structure and / or different channels. A frame (10 ms) may be divided into 10 equally sized subframes (1 ms) . Eachsubframe may include one or more time slots. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which may include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each slot may include 14 or 12 symbols, depending on whether the cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For normal CP, each slot may include 14 symbols, and for extended CP, each slot may include 12 symbols. The symbols on DL may be CP orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) symbols. The symbols on UL may be CP-OFDM symbols (for high throughput scenarios) or discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbols (for power limited scenarios; limited to a single stream transmission) . The number of slots within a subframe is based on the CP and the numerology. The numerology defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) (see Table 1) . The symbol length / duration may scale with 1 / SCS.
[0069] Table 1: Numerology, SCS, and CP
[0070] For normal CP (14 symbols / slot) , different numerologies μ 0 to 4 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots, respectively, per subframe. For extended CP, the numerology 2 allows for 4 slots per subframe. Accordingly, for normal CP and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ*15 kHz, where μ is the numerology 0 to 4. As such, the numerology μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ=4 has a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGs. 2A-2D provide an example of normal CP with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs. Within a set of frames, there may be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) (see FIG. 2B) that are frequency division multiplexed. Each BWP may have a particular numerology and CP (normal or extended) .
[0071] A resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
[0072] As illustrated in FIG. 2A, some of the REs carryreference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE. The RS may include demodulation RS (DM-RS) (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS) , beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0073] FIG. 2B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs) , each CCE including six RE groups (REGs) , each REG including 12 consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol of an RB. A PDCCH within one BWP may be referred to as a control resource set (CORESET) . A UE is configured to monitor PDCCH candidates in a PDCCH search space (e.g., common search space, UE-specific search space) during PDCCH monitoring occasions on the CORESET, where the PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different aggregation levels. Additional BWPs may be located at greater and / or lower frequencies across the channel bandwidth. A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE 104 to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the DM-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (also referred to as SS block (SSB) ) . The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and paging messages.
[0074] As illustrated in FIG. 2C, some of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DM-RS for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) . The PUSCH DM-RS may be transmitted in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DM-RS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. The UE may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0075] FIG. 2D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgment (ACK) (HARQ-ACK) feedback (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACK and / or negative ACK (NACK) ) . The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0076] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a base station 310 in communication with a UE 350 in an access network. In the DL, Internet protocol (IP) packets may be provided to a controller / processor 375. The controller / processor 375 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 375 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0077] The transmit (TX) processor 316 andthe receive (RX) processor 370 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 316 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying atime domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 374 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate maybe derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 350. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318Tx. Each transmitter 318Tx may modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0078] At the UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, they may be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 310. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0079] The controller / processor 359 can be associated with a memory 360 that stores program codes and data. The memory 360 may be referredto as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 359 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0080] Similar to the functionality descried in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 310, the controller / processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0081] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 358 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 310 may be used by the TX processor 368 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 368 may be provided to different antenna 352 via separate transmitters 354Tx. Each transmitter 354Tx may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0082] The UL transmission is processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function atthe UE 350. Eachreceiver 318Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 370.
[0083] The controller / processor 375 can be associated with a memory 376 that stores program codes and data. The memory 376 may be referredto as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0084] At least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with the POAbased ranging component 198 of FIG. 1.
[0085] At least one of the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with the POA based ranging component 199 of FIG. 1.
[0086] FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a UE positioning based on reference signal measurements. The UE 404 may transmit UL-SRS 412 at time TSRS_TX and receive DL PRS (DL-PRS) 410 at time TPRS_RX. The TRP 406 may receive the UL-SRS 412 at time TSRS_RX and transmit the DL-PRS 410 at time TPRS_TX. The UE 404 may receive the DL-PRS 410 before transmitting the UL-SRS 412, or may transmit the UL-SRS 412 before receiving the DL-PRS 410. In both cases, apositioning server (e.g., location server (s) 168) or the UE 404 may determine the RTT 414 based on ||TSRS_RX-TPRS_TX|-|TSRS_TX-TPRS_RX||. Accordingly, multi-RTT positioning may make use of the UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements (i.e., |TSRS_TX-TPRS_RX|) and DL-PRS reference signal received power (RSRP) (DL-PRS-RSRP) of downlink signals received from multiple TRPs 402, 406 and measured by the UE 404, and the measured TRP Rx-Tx time difference measurements (i.e., |TSRS_RX-TPRS_TX|) and UL-SRS-RSRP atmultiple TRPs 402, 406 of uplink signals transmitted from UE 404. The UE 404 measures the UE Rx-Tx time difference measurements (and optionally DL-PRS-RSRP of the received signals) using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the TRPs 402, 406 measure the gNB Rx-Tx time difference measurements (and optionally UL-SRS-RSRP of the received signals) using assistance data received from the positioning server. The measurements may be used at the positioning server or the UE 404 to determine the RTT, which is used to estimate the location of the UE 404. Other methods are possible for determining the RTT, such as for example using DL-TDOA and / or UL-TDOA measurements.
[0087] DL-AoD positioning may make use of the measured DL-PRS-RSRP of downlink signals received from multiple TRPs 402, 406 at the UE 404. The UE 404 measures the DL-PRS-RSRP of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with the azimuth angle of departure (A-AoD) , the zenith angle of departure (Z-AoD) , and other configuration information to locate the UE 404 in relation to the neighboring TRPs 402, 406.
[0088] DL-TDOA positioning may make use of the DL reference signal time difference (RSTD) (and optionally DL-PRS-RSRP) of downlink signals received from multiple TRPs 402, 406 at the UE 404. The UE 404 measures the DL RSTD (and optionally DL-PRS-RSRP) of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to locate the UE 404 in relation to the neighboring TRPs 402, 406.
[0089] UL-TDOA positioning may make use of the UL relative time of arrival (RTOA) (and optionally UL-SRS-RSRP) at multiple TRPs 402, 406 of uplink signals transmitted from UE 404. The TRPs 402, 406 measure the UL-RTOA (and optionally UL-SRS-RSRP) of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of the UE 404.
[0090] UL-AoA positioning may make use of the measured azimuth angle of arrival (A-AoA) and zenith angle of arrival (Z-AoA) at multiple TRPs 402, 406 of uplink signals transmitted from the UE 404. The TRPs 402, 406 measure the A-AoA and the Z-AoA of the received signals using assistance data received from the positioning server, and the resulting measurements are used along with other configuration information to estimate the location of the UE 404.
[0091] Additional positioning methods may be used for estimating the location of the UE 404, such as for example, UE-side UL-AoD and / or DL-AoA. Note that data / measurements from various technologies may be combined in various ways to increase accuracy, to determine and / or to enhance certainty, to supplement / complement measurements, and / or to substitute / provide for missing information.
[0092] If the UE 404 is a passive UE or has a passive backscattering capability (e.g., is a passive, or semi-passive, backscatter device, an A-IoT device, or includes a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) or RF tag) , additional methods for positioning may be used for estimating the location of the UE 404. For example, a RSRP-based positioning may be used in which multiple reader devices (e.g., the TRP 402, the TRP 406, a base station, a gNB, and / or a UE) with known locations each transmit a PRS to the UE 404. The UE 404 (acting as a passive UE) may report an RSRP based on the multiple PRS. For example, the PRS may use an on-off keying (OOK) waveform with Manchester codes and the RSRP may be calculated by the difference between the received ON and OFF symbols, e.g., The distance from each reader to the UE 404 may then be derived based on the RSRP, based on known propagation path such as a direct, or reflected, line of sight (LoS) . The location may then be determined via triangulation based on at least three reader devices.
[0093] In some aspects, the positioning may be UE-assisted elliptic-based positioning for a single reader device (e.g., TRP 402 or TRP 406) and multiple assisting UEs (e.g., wireless devices, base stations, network nodes, etc. ) . For UE-assisted elliptic-based positioning an assisting UE may transmit a multi-symbol UL PRS to both the reader device and the UE 404. The UE 404 (acting as a passive UE) may backscatter an information signal (e.g., 010101... 01) using amplitude shift keying (ASK) or phase shift keying (PSK) to the reader device. In some aspects, the UE 404 may backscatter at the OFDM symbol level to transmit its data. Assuming the UE 404 is synchronized to the assisting UE (e.g., assuming the residual timing error is within the CP) , the backscatter operation changes the OFDM symbol channel. Based on the known watermarking, gNB can differentiate the channel of the direct path from assisting UE and the reflect path via the UE 404 by comparing the channels of the two OFDM symbols. The reader device may then measure and report (e.g., to a location server or application server, such as the set of location servers 168 of FIG. 1, associated with the calculating and / or determining the location of the UE 404) the RSTD between reception ofUL PRS from assisting UE and the modulated backscatter signal from a passive UE (e.g., a passive backscatter, or backscattering, device) . The reader may then use elliptic-based positioning based on a known location of each assisting UE relative to the reader.
[0094] In some aspects, the positioning may be UE-assisted elliptic-based positioning for a single reader device (e.g., TRP 402 or TRP 406) and a single assisting UE (e.g., wireless device, base station, network node, etc. ) . For UE-assisted elliptic-based positioning a reader device may transmit multiple PRS with beam sweeping and the UE 404 may backscatter the (multiple) PRS to the assisting UE. The assisting UE may measure the strength of the backscattered signal and report the index of the strongest beam and the corresponding RSRP for the reader device to estimate the DL AoD to the UE 404. The assisting UE, in some aspects, may also report the RSTD between the reception of DL PRS from the reader device and the backscattered signal from the UE 404 and the reader device may estimate the position of the UE 404 using a modified bistatic radar formula.
[0095] The positioning, in some aspects, may be a POA based positioning for a single reader device. For example, areader device (e.g., TRP 402 or 406) may transmit a continuous single tone signal and measure the phase delay of the received tone compared with the transmitted tone and calculate the one-way distance as where θ is the phase delay and n is an unknown integer multiple of the carrier wavelength. The integer ambiguity, in some aspects, may be eliminated, or reduced, by sending two tones and measuring the difference between the received delay phases. Based on the difference between the received delay phases, the distance may be calculated by the reader device, e.g., the difference may be expressed as which may be rewritten in terms of a distance to the UE 404 as In some aspects, the calculation is based on an assumption that the channels of the two tones are same which may place a practical limit on the difference between the frequencies of the two tones based on a frequency selectivity of the channel.
[0096] As the use of A-IoT (e.g., passive IoT) devices expands there may be benefit to incorporating the A-IoT devices into a wireless communication network. As discussed above, while the term A-IoT, in some contexts, may refer specifically to ultra-low complexity and ultra-low power devices providing complexity and power consumption orders of magnitude lower than existing eMTC or NB-IoT devices, as used herein, the term “A-IoT device” may generally be used to describe a device, or device component, that may possess a backscattering capability using no, or limited, stored power. For example, an A-IoT device as used herein may refer to any of a “Type A” device (e.g., a batteryless device with no energy storage capability and completely dependent on the availability of an external source of energy ) , a “Type B” device (e.g., a device with limited energy storage, such as a capacitor or super capacitor that may not need to be replaced or recharged manually) , an A-IoT device (e.g., one of a tag, a backscatter UE (BUE) , or a passive UE (PUE) that may be a passive device or may not be equipped with active RF components) , an A-IoT tag (e.g., a tag that performs data transmission based on modulating the incident RF signals emitted by one or more ambient transmitters (e.g., UEs, cellular phones, or base stations) such that an ambient RF signal serves as not just a carrier wave for backscattering but also an energy resource for harvesting. RFID is an existing battery-less technology; however, the limited reading range of a fewmeters makes it difficult to support a large-scale deployment with seamless coverage. Accordingly, new designs of ambient-power enabled IoT in NRmay provide benefits beyond the use of RFID technology.
[0097] In some aspects of wireless communication, wireless-device-assisted positioning may be desirable for low complexity ambient-IoT (A-IoT) device (e.g., a passive, or a semi-passive, IoT device) . Some existing approaches using backscattering are associated with tight synchronization between an assisting wireless device and the A-IoT device. Additionally, if a backscattering operation includes switching between different antennas, the backscattering operation may introduce a non-negligible group delay which could be time varying over the duration of the backscattering operation due to different impedances being associated with the different antennas and the unknown group delay may result in additional bias, or uncertainty, in the measurement. Phase of arrival (POA) based ranging, in some aspects, may be a possible positioning method for short distance applications such as radio frequency identification (RFID) and, in some cases, may perform better than TOA based ranging, especially for low signal bandwidth. However, current implementations for POA based ranging or positioning may be described for monostatic deployment with a full duplex reader and the performance is conditioned on the interval (frequency offset) between two tones (e.g., PRS frequencies) . As such, the maximum measurable distance is inversely related to the frequency interval and, if the frequency interval is decreased to accommodate longer range, the resolution, or ranging, error increases. Furthermore, the channels of the two tones cannot be assumed to be same when frequency interval increases due to frequency selectivity and different channel characteristics may introduce additional uncertainty in the measurements.
[0098] FIG. 5 illustrates a diagram 500 of an A-IoT device 504 that receives an ambient signal 506 from a reader device 502. Such an A-IoT device 504 is one example of a passive backscatter device that may obtain energy from, and backscatter, an ambient signal (e.g., an energy transmission signal or energy signal) from an energy transmitter (e.g., the reader device 502) . The A-IoT device 504, in some aspects, may also be descried as, or include, an RFID device, an RFIC, an RFID chip, a backscatter device, a passive backscatter device, or an IoT device. An ambient signal 506 may be used for various industrial IoT (I-IoT or IIoT) applications. For example, A-IoT devices (or RFID technology) may be used for inventory / asset management both inside and outside of warehouses, network sensors in factories, logistics devices, manufacturing settings, agricultural applications, smart homes, or other applications. A-IoT devices (or RFID technology) may also be deployed in association with cellular infrastructure for wireless applications. A-IoT devices may include a transponder (e.g., the A-IoT device 504) that emits an information-bearing signal, such as a backscattered modulated signal 508, upon receiving a signal from the reader device 502. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader device 502 may transmit the ambient signal 506 including an information signal to a passive RFID microchip (e.g., A-IoT device 504) that operates without a battery source.
[0099] In some aspects, the backscattered modulated signal 508 may be generated (or an information transmission may be performed) by antenna modulation that does not involve active RF signal generation. For example, in some aspects, a plurality of elements (e.g., a first impedance element 505 and at least a second impedance element 507) associated with different impedances may be incorporated into the A-IoT device 504. The A-IoT device 504 (or a passive backscatter, or backscattering, device) may tune a reflection coefficient of its antenna by switching over a given set of impedances, resulting in a varying amount of incident signal to be backscattered. For example, the A-IoT device 504 may switch between a high and / or mismatched impedance element (e.g., second impedance element 507) and a matched load impedance element (e.g., the first impedance element 505) , where the mismatched impedance element is associated with a higher reflection coefficient, and more backscattering of the received signal, and the matched load impedance is associated with a lower reflection coefficient, and less, or effectively zero, backscattering of the received signal. More specifically, when using ASK modulation, for example, the A-IoT device 504 may switch the value of the load impedance between a very high impedance and a relatively matched load, where the impedance switching frequency may be based on the data rate. In the high impedance case, the mismatch between antenna and load impedance would reflect all of the power back to the reader, while in the matched case, most of the power from the incoming RF signal is absorbed and very little power is reflected to the reader. For example, when the antenna receives RF waves with power P, the power is transmitted from the antenna to the load, while a part of power will be reflected from the load to the antenna with the reflection coefficient The reflected power |Γ|2P is then radiated from the antenna. While illustrated as being associated with received energy 510, impedance elements 505 and 507, in some aspects, may be separate from a set of elements for receiving the received energy 510.
[0100] The A-IoT device 504, in some aspects, may be configured to operate without the battery source at a low operating expenditure (OPEX) , low maintenance cost, and / or increased lifecycle. Other types of A-IoT devices may include battery sources. For example, semi-passive RFID devices and active RFID devices may have a battery source, but may also be associated with a higher cost. If the reader device 502 is able to provide enough received energy 510 to the A-IoT device 504, the A-IoT device 504 may harvest the received energy 510 to perform an operation during communication occasions or may harvest the received energy 510 to charge an associated battery. Passive A-IoT devices may harvest the received energy 510 over-the-air in order to power Tx / Rx circuitry at the A-IoT device 504. The ambient signal 506 transmitted to the A-IoT device 504 may trigger the backscattered modulated signal 508 from the A-IoT device 504. The A-IoT device 504 may absorb or reflect signals from the reader device 502 based on the information to be communicated between the A-IoT device 504 and the reader device 502. The A-IoT device 504 may include a decreasednumber of active RF components (e.g., no active RF component) in some cases.
[0101] Wireless communication techniques associated with eMBB, URLLC, machine-type communication (MTC) , etc., may be supported for passive IoT devices. Passive IoT devices are another example of a passive backscatter device, such as A-IoT device 504 in FIG. 5. In examples, the reader device 502 may correspond to a base station or an entity at a base station, and the A-IoT device 504 may correspond to a UE or be in communication with the UE. However, some wireless communication techniques may not support certain types of widespread RFID technology, such as passive IoT devices used for asset management, logistics, warehousing, and manufacturing, etc. Among other examples, passive IoT devices may include timing devices such as clocks, video devices, household tools, construction tools, lighting systems, etc.
[0102] In some aspects, the wireless communication techniques may support wireless energy transfer (WET) , wireless power transfer (WPT) , and / or wireless information transfer (WIT) to incorporate passive IoT devices into wireless networks. Using a cellular infrastructure, a base station / network entity may operate as the reader device 502 that transmits the ambient signal 506 to the A-IoT device 504 for communicating with the passive IoT devices (e.g., via RFID technology) . The base station / network entity may provide energy to the passive IoT devices via the ambient signal 506 and may be configured to read / write information stored at the passive IoT devices. Information-bearing signals may be reflected from the passive IoT devices to the base station / network entity, which may read the reflected signal. For instance, the base station / network entity may decode information included in the information-bearing signals (e.g., backscattered modulated signal 508) received from the passive IoT devices (e.g., A-IoT device 504) .
[0103] FIG. 6 is a diagram of a power harvesting circuit 600. In examples, the power harvesting circuit may be included at an RFID tag and may include few or no active components. The power harvesting circuit may be configured to operate at low power during an energy transfer procedure for RF power harvesting. The energy transfer signal may be received by an antenna 602 and communicated to an impedance matching component 604. The impedance matching component 604 may be tuned to an impedance of the antenna 602, so that an input to a power harvesting component 606 may be based on an increased power from the impedance matching component. An output of the impedance matching component 604 may also be demodulated by a demodulator 612 and provided to a microcontroller unit (MCU) 610.
[0104] A non-linearity of the power harvesting component 606 may be generated at an output of the power harvesting component 606 based on characteristics of a diode associated with the power harvesting component 606. For instance, the power harvesting component 606 may include a diode that has to receive a minimum voltage / power from the antenna 602 and impedance matching component 604 in order to activate the diode. The minimum voltage / power that is input to the power harvesting component 606 to activate the diode may be larger than a power associated with an information signal. For example, the input power to the power harvesting component 606 may be larger than -20 dBm, although -10 dBm may be a minimum power to activate the diode / power harvesting component 606 in some cases. The power harvesting component 606 may be more efficient at lower frequencies at converting the energy transfer signal to power based on a capacitance and / or a resistance of the diode at the power harvesting component 606. In contrast to energy transfer signals, bits of an information signal may be decoded at power inputs as low as -100 dBmto -80 dBm.
[0105] A regulator 608 may receive an output of the power harvesting component 606. The regulator 608 may regulate the non-linearity of the power harvesting component 606 prior to providing the output of the power harvesting component 606 to the MCU 610. The MCU 610 may be configured to control sensors 614 in communication with the MCU 610 based on the harvested power and / or output a signal to a modulator 616 that modulates the output signal as feedback for antenna 602 and / or the impedance matching component 604.
[0106] The power harvesting circuit 600 may include a boost converter 620 to receive the output of the power harvesting component 606. The boost converter may step up (or boost) the voltage of the output of the power harvesting component. The output of the boost converter 620 with the boosted voltage may be supplied to an energy reservoir 622. The energy reservoir 622 may receive the boosted voltage and store the energy harvested by the power harvesting component 606. The energy reservoir 622 may provide the stored power to other components that may need to turn on without the output of the power harvesting component 606. For example, the power harvesting circuit may determine that the energy signal received from the energy transmitter fails to meet a threshold value. If the energy density of the receive energy signal is lower than a turn-on voltage, the energy receiver may use the power stored in the energy reservoir to transmit an indication to the energy transmitter that the energy signal received from the energy transmitter failed to meet the threshold value.
[0107] In some aspects, the passive IoT devices may be incorporated into the wireless networks, and ambient RF signal may not provide sufficient power density to send the energy signal having the power density greater than or equal to a threshold value to activate (or turn on) the power harvesting circuit. In one example, the power density of the ambient RF signals (e.g., digital television signal (DTV) , global system for mobile communication (GSM) , 3G, or WiFi) may be lower than 10 nW / cm2. Here, the power level may vary over time and depends on the locations.
[0108] The wireless communication techniques may support WET and / or WIT to incorporate passive IoT devices into wireless networks. In some aspects, a dedicated frequency bands may be configured for wireless energy transmission to passive IoT applications. The frequency band associated with the WET may be reserved for at least one of the WET, the WIT or the WET+WIT. The dedicated frequency band may provide the energy coverage for the pervasive, or perpetual wireless-powered IoT devices.
[0109] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating different communication paths associated with a passive backscatter device in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure. For example, in a first set of configurations, one or both of the reader device 702 (e.g., a network device, base station, or UE) and a first UE 706 (e.g., a second reader device, a wireless device, or assisting UE) may be a full duplex device, operating in a full duplex mode, that can transmit a control signal (or a continuous wave for energy harvesting or as a carrier for information via backscattering) over a link 732 and a link 742, respectively, and receive a data signal (e.g., a backscattered signal carrying data) over a link 731 and a link741, respectively. In the first configuration, each of the reader device 702 and the first UE 706 may interact with the A-IoT device 704 independently or in concert, e.g., based on communication via a link 720) .
[0110] In a second set of configuration of the elements of diagram 700, the reader device 702 or the first UE 706 may operate in a half-duplex mode. In some aspects, either the reader device 702 or the first UE 706 may act as a reader device with the other device providing at least the continuous wave signal (for energy transfer / harvesting) and, in some configurations, also providing the control information. For example, in at least one configuration in the second set of configurations, at a particular time, the reader device 702 or the first UE 706 may either (1) transmit control information over the link 732 or 742, respectively, (2) transmit the continuous wave signal (e.g., for energy transfer / harvesting or as a carrier signal for backscattering) over the link 732 or 742, respectively, or (3) receive data from the A-IoT device 704 via the link 731 or 741, respectively. In the second set of configurations, for example, the data may be received at the reader device 702 (or the first UE 706) via a continuous wave transmitted by the first UE 706 (or the reader device 702) and backscatteredby the A-IoT device 704 to include the data, where either the reader device 702 or the first UE 706 may transmit control information at a separate time.
[0111] FIG. 8 is a call flow diagram 800 illustrating a first positioning operation associated with an A-IoT device 804, a reader device 802, a first UE 806 and one or more additional UEs 807 in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure. Call flow diagram 800 illustrates that the first UE 806 (e.g., an assisting wireless device such as a base station, a UE, or other network device) and the reader device 802 (e.g., a UE, a base station, or other network device) may exchange PRS configuration information 808. The PRS configuration information 808, in some aspects, may be generated at one of the reader device 802 or the first UE 806, or may be negotiated between the reader device 802 and the first UE 806. In some aspects, the first UE 806 may additionally, or alternatively, exchange PRS configuration information 810 with the A-IoT device 804. The PRS configuration information 810 maybe based on the PRS configuration information 808, or may be independently generated or negotiated by one or both of the first UE 806 and the A-IoT device 804. In some aspects, the reader device 802 may additionally, or alternatively, exchange PRS configuration information 812 with the A-IoT device 804. The PRS configuration information 812 may be based on the PRS configuration information 808, or may be independently generated or negotiated by one or both of the first UE 806 and the A-IoT device 804.
[0112] Each of the PRS configuration information 808, the PRS configuration information 810, and / or the PRS configuration information 812, may indicate a particular configuration for one or more PRS instances (e.g., a set of one or more symbols in time associated with a particular frequency) , PRS groups (e.g., a group of two or more PRS instances used to measure, compute, and / or identify at least one value used in the positioning operation or sub-operation) , or PRS sets (e.g., one or more PRS groups used to measure, compute, and / or identify a distance value used in the positioning operation or sub-operation) associated with a particular positioning operation or sub-operation. The PRS instances, groups, or sets, in some aspects, may be associated with one or more of a set of times associated with the PRS instances (e.g., based on a time unit such as slots or symbols) , a frequency (e.g., asubcarrier or areference frequency) , a frequency hop (e.g., a frequency change between PRS instances or PRS groups) , a number of PRS instances (e.g., in a PRS group or PRS set) , and / or a frequency shift (e.g., a frequency shift introduced by the A-IoT device 804 or an indication of a frequency for a toggling operation at the A-IoT device 804 to produce the frequency shift) .
[0113] The order of the exchange of information, in some aspects, may be different based on which device, or combination of devices, of the reader device 802, the A-IoT device 804, or the first UE 806 generates or configures the positioning operation. In some aspects, eachof the exchanges of information may include multiple independent transmissions that occur during a first configuration time period and may be repeated for eachassisting UE associated with a positioning operation at the reader device 802. Based on one or more of the PRS configuration information 808, the PRS configuration information 810, and / or the PRS configuration information 812, the reader device 802, the A-IoT device 804, and the first UE 806 may be configured to, and may, perform a positioning operation.
[0114] As discussed below in relation to FIGs. 10-12, different PRS configurations, in some aspects, may be used for a positioning operation. Additionally, different UEs in the set of assisting UEs including the first UE 806 and the one or more additional UEs 807, in some aspects, may use different PRS configurations. The different PRS configurations, in some aspects, may be coordinated by the reader device 802 to distinguish PRS associated with the different assisting UEs. In some aspects, the different PRS configuration used by different assisting UEs may be based on configurations for one or more existing reference signals (e.g., an SRS) used as a PRS for the positioning operation (in addition to other uses such as channel estimation) .
[0115] For example, FIG. 9 is a set of diagrams 900 and 950 illustrating aspects of a POA-based positioning operation using different PRS configurations for different UEs in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure. Diagram 900 illustrates a reader device 902 (e.g., a base station or network device) , an A-IoT device 904 (e.g., a passive backscatter device) , a first UE 906 (e.g., an assisting UE or network device) , and a second UE 907 (e.g., an assisting UE or network device) associated with the POA-basedpositioning operation. For example, the first UE 906 may be configured to transmit a first PRS group 910 associated with a first frequency, f1, and a second PRS group 920 associated with a second frequency, f2, where both PRS groups are associated with a same frequency hop (or offset) 915, fhop or Δf. The first PRS group 910 in some aspects, may include a first PRS instance 911 and a second PRS instance 912 associated with a frequency, f1 and f1 + Δf (or f1 +fhop) , respectively. Similarly, the second PRS group 920 in some aspects, may include a first PRS instance 921 and a second PRS instance 922 associated with a frequency, f2 and f2- Δf (or f2 -fhop) , respectively. The PRS configuration associated with the first UE 906 may include a gap in time between the first PRS group 910 and the second PRS group 920, but without a gap in time between the first PRS instance 911 and the second PRS instance 912 or between the first PRS instance 921 and the second PRS instance 922. The A-IoT device 904, in some aspects, may be configured to perform an RF switch toggling 905 to produce a frequency shift, fs.
[0116] In some aspects, the RF switch toggling may be associated with a square wave that may be represented by It canbe seen that the even order harmonics (i.e., m = 2, 4, 6, ...) are all zeros. In some aspects, he third and frfth order harmonics (i.e., m = 3, 5) may be canceled by using multi-level signal quantification. The higher-order odd harmonics (i.e., m = 7, 9, ...) attenuate quickly along with the increasing of the order number. Therefore, the square wave for backscatter modulation canbe approximated by a first order harmonic (m = 1) cosine wave. That is, where Sn is the n-th PRS symbol group and θn is the initial phase of the square wave and θn could be different for each PRS symbol group. However, the phase change across symbol groups is fixed, i.e., Δθ = θn -θn+1 is not dependent on the index of symbol group.
[0117] Similarly, the second UE 907 may be configured to transmit a first PRS group 930 associated with a third frequency, f3, and a second PRS group 940 associated with a fourth frequency, f4, where both PRS groups are associated with a same frequency hop (or offset) 935, fhop′ or NΔf. The first PRS group 930 in some aspects, may include a first PRS instance 931 and a second PRS instance 932 associated with a frequency, f3 and f3 + NΔf (or f3 + fhop′) , respectively. Similarly, the second PRS group 940 in some aspects, may include a first PRS instance 941 and a second PRS instance 942 associated with a frequency, f4 and f4-NΔf (or f4-fhop′) , respectively. The PRS configuration associated with the first UE 906 may include a gap in time between the first PRS group 930 and the second PRS group 940, and a gap in time between the first PRS instance 931 and the second PRS instance 932 and betweenthe first PRS instance 941 and the second PRS instance 942. The gap in time between the first PRS instance 931 and the second PRS instance 932 and the gap in time between the first PRS instance 941 and the second PRS instance 942, in some aspects, may be of a same duration (e.g., a same number of symbols or slots) to generate a same phase difference between the first PRS instance in a PRS group and the second PRS instance in the PRS group to be canceled during a distance estimation operation and / or calculation as discussed below. Diagram 950 illustrates the PRS instances associated with the first UE 906 and the second UE 907 and a set of related (frequency-shifted) backscattered signals in time and frequency as described in relation to FIG. 8 below.
[0118] Continuing the discussion of FIG. 8, before beginning, or as part of, the positioning operation, in some aspects, a synchronization operation may be performed between the A-IoT device 804 and the first UE 806 (e.g., corresponding to A-IoT device 904 and the first UE 906, respectively) . As part of the synchronization operation, the first UE 806 may transmit, and the A-IoT device 804 may receive, one or more synchronization reference signals 814. Based on the one or more synchronization reference signals 814, the A-IoT device 804 may perform a synchronization 816. The synchronization 816, in some aspects, may include a coarse synchronization using an envelope detector (or an envelope detection) . The synchronization, in some aspects, may be accurate to within a time associated with a length of a CP of a PRS instance. In some aspects, the synchronization may be less accurate and the time associated with an RF switch toggling may be aligned in time with the PRS timing and a phase offset occurs. A continuous toggling over the symbols of a PRS group (or set) the phase offset change across two PRS instances of each PRS group is same and the synchronization error will not affect the location / position estimation.
[0119] Based on the synchronization 816, the first UE 806 may transmit, and both the reader device 802 and the A-IoT device 804 may receive, a first PRS set 819. The first PRS set 819 may include a first PRS group 818 and a second PRS group 824 (e.g., corresponding to the first PRS group 910 and the second PRS group 920) . As described in relation to FIGs. 9 and 10, the first PRS group 818 may include two PRS instances (e.g., PRS instances 911 and 912) . A first PRS instance of the first PRS group 818 may be associated with, e.g., may be transmitted at, a first frequency, f1, over a set of one or more symbols. In some aspects, the A-IoT device 804 may, prior to receiving the first PRS group 818 and based on the PRS configuration, begin toggling an RF switch of the A-IoT device 804 to introduce a frequency shift for backscattered signals (e.g., may perform the RF switch toggling 905) . Accordingly, the first PRS instance of the first PRS group 818 may be backscattered by the A-IoT device 804 to produce a first signal in a first group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 820 (e.g., corresponding to frequency shifted backscattered signal 961) at a frequency f1 + fs (where fs is dependent on the frequency of the toggling of the RF switch at the A-IoT device 804) .
[0120] Similarly, a second PRS instance of the first PRS group 818 may be associated with, e.g., may be transmitted at, a second frequency, f1 + fhop, offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset, fhop, that is an integer multiple of a subcarrier spacing over a set of one or more symbols (e.g., a same, or different number of symbols as the first PRS instance of the first PRS group 818) ) . In some aspects, the A-IoT device 804 may continue toggling the RF switch of the A-IoT device 804 without interruption between the first PRS instance and the second PRS instance of the first PRS group 818. Accordingly, the second PRS instance of the first PRS group 818 may be backscattered by the A-IoT device 804 to produce a second signal in a first group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 820 (e.g., corresponding to frequency shifted backscattered signal 962) at a frequency f1 + fhop + fs. After the transmission (and backscattering) of the second PRS instance in the first PRS group 818 is complete. The A-IoT device 804 may refrain, at 822, from toggling the RF switch, e.g., to conserve power, while no PRS transmissions are configured to be transmitted and / or backscattered.
[0121] As described in relation to FIGs. 9 and 10, the second PRS group 824 may include two PRS instances (e.g., the second PRS group 920 includes the first PRS instance 921 and the second PRS instance 922) . A first PRS instance of the second PRS group 824 may be associated with, e.g., may be transmitted at, a second frequency, f2, over a setof one or more symbols (e.g., a same number of symbols as the first PRS instance of the first PRS group 818) . The second frequency, f2, associated with the second PRS group 824, in some aspects, may be independent of the second frequency, f1. For example, the second frequency, f2, may be randomly, or pseudo-randomly selected, e.g., based on a function of known parameters (e.g., parameters known to the first UE 806 and the reader device 802) such as a UE ID of the first UE 806, a cell ID of the first UE 806, a cell ID of the reader device 802, a time, a sequence, or other parameters. In some aspects, the A-IoT device 804 may, prior to receiving the second PRS group 824 and based on the PRS configuration, begin toggling the RF switch of the A-IoT device 804 (e.g., at a same toggling frequency as used for the first PRS group 818) to introduce the frequency shift for backscattered signals. Accordingly, the first PRS instance of the second PRS group 824 may be backscattered by the A-IoT device 804 to produce a first signal in a second group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 826 (e.g., corresponding to frequency shifted backscattered signal 971) at a frequency f2 + fs (where fs is the same for the first PRS group 818 and the second PRS group 824) .
[0122] Similarly, a second PRS instance of the second PRS group 824 may be associated with, e.g., may be transmitted at, a first frequency, f2 -fhop, over a set of one or more symbols (e.g., a same number of symbols as the second PRS instance of the second PRS group 824) . In some aspects, the A-IoT device 804 may continue toggling the RF switch of the A-loT device 804 without interruption between the first PRS instance of the second PRS group 824 and the second PRS instance of the second PRS group 824. Accordingly, the second PRS instance of the second PRS group 824 may be backscattered by the A-IoT device 804 to produce a second signal in a second group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 826 (e.g., corresponding to frequency shifted backscattered signal 972) at a frequency f2 -fhop + fs. After the transmission (and backscattering) of the second PRS instance in the second PRS group 824 is complete.
[0123] Based on the first group of frequency shifted backscatteredsignals 820 andthe second group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 826, the reader device 802 may, at 828, estimate a distance between the first UE 806 and the reader device 802 via the A-IoT device 804 (e.g., the distance R1 = RI_1 + RR) . The distance estimation may be based on phase offsets associated with the frequency shifted backscattered signals (e.g., frequency shifted backscatteredsignals 961 and frequency shifted backscattered signals 962 associated with the first PRS group 910 and the frequency shifted backscattered signals 971 and frequency shifted backscatteredsignals 972 associated with the second PRS group 920) of the first group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 820 and the second group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 826. A phase offset for a particular (frequency shifted backscattered) signal may be based on a time delay value (τ) associated with a sum distance associated with an assisting UE (e.g., τi for an ith assisting UE) that may cause a frequency-dependent phase offset β = 2πfiτ (e.g., where fi may be equal to f1, f1 + fhop, f2, or f2 -fhop, for the PRS instances of the first PRS group 818 and the second PRS group 824; or f1 + fs, f1 + fhop + fs, f2 + fs, or f2 -fhop + fs for the PRS instances of the first group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 820 and the second group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 826) . The phase offset for a particular (frequency shifted backscattered) signal may further be based on a frequency offset and / or Doppler shift that may cause a phase offset α = 2πεfc t which is time dependent. The phase offset for a particular (frequency shifted backscattered) signal may also be introduced by a channel based on a phase offset φ for which the variation may be based on a coherent time and bandwidth. Furthermore, the phase offset for a particular (frequency shifted backscattered) signal may further be based on a phase offset θn due to backscattering. When the continuous square wave (associated with the toggling of the RF switch associated with the backscattering) is used to reflect the PRS, the phase offset θn may vary for different PRS instances (e.g., based on a misalignment between a reference time of a RF switch toggling and a reference time of the PRS symbol) , but the phase rotation across PRS instances may be constant based on the configuration of the PRS groups. For example, the phase rotation across PRS instances (e.g., between a frequency shifted backscattered signal 961 (or a frequency shifted backscattered signal 971) associated with the first PRS instance 911 (or 921) and a frequency shifted backscattered signal 962 (or a frequency shifted backscattered signal 972) associated with the second PRS instance 912 (or 922) ) may be based on a frequency of the square wave, the length of the PRS instance, and a gap between the PRS instances.
[0124] The reader device 802, when receiving the first group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 820 and the second group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 826, may remove the CP and apply a per-symbol (or per-symbol group) FFT for the received PRS instance. The reader device 802 may, as part of the estimation of the first distance at 828, calculate a rotating phase (Ω1 and Ω2) between different tones associated with different PRS instances and cancel phase offsets other than the phase offset due to time delay. For example, for the first group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 820 (e.g., the frequency shifted backscattered signals 961 and 962) , a rotating phase, Ω1, may be calculated as Ω1 = 2πfhopτ1 + 2πεfcT + Δθ, where Δθ is the difference between a first phase offset, θ1, introduced for a first PRS instance and a second phase offset, θ2, introduced for a second PRS instance by the frequency shift associated with the backscattering and where Δθ is assumed to be constant. Similarly, for the second group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 826 (e.g., the frequency shifted backscattered signals 971 and 972) , a rotating phase, Ω2, may be calculated as Ω2 = -2πfhopτ1 + 2πεfcT + Δθ. Accordingly, by combining the calculated values for Ω1 and Ω2, a time delay associated with the first UE 806 or 906, τ1, may be calculated as τ1 = (Ω1 -Ω2) / (4πfhop) . Based on the time delay, τ1, the reader device 802 may calculate a path length, and ultimately, a distance associated with the first UE 806 (e.g., the first UE 906) , the A-IoT device 804 (e.g., the A-IoT device 904) , and the reader device 802 (e.g., the reader device 902) . For example, the reader device 902 may calculate the distance R1 = RI_1 + RR associated with the first UE 906, the A-IoT device 904, and the reader device 902 as illustrated in FIG. 9.
[0125] Similarly, if the location of, or distance to, the first UE 806 or 906 is not known, the reader device 802 or 902 may similarly calculate a distance (L1) to the first UE 806 or 906 based on a rotating phase, e.g., ω1 and ω2 (e.g., between the PRS instances 911 and 912 and between the PRS instances 921 and 922, respectively) , associated with the first PRS group 818 (e.g., the first PRS group 910) and the second PRS group 824 (e.g., the second PRS group 920) , respectively. Based on the PRS configuration (e.g., configured based on the PRS configuration information 808, PRS configuration information 810, and PRS configuration information 812) , the A-IoT device 804 may, at 830, update a frequency shifting signal generation before a next PRS set. For example, the frequency of the RF switching and / or toggling may be adjusted to introduce a different frequency shift for a next set of PRS associated with at least one of the one or more additional UEs 807.
[0126] At least one of the one or more additional UEs 807 may transmit, and both the reader device 802 and the A-IoT device 804 may receive, at least one additional PRS set (s) 832. The at least one additional PRS set (s) 832 may result in at least one corresponding group (s) of frequency shifted backscattered signals 834. For example, the at least one additional PRS set (s) 832 may include at least a second PRS set including the first PRS group 930 and the second PRS group 940. In turn, the first PRS group 930 may include a first PRS instance 931 and a second PRS instance 932 and the second PRS group 940 may include a first PRS instance 941 and a second PRS instance 942. The first PRS instance 931 may be associated with a third frequency, f3, and second PRS instance 932 may be associated with a frequency, f3 + NΔf, offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that is an integer multiple of a subcarrier spacing, NΔf. In some aspects, the integer N is selected to be a small number, e.g., 1 or 2, to minimize a resolution (e.g., the smallest detectable difference in distance) or an estimation error and to make the assumption that the two PRS instances at different frequencies (or tones) experience a same channel more likely to be valid. In some aspects, there may be a gap in time between the first PRS instance 931 and the second PRS instance 932 during which the A-IoT device 804 (e.g., the A-IoT device 904) continues toggling the RF switch at the same frequency (based on the same RF switch toggling 905) .
[0127] The first PRS group 930 may be separated in time from the second PRS group 940 by a time gap that may be the same length as, or a different length from, a time gap between the first PRS group 910 and the second PRS group 920. As for the time gap between the first PRS group 910 and the second PRS group 920, the A-IoT device 804 or 904 may refrain from the RF switch toggling (e.g., the RF switch toggling 905) during the gap between the first PRS group 930 and the second PRS group 940. The first PRS instance 941 of the second PRS group 940 may be associated with a fourth frequency, f4, and the second PRS instance 942 may be associated with a frequency, f4 -NΔf, offset from the third frequency by the second frequency-offset (but in an opposite direction, or with an opposite sign) that is the same integer multiple of a subcarrier spacing, NΔf, used for the offset between the first PRS instance 931 and the second PRS instance 932 of the first PRS group 930. Similar to the second frequency, the fourth frequency, f4, may be selected randomly or pseudo-randomly, e.g., based on a function of known parameters (e.g., parameters known to an associated UE in the one or more additional UEs 807 and the reader device 802) such as a UE ID associated with a transmitting UE, a cell ID of the transmitting UE, a cell ID of the reader device, a time, a sequence, or other parameters.
[0128] In some aspects, there may be a gap in time between the first PRS instance 941 and the second PRS instance 942 during which the A-IoT device 804 (e.g., the A-IoT device 904) continues toggling the RF switch at the same frequency (based on the RF switch toggling 905) . The gap in time between the first PRS instance 931 and the second PRS instance 932 and the gap in time between the first PRS instance 941 and the second PRS instance 942, in some aspects, may be of a same duration (e.g., a same number of symbols or slots) to generate a same phase difference between the first PRS instance 931 or 941 in a PRS group 930 or 940 and the second PRS instance 932 or 942 in the PRS group 930 or 940, respectively, to be canceled during a distance estimation operation and / or calculation as discussed above.
[0129] As discussed above, the phase offset for a particular (frequency shifted backscattered) signal may further be based on a phase offset θn due to backscattering. When the continuous square wave (e.g., associated with the RF switch toggling 905) is used to reflect the PRS, the phase offset θn may vary for different PRS instances (e.g., based on a misalignment between a reference time of the RF switch toggling and a reference time of the PRS symbol) , but the phase rotation across PRS instances may be constant based on the configuration of the PRS groups. For example, the phase rotation across PRS instances (e.g., between a frequency shifted backscattered signal 981 (or a frequency shifted backscattered signal 991) associated with the first PRS instance 931 (or 941) and a frequency shifted backscattered signal 982 (or a frequency shifted backscattered signal 992) associated with the second PRS instance 932 (or 942) ) may be based on a frequency of the square wave, the length of the PRS instance, and a gap between the PRS instances.
[0130] The reader device 802 (e.g., the reader device 902) , when receiving the at least one corresponding group (s) of frequency shifted backscatteredsignals 834 (e.g., including frequency shifted backscattered signals 981, 982, 991, and 992) , may remove the CP and apply a per-symbol (or per-symbol group / PRS instance) FFT for the received PRS instance. The reader device 802 may, as part of the estimation of the additional distance (s) at 836, calculate a rotating phase (Φ1 and Φ2) between different tones of PRS instances and cancel phase offsets other than the phase offset due to time delay as discussed above. For example, for a first group of frequency shifted backscattered signals (e.g., frequency shifted backscatteredsignals 981 and 982) of the atleast one corresponding group (s) of frequency shifted backscattered signals 834 (e.g., associated with a first PRS group of the at least one additional PRS set (s) 832 corresponding to the first PRS group 930) , a rotating phase, Φ1, may be calculated as Φ1 = 2πfhop′τ2 + 2πεfcT + Δθ′ (or 2πNΔfτ2 + 2πεfcT + Δθ′) , where Δθ′ is the difference between a first phase offset, θ′1, introduced for a first PRS instance (e.g., frequency shifted backscattered signals 981 or 991) and a second phase offset, θ′2, introduced for a second PRS instance (e.g., frequency shifted backscattered signals 982 or 992) by the frequency shift associated with the backscattering and where Δθ′ is assumed to be constant for PRS groups in a PRS set. Similarly, for a second PRS group of frequency shifted backscattered signals (e.g., frequency shifted backscattered signals 991 and 992) of the at least one corresponding group (s) of frequency shifted backscattered signals 834 (e.g., associatedwith a second PRS group of the at least one additional PRS set (s) 832 corresponding to the second PRS group 940) , a rotating phase, Φ2, may be calculated as Φ2 = -2πfhop′τ2 + 2πεfcT + Δθ′ (or -2πNΔfτ2 + 2πεfcT + Δθ′) . Accordingly, by combining the calculated values for Φ1 and Φ2, a time delay associated with a first UE of the one or more additional UEs 807 or the UE 907, τ2, may be calculated as τ2 = (Φ1 -Φ2) / (2πfhop′) (or (Φ1-Φ2) / (2πNΔf) ) . Based on the time delay, τ2, the reader device 802 may calculate a path length, and ultimately, a distance associated with the first UE of the one or more additional UEs 807 (e.g., the second UE 907) , the A-IoT device 804 (e.g., the A-IoT device 904) , and the reader device 802 (e.g., the reader device 902) . For example, the reader device 902 may calculate the distance R2 = RI_2 + RR associated with the secondUE 907, the A-IoT device 904, and the reader device 902 as illustrated in FIG. 9.
[0131] Similarly, if the location of, or distance to, the first UE of the one or more additional UEs 807 (e.g., the second UE 907) is not known, the reader device 802 or 902 may similarly calculate a distance (L2) to the first UE 806 or 906 based on a rotating phase, e.g., and (e.g., between the PRS instances 931 and 932 and between the PRS instances 941 and 942, respectively) , associated with the first PRS group of the at least one additional PRS set (s) 832 (e.g., the first PRS group 930) and the second PRS group of the at least one additional PRS set (s) 832 (e.g., the second PRS group 940) , respectively. Similar calculations of a distance Rj = RI_j + RR or a distance (Lj) for j = 3, ..., m, may be made for each of m -2 other UEs of the one or more additional UEs 807. Referring to FIG. 9, for example, the reader device 902 may further estimate distance R3 = RI_3 + RR (and L3) for a third UE 908 based on a third PRS set (not shown) associated with the third UE 908. Based on the PRS configuration (e.g., configured based on the PRS configuration information 808, PRS configuration information 810, and PRS configuration information 812) , the A-IoT device 804 may, at 830, update a frequency shifting signal generation between one or more of the PRS sets of the at least one additional PRS set (s) 832.
[0132] Based on the distances estimated at 828 and 836, the reader device may additionally, at 836 estimate a location of the A-IoT device 804. For example, the reader device may use elliptic-based positioning based on the distances estimated at 828 and at 836 and a set of known location for assisting UEs, e.g., the first UE 806, and the one or more additional UEs 807. Referring to FIG. 9, for example, the reader device 902 may estimate the distances R1, R2, and R3 (and may estimate, or know, the distances L1, L2, and L3) and generate ellipse 916, ellipse 917, and ellipse 918 (shown in part) based on the location and distance Ri associated with each of the first UE 906, the second UE 907, and the third UE 908, respectively. Based on the intersection of the ellipses 916, 917, and 918, the reader device 902 may determine or estimate the location of the A-IoT device 904.
[0133] In some aspects, an additional group delay, τgroup, may be introduced by the backscattering at the A-IoT device 804 (e.g., the A-IoT device 904) . This group delay term, in some aspects, may be a constant value of unknown magnitude that reduces the accuracy of the distance, or location, estimation (e.g., the POA estimate may be based on a value for τi that includes not just a phase offset due to time delay, τdistance, based on the distance but also includes the phase offset due to group delay, τgroup, that introduces inaccuracy, where i ∈ 1, ...m, where m is the number of UEs, such as assisting UEs or wireless devices, participating in a positioning, location, or ranging operation) . To address the additional group delay, τgroup, introduced by the backscattering, in some aspects, a differential approach may be used that includes calculating a relative time difference among multiple assisting UEs (e.g., the first UE 806 and the one or more additional UEs 807, or the UE 906, the UE 907, and the UE 908) , e.g., τi -τj, for pairs of UEs (UEi and UEi for i, j = 1, ...m, and i < j) . Accordingly, the relative time differences, τi -τj, in some aspects, may indicate the timing difference (and an associated distance) from multiple assisting UEs to the A-IoT device 804 (e.g., the A-IoT device 904) because the multiple assisting UEs share the common link from the A-IoT device 804 (e.g., the A-IoT device 904) . Accordingly, based on the known locations of the assisting UEs, the location of the A-IoT device 804 (e.g., the A-IoT device 904) may be determined using OTDOA.
[0134] FIG. 10 is a call flow diagram 1000 illustrating a second positioning operation associated with anA-IoT device 1004, areader device 1002, a first UE 1006, a second UE 1007, and a third UE 1008 in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure. FIG. 10 assumes that a PRS configuration (e.g., if different from a current configuration of a RS) has been obtained (e.g., generated, provided, or received) by each of the A-IoT device 1004, the reader device 1002, the first UE 1006, the second UE 1007, and the third UE 1008 as described in relation to the configuration of the A-IoT device 804, the reader device 802, and the first UE806 of FIG. 8. FIG. 11 is a set of diagrams 1100 and 1150 illustrating different configurations for PRS sets in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure. Elements of FIG. 11 will be references in the discussion of FIG. 10.
[0135] In some aspects, a synchronization operation may be performed between the A-IoT device 1004 and the first UE 1006 (e.g., corresponding to A-IoT device 904 and the first UE 906, respectively) . As part of the synchronization operation, the first UE 1006 may transmit, and the A-IoT device 1004 may receive, one or more synchronization reference signals 1014. Based on the one or more synchronization reference signals 1014, the A-IoT device 1004 may perform a synchronization 1016. The synchronization 1016, in some aspects, may include a coarse synchronization using an envelope detector (or an envelope detection) . The synchronization, in some aspects, may be accurate to within a time associated with a length of a CP of a PRS instance or with even less accuracy as described above.
[0136] Based on the synchronization 1016, the first UE 1006 may transmit, and both the reader device 1002 and the A-IoT device 1004 may receive, a first PRS set 1018. The first PRS set may include a first PRS group and a second PRS group as described in relation to FIGs. 8, 9, and 11, or may include a single PRS group as described below in relation to FIG. 11. In some aspects, the A-IoT device 1004 may, prior to receiving the first PRS set 1018 and based on the PRS configuration, begin toggling an RF switch of the A-IoT device 1004 to introduce a frequency shift for backscattered signals (e.g., may perform the RF switch toggling 905) . Accordingly, the PRS instances of the first PRS set 1018 may be backscatteredby the A-IoT device 1004 to produce a set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1020 (e.g., corresponding to any of the frequency shifted backscattered signals described in relation to FIGs. 8, 9, 11, or 12) with a frequency shift, fs, (where fs is dependent on the frequency of the toggling of the RF switch at the A-IoT device 1004) .
[0137] Based on the set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1020, the reader device 1002 may, at 1022, estimate a distance between the first UE 1006 and the reader device 1002 via the A-IoT device 1004 (e.g., the distance R1 = RI_1 + RR) . The distance estimation may be based on phase offsets associated with the frequency shifted backscattered signals (e.g., frequency shifted backscattered signals 961, 962, 971, and 972) of the first set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1020. A phase offset for a particular (frequency shifted backscattered) signal may be based on any of the factors discussed above in relation to FIG. 8. Specifically, as discussed above, the phase offset for a particular (frequency shifted backscattered) signal may be based on a phase offset θn due to backscattering. When the continuous square wave (associated with the toggling of the RF switch associated with the backscattering) is used to reflect the PRS, the phase offset θn may vary for different PRS instances (e.g., based on a mis alignment between a reference time of a RF switch toggling and a reference time of the PRS symbol) , but the phase rotation across PRS instances may be constant based on the configuration of the PRS groups. For example, the phase rotation across PRS instances (e.g., between a first frequency shifted backscattered signal 961 (or 971) associated with the first PRS instance 911 (or 921) and a second frequency shifted backscattered signal 962 (or 972) associated with the second PRS instance 912 (or 922) ) may be based on a frequency of the square wave, the length of the PRS instance, and a gap between the PRS instances.
[0138] The reader device 1002, when receiving the first set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1020, may remove the CP and apply a per-symbol (or per-symbol group) FFT for the received PRS instance. The reader device 1002 may, as part of the estimation of the first distance at 1022, calculate a rotating phase (e.g., Ω1 and Ω2) between different tones associated with different PRS instances and cancel phase offsets other than the phase offset due to time delay. For example, for a first pair of PRS instances of the first PRS set 1018 (e.g., the first PRS group 910, the PRS instance 1171 and the PRS instance 1173 of PRS set 1170, or the PRS instance 1181 and the PRS instance 1183 of PRS set 1180) , a rotating phase betweenthe frequency shifted backscattered signals, Ω1, may be calculated as Ω1 = 2πfhopτ + 2πεfcT + Δθ, where fhop is a hopping frequency between adjacent PRS instances and Δθ is the difference between a first phase offset, θ1, introduced for a first PRS instance and a second phase offset, θ2, introduced for a second PRS instance by the frequency shift associated with the backscattering and where Δθ is assumed to be constant for adjacent pairs of PRS instances. Similarly, for a second pair of PRS instances of the first PRS set 1018 (e.g., the second PRS group 920, the PRS instance 1173 and the PRS instance 1175 of PRS set 1170, or the PRS instance 1183 and the PRS instance 1185 of PRS set 1180) , a rotating phase between the frequency shifted backscattered signals, Ω2, may be calculated as Ω2 = -2πfhopτ1 + 2πεfcT + Δθ. Accordingly, by combining the calculated values for Ω1 and Ω2, a differential time, τ1, may be calculated as τ1 = (Ω1 -Ω2) / (2πfhop) . Based on the differential time, τ1, the reader device 1002 may calculate a difference in the path length, and ultimately, a distance associated with the first UE 1006 (e.g., the first UE 906) , the A-IoT device 1004 (e.g., the A-IoT device 904) , and the reader device 1002 (e.g., the reader device 902) . For example, the reader device 902 may calculate the distance R1 = RI_1 + RR associated with the first UE 906, the A-IoT device 904, and the reader device 902 as illustrated in FIG. 9.
[0139] Similarly, if the location of, or distance to, the first UE 1006 is not known, the reader device 1002 may similarly calculate a distance (L1) to the first UE 1006. The distance (L1) , in some aspects, may be calculated based on a rotating phase between pairs of PRS instances associated with the first PRS set 1018 (e.g., betweena first pair of PRS instances including PRS instance 1171 and PRS instance 1173 and betweena second pair of PRS instances including PRS instance 1173 and PRS instance 1175) . For example, as described in relation to FIG. 9, the rotating phase, e.g., ω1 between the PRS instances 911 and 912 and ω2 between the PRS instances 921 and 922, may be used to calculate the distance (L1) associated with UE 906.
[0140] Based on the PRS configuration (e.g., configured based on the PRS configuration information 808, PRS configuration information 810, and PRS configuration information 812) , the A-IoT device 1004 may, maintain or update a frequency shifting signal generation before a next PRS set, e.g., the second PRS set 1024. For example, the frequency of the RF switching and / or toggling may be adjusted to introduce a different frequency shift for a next set of PRS associated with the UE 1007, or may maintain a same frequency of the RF switching and / or toggling (and a same frequency shift, fs) . In some aspects, the second PRS set 1024 may overlap in time (but not frequency) with the first PRS set 1018 such that the same frequency of the RF switching and / or toggling (and associated fs) is used for, or associated with, both the first PRS set 1018 and the second PRS set 1024.
[0141] The second UE 1007 may transmit, and both the reader device 1002 and the A-IoT device 1004 may receive, the second PRS set 1024. The second PRS set 1024 may result in a set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1026. For example, the second PRS set 1024 may correspond to any of the PRS set configurations described in FIGs. 9 or 11. The readerdevice 1002 may receive and process, the set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1026 as described above for a multi-group PRS set (e.g., the first PRS set 819 of FIG. 8, the PRS sets of FIG. 9, or the PRS set 1130 of FIG. 11) or for a single-group PRS set (e.g., the PRS set 1170 or 1180) . The processing may include, at 1028, estimating, calculating, or determining, a differential time, τ2, and a difference in the path length, and ultimately, a distance associated with the second UE 1007 (e.g., the second UE 907) , the A-IoT device 1004 (e.g., the A-IoT device 904) , and the reader device 1002 (e.g., the reader device 902) . For example, the reader device 902 may calculate the distance R2 = RI_2 + RR associated with the second UE 907, the A-IoT device 904, and the reader device 902 as illustrated in FIG. 9. The reader device 1002, in some aspects, may further estimate, calculate, or determine a distance (L2) to the second UE 1007. The distance (L2) , in some aspects, may be calculated based on a rotating phase between pairs of PRS instances associated with the second PRS set 1024. For example, as described in relation to FIG. 9, the rotating phase, e.g., between the frequency shifted backscattered signals 981 and 982 (or a similar phase between the frequency shifted backscattered signals associated with PRS instances 1171 and 1173) and between the frequency shifted backscattered signals 991 and 992 (or a similar phase between the frequency shifted backscattered signals associated with PRS instances 1173 and 1175) , may be used to calculate the distance (L2) associated with the second UE 907.
[0142] Based on the PRS configuration (e.g., configured based on the PRS configuration information 808, PRS configuration information 810, and PRS configuration information 812) , the A-IoT device 1004 may, at 1030, update a frequency shifting signal generation before a next PRS set, e.g., the third PRS set 1032. For example, the frequency of the RF switching and / or toggling may be adjusted to introduce, for a next set of PRS associated with the third UE 1008, a different frequency shift, f′s, that maybe an integer multiple of a subcarrier spacing, or in some aspects, a fractional subcarrier spacing, e.g., an integer multiple of a subcarrier spacing divided by a different integer as described in relation to FIG. 12. In some aspects, the third PRS set 1032 may overlap in frequency (but not time) with at least one of the first PRS set 1018 or the second PRS set 1024.
[0143] The third UE 1008 may transmit, and both the reader device 1002 and the A-IoT device 1004 may receive, the third PRS set 1032. The third PRS set 1032 may result in a set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1034. For example, the third PRS set 1032 may correspond to any of the PRS set configurations described in FIGs. 9 or 11. The reader device 1002 may receive and process, the set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1034 as described above for a multi-group PRS set (e.g., the first PRS set 819 of FIG. 8, the PRS sets of FIG. 9, or the PRS set 1130 of FIG. 11) or for a single-group PRS set (e.g., the PRS set 1170 or 1180) . The processing may include, at 1036, estimating, calculating, or determining, a differential time, τ3, and a difference in the path length, and ultimately, a distance associated with the third UE 1008 (e.g., the third UE 908) , the A-IoT device 1004 (e.g., the A-IoT device 904) , and the reader device 1002 (e.g., the reader device 902) . For example, the reader device 902 may calculate the distance R3 = RI_3 + RR associated with the third UE 908, the A-IoT device 904, and the reader device 902 as illustrated in FIG. 9. The reader device 1002, in some aspects, may further estimate, calculate, or determine a distance (L3) to the third UE 1008. The distance (L3) , in some aspects, may be calculated based on a rotating phase between pairs of PRS instances associated with the third PRS set 1032. For example, as described in relation to FIG. 9, the rotating phase, e.g., between the frequency shifted backscattered signals 981 and 982 (or a similar phase between the frequency shifted backscattered signals associated with PRS instances 1181 and 1183) and between the frequency shifted backscattered signals (or a similar phase associated with PRS instances 1183 and 1185) , may be usedto calculate the distance (L3) associated with the third UE 908.
[0144] Based on the distances estimated at 1022, 1028, and 1036, the reader device may additionally, at 1036 estimate a location of the A-IoT device 1004. For example, the reader device may use elliptic-based positioning based on the distances estimated at 1022, 1028, and at 1036 and a set of known location for assisting UEs, e.g., the first UE 1006, the second UE 1007, and the third UE 1008. Referring to FIG. 9, for example, the reader device 902 may estimate the distances R1, R2, and R3 (and may estimate, or know, the distances L1, L2, and L3) and generate ellipses 916, 917, and 918 based on the location and distance Ri associated with each of the first UE 906, the second UE 907, and the third UE 908, respectively. Based on the intersection of the ellipses 916, 917, and 918, the reader device 902 may determine or estimate the location of the A-IoT device 904.
[0145] As indicated in the description of FIG. 10, the diagram 1100 and 1150 of FIG. 11 illustrate different configurations for PRS sets that may be used to estimate a distance in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure. Diagram 1100 illustrates a multi- group PRS set 1130 (e.g., transmitted by a UE 1107) . In some aspects, the PRS set 1130 includes a first PRS group 1110 and a second PRS group 1120 separated in time by a gap 1140. The first PRS group 1110, in some aspects, may be associated with a first PRS instance 1111 and second PRS instance 1113. The first PRS instance 1111 and the second PRS instance may be associatedwith a first frequency, f1, and a second frequency, f1 +fhop, e.g., a second frequency that is offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset, fhop, that is an integer multiple of a subcarrier spacing (or an integer multiple of a fraction of a subcarrier spacing that is in turn based on the subcarrier spacing divided by a different integer as described in relation to FIG 12) . The first PRS instance 1111 and the second PRS instance 1113, in some aspects, may be contiguous in time as shown in diagram 1100 or, as illustrated in FIG. 9 may be configured with a time gap. The A-IoT device 1104, in some aspects, may be configured to perform an RF switch toggling 1105 at a first frequency to introduce a frequency shift, fs, for the duration of the first PRS group 1110 (e.g., whether there is a gap in time between the first PRS instance 1111 and the second PRS instance 1113 or if they are contiguous) . In some aspects, the frequency shift based on the RF switch toggling shifts the frequency such that a reader device may distinguish between a transmitted signal and a backscattered signal (e.g., a frequency shifted backscattered signal 961, 962, 971, 972, 981, 982, 991, or 992) .
[0146] The first PRS group 1110, in some aspects, may be followed by a gap 1140 in time during which no PRS instance is transmitted and the A-IoT device 1104 does not perform (e.g., omits or refrains from) the RF switch toggling. In some aspects, the A-IoT device 1104 may be configured to perform the RF switch toggling for a longer time than the duration of the PRS group 1110 to ensure that the RF switch toggling is performed throughout the PRS group 1110. For example, the RF switch toggling duration may be increased based on a maximum inaccuracy of the coarse synchronization described in relation to synchronization 816 and 1016 of FIGs. 8 and 10.
[0147] The second PRS group 1120, in some aspects, may be associated with a first PRS instance 1121 and second PRS instance 1123. The first PRS instance 1121 and the second PRS instance 1123 may be associated with a third frequency, f2, and a fourth frequency, f2 -fhop, e.g., a fourth frequency that is offset from the second frequency by the first frequency-offset, fhop, in an opposite direction (or with an opposite sign) than the offset applied between the first PRS instance 1111 and the second PRS instance 1113. The third frequency, in some aspects, may be selected independently of the first frequency, however, in some aspects, the magnitude and direction of the frequency-offset associated with the second PRS group 1120 may be based on the frequency-offset associated with the first PRS group 1110 (e.g., may be the same magnitude and in the opposite direction)
[0148] The first PRS instance 1121 and the second PRS instance 1123, in some aspects, may be contiguous in time as shown in diagram 1100 or, as illustrated in FIG. 9 may be configured with a time gap (of a same duration as a time gap configured between the first PRS instance 1111 and the second PRS instance 1113) . The A-IoT device 1104, in some aspects, may be configured to perform an RF switch toggling 1105 at a first frequency to introduce the same frequency shift, fs, for the duration of the second PRS group 1120 (e.g., whether there is a gap in time between the first PRS instance 1121 and the second PRS instance 1123 or if they are contiguous) . In some aspects, the A-IoT device 1104 may be configured to perform the RF switch toggling for a longer time than the duration of the PRS group 1120 to ensure that the RF switch toggling is performed throughout the PRS group 1120. For example, the RF switch toggling duration may be increased based on a maximum inaccuracy of the coarse synchronization described in relation to synchronization 816 and 1016 of FIGs. 8 and 10. In some aspects, the frequency shift based on the RF switch toggling shifts the frequency such that a reader device may distinguish between a transmitted signal and a backscattered signal (e.g., a frequency shifted backscattered signal 961, 962, 971, 972, 981, 982, 991, or 992) .
[0149] As described above in relation to FIGs. 8-10, the first PRS group 1110 may be used to calculate a first phase rotation between PRS instances 1111 and 1113 and the second PRS group 1120 may be used to calculate a second phase rotation betweenthe PRS instances 1121 and 1123. The two phase rotations may then be used to calculate a delay time and a distance associated with the path from a UE (e.g., UE 1107) to the reader device via the A-IoT device 1104. The delay time and distance may then be used to calculate, estimate, or determine a location or position of the A-IoT device 1104.
[0150] Diagram 1150 illustrates a first single-group PRS set 1170 and a second single-group PRS set 1180 (e.g., transmitted by a UE 1108) . In some aspects, the PRS set 1170 (and 1180) include a set of three PRS instances (e.g., PRS instances 1171, 1173, and 1175 for PRS set 1170 or PRS instances 1181, 1183, and 1185 for PRS set 1180) . The first PRS set 1170 and the second PRS set 1180 may be separated in time by a gap 1190. The first PRS instance 1171 and the third PRS instance 1175 of the first PRS set 1170 may be associated with a first frequency, f1, that may be randomly or pseudo-randomly selected to make conflicts with other PRS instances associated with other assisting UEs less likely, or may be specifically allocated based on information exchanged with a reader device or an A-IoT device (e.g., the PRS configuration information 808, the PRS configuration information 810, and / or the PRS configuration information 812 of FIG. 8) . The second PRS instance 1173 may be associated with a second frequency, f1 +fhop, e.g., a second frequency that is offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset, fhop, that may be an integer multiple of a subcarrier spacing (or an integer multiple of a fraction of a subcarrier spacing that is in turn based on the subcarrier spacing divided by a different integer as described in relation to FIG 12) .
[0151] The PRS instances 1171, 1173, and 1175, in some aspects, may be contiguous in time as shown in diagram 1150 or, as illustrated for PRS instances 931 and 932 or 941 and 942 in FIG. 9 may be configured with a time gap. The A-IoT device 1104, in some aspects, may be configured to perform an RF switch toggling 1155 at a first frequency to introduce a frequency shift, fs, for the duration of the first PRS set 1170. In some aspects, the frequency shift based on the RF switch toggling shifts the frequency such that a reader device may distinguish between a transmitted signal and a backscattered signal (e.g., a frequency shifted backscattered signal 961, 962, 971, 972, 981, 982, 991, or 992) .
[0152] The first PRS set 1170, in some aspects, may be followed by a gap 1190 during which no PRS instance is transmitted and the A-IoT device 1104 does not perform (e.g., omits or refrains from) the RF switch toggling. In some aspects, the A-IoT device 1104 may be configured to perform the RF switch toggling for a longer time than the duration of the PRS set 1170 to ensure that the RF switch toggling is performed throughout the PRS set 1170. For example, the RF switch toggling duration may be increased based on a maximum inaccuracy of the coarse synchronization described in relation to synchronization 816 and 1016 of FIGs. 8 and 10. In some aspects, as discussed in relation to FIGs. 8 and 10, the A-IoT device 1104 may be configured to switch from a first RF switch toggling 1155 at a first frequency to a second RF switch toggling 1165 at a second frequency during the gap 1190.
[0153] The first PRS instance 1181 and the third PRS instance 1185 of the second PRS set 1180 may be associated with a third frequency, f2, that may be randomly or pseudo-randomly selected to make conflicts with other PRS instances associated with other assisting UEs less likely, or may be specifically allocated based on information exchanged with a reader device or an A-IoT device (e.g., the PRS configuration information 808, the PRS configuration information 810, and / or the PRS configuration information 812 of FIG. 8) . The second PRS instance 1183 may be associated with a fourth frequency, f2 -f'hop, e.g., a fourth frequency that is offset (in a negative direction) from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset, f'hop, that may be an integer multiple of a subcarrier spacing (or an integer multiple of a fraction of a subcarrier spacing that is in turn based on the subcarrier spacing divided by a different integer as described in relation to FIG 12) .
[0154] In some aspects, for a single-group PRS set, the third frequency and the second frequency-offset associated with the second PRS set 1180, in some aspects, may be selected independently of the first frequency and first frequency-offset without constraints based on the independent PRS group set 1170. The PRS instances 1181, 1183, and 1185, in some aspects, may be contiguous in time as shown in diagram 1100 or, as illustrated in FIG. 9 may be configured with a time gap. The A-IoT device 1104, in some aspects, may be configured to perform an RF switch toggling 1165 at a first frequency to introduce a frequency shift, f's , for the duration of the second PRS set 1180 (e.g., whether there is a gap in time between the PRS instances 1181, 1183, and 1185 or if they are contiguous) . In some aspects, the A-IoT device 1104 may be configured to perform the RF switch toggling for a longer time than the duration of the PRS set 1180 to ensure that the RF switch toggling is performed throughout the PRS set 1180. For example, the RF switch toggling duration may be increased based on a maximum inaccuracy of the coarse synchronization described in relation to synchronization 816 and 1016 of FIGs. 8 and 10. In some aspects, the frequency shift based on the RF switch toggling shifts the frequency such that a reader device may distinguish between a transmitted signal and a backscattered signal (e.g., a frequency shifted backscatteredsignal 961, 962, 971, 972, 981, 982, 991, or 992) . While f1, f2, fhop, and fs, are used in the description of diagrams 1100 and 1150, they may take different values in each diagram.
[0155] As descried above in relation to FIGs. 8-10, the first PRS set 1170 (or the second PRS set 1180) may independently be used to calculate a first phase rotation between frequency shifted backscattered signals associated with a first PRS instance 1171 and frequency shifted backscattered signals associated with a second PRS instance 1173 (or between frequency shifted backscattered signals associated with a first PRS instance 1181 and frequency shifted backscattered signals associated with a second PRS instance 1183) and a second phase rotation between frequency shifted backscattered signals associated with the second PRS instance 1173 and frequency shifted backscattered signals associated with a third PRS instance 1175 (or between frequency shifted backscattered signals associated with the second PRS instance 1183 and frequency shifted backscattered signals associated with the third PRS instance 1185) . The two phase rotations may then be used to calculate a delay time and a distance associated with the path from a UE (e.g., UE 1108) to the reader device via the A-IoT device 1104. The delay time and distance may then be used to calculate, estimate, or determine a location or position of the A-IoT device 1104.
[0156] FIG. 12 is a set of diagrams 1200, 1230 and 1250 illustrating the structure of individual PRS instances in accordance with some aspects of the disclosure. Diagram 1200 illustrates that a first PRS instance and a secondPRS instance 1205 may include a plurality of symbols (e.g., “N" symbols) and may be associated with a CP. The CP may span a time TCP 1201 while the symbols of the PRS may span a time Tseq =N / Δf 1203 that is inversely related to a subcarrier spacing, Δf, and directly related the number of symbols included in the PRS instance. The first PRS instance may be associated with a frequency 1251, and the second PRS instance 1205 may be associated with a frequency 1259, in diagram 1250. Diagram 1200 further illustrates that an RF switching frequency may be configured to introduce a frequency shift, fs, that may be based on the Tseq (and / or the subcarrier spacing and number of symbols, N / Δf) . For example, the frequency shift may be a first frequency shift 1213 by a fractional subcarrier frequency based on the number of symbols of the PRS instance, e.g., fs = Δf / N corresponding to a shift to a frequency 1253 of diagram 1250. In some aspects, the frequency shift may be a second frequency shift 1215, fs = 2Δf / N, or a third frequency shift 1217, fs = 3Δf / N, corresponding to a shift to a frequency 1255 and a frequency 1257 respectively of diagram 1250. A fourth frequency shift 1219, in some aspects, may be used for a single-symbol PRS to shift a PRS by an entire PRB (e.g., 12 subcarriers) .
[0157] In some aspects, the PRS instances may be specifically configured and / or granted for a positioning operation as descried in relation to FIGs. 8 and 10 or for a specific positioning operation. For example, in some aspects, as illustrated FIGs. 9 and 11, a PRS instance may be configured to be transmitted using a single tone that may span one or more symbols. However, in some aspects, existing RS, or RS options and / or configurations including multiple tones, may be used in some aspects when configuring the PRS. Diagram 1230, for example, illustrates that, in some aspects, an existing structure for SRS may be used to configure the assisting UEs to transmit a multi-tone PRS symbol (e.g., a PRS instance involving transmitted RS at multiple frequencies during a same symbol) . While shown for a single-symbol PRS instance, other SRS configurations may be used to provide a multi-symbol PRS.
[0158] Diagram 1230 illustrates that a PRS instance may use an SRS comb configuration 1231 (e.g., comb4 as shown, or a comb2 having a spacing of one subcarrier between adjacent RS (e.g., PRS / SRS) ) . When using a comb4 configuration and a single-symbol PRS instance, the frequency shift, may be configured to be any of the first frequency shift 1213, e.g., fs =Δf, the second frequency shift 1215, fs = 2Δf, or the third frequency shift 1217, fs = 3Δf, corresponding to the shifts illustrated in relation to backscattered PRS 1233, backscattered PRS 1235, and backscattered PRS 1237, respectively. When using a comb2 structure, the frequency shift, in some aspects, may be limited to the first frequency shift 1213, e.g., fs =Δf (e.g., for a single-symbol PRS) . If a multi-symbols PRS / SRS configuration is used, the number of possible frequency shifts may be multiplied by the number of symbols used.
[0159] When using the SRS comb structure, an assisting UE may be configured to use multiple SRS configuration to provide the frequency hopping by one subcarrier between PRS instances as illustrated in FIGs. 9 and 11. For example, an assisting UE may be configured with a first comb structure (e.g., comb2 or comb4) in a first and third symbol with a first offset, and in a second intervening symbol with a second offset (e.g., increased or decreased by 1 depending on the original offset) . In some aspects, one instance of a multi-tone PRS may be used to estimate a distance by calculating a rotating phase between adjacent tones of the multi-tone PRS. For example, for a first, second, and third tone associated with a first, second, and third backscattered signal in ascending order, a first rotating phase may be calculated based on the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal (for a “positive hop” such as between PRS instance 911 and 912 or 1171 and 1173) and a second rotating phase may be calculated based on the third backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal (for a “negative hop” such as between PRS instance 921 and 922 or 1173 and 1175) . However, the resolution of such a calculation may be half (e.g., for a comb2) , or a quarter (e.g., for a comb4) , of the resolution of using PRS instances separated by one subcarrier.
[0160] In some aspects, a multi-tone PRS may include transmitting a PRS over multiple PRBs with at least one muted PRB separating PRBs used to transmit a PRS. For example, an assisting UE may transmit PRS with PRB muting 1241. The passive backscatter device (e.g., an A-IoT UE or passive UE) may introduce a frequency shift by 12 subcarriers (e.g., using frequency shift 1219) to shift the PRS into the adjacent muted PRB as illustrated for backscattered PRS 1249. The resulting signal received at a reader device may be the received PRS 1245 with the transmitted PRS and the backscatteredPRS in separate PRBs.
[0161] The structures for the PRS instance discussed in relation to FIG. 12 may be applied to the PRS instances described in relation to any of FIGs. 8-11. For example, the PRS instanced of FIGs. 8-11 may be one of a single symbol PRS instance or a multi-symbo l PRS instance. Additionally, or alternatively, each PRS set illustrated in FIGs. 9 and 11 or discussed in relation to FIGs. 8 and 10, may include single-tone or multi-tone PRS instances. For example, any of the PRS instances 911, 912, 921, 922, 931, 932, 941, 942, 1111, 1113, 1121, 1123, 1171, 1173, 1175, 1181, 1183, or 1185 may be one of a single-tone (multi-symbol or single-symbol) PRS instance or a multi-tone (multi-symbol or single-symbol) PRS instance. In some aspects, related PRS instances (e.g., PRS instances in a PRS set) may be associated with a single configuration (e.g., each of the related PRS instances may be is associated with one of single-tone or multi-tone PRS instances that are either single-symbol or multi-symbol PRS instances) .
[0162] FIG. 13 is a flowchart 1300 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a passive backscatter device, e.g., a UE, a passive UE, an A-IoT device, an RFID tag, etc. (e.g., the UE 104; the A-IoT device 504, 704, 804, 904, 1004, 1104; the apparatus 1904 or the apparatus 2104) . At 1302, the passive backscatter device (referred to as a UE in the following discussion for convenience) may receive a configuration of a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRS. In some aspects, the configuration may be received from at least one of a first wireless device, e.g., an assisting UE, or a second wireless device, e.g., a reader device. For example, 1302 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, or processor 2124, antenna (s) 2180, and / or POA based ranging component 198 of FIGs. 19 or 21. In some aspects, the configuration received at 1302 may indicate a set of time periods and a corresponding set of RF switch toggling frequencies to be performed at the corresponding time periods in the set of times. In some aspects, the RF toggling frequencies may be associated with (or produce) a square wave at a particular (indicated and / or configured) frequency. The indicated set of time periods, in some aspects, may also include a set of time periods for which the RF switch toggling is indicated to be omitted. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the A-IoT device 804 may receive PRS configuration information 810 or PRS configuration information 812 configuring a backscattering operation associated with at least the first PRS group 818 and the second PRS group 824.
[0163] In some aspects, the UE may receive at least one synchronization reference signal from the at least one first wireless device. The UE may further perform a synchronization based on the at least one synchronization reference signal. In some aspects, the synchronizing (or synchronization) may be associated with the configuration of the backscattering operation. The at least one synchronization reference signal received, in some aspects, may be precede the plurality of PRS received at 1306 as descried below. In some aspects, the synchronizing based on the at least one synchronization reference signal may be a coarse synchronization to within a time associated with a CP of a PRS configured by the configuration received at 1302. For example, referring to FIGs. 8 and 10, the A-IoT device 804 or 1004 may, receive the one or more synchronization reference signals 814 or 1014, and perform a synchronization 816 or 1016.
[0164] At 1306, the UE may receive, from the at least one first wireless device, the plurality of PRS. For example, 1306 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, or processor 2124, antenna (s) 2180, and / or POA based ranging component 198 of FIGs. 19 or21.
[0165] Receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1306, in some aspects, may be based on the configuration received at 1302. In some aspects, the plurality of PRSs received by the UE may include at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency, a second PRS associated with a second frequency, and a third PRS associated with the first frequency. The second frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is at least one (an integer multiple of a) subcarrier spacing of the first PRS. Receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1306, in some aspects, may include receiving the first PRS during a first time period, receiving the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period, and receiving the third PRS during a third time period. In some aspects, the first, second, and third time periods may include a first integer number of symbols, and a first frequency-shift associated with a backscattering of the first, second, and third PRS may be a second integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the first PRS divided by the first integer number (e.g., a fractional subcarrier spacing) . For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004 may receive a first PRS set of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, a PRS set 1018 or 1024 including the first PRS set 1170 (including PRS instances 1171, 1173, and 1175) .
[0166] In some aspects, the first, second, and third PRS may make up a first PRS set, the plurality of PRS may include a second PRS set including a fourth PRS associated with a third frequency, a fifth PRS associated with a fourth frequency, and a sixth PRS associated with the third frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be configured independently of the first frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that is at least one subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS and may be different from the first frequency-offset. A duration of each of the fourth PRS, the fifth PRS, and the sixth PRS, in some aspects, may include a third integer number of symbols, and a second frequency-shift associated with a backscattering of the fourth, fifth, and sixth PRS may be a fourth integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS divided by the third integer number. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004 may receive a second PRS set of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, the PRS set 1024 or 1032 including the second PRS set 1180 (including PRS instances 1181, 1183, and 1185) .
[0167] In some aspects, the plurality of PRSs includes at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency and a second PRS associated with a second frequency. The second frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is an integer multiple of a sub-carrier spacing. Receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1306, in some aspects, includes receiving the first PRS during a first time period, and receiving the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period. The first time period and the second time period, in some aspects, may span a first duration based on a first integer divided by the sub-carrier spacing. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004 may receive the first PRS group 818, 910, or 1110 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 911 or 1111, and the second PRS instance 912 or 1113) or a first and second instance of a first PRS group of the PRS set 1018.
[0168] In some aspects, the first PRS and the second PRS make up a first PRS group and the plurality of PRSs further includes a second PRS group including a third PRS associated with a third frequency and a fourth PRS associated with a fourth frequency. In some aspects, the third frequency may be independent from the first frequency and may be one of a randomly selected frequency or a pseudo-randomly selected frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that has a same magnitude as the first frequency-offset and an opposite sign. In some aspects, receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1306, may further include receiving the third PRS during a third time period and receiving the fourth PRS during a fourth time period after the third time period. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004 may receive the second PRS group 824, 920, or 1120 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 921 or 1121, and the second PRS instance 922 or 1123) or a first and second instance of a second PRS group of the PRS set 1018.
[0169] In some aspects, the first PRS includes a first multi-tone PRS and the second PRS includes a second multi-tone PRS. Each PRS in the first multi-tone PRS and the second multi-tone PRS, in some aspects, may be separated in frequency from an adjacent PRS in a same multi-tone PRS by a first spacing that is an integer number of subcarrier spacings, where the first spacing is not equal to the first frequency-shift. In some aspects, the first multi-tone PRS may be a first set of SRS in a first comb pattern (e.g., comb2 or comb4) associated with a first offset value and the second multi-tone PRS may be a second set of SRSs in a same comb pattern associated with a second offset value. The first frequency-offset between the first PRS and the second PRS, in some aspects, may be based on the first offset value and the second offset value.
[0170] The first PRS (or multi-tone PRS) , in some aspects, may be associated with a first plurality of PRBs in frequency and the second PRS (or multi-tone PRS) may be associated with a second plurality of PRBs in frequency, where the first plurality of PRBs are different from the second plurality of PRBs. In some aspects, the first frequency-shift is an integer number of PRBs configured to shift each PRS in the first PRS into a corresponding PRB in a third plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the first plurality of PRBs and to shift each PRS in the second PRS into a corresponding PRB in fourth plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the second plurality of PRBs. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004 may receive the first PRS group 818, 910, or 1110 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 911 or 1111, and the second PRS instance 912 or 1113) or a first and second instance of a first PRS group of the PRS set 1018 that may be multi-tone PRS instances as illustrated for SRS comb configuration 1231 or PRB muting 1241 of FIG. 12.
[0171] At 1308, the UE may backscatter each of the plurality of PRS received at 1306 based on the configuration of the backscattering operation received at 1302. For example, 1308 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, or processor 2124, antenna (s) 2180, and / or POA based ranging component 198 of FIGs. 19 or 21. In some aspects, backscattering each of the plurality of PRSs may include implementing, for each PRS of the plurality of PRSs, a corresponding frequency-shift indicated in the configuration of the backscattering operation by toggling an RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a corresponding frequency during a time period associated with the PRS. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-12, the A-IoT device 804, 904, 1004, or 1104 may produce a square wave based on an RF switch toggling 905, 1105, 1155, or 1165, to produce a frequency shift 1213, 1215, 1217, or 1219.
[0172] In some aspects, a first corresponding frequency-shift for a first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs may be a first frequency-shift and a second corresponding frequency-shift for a second set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs may be a second frequency-shift. The first frequency-shift, in some aspects, may be different from the second frequency-shift. Accordingly, in some aspects, the UE may implement the first frequency-shift for the first set of related PRSs and the second frequency-shift for the second set of related PRSs by toggling an RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a first frequency based on the first frequency-shift during a first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs and by toggling the RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a second frequency based on the second frequency-shift during a second time period associated with the second set of related PRSs. Implementing the first frequency-shift for the first set of related PRSs and the second frequency-shift for the second set of related PRSs, in some aspects, may also include refraining from toggling the RF switch during a gap between the first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs and the second time period associated with the second set of related PRSs. For example, referring to FIG. 11, the A-IoT device 1104 may perform an RF switch toggling 1155 at a first frequency to introduce a frequency shift, fs, for the first PRS set 1170 and may perform an RF switch toggling 1165 at a second frequency to introduce a frequency shift, f's, for the second PRS set 1180.
[0173] In some aspects, (e.g., for PRS groups in a same PRS set separated by time gap, e.g., for PRS set 1130) toggling the RF switch of the passive backscatter device at the first frequency based on the first frequency-shift during the first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs may include toggling the RF switch at the first frequency during a first portion of the first time period associated with a first transmission of a first pair of PRSs in the first set of related PRSs. Toggling the RF switch of the passive backscatter device at the first frequency based on the first frequency-shift during the first time period, in some aspects, may further include refraining from toggling the RF switch during asecond portion of the first time period associated with a gap between the first transmission of the first pair of PRSs and a second transmission of a second pair of PRSs in the first set of related PRSs and toggling the RF switch at the first frequency during a third portion of the first time period associated with the second transmission of the second pair of PRSs. For example, referring to FIG. 11, the A-IoT device 1104 may perform an RF switch toggling 1105 at a first frequency to introduce the frequency shift, fs, for the first PRS set 1130 during a first time period associated with the first pair of PRS instances 1111 and 1113, may refrain from performing the RF switch toggling 1105 during a second time period associated with gap 1140 between the first pair of PRS instances and a second pair of PRS instances 1121 and 1123, and may perform the RF switch toggling 1105 at the first frequency during a third time period associated with the transmission of the second pair of PRS instances 1121 and 1123.
[0174] In some aspects, a corresponding frequency-shift for a particular PRS of the plurality of PRSs may be equal to at least one subcarrier spacing of the particular PRS. The corresponding frequency-shift for a particular PRS of the plurality of PRSs, in some aspects, may be equal to a fraction of a subcarrier spacing of the particular PRS. In some aspects, the corresponding frequency-shift for a particular PRS of the plurality of PRSs may be equal to a frequency associated with one or more PRBs. For example, referring to FIG. 12, a frequency shift for a particular PRS may be any of the first frequency shift 1213 (e.g., fs =Δf / N) , the second frequency shift 1215 (e.g., fs =2Δf / N) , the third frequency shift 1217 (e.g., fs = 3Δf / N) , or the fourth frequency shift 1219 (e.g., fs = 12Δf / N) , or more generally a frequency shift (fs = MΔf / N) where M may be selectedbased on the number of symbols, N, such that the frequency shift may be one of a fractional subcarrier spacing frequency, at least one subcarrier spacing, or a frequency associated with one or more PRBs.
[0175] In some aspects, backscattering each of the plurality of PRS includes implementing a first frequency-shift between the first PRS and a first backscattered signal based on the first PRS and implementing the first frequency-shift betweenthe second PRS and a second backscattered signal based on the second PRS. In some aspects, the first frequency-shift is based on an inverse of the first duration. Implementing a particular frequency shift, in some aspects, includes toggling anRF switch of the UE during a corresponding PRS set to produce the particular frequency-shift based on a square wave at a particular frequency. In some aspects, the toggling may be continued or omitted between an end of a first PRS group, or set, and the beginning of a second PRS group, or set.
[0176] In some aspects, implementing the first frequency-shift between the third PRS and a third backscattered signal based on the third PRS and implementing the first frequency-shift between the fourth PRS and a fourth backscattered signal based on the fourth PRS. Similarly, in some aspects, backscattering each of the plurality of PRS includes implementing a second frequency-shift between the fourth PRS and a fourth backscattered signal based on the fourth PRS, implementing the second frequency-shift between the fifth PRS and a fifth backscattered signal based on the fifth PRS, and implementing the second frequency-shift between the sixth PRS and a sixth backscattered signal based on the sixth PRS. In some aspects, the second frequency-shift may be based on an inverse of the second duration. In some aspect, backscattering each of the plurality of PRS includes implementing the first frequency-shift between the third PRS and a third backscattered signal based on the third PRS. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-12, the A-IoT device 804, 904, 1004, or 1104 may produce a square wave based on an RF switch toggling 905, 1105, 1155, or 1165, to produce a frequency shift 1213, 1215, 1217, or 1219.
[0177] FIG. 14 is a flowchart 1400 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a passive backscatter device, e.g., a UE, a passive UE, an A-IoT device, an RFID tag, etc. (e.g., the UE 104; the A-IoT device 504, 704, 804, 904, 1004, 1104; the apparatus 1904 or the apparatus 2104) . At 1402, the passive backscatter device (referred to as a UE in the following discussion for convenience) may receive a configuration of a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRS. In some aspects, the configuration may be received from at least one of a first wireless device, e.g., an assisting UE, or a second wireless device, e.g., a reader device. For example, 1402 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, or processor 2124, antenna (s) 2180, and / or POA based ranging component 198 of FIGs. 19 or 21. In some aspects, the configuration received at 1402 may indicate a set of time periods and a corresponding set of RF switch toggling frequencies to be performed at the corresponding time periods in the set of times. In some aspects, the RF toggling frequencies may be associated with (or produce) a square wave at a particular (indicated and / or configured) frequency. The indicated set of time periods, in some aspects, may also include a set of time periods for which the RF switch toggling is indicated to be omitted. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the A-IoT device 804 may receive PRS configuration information 810 or PRS configuration information 812 configuring a backscattering operation associated with at least the first PRS group 818 and the second PRS group 824.
[0178] At 1404, the UE may receive at least one synchronization reference signal from the at least one first wireless device. The UE may further perform a synchronization based on the at least one synchronization reference signal. In some aspects, the synchronizing (or synchronization) at 1404 may be associated with the configuration of the backscattering operation. For example, 1404 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, or processor 2124, antenna (s) 2180, and / or POAbasedranging component 198 of FIGs. 19 or 21. The at least one synchronization reference signal received at 1404, in some aspects, may be precede the plurality of PRS received at 1406 as descried below. In some aspects, the synchronizing based on the at least one synchronization reference signal received at 1404 may be a coarse synchronization to within a time associated with a CP of a PRS configured by the configuration received at 1402. For example, referring to FIGs. 8 and 10, the A-IoT device 804 or 1004 may, receive the one or more synchronization reference signals 814 or 1014, and perform a synchronization 816 or 1016.
[0179] At 1406, the UE may receive, from the at least one first wireless device, the plurality of PRS. For example, 1406 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, or processor 2124, antenna (s) 2180, and / or POA based ranging component 198 of FIGs. 19 or 21.
[0180] Receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1406, in some aspects, may be based on the configuration received at 1402. In some aspects, the plurality of PRSs received by the UE may include at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency, a second PRS associated with a second frequency, and a third PRS associated with the first frequency. The second frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is at least one (an integer multiple of a) subcarrier spacing of the first PRS. Receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1406, in some aspects, may include receiving the first PRS during a first time period, receiving the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period, and receiving the third PRS during a third time period. In some aspects, the first, second, and third time periods may include a first integer number of symbols, and a first frequency-shift associated with a backscattering of the first, second, and third PRS may be a second integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the first PRS divided by the first integer number (e.g., a fractional subcarrier spacing) . For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004 may receive a first PRS set of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, a PRS set 1018 or 1024 including the first PRS set 1170 (including PRS instances 1171, 1173, and 1175) .
[0181] In some aspects, the first, second, and third PRS may make up a first PRS set, the plurality of PRS may include a second PRS set including a fourth PRS associated with a third frequency, a fifth PRS associated with a fourth frequency, and a sixth PRS associated with the third frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be configured independently of the first frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that is at least one subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS and may be different from the first frequency-offset. A duration of each of the fourth PRS, the fifth PRS, and the sixth PRS, in some aspects, may include a third integer number of symbols, and a second frequency-shift associated with a backscattering of the fourth, fifth, and sixth PRS may be a fourth integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS divided by the third integer number. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004 may receive a second PRS set of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, the PRS set 1024 or 1032 including the second PRS set 1180 (including PRS instances 1181, 1183, and 1185) .
[0182] In some aspects, the plurality of PRSs includes at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency and a second PRS associated with a second frequency. The second frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is an integer multiple of a sub-carrier spacing. Receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1406, in some aspects, includes receiving the first PRS during a first time period, and receiving the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period. The first time period and the second time period, in some aspects, may span a first duration based on a first integer divided by the sub-carrier spacing. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004 may receive the first PRS group 818, 910, or 1110 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 911 or 1111, and the second PRS instance 912 or 1113) or a first and second instance of a first PRS group of the PRS set 1018.
[0183] In some aspects, the first PRS and the second PRS make up a first PRS group and the plurality of PRSs further includes a second PRS group including a third PRS associated with a third frequency and a fourth PRS associated with a fourth frequency. In some aspects, the third frequency may be independent from the first frequency and may be one of a randomly selected frequency or a pseudo-randomly selected frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that has a same magnitude as the first frequency-offset and an opposite sign. In some aspects, receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1406, may further include receiving the third PRS during a third time period and receiving the fourth PRS during a fourth time period after the third time period. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004 may receive the second PRS group 824, 920, or 1120 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 921 or 1121, and the second PRS instance 922 or 1123) or a first and second instance of a second PRS group of the PRS set 1018.
[0184] In some aspects, the first PRS includes a first multi-tone PRS and the second PRS includes a second multi-tone PRS. Each PRS in the first multi-tone PRS and the second multi-tone PRS, in some aspects, may be separated in frequency from an adjacent PRS in a same multi-tone PRS by a first spacing that is an integer number of subcarrier spacings, where the first spacing is not equal to the first frequency-shift. In some aspects, the first multi-tone PRS may be a first set of SRS in a first comb pattern (e.g., comb2 or comb4) associated with a first offset value and the second multi-tone PRS may be a second set of SRSs in a same comb pattern associated with a second offset value. The first frequency-offset between the first PRS and the second PRS, in some aspects, may be based on the first offset value and the second offset value.
[0185] The first PRS (or multi-tone PRS) , in some aspects, may be associated with a first plurality of PRBs in frequency and the second PRS (or multi-tone PRS) may be associated with a second plurality of PRBs in frequency, where the first plurality of PRBs are different from the second plurality of PRBs. In some aspects, the first frequency-shift is an integer number of PRBs configured to shift each PRS in the first PRS into a corresponding PRB in a third plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the first plurality of PRBs and to shift each PRS in the second PRS into a corresponding PRB in fourth plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the second plurality of PRBs. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004 may receive the first PRS group 818, 910, or 1110 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 911 or 1111, and the second PRS instance 912 or 1113) or a first and second instance of a first PRS group of the PRS set 1018 that may be multi-tone PRS instances as illustrated for SRS comb configuration 1231 or PRBmuting 1241 of FIG. 12.
[0186] At 1408, the UE may backscatter each of the plurality of PRS received at 1406 based on the configuration of the backscattering operation received at 1402. For example, 1408 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, or processor 2124, antenna (s) 2180, and / or POA based ranging component 198 of FIGs. 19 or 21. In some aspects, backscattering each of the plurality of PRSs may include implementing, for each PRS of the plurality of PRSs, a corresponding frequency-shift indicated in the configuration of the backscattering operation by toggling, at 1410, an RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a corresponding frequency during a time period associated with the PRS. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-12, the A-IoT device 804, 904, 1004, or 1104 may produce a square wave based on an RF switch toggling 905, 1105, 1155, or 1165, to produce a frequency shift 1213, 1215, 1217, or 1219.
[0187] In some aspects, a first corresponding frequency-shift for a first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs may be a first frequency-shift and a second corresponding frequency-shift for a second set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs may be a second frequency-shift. The first frequency-shift, in some aspects, may be different from the second frequency-shift. Accordingly, in some aspects, the UE may implement the first frequency-shift for the first set of related PRSs and the second frequency-shift for the second set of related PRSs by toggling an RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a first frequency based on the first frequency-shift during a first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs and by toggling the RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a second frequency based on the second frequency-shift during a second time period associated with the second set of related PRSs. Implementing the first frequency-shift for the first set of related PRSs and the second frequency-shift for the second set of related PRSs, in some aspects, may also include refraining from toggling the RF switch during a gap between the first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs and the second time period associated with the second set of related PRSs. For example, referring to FIG. 11, the A-IoT device 1104 may perform anRF switch toggling 1155 at a first frequency to introduce a frequency shift, fs, for the first PRS set 1170 and may perform an RF switch toggling 1165 at a second frequency to introduce a frequency shift, f's, for the second PRS set 1180.
[0188] In some aspects, (e.g., for PRS groups in a same PRS set separated by time gap, e.g., for PRS set 1130) toggling the RF switch of the passive backscatter device atthe first frequency based on the first frequency-shift during the first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs may include toggling the RF switch at the first frequency during a first portion of the first time period associated with a first transmission of a first pair of PRSs in the first set of related PRSs. Toggling the RF switch of the passive backscatter device at the first frequency based on the first frequency-shift during the first time period, in some aspects, may further include refraining from toggling the RF switch during a second portion of the first time period associated with a gap between the first transmission of the first pair of PRSs and a second transmission of a second pair of PRSs in the first set of related PRSs and toggling the RF switch at the first frequency during a third portion of the first time period associated with the second transmission of the second pair of PRSs. For example, referring to FIG. 11, the A-IoT device 1104 may perform an RF switch toggling 1105 at a first frequency to introduce the frequency shift, fs, for the first PRS set 1130 during a first time period associated with the first pair of PRS instances 1111 and 1113, may refrain from performing the RF switch toggling 1105 during a second time period associated with gap 1140 between the first pair of PRS instances and a second pair of PRS instances 1121 and 1123, and may perform the RF switch toggling 1105 at the first frequency during a third time period associated with the transmission of the second pair of PRS instances 1121 and 1123.
[0189] In some aspects, a corresponding frequency-shift for a particular PRS of the plurality of PRSs may be equal to at least one subcarrier spacing of the particular PRS. The corresponding frequency-shift for a particular PRS of the plurality of PRSs, in some aspects, may be equal to a fraction of a subcarrier spacing of the particular PRS. In some aspects, the corresponding frequency-shift for a particular PRS of the plurality of PRSs may be equal to a frequency associated with one or more PRBs. For example, referring to FIG. 12, a frequency shift for a particular PRS may be any of the first frequency shift 1213 (e.g., fs = Δf / N) , the second frequency shift 1215 (e.g., fs =2Δf / N) , the third frequency shift 1217 (e.g., fs = 3Δf / N) , or the fourth frequency shift 1219 (e.g., fs = 12Δf / N) , or more generally a frequency shift (fs = MΔf / N) where M may be selectedbased on the number of symbols, N, such that the frequency shift may be one of a fractional subcarrier spacing frequency, at least one subcarrier spacing, or a frequency associated with one or more PRBs.
[0190] In some aspects, backscattering each of the plurality of PRS includes implementing a first frequency-shift between the first PRS and a first backscattered signal based on the first PRS and implementing the first frequency-shift betweenthe second PRS and a second backscattered signal based on the second PRS. In some aspects, the first frequency-shift is based on an inverse of the first duration. Implementing a particular frequency shift, in some aspects, includes toggling, at 1410, an RF switch of the UE during a corresponding PRS set to produce the particular frequency-shift based on a square wave at a particular frequency. In some aspects, the toggling may be continued or omitted between an end of a first PRS group, or set, and the beginning of a second PRS group, or set.
[0191] In some aspects, implementing the first frequency-shift between the third PRS and a third backscattered signal based on the third PRS and implementing the first frequency-shift between the fourth PRS and a fourth backscattered signal based on the fourth PRS. Similarly, in some aspects, backscattering each of the plurality of PRS includes implementing a second frequency-shift between the fourth PRS and a fourth backscattered signal based on the fourth PRS, implementing the second frequency- shift between the fifth PRS and a fifth backscattered signal based on the fifth PRS, and implementing the second frequency-shift between the sixth PRS and a sixth backscattered signal based on the sixth PRS. In some aspects, the second frequency-shift may be based on an inverse of the second duration. In some aspect, backscattering each of the plurality of PRS includes implementing the first frequency-shift between the third PRS and a third backscattered signal based on the third PRS. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-12, the A-IoT device 804, 904, 1004, or 1104 may produce a square wave based on an RF switch toggling 905, 1105, 1155, or 1165, to produce a frequency shift 1213, 1215, 1217, or 1219.
[0192] FIG. 15 is a flowchart 1500 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by areader device, e.g., a network node, abase station, a reader, a reader wireless device, a network device, or a UE, etc. (e.g., the UE 104; the reader device 502. 702, 802, 902, or 1002; the apparatus 1904 or the network entity 2002) . At 1502, the reader device may transmit, to at least one first wireless device (e.g., an assisting UE or base station) and a passive backscatter device (e.g., an A-IoT device or passive UE) , a configuration associated with a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs. For example, 1502 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, antennas 2080, one or more transceivers 2046, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA basedranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. In some aspects, transmitting the configuration at 1502 may be based on generating the configuration at 1503. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the reader device 802 exchanging PRS configuration information 808 with the first UE 806 or exchanging PRS configuration information 812 with the A-IoT device 804 may include transmitting a configuration associated with a backscattering operation associated with at least the first PRS group 818 and the second PRS group 824 that may have been generated at the reader device 802.
[0193] The configuration transmitted at 1502 to a passive backscatter device, in some aspects, may indicate a set of time periods associatedwith toggling an RF switch of the passive backscatter device at an indicated frequency (e.g., an RF toggling frequency) and / or a set of time periods associated with refraining from toggling the RF switch of the passive backscatter device. In some aspects, the RF toggling frequencies may be associated with (or configured to produce) a square wave at a particular (indicated and / or configured) frequency and an associated frequency-shift causedby the square wave.
[0194] In some aspects, the configuration transmitted at 1502 to a particular first wireless device of the at least one first wireless device may indicate a set of parameters for a plurality of PRS instances of one or more PRS groups or PRS sets associated with the particular first wireless device. The set of parameters, in some aspects, may indicate, or include, one or more of a frequency associated with each PRS instance, a frequency-offset associated with each PRS group, a frequency-hop between each adjacent-in-time PRS group, a comb pattern (including a comb-offset) for eachmulti-tone PRS instance, a time associated with eachPRS instance, or a number of symbols used to transmit each PRS instance.
[0195] In some aspects, the reader device may receive, from the at least one first wireless device, the plurality of PRSs. Receiving the plurality of PRSs, in some aspects, may be based on the configuration transmitted at 1502. In some aspects, the plurality of PRSs may include at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency, a second PRS associated with a second frequency, and a third PRS associated with the first frequency. The second frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is at least one (an integer multiple of a) subcarrier spacing of the first PRS. Receiving the plurality of PRSs, in some aspects, may include receiving the first PRS during a first time period, receiving the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period, and receiving the third PRS during a third time period. In some aspects, the first, second, and third time periods may include a first integer number of symbols, and a first frequency-shift associated with a backscattering of the first, second, and third PRS may be a second integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the first PRS divided by the first integer number (e.g., a fractional subcarrier spacing) . For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive a first PRS set of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, a PRS set 1018 or 1024 including the first PRS set 1170 (including PRS instances 1171, 1173, and 1175) .
[0196] In some aspects, the first, second, and third PRS may make up a first PRS set, the plurality of PRS may include a second PRS set including a fourth PRS associated with a third frequency, a fifth PRS associated with a fourth frequency, and a sixth PRS associated with the third frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be configured independently of the first frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that is at least one subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS and may be different from the first frequency-offset. A duration of each of the fourth PRS, the fifth PRS, and the sixth PRS, in some aspects, may include a third integer number of symbols, and a second frequency-shift associated with a backscattering of the fourth, fifth, and sixth PRS may be a fourth integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS divided by the third integer number. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive a second PRS set of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, the PRS set 1024 or 1032 including the second PRS set 1180 (including PRS instances 1181, 1183, and 1185) .
[0197] In some aspects, the plurality of PRSs includes at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency and a second PRS associated with a second frequency. The second frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is an integer multiple of a sub-carrier spacing. Receiving the plurality of PRSs, in some aspects, includes receiving the first PRS during a first time period, and receiving the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period. The first time period and the second time period, in some aspects, may span a first duration based on a first integer divided by the sub-carrier spacing. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the first PRS group 818, 910, or 1110 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 911 or 1111, and the second PRS instance 912 or 1113) or a first and second instance of a first PRS group of the PRS set 1018.
[0198] In some aspects, the first PRS and the second PRS make up a first PRS group and the plurality of PRSs further includes a second PRS group including a third PRS associated with a third frequency and a fourth PRS associated with a fourth frequency. In some aspects, the third frequency may be independent from the first frequency and may be one of a randomly selected frequency or a pseudo-randomly selected frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that has a same magnitude as the first frequency-offset and an opposite sign. In some aspects, receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1506, may further include receiving the third PRS during a third time period and receiving the fourth PRS during a fourth time period after the third time period. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the second PRS group 824, 920, or 1120 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 921 or 1121, and the second PRS instance 922 or 1123) or a first and second instance of a second PRS group of the PRS set 1018.
[0199] In some aspects, the first PRS includes a first multi-tone PRS and the second PRS includes a second multi-tone PRS. Each PRS in the first multi-tone PRS and the second multi-tone PRS, in some aspects, may be separated in frequency from an adjacent PRS in a same multi-tone PRS by a first spacing that is an integer number of subcarrier spacings, where the first spacing is not equal to the first frequency-shift. In some aspects, the first multi-tone PRS may be a first setof SRS in a first comb pattern (e.g., comb2 or comb4) associated with a first offset value and the second multi-tone PRS may be a second set of SRSs in a same comb pattern associated with a second offset value. The first frequency-offset between the first PRS and the second PRS, in some aspects, may be based on the first offset value and the second offset value.
[0200] The first PRS (or multi-tone PRS) , in some aspects, may be associated with a first plurality of PRBs in frequency and the second PRS (or multi-tone PRS) may be associated with a second plurality of PRBs in frequency, where the first plurality of PRBs are different from the second plurality of PRBs. In some aspects, the first frequency-shift is an integer number of PRBs configured to shift eachPRS in the first PRS into a corresponding PRB in a third plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the first plurality of PRBs and to shift each PRS in the second PRS into a corresponding PRB in fourth plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the second plurality of PRBs. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the first PRS group 818, 910, or 1110 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 911 or 1111, and the secondPRS instance 912 or 1113) or a first and second instance of a first PRS group of the PRS set 1018 that may be multi-tone PRS instances as illustrated for SRS comb configuration 1231 or PRBmuting 1241 of FIG. 12.
[0201] In some aspects, the at least one first wireless device includes a plurality of assisting wireless devices and the first PRS and the second PRS are included in a first PRS set associated with a first PRS configuration for a first assisting wireless device. The plurality of PRSs, in some aspects, includes at least one additional PRS set associated with at least one additional PRS configuration for at least one additional assisting wireless device in the plurality of assisting wireless devices. In some aspects, each PRS configuration is associated with at least one frequency for transmitting at least one PRS of an associated PRS set, a frequency-offset between the at least one PRS and an adjacent-in-time PRS of the associated PRS set, a frequency-shift between eachPRS of the associated PRS set and each backscattered signal associated with the PRS of the associated PRS set, and a third integer number of symbols included in the PRS of the associated PRS set. In some aspects, one or more of the at least one frequency, the frequency-offset, the frequency-shift, and the third integer number of symbols is based on an identifier of at least one of (1) the at least one additional assisting wireless device or (2) the passive backscatter device. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive a first PRS group 818 or 910 or may receive aPRS set 1018 (e.g., corresponding to the first PRS set 1130) including the first PRS group 1110 (including PRS instances 1111 and 1113) froma first UE 806, 906, or 1006 or from a UE 1107 and may receive a second PRS group of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, a PRS group 930, the PRS set 1024 including the first PRS set 1170 (including PRS instances 1171 and 1173) from a different UE, e.g., aUE of the one or more additional UEs 807, the second UE 907, or the UE 1108.
[0202] At 1506, the reader device may receive, from the passive backscatter device, a plurality of backscattered signals associated with the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation. For example, 1506 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, antennas 2080, one or more transceivers 2046, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA based ranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. Receiving the plurality of backscattered signals at 1506, in some aspects, may be based on the configuration transmitted at 1502. For example, receiving the plurality of backscattered signals at 1506, may include receiving a backscattered signal for any or all of the plurality of PRSs with a corresponding frequency-shift configured by the configuration transmitted at 1502.
[0203] In some aspects, the plurality of backscattered signals may include at least a first backscattered signal associated with a first backscattering of the first PRS configured to implement a first frequency-shift, a second backscattered signal associated with a second backscattering of the second PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift, and a third backscattered signal associated with a third backscattering of the third PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift. The first frequency-shift, in some aspects, may be a second integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the first PRS divided by the first integer number (e.g., a fractional subcarrier spacing) . Receiving the plurality ofbackscattered signals at 1506, in some aspects, may include receiving the first backscatteredsignal during the first time period (e.g., the same time period as discussed above for receiving the corresponding first PRS) , receiving the second backscattered signal during a second time period after the first time period, and receiving the third backscatteredsignal during a third time period. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive a first, second, and third backscattered signal in a first of the at least one corresponding group (s) of frequency shifted backscattered signals 834, a set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1020 or 1026 including a set of frequency-shifted backscattered signals associated with the first PRS set 1170 (including PRS instances 1171, 1173, and 1175) .
[0204] In some aspects, the first, second, and third backscattered signals may be associated with a first PRS set, and the plurality of backscattered signals may include fourth, fifth, and sixth backscattered signals associated with the second PRS set including the fourth, fifth, and sixth PRS. In some aspects, the fourth, fifth, and sixth backscattered signals are associated with a backscattering of the fourth, fifth, and sixth PRSs configured to implement a second frequency-shift. The second frequency-shift, in some aspects, may be the fourth integer multiple of a subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS divided by the third integer number of symbols associated with the fourth, fifth and sixth PRSs. In some aspects, the second frequency-shift may be different from the first frequency-shift. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive a fourth, fifth, and sixth backscattered signal in a second of the at least one corresponding group (s) of frequency shifted backscattered signals 834, a set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1026 or 1034 including a set of frequency-shifted backscattered signals associated with the second PRS set 1180 (including PRS instances 1181, 1183, and 1185) .
[0205] In some aspects, the plurality of backscattered signals may include at least a first backscattered signal associated with a first backscattering of the first PRS configured to implement a first frequency-shift and a second backscattered signal associated with a second backscattering of the second PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift. Receiving the plurality of backscattered signals at 1506, in some aspects, includes receiving the first backscattered signal during a first time period, and receiving the second backscattered signal during a second time period after the first time period. The first time period and the second time period, in some aspects, may span a first duration based on a first integer divided by the sub-carrier spacing. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the first group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 820 (e.g., frequency shifted backscattered signals 961 and 962) or a first and second frequency shifted backscatteredsignal associated with the PRS set 1018.
[0206] In some aspects, the first PRS and the second PRS make up a first PRS group and the plurality of PRSs may further include a second PRS group. The plurality of backscattered signals, in some aspects, may include a third backscattered signal associated with a third backscattering of the third PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift and a fourth backscattered signal associated with a fourth backscattering of the fourth PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift. In some aspects, receiving the plurality of backscattered signals at 1506, may further include receiving the third backscattered signal and the fourth backscattered signal during the third time period and the fourth time period that the third and fourth PRSs, respectively, are received. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the second group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 826 (e.g., frequency shifted backscatteredsignals 971 and 972) or a third and fourth frequency shifted backscattered signal associated with the PRS set 1018.
[0207] In some aspects, the first PRS includes a first multi-tone PRS and the second PRS includes a second multi-tone PRS. Each PRS in the first multi-tone PRS and the second multi-tone PRS, in some aspects, may be separated in frequency from an adjacent PRS in a same multi-tone PRS by a first spacing that is an integer number of subcarrier spacings, where the first spacing is not equal to the first frequency-shift. In some aspects, the first multi-tone PRS may be a first setof SRS in a first comb pattern (e.g., comb2 or comb4) associated with a first offset value and the second multi-tone PRS may be a second set of SRSs in a same comb pattern associated with a second offset value. The first frequency-offset between the first PRS and the second PRS, in some aspects, may be based on the first offset value and the second offset value. The plurality of backscattered signals, in some aspects, may include a first multi-tone backscattered signal associated with first backscattering of the first (multi-tone) PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift, where the first frequency-shift may be an integer number of subcarrier spacings of the first PRS that is not equal to the first spacing (e.g., for comb2 the integer number is equal to 1 where for comb4 the integer number may be equal to 1, 2, or 3) .
[0208] The first PRS (or multi-tone PRS) , in some aspects, may be associated with a first plurality of PRBs in frequency and the second PRS (or multi-tone PRS) may be associated with a second plurality of PRBs in frequency, where the first plurality of PRBs are different from the second plurality of PRBs. In some aspects, the first frequency-shift is an integer number of PRBs configured to shift each PRS in the first PRS into a corresponding PRB in a third plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the first plurality of PRBs and to shift each PRS in the second PRS into a corresponding PRB in fourth plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the second plurality of PRBs. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the second group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 826 (e.g., frequency shifted backscattered signals 971 and 972) or a third and fourth frequency shifted backscattered signal associated with the PRS set 1018 that may be multi-tone PRS instances as illustrated for SRS comb configuration 1231 or PRBmuting 1241 of FIG. 12.
[0209] In some aspects, the at least one first wireless device includes a plurality of assisting wireless devices and the first PRS and the second PRS are included in a first PRS set associated with a first PRS configuration for a first assisting wireless device. The plurality of PRSs, in some aspects, includes at least one additional PRS set associated with at least one additional PRS configuration for at least one additional assisting wireless device in the plurality of assisting wireless devices and the plurality of backscatteredsignals includes additional backscatteredsignals based on the at least one additional PRS set. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the first group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 820 (e.g., frequency shifted backscattered signals 961 and 962) or a first and second frequency shifted backscattered signal in the set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1020 associated with the first UE 806, 906, or 1006 or a UE 1107 and may receive additional backscattered signals in the at least one corresponding group (s) of frequency shifted backscattered signals 834 (e.g., frequency shifted backscattered signals 981 and 982) or additional frequency shifted backscattered signal in the set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1026 or 1034 associated with a different UE, e.g., a UE of the one or more additional UEs 807, the second UE 907, or the UE 1108.
[0210] At 1508, the reader device may estimate a distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one first wireless device based on the plurality of backscattered signals. For example, 1508 may be performed by cellular baseband processor 1924, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA based ranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. In some aspects, the estimation at 1508 may further be based on the plurality of the PRSs. Estimating the distance at 1508, in some aspects, may include estimating the distance based on a first phase difference between the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal and a second phase difference between the third backscattered signal and the fourth backscattered signal. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-10, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002, may estimate, at 828, 836, 1022, 1028, or 1036 a distance associated with the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004.
[0211] After estimating the distances associated with the passive backscattering device and the at least one first wireless device, the reader device may estimate a location of the passive backscatter device based on the plurality of backscattered signals. In some aspects, the estimation of the location may further be based on the plurality of the PRSs. Estimating the location, in some aspects, may be based on a plurality of distance estimations made at 1508 associated with a plurality of assisting wireless devices and known, calculated, or estimated positions and / or locations of the plurality of assisting devices. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-10, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002, may estimate, at 836 or 1036 a location and / or position of the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004 based on the distance estimations made at 828 and 836 or at 1022, 1028, or 1036.
[0212] FIG. 16 is a flowchart 1600 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a reader device, e.g., a network node, abase station, a reader, a reader wireless device, a network device, or a UE, etc. (e.g., the UE 104; the reader device 502. 702, 802, 902, or 1002; the apparatus 1904 or the network entity 2002) . At 1602, the reader device may transmit, to at least one first wireless device (e.g., an assisting UE or base station) and a passive backscatter device (e.g., an A-IoT device or passive UE) , a configuration associated with a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs. For example, 1602 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, antennas 2080, one or more transceivers 2046, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA based ranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. In some aspects, transmitting the configuration at 1602 may be based on generating the configuration at 1603. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the reader device 802 exchanging PRS configuration information 808 with the first UE 806 or exchanging PRS configuration information 812 with the A-IoT device 804 may include transmitting a configuration associated with a backscattering operation associated with at least the first PRS group 818 and the second PRS group 824 that may have been generated at the reader device 802.
[0213] The configuration transmitted at 1602 to apassive backscatter device, in some aspects, may indicate a set of time periods associated with toggling an RF switch of the passive backscatter device at an indicated frequency (e.g., an RF toggling frequency) and / or a set of time periods associated with refraining from toggling the RF switch of the passive backscatter device. In some aspects, the RF toggling frequencies may be associated with (or configured to produce) a square wave at a particular (indicated and / or configured) frequency and an associated frequency-shift causedby the square wave.
[0214] In some aspects, the configuration transmitted at 1602 to a particular first wireless device of the at least one first wireless device may indicate a set of parameters for a plurality of PRS instances of one or more PRS groups or PRS sets associated with the particular first wireless device. The set of parameters, in some aspects, may indicate, or include, one or more of a frequency associated with each PRS instance, a frequency-offset associated with each PRS group, a frequency-hop between each adjacent-in-time PRS group, a comb pattern (including a comb-offset) for eachmulti-tone PRS instance, a time associated with eachPRS instance, or a number of symbols used to transmit each PRS instance.
[0215] At 1604, the reader device may receive, from the at least one first wireless device, the plurality of PRSs. For example, 1604 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, antennas 2080, one or more transceivers 2046, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA based ranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. Receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1604, in some aspects, may be based on the configuration transmitted at 1602. In some aspects, the plurality of PRSs may include at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency, a second PRS associated with a second frequency, and a third PRS associated with the first frequency. The second frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is at least one (an integer multiple of a) subcarrier spacing of the first PRS. Receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1604, in some aspects, may include receiving the first PRS during a first time period, receiving the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period, and receiving the third PRS during a third time period. In some aspects, the first, second, and third time periods may include a first integer number of symbols, and a first frequency-shift associated with a backscattering of the first, second, and third PRS may be a second integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the first PRS divided by the first integer number (e.g., a fractional subcarrier spacing) . For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive a first PRS set of the one or more additional PRSset (s) 832, aPRS set 1018 or 1024 including the first PRS set 1170 (including PRS instances 1171, 1173, and 1175) .
[0216] In some aspects, the first, second, and third PRS may make up a first PRS set, the plurality of PRS may include a second PRS set including a fourth PRS associated with a third frequency, a fifth PRS associated with a fourth frequency, and a sixth PRS associated with the third frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be configured independently of the first frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that is at least one subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS and may be different from the first frequency-offset. A duration of each of the fourth PRS, the fifth PRS, and the sixth PRS, in some aspects, may include a third integer number of symbols, and a second frequency-shift associated with a backscattering of the fourth, fifth, and sixth PRS may be a fourth integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS divided by the third integer number. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive a second PRS set of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, the PRS set 1024 or 1032 including the second PRS set 1180 (including PRS instances 1181, 1183, and 1185) .
[0217] In some aspects, the plurality of PRSs includes at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency and a second PRS associated with a second frequency. The second frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is an integer multiple of a sub-carrier spacing. Receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1604, in some aspects, includes receiving the first PRS during a first time period, and receiving the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period. The first time period and the second time period, in some aspects, may span a first duration based on a first integer divided by the sub-carrier spacing. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the first PRS group 818, 910, or 1110 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 911 or 1111, and the second PRS instance 912 or 1113) or a first and second instance of a first PRS group of the PRS set 1018.
[0218] In some aspects, the first PRS and the second PRS make up a first PRS group and the plurality of PRSs further includes a second PRS group including a third PRS associated with a third frequency and a fourth PRS associated with a fourth frequency. In some aspects, the third frequency may be independent from the first frequency and may be one of a randomly selected frequency or a pseudo-randomly selected frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that has a same magnitude as the first frequency-offset and an opposite sign. In some aspects, receiving the plurality of PRSs at 1606, may further include receiving the third PRS during a third time period and receiving the fourth PRS during a fourth time period after the third time period. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the second PRS group 824, 920, or 1120 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 921 or 1121, and the second PRS instance 922 or 1123) or a first and second instance of a second PRS group of the PRS set 1018.
[0219] In some aspects, the first PRS includes a first multi-tone PRS and the second PRS includes a second multi-tone PRS. Each PRS in the first multi-tone PRS and the second multi-tone PRS, in some aspects, may be separated in frequency from an adjacent PRS in a same multi-tone PRS by a first spacing that is an integer number of subcarrier spacings, where the first spacing is not equal to the first frequency-shift. In some aspects, the first multi-tone PRS may be a first setof SRS in a first comb pattern (e.g., comb2 or comb4) associated with a first offset value and the second multi-tone PRS may be a second set of SRSs in a same comb pattern associated with a second offset value. The first frequency-offset between the first PRS and the second PRS, in some aspects, may be based on the first offset value and the second offset value.
[0220] The first PRS (or multi-tone PRS) , in some aspects, may be associated with a first plurality of PRBs in frequency and the second PRS (or multi-tone PRS) may be associated with a second plurality of PRBs in frequency, where the first plurality of PRBs are different from the second plurality of PRBs. In some aspects, the first frequency-shift is an integer number of PRBs configured to shift each PRS in the first PRS into a corresponding PRB in a third plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the first plurality of PRBs and to shift each PRS in the second PRS into a corresponding PRB in fourth plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the second plurality of PRBs. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the first PRS group 818, 910, or 1110 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 911 or 1111, and the secondPRS instance 912 or 1113) or a first and second instance of a first PRS group of the PRS set 1018 that may be multi-tone PRS instances as illustrated for SRS comb configuration 1231 or PRBmuting 1241 of FIG. 12.
[0221] In some aspects, the at least one first wireless device includes a plurality of assisting wireless devices and the first PRS and the second PRS are included in a first PRS set associated with a first PRS configuration for a first assisting wireless device. The plurality of PRSs, in some aspects, includes at least one additional PRS set associated with at least one additional PRS configuration for at least one additional assisting wireless device in the plurality of assisting wireless devices. In some aspects, each PRS configuration is associated with at least one frequency for transmitting at least one PRS of an associated PRS set, a frequency-offset between the at least one PRS and an adjacent-in-time PRS of the associated PRS set, a frequency-shift between each PRS of the associated PRS set and each backscattered signal associated with the PRS of the associated PRS set, and a third integer number of symbols included in the PRS of the associated PRS set. In some aspects, one or more of the at least one frequency, the frequency-offset, the frequency-shift, and the third integer number of symbols is based on an identifier of at least one of (1) the at least one additional assisting wireless device or (2) the passive backscatter device. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive a first PRS group 818 or 910 or may receive aPRS set 1018 (e.g., corresponding to the first PRS set 1130) including the first PRS group 1110 (including PRS instances 1111 and 1113) froma first UE 806, 906, or 1006 or from a UE 1107 and may receive a second PRS group of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, a PRS group 930, the PRS set 1024 including the first PRS set 1170 (including PRS instances 1171 and 1173) from a different UE, e.g., a UE of the one or more additional UEs 807, the second UE 907, or the UE 1108.
[0222] At 1606, the reader device may receive, from the passive backscatter device, a plurality of backscattered signals associated with the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation. For example, 1606 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, antennas 2080, one or more transceivers 2046, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA based ranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. Receiving the plurality of backscattered signals at 1606, in some aspects, may be based on the configuration transmitted at 1602. For example, receiving the plurality of backscattered signals at 1606, may include receiving a backscattered signal for any or all of the plurality of PRSs received at 1604 with a corresponding frequency-shift configured by the configuration transmitted at 1602.
[0223] In some aspects, the plurality of backscattered signals may include at least a first backscattered signal associated with a first backscattering of the first PRS configured to implement a first frequency-shift, a second backscattered signal associated with a second backscattering of the second PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift, and a third backscattered signal associated with a third backscattering of the third PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift. The first frequency-shift, in some aspects, may be a second integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the first PRS divided by the first integer number (e.g., a fractional subcarrier spacing) . Receiving the plurality ofbackscattered signals at 1606, in some aspects, may include receiving the first backscatteredsignal during the first time period (e.g., the same time period as discussed above for receiving the corresponding first PRS at 1604) , receiving the second backscattered signal during a second time period after the first time period, and receiving the third backscattered signal during a third time period. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive a first, second, and third backscattered signal in a first of the at least one corresponding group (s) of frequency shifted backscattered signals 834, a set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1020 or 1026 including a set of frequency-shifted backscattered signals associated with the first PRS set 1170 (including PRS instances 1171, 1173, and 1175) .
[0224] In some aspects, the first, second, and third backscattered signals may be associated with a first PRS set, and the plurality of backscattered signals may include fourth, fifth, and sixth backscattered signals associated with the second PRS set including the fourth, fifth, and sixth PRS. In some aspects, the fourth, fifth, and sixth backscattered signals are associated with a backscattering of the fourth, fifth, and sixth PRSs configured to implement a second frequency-shift. The second frequency-shift, in some aspects, may be the fourth integer multiple of a subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS divided by the third integer number of symbols associated with the fourth, fifth and sixth PRSs. In some aspects, the second frequency-shift may be different from the first frequency-shift. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive a fourth, fifth, and sixth backscattered signal in a second of the at least one corresponding group (s) of frequency shifted backscattered signals 834, a set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1026 or 1034 including a set of frequency-shifted backscattered signals associated with the second PRS set 1180 (including PRS instances 1181, 1183, and 1185) .
[0225] In some aspects, the plurality of backscattered signals may include at least a first backscattered signal associated with a first backscattering of the first PRS configured to implement a first frequency-shift and a second backscattered signal associated with a second backscattering of the second PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift. Receiving the plurality of backscattered signals at 1606, in some aspects, includes receiving the first backscattered signal during a first time period, and receiving the second backscattered signal during a second time period after the first time period. The first time period and the second time period, in some aspects, may span a first duration based on a first integer divided by the sub-carrier spacing. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the first group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 820 (e.g., frequency shifted backscattered signals 961 and 962) or a first and second frequency shifted backscattered signal associated with the PRS set 1018.
[0226] In some aspects, the first PRS and the second PRS make up a first PRS group and the plurality of PRSs may further include a second PRS group. The plurality of backscattered signals, in some aspects, may include a third backscattered signal associated with a third backscattering of the third PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift and a fourth backscattered signal associated with a fourth backscattering of the fourth PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift. In some aspects, receiving the plurality of backscattered signals at 1606, may further include receiving the third backscattered signal and the fourth backscattered signal during the third time period and the fourth time period that the third and fourth PRSs, respectively, are received. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the second group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 826 (e.g., frequency shifted backscatteredsignals 971 and 972) or a third and fourth frequency shifted backscattered signal associated with the PRS set 1018.
[0227] In some aspects, the first PRS includes a first multi-tone PRS and the second PRS includes a second multi-tone PRS. Each PRS in the first multi-tone PRS and the second multi-tone PRS, in some aspects, may be separated in frequency from an adjacent PRS in a same multi-tone PRS by a first spacing that is an integer number of subearrier spacings, where the first spacing is not equal to the first frequency-shift. In some aspects, the first multi-tone PRS may be a first setof SRS in a first comb pattern (e.g., comb2 or comb4) associated with a first offset value and the second multi-tone PRS may be a second set of SRSs in a same comb pattern associated with a second offset value. The first frequency-offset between the first PRS and the second PRS, in some aspects, may be based on the first offset value and the second offset value. The plurality of backscattered signals, in some aspects, may include a first multi-tone backscattered signal associated with first backscattering of the first (multi-tone) PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift, where the first frequency-shift may be an integer number of subcarrier spacings of the first PRS that is not equal to the first spacing (e.g., for comb2 the integer number is equal to 1 where for comb4 the integer number may be equal to 1, 2, or 3) .
[0228] The first PRS (or multi-tone PRS) , in some aspects, may be associated with a first plurality of PRBs in frequency and the second PRS (or multi-tone PRS) may be associated with a second plurality of PRBs in frequency, where the first plurality of PRBs are different from the second plurality of PRBs. In some aspects, the first frequency-shift is an integer number of PRBs configured to shift eachPRS in the first PRS into a corresponding PRB in a third plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the first plurality of PRBs and to shift each PRS in the second PRS into a corresponding PRB in fourth plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the second plurality of PRBs. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the second group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 826 (e.g., frequency shifted backscattered signals 971 and 972) or a third and fourth frequency shifted backscattered signal associated with the PRS set 1018 that may be multi-tone PRS instances as illustrated for SRS comb configuration 1231 or PRBmuting 1241 of FIG. 12.
[0229] In some aspects, the at least one first wireless device includes a plurality of assisting wireless devices and the first PRS and the second PRS are included in a first PRS set associated with a first PRS configuration for a first assisting wireless device. The plurality of PRSs, in some aspects, includes at least one additional PRS set associated with at least one additional PRS configuration for at least one additional assisting wireless device in the plurality of assisting wireless devices and the plurality of backscattered signals includes additional backscattered signals based on the at least one additional PRS set. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002 may receive the first group of frequency shifted backscattered signals 820 (e.g., frequency shifted backscattered signals 961 and 962) or a first and second frequency shifted backscattered signal in the set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1020 associated with the first UE 806, 906, or 1006 or from a UE 1107 and may receive additional backscattered signals in the at least one corresponding group (s) of frequency shifted backscattered signals 834 (e.g., frequency shifted backscattered signals 981 and 982) or additional frequency shifted backscattered signal in the set of frequency shifted backscattered signals 1026 or 1034 associated with a different UE, e.g., a UE of the one or more additional UEs 807, the second UE 907, or the UE 1108.
[0230] At 1608, the reader device may estimate a distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one first wireless device based on the plurality of backscattered signals. For example, 1608 may be performed by cellular baseband processor 1924, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA based ranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. In some aspects, the estimation at 1608 may further be based on the plurality of the PRSs. Estimating the distance at 1608, in some aspects, may include estimating the distance based on a first phase difference between the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal and a second phase difference between the third backscattered signal and the fourth backscattered signal. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-10, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002, may estimate, at 828, 836, 1022, 1028, or 1036 a distance associated with the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004.
[0231] Finally, at 1610, the reader device may estimate a location of the passive backscatter device based on the plurality of backscattered signals. For example, 1610 may be performed by cellular baseband processor 1924, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA based ranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. In some aspects, the estimation at 1610 may further be based on the plurality of the PRSs. Estimating the location at 1610, in some aspects, may be based on a plurality of distance estimations made at 1608 associated with a plurality of assisting wireless devices and known, calculated, or estimated positions and / or locations of the plurality of assisting devices. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-10, the reader device 802, 902, or 1002, may estimate, at 836 or 1036 a location and / or position of the A-IoT device 804, 904, or 1004 based on the distance estimations made at 828 and 836 or at 1022, 1028, or 1036.
[0232] FIG. 17 is a flowchart 1700 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a first wireless device, e.g., a network node, a base station, an assisting wireless device, a network device, or a UE, etc. (e.g., the UE 104; the reader device 502, 702, 802, 902, or 1002; the first UE 706, 806, 906, or 1006; the second UE 907, 1007, or 1107; the third UE 908, 1008, or 1108; the one or more additional UEs 807; the apparatus 1904 or the network entity 2002) . At 1702, the first wireless device may receive a configuration associated with a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs. For example, 1702 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, antennas 2080, one or more transceivers 2046, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA based ranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. In some aspects, receiving the configuration at 1702 may be from a second wireless device (e.g., a reader device, network node, base station, etc. ) and may be related to a passive backscattering device performing a backscattering operation on a plurality of PRSs transmitted by the first wireless device. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the first UE 806 may receive via the exchange of PRS configuration information 808 a configuration associated with a backscattering operation associated with at least the first PRS group 818 and the second PRS group 824.
[0233] In some aspects, the configuration received at 1702 may indicate a set of parameters for a plurality of PRS instances of one or more PRS groups or PRS sets associated with the first wireless device. The set of parameters, in some aspects, may indicate, or include, one or more of a frequency associated with each PRS instance, a frequency-offset associated with each PRS group, a frequency-hop between each adjacent-in-time PRS group, a comb pattern (including a comb-offset) for eachmulti-tone PRS instance, a time associated with eachPRS instance, or a number of symbols used to transmit each PRS instance.
[0234] In some aspects, the first wireless device may transmit at least one synchronization signal to the passive backscatter device before transmitting the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation. In some aspects, the synchronization signal transmitted may be associated with a coarse synchronization to within a time associated with a CP of a PRS configured by the configuration received at 1702. For example, referring to FIGs. 8 and 10, the first UE 806 or 1006 may, transmit the one or more synchronization reference signals 814 or 1014 in association with a synchronization 816 or 1016.
[0235] At 1706, the first wireless device may transmit the plurality of PRSs. For example, 1706 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, antennas 2080, one or more transceivers 2046, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA based ranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. Transmitting the plurality of PRSs at 1706, in some aspects, may be based on the configuration received at 1702. In some aspects, the plurality of PRSs transmitted by the first wireless device may include at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency, a second PRS associated with a second frequency, and a third PRS associated with the first frequency. The second frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is at least one (an integer multiple of a) subcarrier spacing of the first PRS. Transmitting the plurality of PRSs at 1706, in some aspects, may include transmitting the first PRS during a first time period, transmitting the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period, and transmitting the third PRS during a third time period. In some aspects, the first, second, and third time periods may include a first integer number of symbols, and a first frequency-shift associated with a backscattering of the first, second, and third PRS may be a second integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the first PRS divided by the first integer number (e.g., a fractional subcarrier spacing) . For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the first UE 806, 906, or 1006 may transmit a first PRS set of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, a PRS set 1018 or 1024 including the first PRS set 1170 (including PRS instances 1171, 1173, and 1175) .
[0236] In some aspects, the first, second, and third PRS may make up a first PRS set, the plurality of PRS may include a second PRS set including a fourth PRS associated with a third frequency, a fifth PRS associated with a fourth frequency, and a sixth PRS associated with the third frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be configured independently of the first frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that is at least one subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS and may be different from the first frequency-offset. A duration of each of the fourth PRS, the fifth PRS, and the sixth PRS, in some aspects, may include a third integer number of symbols, and a second frequency-shift associated with a backscattering of the fourth, fifth, and sixth PRS may be a fourth integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS divided by the third integer number. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the first UE 806, 906, or 1006 may transmit a second PRS set of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, the PRS set 1024 or 1032 including the second PRS set 1180 (including PRS instances 1181, 1183, and 1185) .
[0237] In some aspects, the plurality of PRSs includes at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency and a second PRS associated with a second frequency. The second frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is an integer multiple of a sub-carrier spacing. Transmitting the plurality of PRSs at 1706, in some aspects, includes transmitting the first PRS during a first time period, and transmitting the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period. The first time period and the second time period, in some aspects, may span a first duration based on a first integer divided by the sub-carrier spacing. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the first UE 806, 906, or 1006 may transmit the first PRS group 818, 910, or 1110 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 911 or 1111, and the second PRS instance 912 or 1113) or a first and second instance of a first PRS group of the PRS set 1018.
[0238] In some aspects, the first PRS and the second PRS make up a first PRS group and the plurality of PRSs further includes a second PRS group including a third PRS associated with a third frequency and a fourth PRS associated with a fourth frequency. In some aspects, the third frequency may be independent from the first frequency and may be one of a randomly selected frequency or a pseudo-randomly selected frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that has a same magnitude as the first frequency-offset and an opposite sign. In some aspects, transmitting the plurality of PRSs at 1706, may further include transmitting the third PRS during a third time period and transmitting the fourth PRS during a fourth time period after the third time period. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the first UE 806, 906, or 1006 may transmit the second PRS group 824, 920, or 1120 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 921 or 1121, and the second PRS instance 922 or 1123) or a first and second instance of a second PRS group of the PRS set 1018.
[0239] In some aspects, the first PRS includes a first multi-tone PRS and the second PRS includes a second multi-tone PRS. Each PRS in the first multi-tone PRS and the second multi-tone PRS, in some aspects, may be separated in frequency from an adjacent PRS in a same multi-tone PRS by a first spacing that is an integer number of subcarrier spacings, where the first spacing is not equal to the first frequency-shift. In some aspects, the first multi-tone PRS may be a first setof SRS in a first comb pattern (e.g., comb2 or comb4) associated with a first offset value and the second multi-tone PRS may be a second set of SRSs in a same comb pattern associated with a second offset value. The first frequency-offset between the first PRS and the second PRS, in some aspects, may be based on the first offset value and the second offset value.
[0240] The first PRS (or multi-tone PRS) , in some aspects, may be associated with a first plurality of PRBs in frequency and the second PRS (or multi-tone PRS) may be associated with a second plurality of PRBs in frequency, where the first plurality of PRBs are different from the second plurality of PRBs. In some aspects, the first frequency-shift is an integer number of PRBs configured to shift eachPRS in the first PRS into a corresponding PRB in a third plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the first plurality of PRBs and to shift each PRS in the second PRS into a corresponding PRB in fourth plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the second plurality of PRBs. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the first UE 806, 906, or 1006 may transmit the first PRS group 818, 910, or 1110 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 911 or 1111, and the second PRS instance 912 or 1113) or a first and second instance of a first PRS group of the PRS set 1018 that may be multi-tone PRS instances as illustrated for SRS comb configuration 1231 or PRB muting 1241 of FIG. 12.
[0241] FIG. 18 is a flowchart 1800 of a method of wireless communication. The method may be performed by a first wireless device, e.g., a network node, a base station, an assisting wireless device, a network device, or a UE, etc. (e.g., the UE 104; the reader device 502, 702, 802, 902, or 1002; the first UE 706, 806, 906, or 1006; the second UE 907, 1007, or 1107; the third UE 908, 1008, or 1108; the one or more additional UEs 807; the apparatus 1904 or the network entity 2002) . At 1802, the first wireless device may receive a configuration associated with a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs. For example, 1802 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, antennas 2080, one or more transceivers 2046, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA based ranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. In some aspects, receiving the configuration at 1802 may be from a second wireless device (e.g., a reader device, network node, base station, etc. ) and may be related to a passive backscattering device performing a backscattering operation on a plurality of PRSs transmitted by the first wireless device. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the first UE 806 may receive via the exchange of PRS configuration information 808 a configuration associated with a backscattering operation associated with at least the first PRS group 818 and the second PRS group 824.
[0242] In some aspects, the configuration received at 1802 may indicate a set of parameters for a plurality of PRS instances of one or more PRS groups or PRS sets associated with the first wireless device. The set of parameters, in some aspects, may indicate, or include, one or more of a frequency associated with each PRS instance, a frequency-offset associated with each PRS group, a frequency-hop between each adjacent-in-time PRS group, a comb pattern (including a comb-offset) for eachmulti-tone PRS instance, a time associated with eachPRS instance, or a number of symbols used to transmit each PRS instance.
[0243] At 1804, the first wireless device may transmit at least one synchronization signal to the passive backscatter device before transmitting the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation. For example, 1804 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, antennas 2080, one or more transceivers 2046, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA based ranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. In some aspects, the synchronization signal transmitted may be associated with a coarse synchronization to within a time associated with a CP of a PRS configured by the configuration received at 1802. For example, referring to FIGs. 8 and 10, the first UE 806 or 1006 may, transmit the one or more synchronization reference signals 814 or 1014 in association with a synchronization 816 or 1016.
[0244] At 1806, the first wireless device may transmit the plurality of PRSs. For example, 1806 may be performed by antennas 1980, one or more transceivers 1922, cellular baseband processor 1924, antennas 2080, one or more transceivers 2046, CU processor 2012, DU processor 2032, RU processor 2042, or POA based ranging component 199 of FIGs. 19 and 20. Transmitting the plurality of PRSs at 1806, in some aspects, may be based on the configuration received at 1802. In some aspects, the plurality of PRSs transmitted by the first wireless device may include at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency, a second PRS associated with a second frequency, and a third PRS associated with the first frequency. The second frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is at least one (an integer multiple of a) subcarrier spacing of the first PRS. Transmitting the plurality of PRSs at 1806, in some aspects, may include transmitting the first PRS during a first time period, transmitting the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period, and transmitting the third PRS during a third time period. In some aspects, the first, second, and third time periods may include a first integer number of symbols, and a first frequency-shift associated with a backscattering of the first, second, and third PRS may be a second integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the first PRS divided by the first integer number (e.g., a fractional subcarrier spacing) . For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the first UE 806, 906, or 1006 may transmit a first PRS set of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, a PRS set 1018 or 1024 including the first PRS set 1170 (including PRSinstances 1171, 1173, and 1175) .
[0245] In some aspects, the first, second, and third PRS may make up a first PRS set, the plurality of PRS may include a second PRS set including a fourth PRS associated with a third frequency, a fifth PRS associated with a fourth frequency, and a sixth PRS associated with the third frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be configured independently of the first frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that is at least one subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS and may be different from the first frequency-offset. A duration of each of the fourth PRS, the fifth PRS, and the sixth PRS, in some aspects, may include a third integer number of symbols, and a second frequency-shift associated with a backscattering of the fourth, fifth, and sixth PRS may be a fourth integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS divided by the third integer number. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the first UE 806, 906, or 1006 may transmit a second PRS set of the one or more additional PRS set (s) 832, the PRS set 1024 or 1032 including the second PRS set 1180 (including PRS instances 1181, 1183, and 1185) .
[0246] In some aspects, the plurality of PRSs includes at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency and a second PRS associated with a second frequency. The second frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is an integer multiple of a sub-carrier spacing. Transmitting the plurality of PRSs at 1806, in some aspects, includes transmitting the first PRS during a first time period, and transmitting the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period. The first time period andthe secondtime period, in some aspects, may span a first duration based on a first integer divided by the sub-carrier spacing. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the first UE 806, 906, or 1006 may transmit the first PRS group 818, 910, or 1110 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 911 or 1111, and the second PRS instance 912 or 1113) or a first and second instance ofa first PRS group of the PRS set 1018.
[0247] In some aspects, the first PRS and the second PRS make up a first PRS group and the plurality of PRSs further includes a second PRS group including a third PRS associated with a third frequency and a fourth PRS associated with a fourth frequency. In some aspects, the third frequency may be independent from the first frequency and may be one of a randomly selected frequency or a pseudo-randomly selected frequency. The fourth frequency, in some aspects, may be offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that has a same magnitude as the first frequency-offset and an opposite sign. In some aspects, transmitting the plurality of PRSs at 1806, may further include transmitting the third PRS during a third time period and transmitting the fourth PRS during a fourth time period after the third time period. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the first UE 806, 906, or 1006 may transmit the second PRS group 824, 920, or 1120 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 921 or 1121, and the second PRS instance 922 or 1123) or a first and second instance of a second PRS group of the PRS set 1018.
[0248] In some aspects, the first PRS includes a first multi-tone PRS and the second PRS includes a second multi-tone PRS. Each PRS in the first multi-tone PRS and the second multi-tone PRS, in some aspects, may be separated in frequency from an adjacent PRS in a same multi-tone PRS by a first spacing that is an integer number of subcarrier spacings, where the first spacing is not equal to the first frequency-shift. In some aspects, the first multi-tone PRS may be a first setof SRS in a first comb pattern (e.g., comb2 or comb4) associated with a first offset value and the second multi-tone PRS may be a second set of SRSs in a same comb pattern associated with a second offset value. The first frequency-offset between the first PRS and the second PRS, in some aspects, may be based on the first offset value and the second offset value.
[0249] The first PRS (or multi-tone PRS) , in some aspects, may be associated with a first plurality of PRBs in frequency and the second PRS (or multi-tone PRS) may be associated with a second plurality of PRBs in frequency, where the first plurality of PRBs are different from the second plurality of PRBs. In some aspects, the first frequency-shift is an integer number of PRBs configured to shift eachPRS in the first PRS into a corresponding PRB in a third plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the first plurality of PRBs and to shift each PRS in the second PRS into a corresponding PRB in fourth plurality of (muted) PRBs in frequency that are different from the second plurality of PRBs. For example, referring to FIGs. 8-11, the first UE 806, 906, or 1006 may transmit the first PRS group 818, 910, or 1110 (e.g., including the first PRS instance 911 or 1111, and the second PRS instance 912 or 1113) or a first and second instance ofa first PRS group of the PRS set 1018 that may be multi-tone PRS instances as illustrated for SRS comb configuration 1231 or PRB muting 1241 of FIG. 12.
[0250] FIG. 19 is a diagram 1900 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 1904. The apparatus 1904 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement UE functionality. In some aspects, the apparatus 1904 may include a cellular baseband processor 1924 (also referred to as a modem) coupled to one or more transceivers 1922 (e.g., cellular RF transceiver) . The cellular baseband processor 1924 may include on-chip memory 1924′. In some aspects, the apparatus 1904 may further include one or more subscriber identity modules (SIM) cards 1920 and an application processor 1906 coupled to a secure digital (SD) card 1908 and a screen 1910. The application processor 1906 may include on-chip memory 1906′. In some aspects, the apparatus 1904 may further include a Bluetooth module 1912, a WLAN module 1914, an SPS module 1916 (e.g., GNSS module) , one or more sensor modules 1918 (e.g., barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; motion sensor such as inertial measurement unit (IMU) , gyroscope, and / or accelerometer (s) ; light detection and ranging (LIDAR) , radio assisted detection and ranging (RADAR) , sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) , magnetometer, audio and / or other technologies used for positioning) , additional memory modules 1926, a power supply 1930, and / or a camera 1932. The Bluetooth module 1912, the WLAN module 1914, and the SPS module 1916 may include an on-chip transceiver (TRX) (or in some cases, just a receiver (RX) ) . The Bluetooth module 1912, the WLAN module 1914, and the SPS module 1916 may include their own dedicated antennas and / or utilize the antennas 1980 for communication. The cellular baseband processor 1924 communicates through the transceiver (s) 1922 via one or more antennas 1980 with the UE 104 and / or with an RU associated with a network entity 1902. The cellular baseband processor 1924 and the application processor 1906 may each include a computer-readable medium / memory 1924′, 1906′, respectively. The additional memory modules 1926 may also be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory 1924′, 1906′, 1926 may be non-transitory. The cellular baseband processor 1924 and the application processor 1906 are eachresponsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the cellular baseband processor 1924 / application processor 1906, causes the cellular baseband processor 1924 / application processor 1906 to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the cellular baseband processor 1924 / application processor 1906 when executing software. The cellular baseband processor 1924 / application processor 1906 may be a component of the UE 350 and may include the memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the apparatus 1904 may be a processor chip (modem and / or application) and include just the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, and in another configuration, the apparatus 1904 may be the entire UE (e.g., see UE 350 of FIG. 3) and include the additional modules of the apparatus 1904.
[0251] As discussed supra, the POA based ranging component 198 / 199 may be configured to receive a configuration of a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs associated with at least one first wireless device. The POA based ranging component 198 / 199 may further be configured to receive, from the at least one second wireless device, the plurality of PRSs and backscatter each of the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration of the backscattering operation. The POA based ranging component 198 / 199, in some aspects, may be configured to receive a configuration associated with a backscattering operation at a passive backscatter device for a plurality of PRSs. The POA based ranging component 198 / 199 may further be configured to transmit, based on the configuration, the plurality of PRSs. The POA based ranging component 198 / 199 may be configured to transmit, to at least one first wireless device and a passive backscatter device, a configuration associated with a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs. The POA based ranging component 198 / 199 may further be configured to receive from the passive backscatter device, a plurality ofbackscattered signals associated with the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation and to estimate a distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one first wireless device based on the plurality of backscattered signals.
[0252] The POA based ranging component 198 / 199 may be within the cellular baseband processor 1924, the application processor 1906, or both the cellular baseband processor 1924 and the application processor 1906. The POA based ranging component 198 / 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. As shown, the apparatus 1904 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, may include means for receiving a configuration of a backscattering operation for aplurality of PRSs associated with at least one first wireless device. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for receiving, from the at least one first wireless device, the plurality of PRSs. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for backscattering each of the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration of the backscattering operation. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for implementing, for each PRS of the plurality of PRSs, a corresponding frequency-shift indicated in the configuration of the backscattering operation. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for toggling an RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a first frequency based on the first frequency-shift during a first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for toggling the RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a second frequency based on the second frequency-shift during a second time period associated with the second set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for toggling the RF switch at the first frequency during a first portion of the first time period associated with a first transmission of a first pair of PRSs in the first set of related PRSs. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for refraining from toggling the RF switch during a second portion of the first time period associated with a gap between the first transmission of the first pair of PRSs and a second transmission of a second pair of PRSs in the first set of related PRSs. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for toggling the RF switch at the first frequency during a third portion of the first time period associated with the second transmission of the second pair of PRSs. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for refraining from toggling the RF switch during a gap between the first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs and the second time period associated with the second set of related PRSs. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for receiving, before receiving the plurality of PRSs, at least one synchronization reference signal from the at least one first wireless device in association with the configuration of the backscattering operation.
[0253] The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for receiving a configuration associated with a backscattering operation at a passive backscatter device for a plurality of PRSs. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting, based on the configuration, the plurality of PRSs. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting the first PRS during a first time period and transmitting the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting the third PRS during a third time period after the second time period. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting the fourth PRS during a fourth time period, transmitting the fifth PRS during a fifth time period after the fourth time period, and transmitting the sixth PRS during a sixth time period after the fifth time period. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting the third PRS during a third time period and transmitting the fourth PRS during a fourth time period after the third time period. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting at least one synchronization signal to the passive backscatter device before transmitting the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for receiving the configuration from a second wireless device.
[0254] The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting, to at least one first wireless device and a passive backscatter device, a configuration associated with a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for receiving, from the passive backscatter device, a plurality of backscattered signals associated with the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for estimating a distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one first wireless device based on the plurality of backscattered signals. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for receiving the first backscattered signal during a first time period and receiving the second backscattered signal during a second time period after the first time period. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for receiving the third backscattered signal during a third time period after the second time period. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for estimating the distance based on a first phase difference between the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal and a second phase difference between the second backscattered signal and the third backscattered signal. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for receiving the third backscattered signal during a third time period and receiving the fourth backscattered signal during a fourth time period after the third time period. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for estimating the distance based on a first phase difference between the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal and a second phase difference between the third backscattered signal and the fourth backscattered signal. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for receiving the plurality of PRSs. The apparatus 1904, and in particular the cellular baseband processor 1924 and / or the application processor 1906, in some aspects, may include means for estimating the location of the passive backscatter device based on the plurality of backscattered signals.
[0255] The means may be the POA based ranging component 198 / 199 of the apparatus 1904 configured to perform the functions recited by the means or as described in relation to FIGs. 13-18. As described supra, the apparatus 1904 may include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0256] FIG. 20 is a diagram 2000 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 2002. The network entity 2002 may be a BS, a component of a BS, or may implement BS functionality. The network entity 2002 may include at least one of a CU 2010, a DU 2030, or an RU 2040. For example, depending on the layer functionality handled by the component 199, the network entity 2002 may include the CU 2010; both the CU 2010 and the DU 2030; each of the CU 2010, the DU 2030, and the RU 2040; the DU 2030; both the DU 2030 and the RU 2040; or the RU 2040. The CU 2010 may include a CUprocessor 2012. The CU processor 2012 may include on-chip memory 2012′. In some aspects, the CU 2010 may further include additional memory modules 2014 and a communications interface 2018. The CU 2010 communicates with the DU 2030 through a midhaul link, such as anF1 interface. The DU 2030 may include a DU processor 2032. The DU processor 2032 may include on- chip memory 2032′. In some aspects, the DU 2030 may further include additional memory modules 2034 and a communications interface 2038. The DU 2030 communicates with the RU 2040 through a fronthaul link. The RU 2040 may include an RU processor 2042. The RU processor 2042 may include on-chip memory 2042′. In some aspects, the RU 2040 may further include additional memory modules 2044, one or more transceivers 2046, antennas 2080, and a communications interface 2048. The RU 2040 communicates with the UE 104. The on-chip memory 2012′, 2032′, 2042′ and the additional memory modules 2014, 2034, 2044 may eachbe considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory may be non-transitory. Each of the processors 2012, 2032, 2042 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor (s) causes the processor (s) to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor (s) when executing software.
[0257] As discussed supra, the POA based ranging component 199, in some aspects, may be configured to receive a configuration associated with a backscattering operation at a passive backscatterdevice for aplurality of PRSs. The POAbasedranging component 199 may further be configured to transmit, based on the configuration, the plurality of PRSs. The POA based ranging component 199 may be configured to transmit, to at least one first wireless device and a passive backscatter device, a configuration associated with a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs. The POA based ranging component 199 may further be configured to receive from the passive backscatter device, a plurality ofbackscattered signals associated with the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation and to estimate a distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one first wireless device based on the plurality of backscattered signals. The component 199 may be within one or more processors of one or more of the CU 2010, DU 2030, and the RU 2040. The POA based ranging component 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. The network entity 2002 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the network entity 2002 may include means for receiving a configuration associated with a backscattering operation at a passive backscatter device for a plurality of PRSs. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting, based on the configuration, the plurality of PRSs. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting the first PRS during a first time period and transmitting the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting the third PRS during a third time period after the second time period. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting the fourth PRS during a fourth time period, transmitting the fifth PRS during a fifth time period after the fourth time period, and transmitting the sixth PRS during a sixth time period after the fifth time period. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting the third PRS during a third time period and transmitting the fourth PRS during a fourth time period after the third time period. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting at least one synchronization signal to the passive backscatter device before transmitting the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for receiving the configuration from a second wireless device.
[0258] The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for transmitting, to at least one first wireless device and a passive backscatter device, a configuration associated with a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for receiving, from the passive backscatter device, a plurality of backscattered signals associated with the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for estimating a distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one first wireless device based on the plurality of backscattered signals. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for receiving the first backscattered signal during a first time period and receiving the second backscattered signal during a second time period after the first time period. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for receiving the third backscattered signal during a third time period after the second time period. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for estimating the distance based on a first phase difference between the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal and a second phase difference between the second backscattered signal and the third backscattered signal. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for receiving the third backscattered signal during a third time period and receiving the fourth backscattered signal during a fourth time period afterthe third time period. The network entity 2002, in some aspects, may include means for estimating the distance based on a first phase difference between the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal and a second phase difference between the third backscattered signal and the fourth backscattered signal
[0259] The means may be the POA based ranging component 199 of the network entity 2002 configured to perform the functions recited by the means or as described in relation to FIGs. 15-18. As described supra, the network entity 2002 may include the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and / or the controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0260] FIG. 21 is a diagram 2100 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 2104. The apparatus may be an energy harvesting device (e.g., a backscatter device, a tag, etc. ) . The apparatus may include aspects described in connection with FIG. 4 and 5, among other examples. In some aspects, the apparatus 2104 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement UE functionality, similar to the apparatus described in connection with FIG. 20. In some aspects, the apparatus 2104 may include a processor 2124 coupled to one or more antennas 2180. The processor 2124 may provide an energy harvesting component, such as described in connection with FIG. 4 and 5. The processor 2124 may include memory 2124′. In some aspects, the apparatus 2104 may further include an SPS module 2116 (e.g., GNSS module) , one or more sensor modules 2118 (e.g., barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; motion sensor such as inertial measurement unit (IMU) , gyroscope, and / or accelerometer (s) ; light detection and ranging (LIDAR) , radio assisted detection and ranging (RADAR) , sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) , magnetometer, audio and / or other technologies used for positioning) , additional memory modules 2126, and / or apower supply or storage device 2130. The SPS module 2116 may include an on-chip transceiver (TRX) (or in some cases, just areceiver (RX) ) . The SPS module 2116 may include its own dedicated antennas and / or utilize the antennas 2180 for communication. The processor 2124 receives a signal, such as a backscatter signal, and harvest energy from the receive signal. The processor 2124 receives the signal via the one or more antennas 2180 from the UE 104, reader 2132 and / or with an RU associated with a network entity 2102. The processor 2124 may include a computer-readable medium / memory 2124′. The additional memory modules 2126 may also be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory 2124′, 2126 may be non-transitory. The processor 2124 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the processor 2124, causes the processor 2124 to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor 2124 when executing software. In some aspects, the processor 2124 may be a component of the UE 350, or other energy harvesting device, and may include the memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the apparatus 2104 may be an energy harvesting device. In other configurations, the apparatus 2104 may be an energy harvesting component of a device.
[0261] As discussed supra, the POAbased ranging component 198 that may be configured to receive a configuration of a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs associated with at least one first wireless device. The POAbasedranging component 198 may further be configured to receive, from the at least one second wireless device, the plurality of PRSs and backscatter each of the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration of the backscattering operation. The POA based ranging component 198 may be within the processor 2124. The POA based ranging component 198 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. As shown, the apparatus 2104 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 2104, and in particular the processor 2124, may include means for receiving a configuration of a backscattering operation for a plurality of PRSs associated with at least one first wireless device. The apparatus 2104, and in particular the processor 2124, in some aspects, may include means for receiving, from the at least one first wireless device, the plurality of PRSs. The apparatus 2104, and in particular the processor 2124, in some aspects, may include means for backscattering each of the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration of the backscattering operation. The apparatus 2104, and in particular the processor 2124, in some aspects, may include means for implementing, for each PRS of the plurality of PRSs, a corresponding frequency-shift indicated in the configuration of the backscattering operation. The apparatus 2104, and in particular the processor 2124, in some aspects, may include means for toggling an RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a first frequency based on the first frequency-shift during a first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs. The apparatus 2104, and in particular the processor 2124, in some aspects, may include means for toggling the RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a second frequency based on the second frequency-shift during a second time period associated with the second set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs. The apparatus 2104, and in particular the processor 2124, in some aspects, may include means for toggling the RF switch atthe first frequency during a first portion of the first time period associated with a first transmission of a first pair of PRSs in the first set of related PRSs. The apparatus 2104, and in particular the processor 2124, in some aspects, may include means for refraining from toggling the RF switch during a second portion of the first time period associated with a gap between the first transmission of the first pair of PRSs and a second transmission of a second pair of PRSs in the first set of related PRSs. The apparatus 2104, and in particular the processor 2124, in some aspects, may include means for toggling the RF switch at the first frequency during a third portion of the first time period associated with the second transmission of the second pair of PRSs. The apparatus 2104, and in particular the processor 2124, in some aspects, may include means for refraining from toggling the RF switch during a gap between the first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs and the second time period associated with the second set of related PRSs. The apparatus 2104, and in particular the processor 2124, in some aspects, may include means for receiving, before receiving the plurality of PRSs, at least one synchronization reference signa l from the at least one first wireless device in association with the configuration of the backscattering operation.
[0262] The means may be the POA based ranging component 198 of the apparatus 2104 configured to perform the functions recited by the means or as described in relation to FIGs. 13 and 14. As described supra, in some aspects, the apparatus 2104 may include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. In some aspects, the means may include the processor 2124 and / or the antennas 2180.
[0263] In some aspects of wireless communication, wireless-device-assisted positioning may be desirable for low complexity A-IoT device (e.g., a passive, or a semi-passive, IoT device) . While the term A-IoT, in some contexts, may refer specifically to ultra-low complexity and ultra-low power devices providing complexity and power consumption orders of magnitude lower than existing eMTC or NB-IoT devices, as used herein, the term “A-IoT device” may generally be used to describe a device, or device component, that may possess a backscattering capability using no, or limited, stored power. Accordingly, the term A-IoT as used herein may refer to a wireless device, such as a UE, including a passive RF component (e.g., a RFIC, an RFID device, a tag, a passive backscatter device) or the passive RF component itself.
[0264] Some existing approaches using backscattering are associated with tight synchronization between an assisting wireless device and the A-IoT device. Additionally, if a backscattering operation includes switching between different antennas, the backscattering operation may introduce a non-negligible group delay which could be time varying over the duration of the backscattering operation due to different impedances being associated with the different antennas and the unknown group delay may result in additional bias, or uncertainty, in the measurement. POA based ranging, in some aspects, may be a possible positioning method for short distance applications such as RFID and, in some cases, may perform better than TOA based ranging, especially for low signal bandwidth. However, current implementations for POA based ranging or positioning may be described for monostatic deployment with a full duplex reader and the performance is conditioned on the interval (frequency offset) between two tones (e.g., PRS frequencies) . As such, the maximum measurable distance is inversely related to the frequency interval and, if the frequency interval is decreased to accommodate longer range, the resolution, or ranging, error increases. Furthermore, the channels of the two tones cannot be assumed to be same when frequency interval increases due to frequency selectivity and different channel characteristics may introduce additional uncertainty in the measurements.
[0265] Various aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless-device-assisted positioning and more particuhrly to wireless-device-assisted positioning for low complexity A-IoT devices. Some aspects more specifically relate to POA based ranging. In some examples, a first wireless device (e.g., an assisting wireless device) may transmit a set of PRS that may be backscatteredby a passive backscatter device (e.g., an A-IoT device) and received at a second wireless device (e.g., a reader device) . The passive backscattering device may be configured to introduce a frequency shift when backscattering each PRS in the set of PRS to distinguish the backscattered PRS from the transmitted PRS. The set of PRS, in some aspects, may be configured with a series of frequency hops that allow the second wireless device to estimate a distance associated with the first wireless device and the passive backscatter device (e.g., a path length from the first wireless device to the second wireless device via the passive backscatterdevice) . Ifthe above operations are performed in association with multiple first wireless devices (e.g., multiple assisting wireless devices or UEs) , a location of the passive backscatter device may then be determined elliptic-based positioning.
[0266] For example, in some aspects, assisting UEs may transmit PRS with fixed and random frequency hopping and an A-IoT UE may toggle its RF switch to backscatter the PRS signals. In some aspects, the toggling of the RF switch includes a plurality of switching actions to create a series of CSWs which shift the incoming PRS signals to adjacent orthogonal subcarriers (e.g., orthogonal to the subcarriers carrying the transmitted PRS) . A network node (e.g., a base station or gNB) may measure the POA (or TOA) by calculating the rotating phase of the reflected PRS at different tones. The group delay caused by the A-IoT UE reflecting can be eliminated by the differential time measurement from multiple assisting UEs with known location. The location of the A-IoT UE, in some aspects, may then be determined using the OTDOA positioning.
[0267] Particular aspects of the subject matter descried in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. The POA based ranging disclosed herein may increase a resolution of a POA based ranging operation.
[0268] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of example approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0269] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims. Reference to an element in the singular does not mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” Terms such as “if, ” “when, ” and “while” do not imply an immediate temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases, e.g., “when, ” do not imply an immediate action in response to or during the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that if a condition is met then an action will occur, but without requiring a specific or immediate time constraint for the action to occur. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. Sets should be interpreted as a set of elements where the elements number one or more. Accordingly, for a set of X, X would include one or more elements. If a first apparatus receives data from or transmits data to a second apparatus, the data may be received / transmitted directly between the first and second apparatuses, or indirectly between the first and second apparatuses through a set of apparatuses. A device configured to “output” data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may transmit the data, for example with a transceiver, or may send the data to a device that transmits the data. A device configured to “obtain” data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may receive, for example with a transceiver, or may obtain the data from a device that receives the data. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that areknown or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
[0270] As used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) shall be construed as “based at least on A” unless specifically recited differently.
[0271] The following aspects are illustrative only and may be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein, without limitation.
[0272] Aspect 1 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a passive backscatter device, comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to: receive a configuration of a backscattering operation for a plurality of position reference signals (PRSs) associated with at least one first wireless device; receive, from the at least one first wireless device, the plurality of PRSs; and backscatter each of the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration of the backscattering operation.
[0273] Aspect 2 is the apparatus of aspect 1, wherein to backscatter each of the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to: implement, for each PRS of the plurality of PRSs, a corresponding frequency-shift indicated in the configuration of the backscattering operation.
[0274] Aspect 3 is the apparatus of aspect 2, wherein the corresponding frequency-shift for a particular PRS of the plurality of PRSs is equal to atleast one subearrier spacing of the particular PRS.
[0275] Aspect 4 is the apparatus of aspect 2, wherein the corresponding frequency-shift for a particular PRS of the plurality of PRSs is equal to a fraction of a subcarrier spacing oftbe particular PRS.
[0276] Aspect 5 is the apparatus of aspect 2, wherein the corresponding frequency-shift for a particular PRS of the plurality of PRSs is equal to a frequency associated with one or more physical resource blocks (PRBs) .
[0277] Aspect 6 is the apparatus of any of aspects 2 to 5, wherein a first corresponding frequency-shift for a first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs is a first frequency-shift and a second corresponding frequency-shift for a second set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs is a second frequency-shift, wherein the first frequency-shift is different from the second frequency-shift.
[0278] Aspect 7 is the apparatus of aspect 6, wherein to implement the first frequency-shift for the first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs and the second frequency-shift for the second set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to: toggle an RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a first frequency based on the first frequency-shift during a first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs; and toggle the RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a second frequency based on the second frequency-shift during a second time period associatedwith the second set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs.
[0279] Aspect 8 is the apparatus of aspect 7, wherein to toggle the RF switch of the passive backscatter device at the first frequency based on the first frequency-shift during the first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to: toggle the RF switch atthe first frequency during a first portion of the first time period associated with a first transmission of a first pair of PRSs in the first set of related PRSs; refrain from toggling the RF switch during a second portion of the first time period associatedwith a gap between the first transmission of the first pair of PRSs and a second transmission of a second pair of PRSs in the first set of related PRSs; and toggle the RF switch at the first frequency during a third portion of the first time period associated with the second transmission of the second pair of PRSs.
[0280] Aspect 9 is the apparatus of any of aspects 7 and 8, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: refrain from toggling the RF switch during a gap between the first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs and the second time period associated with the second set of related PRSs.
[0281] Aspect 10 is the apparatus of any of aspects 1 to 9, further comprising a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the transceiver or the antenna before the reception of the plurality of PRSs, at least one synchronization reference signal from the at least one first wireless device in association with the configuration of the backscattering operation.
[0282] Aspect 11 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to: receive a configuration associated with a backscattering operation at a passive backscatter device for a plurality of position reference signals (PRSs) ; and transmit, based on the configuration, the plurality of PRSs.
[0283] Aspect 12 is the apparatus of aspect 11, wherein the plurality of PRSs comprises at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency and a second PRS associated with a second frequency, wherein the second frequency is offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is at least one subcarrier spacing of the first PRS, and wherein to transmit the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to: transmit the first PRS during a first time period; and transmit the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period.
[0284] Aspect 13 is the apparatus of aspect 12, wherein the first time period and the second time period comprise a first integer number of symbols, andwherein a first frequency-shift configured for application to the first and second PRS in association with the backscattering operation is a second integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the first PRS divided by the first integer number.
[0285] Aspect 14 is the apparatus of aspect 13, wherein the plurality of PRSs further comprises a third PRS associated with the first frequency, wherein the first PRS, the second PRS, and the third PRS comprise a first PRS set, wherein a PRS set comprises at least three PRSs that are backscattered in association with the backscattering operation to generate corresponding backscattered signals from the passive backscatter device that are capable of being used at a second wireless device, to estimate at least one distance associated with the first wireless device, the second wireless device, and the passive backscatter device, and wherein to transmit the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to: transmit the third PRS during a third time period after the second time period.
[0286] Aspect 15 is the apparatus of aspect 14, wherein the plurality of PRSs further comprises a second PRS set comprising a fourth PRS associated with a third frequency, a fifth PRS associated with a fourth frequency, and a sixth PRS associated with the third frequency, wherein the fourth frequency is offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that is at least one fourth subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS, wherein a duration of each of the fourth PRS, the fifth PRS, and the sixth PRS comprises a third integer number of symbols, and wherein to transmit the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to: transmit the fourth PRS during a fourth time period; transmit the fifth PRS during a fifth time period after the fourth time period; and transmit the sixth PRS during a sixth time period after the fifth time period.
[0287] Aspect 16 is the apparatus of aspect 13, wherein the first PRS and the second PRS comprise a first PRS group and the plurality of PRSs further comprises a second PRS group comprising a third PRS associated with a third frequency and a fourth PRS associated with a fourth frequency, wherein the fourth frequency is offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that has a same magnitude as the first frequency-offset and an opposite sign, wherein the first PRS group and the second PRS group comprise a first PRS set, wherein a PRS set comprises at least four PRSs that are backscattered in association with the backscattering operation to generate corresponding backscattered signals from the passive backscatter device that are capable of being used at a second wireless device, to estimate at least one distance associated with the first wireless device, the second wireless device, and the passive backscatter device, and wherein to transmit the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to: transmit the third PRS during a third time period; and transmit the fourth PRS during a fourth time period after the third time period.
[0288] Aspect 17 is the apparatus of aspect 16, wherein the third frequency is one of a randomly selected frequency or a pseudo-randomly selected frequency.
[0289] Aspect 18 is the apparatus of any of aspects 13 to 17, wherein the first PRS comprises a first multi-tone PRS and the second PRS comprises a second multi-tone PRS, wherein each PRS in the first multi-tone PRS and the second multi-tone PRS is separated in frequency from an adjacent PRS in a same multi-tone PRS by a first spacing that is an integer number of subcarrier spacings, wherein the first spacing is not equal to the first frequency-shift.
[0290] Aspect 19 is the apparatus of any of aspects 13 to 17, wherein the first PRS comprises a first multi-tone PRS associated with a first plurality of physical resource blocks (PRBs) in frequency and the second PRS comprises a second multi-tone PRS associated with a second plurality of PRBs in frequency, wherein the first plurality of PRBs are different from the second plurality of PRBs, and wherein the first frequency-shift is an integer number of PRBs configured to shift eachPRS in the first PRS into a corresponding third PRB in a third plurality of PRBs in frequency that are different from the first plurality of PRBs and to shift each PRS in the second PRS into a corresponding fourth PRB in fourth plurality of PRBs in frequency that are different from the second plurality of PRBs.
[0291] Aspect 20 is the apparatus of any of aspects 11 to 19, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to: transmit at least one synchronization signal to the passive backscatter device before the transmission of the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation.
[0292] Aspect 21 is the apparatus of any of aspects 11 to 20, wherein the first wireless device is one of a first network device, an assisting wireless device, a first base station, a first user equipment (UE) , or an assisting UE, wherein the passive backscatter device is one of a passive internet of things (IoT) device, a backscatter device, a backscattering wireless device, or a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) , further comprising a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor, and wherein to receive the configuration, the at least one processor is configured to: receive, via the transceiver or the antenna, the configuration from a second wireless device, wherein the second wireless device is one of a second network node, a second base station, a reader, a reader wireless device, a second network device, or a second UE.
[0293] Aspect 22 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, comprising: a memory; and at least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to: transmit, to at least one second wireless device and a passive backscatter device, a configuration associated with a backscattering operation for a plurality of position reference signals (PRSs) ; receive, from the passive backscatter device, a plurality ofbackscattered signals associated with the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation; and estimate a distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one second wireless device based on the plurality ofbackscattered signals.
[0294] Aspect 23 is the apparatus of aspect 22, wherein the plurality of PRSs comprises at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency and a second PRS associated with a second frequency, wherein the second frequency is offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is at least one subcarrier spacing of the first PRS, wherein the plurality ofbackscattered signals comprises a first backscattered signal associated with a first backscattering of the first PRS configured to implement a first frequency-shift and a second backscattered signal associated with a second backscattering of the second PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift, and wherein to receive the plurality of backscattered signals, the at least one processor is configured to: receive the first backscatteredsignal during a first time period; and receive the second backscattered signal during a second time period after the first time period.
[0295] Aspect 24 is the apparatus of aspect 23, wherein the first time period and the second time period comprise a first integer number of symbols, and wherein the first frequency-shift is a second integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the first PRS divided by the first integer number.
[0296] Aspect 25 is the apparatus of aspect 24, wherein the plurality of PRSs further comprises a third PRS associated with the first frequency and the plurality of backscattered signals comprises a third backscattered signal associated with a third backscattering of the third PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift, wherein to receive the plurality of backscattered signals, the at least one processor is configured to: receive the third backscattered signal during a third time period after the second time period, and wherein to estimate the distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one second wireless device, the at least one processor is configured to: estimate the distance based on a first phase difference between the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal and a second phase difference between the second backscattered signal and the third backsc attered signal.
[0297] Aspect 26 is the apparatus of aspect 25, wherein the first PRS, the second PRS, and the third PRS comprise a first PRS set, wherein the plurality of PRSs further comprises a second PRS set comprising a fourth PRS associated with a third frequency, a fifth PRS associated with a fourth frequency, and a sixth PRS associated with the ...
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communication at a passive backscatter device, comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to:receive a configuration of a backscattering operation for a plurality of position reference signals (PRSs) associated with at least one first wireless device;receive, from the at least one first wireless device, the plurality of PRSs; andbackscatter each of the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration of the backscattering operation.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to backscatter each of the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to:implement, for each PRS of the plurality of PRSs, a corresponding frequency-shift indicated in the configuration of the backscattering operation.3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the corresponding frequency-shift for a particular PRS of the plurality of PRSs is equal to at least one subcarrier spacing of the particular PRS.4.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the corresponding frequency-shift for a particular PRS of the plurality of PRSs is equal to a fraction of a subcarrier spacing of the particular PRS.5.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the corresponding frequency-shift for a particular PRS of the plurality of PRSs is equal to a frequency associated with one or more physical resource blocks (PRBs) .6.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein a first corresponding frequency-shift for a first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs is a first frequency-shift and a second corresponding frequency-shift for a second set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs is a second frequency-shift, wherein the first frequency-shift is different from the second frequency-shift.7.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein to implement the first frequency-shift for the first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs and the second frequency-shift for the second set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to:toggle an RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a first frequency based on the first frequency-shift during a first time period associated with the first setof related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs; andtoggle the RF switch of the passive backscatter device at a second frequency based on the second frequency-shift during a second time period associated with the second set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs.8.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein to toggle the RF switch of the passive backscatter device at the first frequency based on the first frequency-shift during the first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs of the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to:toggle the RF switch at the first frequency during a first portion of the first time period associated with a first transmission of a first pair of PRSs in the first set of related PRSs;refrain from toggling the RF switch during asecond portion of the first time period associated with a gap betweenthe first transmission of the first pair of PRSs and a second transmission of a second pair of PRSs in the first set of related PRSs; andtoggle the RF switch at the first frequency during a third portion of the first time period associated with the second transmission of the second pair of PRSs.9.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:refrain from toggling the RF switch during a gap between the first time period associated with the first set of related PRSs and the second time period associated with the second set of related PRSs.10.The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:receive, via the transceiver or the antenna before the reception of the plurality of PRSs, at least one synchronization reference signal from the at least one first wireless device in association with the configuration of the backscattering operation.11.An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to:receive a configuration associated with a backscattering operation at a passive backscatter device for a plurality of position reference signals (PRSs) ; andtransmit, based on the configuration, the plurality of PRSs.12.The apparatus of claim 11,wherein the plurality of PRSs comprises at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency and a second PRS associated with a second frequency,wherein the second frequency is offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is at least one subcarrier spacing of the first PRS, andwherein to transmit the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to:transmit the first PRS during a first time period; andtransmit the second PRS during a second time period after the first time period.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first time period and the second time period comprise a first integer number of symbols, and wherein a first frequency-shift configure d for application to the first and second PRS in association with the backscattering operation is a second integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the first PRS divided by the first integer number.14.The apparatus of claim 13,wherein the plurality of PRSs further comprises a third PRS associated with the first frequency,wherein the first PRS, the second PRS, and the third PRS comprise a first PRS set,wherein a PRS set comprises at least three PRSs that are backscattered in association with the backscattering operation to generate corresponding backscattered signals from the passive backscatter device that are capable of being used at a second wireless device, to estimate at least one distance associated with the first wireless device, the second wireless device, and the passive backscatter device, andwherein to transmit the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to:transmit the third PRS during a third time period after the second time period.15.The apparatus of claim 14,wherein the plurality of PRSs further comprises a second PRS set comprising a fourth PRS associated with a third frequency, a fifth PRS associated with a fourth frequency, and a sixth PRS associated with the third frequency,wherein the fourth frequency is offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that is at least one fourth subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS,wherein a duration of each of the fourth PRS, the fifth PRS, and the sixth PRS comprises a third integer number of symbols, andwherein to transmit the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to:transmit the fourth PRS during a fourth time period;transmit the fifth PRS during a fifth time period after the fourth time period; andtransmit the sixth PRS during a sixth time period afterthe fifth time period.16.The apparatus of claim 13,wherein the first PRS and the second PRS comprise a first PRS group and the plurality of PRSs further comprises a second PRS group comprising a third PRS associated with a third frequency and a fourth PRS associated with a fourth frequency,wherein the fourth frequency is offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that has a same magnitude as the first frequency-offset and an opposite sign,wherein the first PRS group and the second PRS group comprise a first PRS set,wherein a PRS set comprises at least four PRSs that are backscattered in association with the backscattering operation to generate corresponding backscattered signals from the passive backscatter device that are capable of being used at a second wireless device, to estimate at least one distance associated with the first wireless device, the second wireless device, and the passive backscatter device, andwherein to transmit the plurality of PRSs, the at least one processor is configured to:transmit the third PRS during a third time period; andtransmit the fourth PRS during a fourth time period after the third time period.17.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the third frequency is one of a randomly selected frequency or a pseudo-randomly selected frequency.18.The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the first PRS comprises afirst multi-tone PRS and the second PRS comprises a second multi-tone PRS, wherein eachPRS in the first multi-tone PRS and the second multi-tone PRS is separated in frequency from an adjacent PRS in a same multi-tone PRS by a first spacing that is an integer number of subcarrier spacings, wherein the first spacing is not equal to the first frequency-shift.19.The apparatus of claim 13,wherein the first PRS comprises a first multi-tone PRS associated with a first plurality of physical resource blocks (PRBs) in frequency and the second PRS comprises a second multi-tone PRS associated with a second plurality of PRBs in frequency,wherein the first plurality of PRBs are different from the second plurality of PRBs, andwherein the first frequency-shift is an integer number of PRBs configured to shift each PRS in the first PRS into a corresponding third PRB in a third plurality of PRBs in frequency that are different from the first plurality of PRBs and to shift each PRS in the second PRS into a corresponding fourth PRB in a fourth plurality of PRBs in frequency that are different from the second plurality of PRBs.20.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to:transmit at least one synchronization signal to the passive backscatter device before the transmission of the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation.21.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first wireless device is one of a first network device, an assisting wireless device, a first base station, a first user equipment (UE) , or an assisting UE, wherein the passive backscatter device is one of a passive internet of things (IoT) device, a backscatter device, a backscattering wireless device, or a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) , further comprising a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor, and wherein to receive the configuration, the at least one processor is configured to:receive, via the transceiver or the antenna, the configuration from a second wireless device, wherein the second wireless device is one of a second network node, a second base station, a reader, a reader wireless device, a second network device, or a second UE.22.An apparatus for wireless communication at a first wireless device, comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the memory, the at least one processor is configured to:transmit, to at least one second wireless device and a passive backscatter device, a configuration associated with a backscattering operation for a plurality of position reference signals (PRSs) ;receive, from the passive backscatter device, a plurality of backscattered signals associated with the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration associated with the backscattering operation; andestimate a distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one second wireless device based on the plurality ofbackscattered signals.23.The apparatus of claim 22,wherein the plurality of PRSs comprises at least a first PRS associated with a first frequency and a second PRS associated with a second frequency,wherein the second frequency is offset from the first frequency by a first frequency-offset that is at least one subcarrier spacing of the first PRS,wherein the plurality of backscattered signals comprises a first backscattered signal associated with a first backscattering of the first PRS configured to implement a first frequency-shift and a second backscattered signal associated with a second backscattering of the second PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift, andwherein to receive the plurality of backscattered signals, the at least one processor is configured to:receive the first backscattered signal during a first time period; andreceive the second backscattered signal during a second time period after the first time period.24.The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the first time period and the second time period comprise a first integer number of symbols, and wherein the first frequency-shift is a second integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the first PRS divided by the first integer number.25.The apparatus of claim 24,wherein the plurality of PRSs further comprises a third PRS associated with the first frequency and the plurality of backscattered signals comprises a third backscattered signal associated with a third backscattering of the third PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift,wherein to receive the plurality of backscattered signals, the at least one processor is configured to:receive the third backscattered signal during a third time period after the second time period, andwherein to estimate the distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one second wireless device, the at least one processor is configured to:estimate the distance based on a first phase difference between the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal and a second phase difference between the second backscattered signal and the third backscattered signal.26.The apparatus of claim 25,wherein the first PRS, the second PRS, and the third PRS comprise a first PRS set,wherein the plurality of PRSs further comprises a second PRS set comprising a fourth PRS associated with a third frequency, a fifth PRS associated with a fourth frequency, and a sixth PRS associated with the third frequency,wherein the fourth frequency is offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that is at least one fourth subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS,wherein the plurality of backscattered signals comprises a fourth backscattered signal associated with a fourth backscattering of the fourth PRS configured to implement a second frequency-shift, a fifth backscattered signal associated with a fifth backscattering of the fifth PRS configured to implement the second frequency-shift, and a sixth backscattered signal associated with a sixth backscattering of the sixth PRS configured to implement the second frequency-shift,wherein a duration of each of the fourth PRS, the fifth PRS, and the sixth PRS comprises a third integer number of symbols, andwherein the second frequency-shift is a fourth integer multiple of the subcarrier spacing of the fourth PRS divided by the third integer number.27.The apparatus of claim 24,wherein the first PRS and the second PRS comprise a first PRS group,wherein the plurality of PRSs further comprises a second PRS group comprising a third PRS associated with a third frequency and a fourth PRS associated with a fourth frequency,wherein the fourth frequency is offset from the third frequency by a second frequency-offset that has a same magnitude as the first frequency-offset and an opposite sign,wherein the plurality of backscattered signals comprises a third backscattered signal associated with a third backscattering of the third PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift and a fourth backscattered signal associated with a fourth backscattering of the fourth PRS configured to implement the first frequency-shift, further comprising a transceiver or an antenna coupled to the at least one processor,wherein to receive the plurality ofbackscattered signals, the at least one processor is configured to:receive, via the transceiver or the antenna, the third backscattered signal during a third time period; andreceive, via the transceiver or the antenna, the fourth backscattered signal during a fourth time period after the third time period, andwherein to estimate the distance associated with the passive backscatter device and the at least one second wireless device, the at least one processor is configured to:estimate the distance based on a first phase difference between the first backscattered signal and the second backscattered signal and a second phase difference between the third backscattered signal and the fourth backscattered signal.28.The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the third frequency is one of a randomly selected frequency or a pseudo-randomly selected frequency.29.The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the first PRS comprises a first multi-tone PRS and the second PRS comprises a second multi-tone PRS, wherein eachPRS in the first multi-tone PRS and the second multi-tone PRS is separated in frequency from an adjacent PRS in a same multi-tone PRS by a first spacing that is an integer number of subcarrier spacings, wherein the first spacing is not equal to the first frequency-shift.30.A method of wireless communication at a passive backscatter device, comprising:receiving a configuration of a backscattering operation for a plurality of position reference signals (PRSs) associated with at least one first wireless device;receiving, from the at least one first wireless device, the plurality of PRSs; andbackscattering each of the plurality of PRSs based on the configuration of the backscattering operation.