Regulation of cellular energy metabolism by lipoate protein ligase and its applications
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- WESTLAKE UNIV
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-28
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-06
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Figure PCTCN2024102481-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024102481-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024102481-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
REGULATION OF CELLULAR ENERGY METABOLISM BY LIPOATE PROTEIN LIGASE AND ITS APPLICATIONSFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to genetic recombinant technology, especially methods for regulating cellular energy metabolism by lipoate protein ligase.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Protein lipoylation represents a highly conserved posttranslational modification (PTM) that is essential for the function of key enzymes involved in cellular energy metabolism. Four mitochondrial enzyme complexes are known to have lipoylation modification, including pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) , alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) , branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) , and glycine cleavage system (GCS) 1. While PDH and OGDH regulate distinct carbon entries into TCA cycle, BCKDH and GCS catalyze the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids and glycine, all of which represent key metabolic pathways. The conserved lipoylation reaction consists of two distinct pathways. The first pathway is the de novo biosynthetic pathway initiated from octanoyl-ACP derived from fatty acid biosynthesis. In E. coli, the octanoyl transferase (LipB) catalyzes the transfer of octanoyl group to the lipoylated protein and two sulfur atoms are then inserted into the C6 and C8 positions by the lipoyl synthase (LipA) . In the second salvage pathway, the exogenous lipoic acid is activated and transferred to the lipoylated proteins catalyzed by lipoate protein ligase A (LplA) . The de novo pathway of lipoylation in human cells is different from that in E. coli. First, octanoyl transferase (LIPT2) transfers octanoyl group to H protein of glycine cleavage system. Second, LIAS inserts sulfur atoms into the octanoyl group of GCSH to form lipoyl group. Last, lipoyl transferase (LIPT1) transfers lipoyl group from GCSH to the E2 subunits of other lipoylated proteins (Figure 1) 2. The de novo pathway is well conserved across all the organisms while the salvage pathway has only been revealed in bacteria, for example, LplJ from Bacillus subtilis and LplA from E. coli.
[0003] Cellular energy metabolism is necessary for all the bioprocesses in living organisms. Mitochondrial respiration is the central pathway of cellular energy metabolism. For synthetic biology, energy supply is a longstanding bottleneck in metabolic engineering, causing inefficiency in metabolic flux and affecting broad cellular functions3. Given that lipoylation orchestrates key mitochondrial catabolic pathways that are primary sources of NADH, FADH2 and acetyl-CoA for energy production, we herein hypothesize whether introduction of a salvage lipoylation pathway catalyzed by lipoate protein ligase can regulate cell energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells or not. Regulation of cellular energy metabolism achieved by lipoate protein ligase may offer novel solutions to solve the metabolic burden and enhance the productivity of commodity chemicals and therapeutic proteins in synthetic biology industry.
[0004] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] In first aspect, the present invention provides a recombinant host cell that is engineered to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase.
[0006] In some embodiments, the host cell is prokaryote or a eukaryote, preferably a cyanobacterium, a plant cell, an algal cell, or an animal cell, e.g., a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a cyanobacterium, a diatom cell, a U2OS cell or a CHO cell.
[0007] In some embodiments, the overexpressed lipoate protein ligase is located in the cytoplasm or the mitochondrion of the host cell. In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase is expressed with or without being in fusion with a mitochondrial target signal (MTS) . In some embodiments, the MTS is SOD2 MTS, OTC MTS, Cox8a MTS or any combination thereof, or the MTS is MTS of TPI-GapC3.
[0008] In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase is LplA or LplJ, LplB, LipL1, LipL2 or a functional variant thereof.
[0009] In some embodiments, the host cell is capable of producing molecules of interest. In some embodiments, the host cell is engineered to produce the molecules of interest. In some embodiments, the molecule of interest comprises biological or product and / or byproduct of biochemical or biological process in the recombinant host cells. In some embodiments, the molecule of interest comprises vaccine, protein, organic acid, amino acid, nucleotide and nucleoside, lipid and fatty acid, diol, carbohydrate, aromatic compound, vitamin or antibiotic. In some embodiments, the molecule of interest comprise antibody, enzyme, polyunsaturated fatty acid, glycosylated protein or carotenoid.
[0010] In second aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing molecules of interest in a host cell, the method comprising:
[0011] culturing any one of the aforementioned recombinant host cells under suitable conditions to produce the molecules of interest.
[0012] In third aspect, the present invention provides use of any one of the aforementioned recombinant host cells in producing molecules of interest.
[0013] In fourth aspect, the present invention provides a method of increasing production of molecules of interest in a cell, the method comprising:
[0014] culturing any one of the aforementioned recombinant host cells under suitable conditions to produce the molecules of interest.
[0015] In fifth aspect, the present invention provides a method of increasing production of molecules of interest in a cell, the method comprising: engineering a cell that is capable of producing the molecules of interest to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the host cell is prokaryote or a eukaryote, preferably a cyanobacterium, a plant cell, an algal cell, or an animal cell, e.g., a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a cyanobacterium, a diatom cell, a U2OS cell or a CHO cell. In some embodiments, the overexpressed lipoate protein ligase is located in the cytoplasm or the mitochondrion of the host cell. In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase is expressed with or without being in fusion with a mitochondrial target signal (MTS) . In some embodiments, the MTS is SOD2 MTS, OTC MTS, Cox8a MTS or any combination thereof, or the MTS is MTS of TPI-GapC3. In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase is LplA or LplJ, LplB, LipL1, LipL2 or a functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the molecule of interest comprises biological or product and / or byproduct of biochemical or biological process in the recombinant host cells. In some embodiments, the molecule of interest comprises vaccine, protein, organic acid, amino acid, nucleotide and nucleoside, lipid and fatty acid, diol, carbohydrate, aromatic compound, vitamin or antibiotic. In some embodiments, the molecule of interest comprise antibody, enzyme, polyunsaturated fatty acid, glycosylated protein or carotenoid.
[0016] In sixth aspect, the present invention provides use of any one of the aforementioned recombinant host cells in increasing production of molecules of interest in a cell.
[0017] In seventh aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing biomass, the method comprising culturing any one of the aforementioned recombinant host cells under suitable conditions. In some embodiments, the biomass is the recombinant host cells.
[0018] In eighth aspect, the present invention provides use of any one of the aforementioned recombinant host cells in producing biomass. In some embodiments, the biomass is the recombinant host cells.
[0019] In ninth aspect, the present invention provides a method of increasing cell growth in cell culture, the method comprising culturing any one of the aforementioned recombinant host cells under suitable conditions. In some embodiments, the cell culture is simple batch culture, fed batch culture or perfusion culture.
[0020] In tenth aspect, the present invention provides use of any one of the aforementioned recombinant host cells in increasing cell growth in cell culture. In some embodiments, the cell culture is simple batch culture, fed batch culture or perfusion culture.
[0021] In eleventh aspect, the present invention provides a method of increasing cell growth in cell culture, the method comprising engineering the cell to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the host cell is prokaryote or a eukaryote, preferably a cyanobacterium, a plant cell, an algal cell, or an animal cell, e.g., a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is a cyanobacterium, a diatom cell, a U2OS cell or a CHO cell. In some embodiments, the overexpressed lipoate protein ligase is located in the cytoplasm or the mitochondrion of the host cell. In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase is expressed with or without being in fusion with a mitochondrial target signal (MTS) . In some embodiments, the MTS is SOD2 MTS, OTC MTS, Cox8a MTS or any combination thereof, or the MTS is MTS of TPI-GapC3. In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase is LplA or LplJ, LplB, LipL1, LipL2 or a functional variant thereof.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] Figure 1. The lipoylation pathways in Escherichia coli (E. coli) , Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Homo sapiens (H. sapiens) .
[0023] Figure 2. Localization of MTS-GFP-LplA confirmed by confocal and super resolution imaging. tom20: mitochondrial outer membrane marker, scale bar 10 μm; Probe 1: tom20, Probe 2: GFP.
[0024] Figure 3. LplA expression improves mitochondrial respiration in U2OS cells determined using the Seahorse method. (a-d) Comparison of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) values in different constructs of U2OS cells in response to 1 μM oligomycin, 1 μM FCCP, 1 μM rotenone and 1 μM antimycin A; (e) Calculated parameters of mitochondrial functions. Two-tailed paired Student t-test p-values indicate statistical significance (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, and ***p <0.001) .
[0025] Figure 4. Mitochondrial respiration regulation by LplJ in U2OS cells. (a) OCR of U2OS cells overexpressing OTC-GFP-LplA and LplJ and related controls; (b) OCR of U2OS cells overexpressing SOD2-GFP-LplA and LplJ and related controls; (c) OCR of U2OS cells overexpressing GFP-LplA and related controls; (d) Calculated OCR-related parameters.
[0026] Figure 5. Lipoylation activity of LplAN121A, D122A, K133A mutant and its effect on mitochondrial respiration rate of U2OS cells. (a) Scheme of biochemical reaction catalyzed by LplA; (b) UV traces of lipoylation assay with LplA and LplAN121A, D122A, K133A; (c) OCR of U2OS cells overexpressing SOD2-GFP, SOD2-GFP-LplA and SOD2-GFP-LplAN121A, D122A, K133A; (d) Calculated OCR parameters. Two-tailed paired Student t-test p-values indicate statistical significance (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, and ***p <0.001) .
[0027] Figure 6. Batch cultivation I of engineered CHO-K1 cells. (a) VCD and VIA of two cell lines; (b) Canakinumab titer of two cell lines on day 6. Two-tailed paired Student t-test p-values indicate statistical significance (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, and ***p <0.001) .
[0028] Figure 7. Batch cultivation II of engineered CHO-K1 cells. (a) VCD during the batch culture. (b) Canakinumab titer of two cell lines from day4 to day 7. (c) Specific production rate of canakinumab (qIgG) during the cultivation. (d) Lipoylation level of DLAT during the batch culture. (e) Lipoylation level of DLST during the batch culture. (f) OCR curves of engineered cells on day 3. (g) Relative quantification of lip-DLAT. (h) Relative quantification of lip-DLST. (i) Calculated OCR-related parameters from OCR curves. Two-tailed paired Student t-test p-values indicate statistical significance (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, and ***p <0.001) .
[0029] Figure 8. Fed-Batch cultivation of engineered CHO-K1 cells. (a) Viable Cell Density (VCD) and Viability (VIA) of two cell lines; (b) Canakinumab titer of two cell lines in stationary growth phase; (c) The OCR curves of two cell lines in response to 1 μM oligomycin, 1.5 μM FCCP, 1 μM rotenone and 1 μM antimycin A on day 7. (d) Calculated OCR-related parameters from OCR curves. Two-tailed paired Student t-test p-values indicate statistical significance (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, and ***p <0.001) .
[0030] Figure 9. Expression of LplA or MTS-LplA confirmed by immunoblot. (a) Left, total protein amount of P. tricornutum was quantified by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) . Right, SDS–PAGE analysis followed by immunoblotting of P. tricornutum soluble extracts. Soluble extracts for the wild type (Pt_WT) and the mutant overexpressing LplA (Pt_LplA, Pt_MTS-LplA) containing 20 μg of protein were loaded per lane. Protein size of LplA-GFP expressed in P. tricornutum was about 68 kDa. (b) Left, total protein amount of S. elongatus was quantified by SDS-PAGE. Right, SDS–PAGE analysis followed by immunoblotting of S. elongatus soluble extracts. Soluble extracts for the wild type (Syn7942_WT) and the mutant overexpressing LplA (Syn7942_LplA) containing 20 μg of protein were loaded per lane. Protein size of LplA-Flag expressed in S. elongatus was about 41 kDa. Commercial primary antibodies used here contain LplA polyclonal antibody (α-LplA, Cat. #: CSB-PA510777HA01ENU, GeneBio Systems, IncTM. ) , GFP antibody (α-GFP) , Flag-M2 monoclonal antibody (α-Flag, Cat. #: F1804, Sigma-Aldrich) , Lipoic acid antibody (α-LA, Cat. #: ab58724, Abcam) , and GAPDH monoclonal antibody (α-GAPDH, Cat. #: ab181602, Abcam) .
[0031] Figure 10. Characterization of physiological traits and metabolism in engineered P. tricornutum cells. (a) cell growth curve grown under mixotrophic conditions, in which 100 mM of glycerol was supplied as organic carbon source. (b) and (c) , respiratory and photosynthesis activities of P. tricornutum cell grown at exponential phase. OCR, oxygen consumption rate. (d) the ratio of NADH / NAD+ in engineered P. tricornutum cells grown under mixotrophic conditions. e) Free fatty acid content determined by GC-MS. C22: 6n3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) . 20: 3n-6, Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) . Samples for Fig. 10b-e were harvested at the exponential phase (normally at 48h of mixotrophic growth) . Two-tailed paired Student t-test p-values indicate statistical significance (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, and ***p <0.001) .
[0032] Figure 11. Characterization of physiological traits and metabolism in engineered S. elongatus cells. (a) cell growth curve grown under mixotrophic conditions, in which 5.5 mM of glucose was supplied as organic carbon source. (b) and (c) , respiratory and photosynthesis activities of S. elongatus cell grown at exponential phase. OCR, oxygen consumption rate. (d) the ratio of NADH / NAD+ in engineered S. elongatus cells grown under mixotrophic conditions. (e) Free fatty acid content determined by GC-MS. C22: 6n3, trans-Linoleic acid (TLA) . Samples for Fig. 11b-e were harvested at the exponential phase (normally at 72h of mixotrophic growth) . Two-tailed paired Student t-test p-values indicate statistical significance (*p <0.05, **p <0.01, and ***p <0.001) .
[0033] Figure 12. LplA interacts with pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 subunit (PdhC) and glycine cleavage complex H protein (GcvH) in S. elongatus. (a) SDS–PAGE analysis followed by immunoblotting of soluble extracts from LplA-co-expressed E. coli strains (pDEU-LplA-PdhC or pDEU-LplA-GcvH) . Targeting proteins (PdhC and GcvH) were expressed with or without lipoic acid and then soluble extracts containing 10 μg of protein were loaded per lane. (b) SDS–PAGE analysis followed by immunoblotting of in vitro assay mixture. Targeting proteins (PdhC and GcvH) were extracted from E. coli strains (pET28a-PdhC or pET28a-GcvH) and then reacted with LplA protein in vitro overnight. Total protein recollected from the reaction mixture were immunoblotted with antibodies against Lipoic acid and His-tag. Protein quantifications were determined by the immunoblotting signal strength of His-tag antibody. The arrowhead indicates the position of LplA added in the reaction mixture. Protein size of PdhC, GcvH and LplA was about 50 kDa, 15 kDa, and 38 kDa, respectively. Commercial primary antibodies used here contain His-Tag monoclonal antibody (α-His tag, Cat. #: 66005-1, Proteintech) , Lipoic acid antibody (α-LA, Cat. #: ab58724, Abcam) .
[0034] Figure 13. Plasmid map for LplA expression in CHO cell.
[0035] Figure 14. Plasmid map for canakinumab expression in CHO cell.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0036] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
[0037] The terms “about” and “approximate, ” when used along with a numerical variable, generally means the value of the variable and all the values of the variable within a measurement or an experimental error (e.g., 95%confidence interval for the mean) or within a specified value within a broader range (e.g., ± 10%) .
[0038] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0039] The term “comprise” and variations thereof, such as “comprises” and “comprising” , as well as “contain” , “containing” , “have” , “having” , “include” and “including” means including the recited steps or elements, but not excluding other steps or elements. “Consisting of” means excluding any step or element not specified. “Consisting essentially of” means not excluding steps or elements that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. The term “comprise" and its variants also include the cases of “consisting of ......” and “consisting essentially of ......” .
[0040] Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that the upper and lower limits, and each smaller range between the upper limit (or the lower limit) and any intervening value, or between any two intervening values in that range, shall be considered to be specifically disclosed. Any intervening range and all individual value in the stated range of value may be excluded from said range of value.
[0041] The term “and / or” refers to any one, several or all of the elements connected by the term.
[0042] Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in 5’ to 3’ orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in N-terminus to C-terminus orientation, respectively.
[0043] The term “associate” , “interact” , “conjugate” , “link” , “connect” , “couple” , “bond” or similar terms refer to that one element (such as a compound) is either directly joined to another element (such as another compound) , or else indirectly joined to another element (such as another compound) through an intervening moiety or moieties, in a covalent or non-covalent manner. Examples of non-covalent association includes electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic effects, van der Waals forces, etc., e.g., the interaction between a protein and its ligand, between a aptamer and its adaptor protein, or between antigen and antibody.
[0044] The terms “first” and “second” are used only to distinguish between elements or steps and do not imply a specific order of precedence or location relationship. It should be understood that when “second” element or step is mentioned, it is meant to be literally distinguished from other elements or steps and it is not necessary to have a corresponding “first” element or step.
[0045] Further, it should be understood that although the specification may have presented the method and / or process of the present invention as a particular sequence of steps. However, to the extent that the method or process does not rely on the particular order of steps set forth herein, the method or process should not be limited to the particular sequence of steps described. As one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate, other sequences of steps may be possible. Therefore, the particular order of the steps set forth in the specification should not be construed as limitations on the claims.
[0046] Given that lipoylation orchestrates key mitochondrial catabolic pathways that are primary sources of NADH, FADH2 and acetyl-CoA for energy production, we herein hypothesize whether introduction of a salvage lipoylation pathway catalyzed by LplA can regulate cell energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells or not. Regulation of cellular energy metabolism achieved by LplA may offer novel solutions to solve the metabolic burden and enhance the productivity of commodity chemicals and therapeutic proteins in synthetic biology industry.
[0047] The present invention is partly based on the surprising findings of lipoate protein ligase, whose expression, preferably overexpression led to an increase in cellular energy metabolism, especially mitochondrial respiration (including or as measured by the intracellular ratio of NADH / NAD+, the oxygen consumption rate, the basal respiration, the ATP-linked respiration, the ATP production and / or the spare respiration) in a host cell or an organism, and consequently to an increase in cell growth and the yield of molecule of interest (such as a protein, e.g., an antibody) which is produced by the host cell or the organism compared to a cell or an organism without expression of lipoate protein ligase. A host cell or an organism overexpressing lipoate protein ligase may be used as a chassis that can be engineered for production different kinds of molecules.
[0048] In some embodiments, the host cell may express a naturally occurring lipoate protein ligase prior to the engineering for overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the host cell may not express a naturally occurring lipoate protein ligase prior to the engineering for overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the host cell or the organism lacks a naturally occurring salvage lipoylation pathway. Introduction of a salvage lipoylation pathway (i.e., exogenous lipoate protein ligase) into a host cell or organism can increase cell growth and / or the yield of biomass or molecule of interest in such host cell or organism, which may be achieved through an increase in cellular energy metabolism (especially mitochondrial respiration) , respiration, lipoylation level of proteins and / or photosynthesis in the host cell or organism.
[0049] Lipoylation generally refers to a catalytic reaction in which a lipoic acid molecule is catalytically transferred to a protein to generate a lipoylated protein. Lipoylation may be a posttranslational modification that involves the covalent attachment of lipoate to a lysine residue via an amide bond. As used herein, the term “lipoate protein ligase” refers to an enzyme that can catalyze lipoylation of a protein (i.e., having a lipoylation activity) . Lipoate protein ligase may also referred to as lipoic acid ligase or lipoyl ligase.
[0050] Lipoate protein ligase may be lipoate protein ligase A (LplA) , lipoate protein ligase J (LplJ) , or any combination thereof. Lipoate protein ligase A (LplA) and lipoate protein ligase J (LplJ) catalyze the formation of lipoyl-AMP from lipoate and ATP and then transfer the lipoyl moiety to the ∈-amino group of the lysine of the lipoyl domain to give an amide linkage, which is called salvage lipoylation pathway.
[0051] According to the finding of the inventors, overexpression of a lipoate protein ligase in a host cell can improve mitochondrial respiration, cellular energy metabolism, or cell growth of the host cell compared to a host cell without overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase. Overexpression of a lipoate protein ligase in a host cell can also improve the production of a molecule of interest (MOI) by the host cell compared to a host cell without overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase. Overexpression of a lipoate protein ligase in a plant host cell can also improve the respiratory rate and / or the photosynthetic rate of the host cell compared to a plant host cell without overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase may be a wild-type one or a functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase may be from prokaryotes or eukaryotes. In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase may be from bacteria (such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus, Streptococcus, etc. ) . In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase may be from archaea, fungi, protozoa, plants, or animals. For example, the lipoate protein ligase may be a lipoate protein ligase A (LplA) from Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Pyrococcus horikoshii, rice (Oryza sativa L. ) , or Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ; or a lipoate protein ligase J (LplJ) from Bacillus subtilis, or Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; or lipoate protein ligase A (LplA) and / or lipoate protein ligase B (LplB) from Thermoplasma acidophilum; lipoate protein ligase 1 (LipL1) and / or lipoate protein ligase 1 (LipL2) from Plasmodium falciparum. In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase may be a functional variant of the above lipoate protein ligase. In some cases, the lipoate protein ligase may be orthologues or homologues of the above-mentioned lipoate protein ligase, or functional variants thereof.
[0052] In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase is LplA from E. coli, which comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, or a functional variant thereof. In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase is LplJ from Bacillus subtilis, which comprises an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, or a functional variant thereof.
[0053] A functional variant, in the context of proteins or polypeptides (such as the lipoate protein ligase herein) , refers to a polypeptide having a sequence identity of at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%with a parental polypeptide and having the same or substantially the same function as the parental peptide. A functional variant of parental peptide may also refer to a polypeptide that has additions, deletions and / or substitutions of one or more (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) amino acids compared to a parental polypeptide and has the same or substantially the same function as the parental peptide. A functional variant, in the context of polynucleotides (such as the polynucleotide of the lipoate-protein ligase gene herein) , refers to a polynucleotide having a sequence identity of at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%with a parental polynucleotide and encoding a polypeptide having the same or substantially the same function as the peptide encoded by the parental polynucleotide. A functional variant of parental polynucleotide may also refer to a polynucleotide that has additions, deletions and / or substitutions of one or more (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more) nucleic acids compared to a parental polynucleotide and encodes a polypeptide having the same or substantially the same function as the peptide encoded by the parental polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the function may refer to the lipoylation activity of a lipoate-protein ligase. In some embodiments, the function may refer to the lipoylation activity (e.g., the ability of a lipoate-protein ligase to catalyze the formation of lipoyl-AMP from lipoate and ATP and then transfers the lipoyl moiety to the ∈-amino group of the lysine of the lipoyl domain) . In some embodiments, the function may refer to the ability of a lipoate-protein ligase to increase the cellular energy metabolism, the mitochondrial respiration (including or as measured by the oxygen consumption rate, the basal respiration, the ATP-linked respiration, the ATP production and / or the spare respiratory) , the intracellular ratio of NADH / NAD+, the lipoylation level of a protein or the yield of a molecule of interest (such as a protein, e.g., an antibody) in a host cell or cell growth of a host cell (or the yield of the host cell) . In some embodiments, a functional variant of the polynucleotide may be a polynucleotide that is codon optimized to the host cell and encodes a polypeptide having the same amino acid sequence as the peptide encoded by the parental polynucleotide. A parental polypeptide or polynucleotide is that from which a functional variant is mutated. The parental lipoate protein ligase may be any lipoate protein ligase described above, for example a wild-type lipoate protein ligase from the origin described above.
[0054] In some embodiments, the engineered host cell overexpressing a lipoate protein ligase may have an expression level of the lipoate protein ligase at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, or 300%higher than that in a reference cell. The reference cell herein may be the cell prior to the engineering for overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase or a comparable cell which has not been engineered to overexpress the lipoate protein ligase.
[0055] The host cell or the organism may be prokaryote or eukaryote. In some embodiments, the host cell or the organism may comprise a mitochondrion. In some embodiments, the host cell or the organism may not comprise a mitochondrion. In some embodiments, the organism may be a unicellular or multicellular organism. In some embodiments, the host cell or the organism may be suitable for producing molecules of interest. In some embodiments, the host cell may be cyanobacterium cell, plant cell, algal cell or animal cell. In some embodiments, the host cell may be vertebrate cell, invertebrate cell, mammalian cells or human cell. In some embodiments, the organism may be cyanobacterium, plant, algae or animal. In some embodiments, the organism may be vertebrate, invertebrate, mammalian or human.
[0056] The term “plant” is used in its broadest sense as it pertains to organic material and is intended to encompass eukaryotic organisms that are members of the Kingdom Plantae. The term “plant” includes higher plant (for example, those belong to Angiospermae or the Gymospermae) and lower plant (for example, those belong to Algae and Bryophyta) . Examples of plant include but are not limited to vascular plants, vegetables, grains, flowers, trees, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses and algae, etc, as well as clones, offsets, and parts of plants used for asexual propagation (e.g., cuttings, pipings, shoots, rhizomes, underground stems, clumps, crowns, bulbs, corms, tubers, rhizomes, plants / tissues produced in tissue culture, etc. ) . The term “plant” further encompasses whole plants, ancestors and progeny of the plants and plant parts, including seeds, shoots, stems, leaves, roots (including tubers) , flowers, florets, fruits, pedicles, peduncles, stamen, anther, stigma, style, ovary, petal, sepal, carpel, root tip, root cap, root hair, leaf hair, seed hair, pollen grain, microspore, cotyledon, hypocotyl, epicotyl, xylem, phloem, parenchyma, endosperm, a companion cell, a guard cell, and any other known organs, tissues, and cells of a plant, and tissues and organs. The term “plant” also encompasses plant cells, suspension cultures, callus tissue, embryos, meristematic regions, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen and microspores.
[0057] Plants that can be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plants, for example but not limited to Brassica sp., Gossypium hirsutum, Linum usitatissimum, Helianthus sp., Carthamus tinctorius, Glycine max, Zea mays, Arabidopsis thaliana, Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare, Avena sativa, Trifolium sp., Elaesis guineenis, Nicotiana benthamiana, Hordeum vulgare, Lupinus angustifolius, Oryza sativa, Oryza glaberrima, Camelina sativa, or Crambe abyssinica. Examples of plants also include corn, cereal plants, wheat, barley, oat, Nicotiana spp, soybean, bean, pea, alfalfa, potato, tomato, ginseng, and Arabidopsis. Examples of plants also include agricultural crops including alfalfa, canola, Brassica spp., maize, Nicotiana spp., alfalfa, potato, ginseng, pea, oat, rice, soybean, wheat, barley, sunflower, cotton and the like. Plants that can be used in the present invention also include algae (i.e., eukaryotic algae) , such as diatoms (bacillariophytes) , green algae (chlorophytes) , blue-green algae (cyanophytes) , golden-brown algae (chrysophytes) , haptophytes, brown algae and heterokont algae. In some embodiments, the host cell or the organism used in the present invention is diatom. Diatoms are unicellular phototrophs identified by their species-specific morphology of their amorphous silica cell wall, which vary from each other at the nanometer scale. Diatoms includes as non-limiting examples: Phaeodactylum, Fragilariopsis, Thalassiosira, Coscinodiscus, Arachnoidiscusm, Aster omphalus, Navicula, Chaetoceros, Chorethron, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, Cyclotella, Lampriscus, Gyrosigma, Achnanthes, Cocconeis, Nitzschia, Amphora, Odontella and the like. In a more preferred embodiment, diatoms according to the invention are from the species: Thalassiosira pseudonana or Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Examples of plant cells include cells from any parts of a plant, including seeds, shoots, stems, roots (including tubers) , and plant cells, tissues and organs; or cells of any forms of plant, including suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, and microspores, or algal cells.
[0058] The plant cells transformed with the exogenous nucleic acid sequence can then be regenerated into a mature plant. In some embodiments, the present invention also provides plants regenerated from plants cells overexpressing the lipoate protein ligase or progenies thereof, or any part of said mature plant or its progeny, such as protoplasts, embryos, meristematic cells, callus, pollen, ovules, flowers, seeds, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, stems, petioles, fruits, axillary buds, cotyledons and hypocotyls. In some embodiments, the engineered plant cells may derive from the plants regenerated from plants cells overexpressing the lipoate protein ligase or progenies thereof.
[0059] The host cell may be a mammalian cell. In some embodiment, the host cell may be a rodent cell, a non-human primate cell, or a human cell. Examples of rodent cells include e.g., baby hamster kidney cells (BHK) (e.g., BHK21, BH TK) , mouse Sertoli cells (TM4) , buffalo rat liver cells (BRL 3A) , mouse mammary tumor cells (MMT) , rat hepatoma cells (HTC) , mouse myeloma cells (NS0) , murine hybridoma cells (Sp2 / 0) , mouse thymoma cells (EL4) , Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) and CHO cell derivatives (such as CHO-K1) , murine embryonic cells (NIH / 3T3, 3T3 Li) , rat myocardial cells (H9c2) , mouse myoblast cells (C2C12) , and mouse kidney cells (miMCD-3) .
[0060] Exemplary human cells include: human embryonic kidney cell (e.g., HEK293 or U293) and HEK293 cell derivatives (e.g., HEK293T) , human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) , human neuroblastoma cells (LAN-1 or LAN-5) , MCFIOA cells, human breast cancer cells (SK-BR3) , human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) , human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (HUASMC) , human bone osteosarcoma epithelial Cells (U2OS) , Hodgkin disease (HD) -derived cells (HKB-1) , human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) , PERC6 cells, Jurkai cells, HT-29 cells, Incap. FGC cells, human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) , MDA MB453 cells, hepg2 cells, THP-1 cells, bxpc-3 cells, Capan-1 cells, DU145 cells, and PC-3 cells.
[0061] Examples of non-human primate cell lines useful in methods provided herein include the cell lines monkey kidney (CVI-76) , African green monkey kidney (VERO-76) , green monkey fibroblast (COS-1) , and monkey kidney (CVI) cells transformed by SV40 (COS-7) .
[0062] In some embodiments, the host cells are suitable for growth in suspension cultures. In some embodiments, the host cell is an attachment dependent cell which is grown and maintained in adherent culture.
[0063] The term “cyanobacterium” refers to a member from the group of photoautotrophic prokaryotic microorganisms which can utilize solar energy and fix carbon dioxide. Cyanobacteria are also referred to as blue-green algae.
[0064] Exemplary cyanobacteria that can be transformed include, but are not limited to, Synechocystis, Synechococcus, Acaryochloris, Anabaena, Arthrospira, Thermosynechococcus, Chamae siphon, Chroococcus, Cyanobacterium, Cyanobium, Dactylococcopsis, Gloeobacter, Gloeocapsa, Gloeothece, Microcystis, Prochlorococcus, Prochloron, Chroococcidiopsis, Cyanocystis, Dermocarpella, Myxosarcina, Pleurocapsa, Stanieria, Xenococcus, Borzia, Crinalium, Geitlerinema, Halospirulina, Leptolyngbya, Limnothrix, Lyngbya, Microcoleus, Cyanodictyon, Aphanocapsa, Oscillatoria, Planktothrix, Prochlorothrix, Pseudanabaena, Spirulina, Starria, Symploca, Trichodesmium, Tychonema, Anabaenopsis, Aphanizomenon, Calothrix, Cyanospira, Cylindrospermopsis, Cylindrospermum, Nodularia, Nostoc, Chlorogloeopsis, Fischerella, Geitleria, Nostochopsis, Iyengariella, Stigonema, Rivularia, Scytonema, Tolypothrix, Cyanothece, Phormidium, Adrianema, and the like. In some embodiments, the host cell or the organism used in the present invention is Synechococcus, such as Synechococcus elongatus.
[0065] The engineered host cell overexpressing a lipoate protein ligase may have an enhanced cellular energy metabolism, especially mitochondrial respiration (including or as measured by the intracellular ratio of cofactor (e.g., NADH / NAD+) , the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) , the basal respiration, the ATP-linked respiration, the ATP production and / or the spare respiratory) , compared to the reference cell, which can be attributed to the overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the engineered host cell overexpressing a lipoate protein ligase may have a mitochondrial respiration (for example, as measured by the intracellular ratio of NADH / NAD+, the oxygen consumption rate, the basal respiration, the ATP-linked respiration, the ATP production or the spare respiratory) at least 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%or more higher than that in the reference cell, which may be evaluated as measured by Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer.
[0066] The engineered host cell overexpressing a lipoate protein ligase may have an enhanced lipoylation level of a protein in the host cell compared to the reference cell, which can be attributed to the overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase. The protein in the host cell whose lipoylation level can be enhanced by overexpression of a lipoate protein ligase in the host cell may be any suitable lipoylated protein, for example, DLAT and / or DLST in a mammalian cell or Pdhc or GcvH in a cyanobacterium. In some embodiments, the engineered host cell overexpressing a lipoate protein ligase may have a lipoylation level of a protein at least 1.2-fold, 1.4-fold, 1.6-fold, 1.8-fold, 2.0-fold, 2.2-fold, 2.4-fold, 2.6-fold, 2.8-fold, 3.0-fold, 3.2-fold, 3.4-fold, 3.6-fold, 3.8-fold, 4.0-fold greater than that in the reference cell, which may be evaluated as measured by western blot assaying.
[0067] When the host cell is a plant (including algae) or a cyanobacterium cell, the engineered host cell overexpressing a lipoate protein ligase may have an enhanced respiratory rate and / or a photosynthetic rate compared to the reference cell, which can be attributed to the overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the engineered plant (including algae) or a cyanobacterium host cell overexpressing a lipoate protein ligase may have an enhanced respiratory rate or a photosynthetic rate at least 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%or more higher than that in the reference cell, which may be measured as O2 exchange rates or oxygen consumption rate (OCR) , e.g., by Clark-type oxygen electrode.
[0068] The reference cell herein may be the cell prior to the engineering for overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase or a comparable cell which has not been engineered to overexpress the lipoate protein ligase.
[0069] Overexpression can be achieved in any ways known to a skilled person in the art as will be described later in detail. In general, it can be achieved by increasing transcription / translation of the gene, e.g., by increasing the copy number of the gene or altering or modifying regulatory sequences or sites associated with expression of a gene. For example, overexpression can be achieved by introducing exogenous polynucleotide encoding a lipoate protein ligase operably linked to regulatory sequences (e.g., a promoter) . Overexpression can also be achieved by, for example, modifying the chromosomal location of a particular gene (such as a gene encoding a lipoate protein ligase within a cell) , altering nucleic acid sequences adjacent to a particular gene such as a ribosome binding site or transcription terminator, modifying proteins involved in transcription of the gene and / or translation of the gene product (e.g., regulatory proteins, suppressors, promoters, enhancers, transcriptional activators and the like) , or any other conventional means of deregulating expression of a particular gene routine in the art, including but not limited to use of antisense nucleic acid molecules, for example, to block expression of repressor proteins or deleting or mutating the gene for a transcriptional factor which normally represses expression of the gene desired to be overexpressed. Prolonging the life of the mRNA may also improve the level of expression. For example, certain terminator regions may be used to extend the half-lives of mRNA (Yamanishi et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. (2011) 75: 2234 and US 2013 / 0244243) . The exogenous polynucleotide encoding a lipoate protein ligase introduced into the host cell can either be located in vectors (such as expression vectors, e.g., plasmids) or integrated in the genome (such as the mitochondrial genome) of the host cell.
[0070] In some embodiments, the host cell may express an endogenous lipoate protein ligase prior to the engineering of overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase. The lipoate protein ligase introduced into the engineered host cell may be the same as (i.e., have the exact same amino acid sequence as) or different from (i.e., the sequences of the two differ by at least one amino acid) the endogenous lipoate protein ligase in the host cell. For example, the lipoate protein ligase introduced into the engineered host cell may from the same cell or a cell of the same species, genus, family, order, class, phylum or kingdom of the host cell; alternatively, the lipoate protein ligase introduced into the host cell may be from a different cell than the host cell, such as a cell of different species, genus, family, order, class, phylum or kingdom of the host cell.
[0071] In some embodiments, the host cell does not express an endogenous lipoate protein ligase prior to the engineering of overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase, and in this case, “overexpression” means expressing the lipoate protein ligase using any methods known to a skilled person in the art.
[0072] Introduction of a selected lipoate protein ligase into the host cell can be achieved by introducing an exogenous polynucleotide encoding the lipoate protein ligase into the host cell so that said lipoate protein ligase is expressed in said host cell. In some embodiments, overexpression can be achieved by introducing an exogenous nucleic acid sequence comprising an expression cassette for selected lipoate protein ligase into the host cell. The exogenous nucleic acid sequence may be a vector (such as an expression vector) in linear form or circular form. The expression vector may include, e.g., an expression plasmid, a viral vector or a transposon-based vector. The expression plasmid may also be a shuttle vector or a conjugation plasmid. As used herein, the term “conjugation plasmid” refers to a plasmid that is transferred from a donor bacterial cell to a receptor cell through conjugation between the donor cell and the receptor cell. A “donor bacterium” , as used herein, is a bacterium that is capable of transferring a conjugation plasmid to a receptor cell. As used herein, the term “expression vector” refers to a vector designed for gene expression in cells. An expression vector allows to introduce a specific gene into a target cell, and can commandeer the cell’s mechanism for protein synthesis to produce the protein encoded by the gene. The expression vector can be a vector for stable or transient expression of a gene. In some embodiments, the engineered host cell of organism comprises polynucleotide encoding the lipoate protein ligase (for example, an expression cassette) to overexpress the lipoate protein ligase in the engineered host cell of organism.
[0073] The vectors for expression of a protein in plant cells can further comprise a 3’ untranslated region comprising a polyadenylation signal. Non-limiting examples of suitable 3' regions are the 3' transcribed non-translated regions containing a polyadenylation signal of Agrobacterium tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid genes, such as the nopaline synthase (Nos gene) and plant genes such as the soybean storage protein genes, the small subunit of the ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase (ssRUBISCO; US 4,962,028; which is incorporated herein by reference) gene.
[0074] Vectors for expression of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence in a cyanobacterium may include, but is not limited to, expression plasmid, including shuttle plasmid, conjugative plasmid, integrative plasmid, and transposon-based vector. Vectors for expression of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence in a plant cell may include, but is not limited to, plasmid (including Ti plasmid) , cosmid and plant virus expression vector, and T-DNA binary vector. Vectors for expression of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence in a plant cell may include, but is not limited to, expression plasmid, including shuttle plasmid and conjugative plasmid. Vectors for expression of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence in a mammalian host cell may include, e.g., plasmids, transposon-based vector and viral vector, such as retroviral vectors, such as lentiviral vectors or retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors.
[0075] The expression cassette may comprise a polynucleotide encoding selected lipoate protein ligase operably linked to regulatory sequences that provide for expression of the selected lipoate protein ligase in the host cells. The regulatory sequences may include, but are not limited to, promoters, enhancers, terminators and other expression control elements (e.g., 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs) , polyadenylation signals, Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) ) . Promoters may be constitutive, inducible, regulatable or tissue-specific. The vector may be episomal or integrative. The vector may be self-replicating. The expression cassette may be located in the episomal vectors (e.g., episomal plasmids) or integrated in the genome (such as the mitochondrial genome) of the host cell after being introduced into the host cell. A skilled person in the art is able to select suitable vectors (such as expression vectors) and suitable transcriptional and / or translational regulatory sequences depending on the host cell used.
[0076] Suitable promoters for expression of a protein in plant cells may include constitutive, inducible or tissue-specific promoters. Examples of tissue-specific regulatory regions, for example seed-specific promoters, include the napin promoter, and the cruciferin promoter (Rask et al., 1998, J. Plant Physiol. 152: 595-599; Bilodeau et al., 1994, Plant Cell 14: 125-130) . Examples of leaf-specific promoters include the plastocyanin promoter (US 7,125,978) . Examples of inducible promoters include, but not limited to, tetracycline-inducible promoter (Gatz, C., 1997, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant MoI. Biol. 48, 89-108) , steroid inducible promoter (Aoyama, T. and Chua, N.H., 1997, Plant J. 2, 397-404) and ethanol-inducible promoter (Salter, M.G., et al, 1998, Plant Journal 16, 127-132; Caddick, M.X., et al, 1998, Nature Biotech. 16, 177-180) , cytokinin inducible IB6 and CKIl genes (Brandstatter, I. and Kieber, JJ., 1998, Plant Cell 10, 1009-1019; Kakimoto, T., 1996, Science 274, 982-985) and the auxin inducible element, DR5 (Ulmasov, T., et al., 1997, Plant Cell 9, 1963-1971) . Examples of constitutive promoters include the CaMV 35S promoters (Odell et al., 1985, Nature, 313: 810-812) , the actin 1 promoters (Zhang et al, 1991, Plant Cell, 3: 1155-1165) , actin 2 promoters (An et al, 1996, Plant J., 10: 107-121) , tms 2 promoters (U.S. 5,428,147) , and triosephosphate isomerase 1 promoters (Xu et. al., 1994, Plant Physiol. 106: 459-467) , the maize ubiquitin 1 promoters (Cornejo et al, 1993, Plant MoI. Biol. 29: 637-646) , the Arabidopsis ubiquitin 1 and 6 promoters (Holtorf et al, 1995, Plant MoI. Biol. 29: 637-646) , and the tobacco translational initiation factor 4A promoters (Mandel et al, 1995 Plant MoI. Biol. 29: 995-1004) .
[0077] Suitable promoters for expression of a protein in algal cells may include cauliflower mosaic virus promoter 35S (CaMV35S) (Chow et al, Plant Cell Rep., 18: 778-780, 1999; Jarvis and Brown, Curr. Genet., 317-321, 1991; Lohuis and Miller, Plant . J., 13: 427-435, 1998) , SV40 promoter (Gan et al., J. Appl. Phycol., 151 345-349, 2003; Qin et al., Hydrobiologia 398-399, 469-472, 1999) , promoters of RBCS2 (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, small subunit) (Fuhrmann et al., Plant J., 19: 353-361, 1999) and PsaD (abundant protein of photosystem I complex; Fischer and Rochaix, FEBS Lett. 581: 5555-5560, 2001) from Chlamydomonas, fusion promoters of HSP70A / RBCS2 and HSP70A / β2TUB (tubulin) (Schroda et al., Plant J., 21: 121-131, 2000) , promoter of an fcp gene encoding a diatom fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a / b binding protein (Falciatore et al., Mar. Biotechnol., 1: 239-251, 1999; Zaslayskaia et al., J. Phycol. 36: 379-386, 2000) or the vcp gene encoding a eustigmatophyte violaxanthin-chlorophyll a / b binding protein (see U.S. Pat. No. 8,318,482, incorporated by reference herein) , promoter regions of the NR genes encoding nitrate reductase as an inducible promoters (Poulsen and Kroger, FEBS Lett 272: 3413-3423, 2005) , and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,883,993; U.S. Patent Appl. Pub. No. US 2013 / 0023035; U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. US 2013 / 0323780; and U.S. Patent Application Pub. No. US 2014 / 0363892, all incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
[0078] Suitable promoters for expression of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence in a mammalian host cell may include, e.g., CMV promoter, adenovirus promoter, EF-1α promoter, GAPDH metallothionine promoter, SV-40 early promoter, SV-40 later promoter, murine mammary tumor virus promoter, Rous sarcoma virus promoter, polyhedrin promoter, the thymidine kinase promoter (TK) of Herpes Simplex virus, the Rous Sarcoma Virus long terminal repeat promoter (RS-LTR) , etc. Promoters can be constitutive or inducible. Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) may also be used for expression of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence in a mammalian host cell. IRES is a nucleotide sequence that allows for translation initiation in the middle of a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence as part of the greater process of protein synthesis.
[0079] Suitable promoters for expression of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence in a cyanobacterium include, e.g., the lac, tac, and trc promoters, as well as derivatives such as but not limited to the trcE and trcY promoters that are inducible by the addition of isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) , promoters that are naturally associated with transposon-or bacterial chromosome-borne antibiotic resistance genes (e.g. neomycin phosphotransferase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, spectinomycin adenyltransferase, or the like, or combinations thereof) , promoters associated with various heterologous bacterial and native cyanobacterial genes, promoters from viruses and phages, synthetic promoters, or the like, or combinations thereof. Examples of such promoters include, but are not limited to, promoters isolated from cyanobacteria such as the following: secA (secretion; controlled by the redox state of the cell) , rbc (Rubisco operon) , psaAB (PS I reaction center proteins; light regulated) , Pm, NtcA or glnA promoter, and psbA (Dl protein of PSII; light-inducible) . Also considered are promoters regulated by nitrogen compounds, such as, for example, nar, ntc, nir, or nrt promoters. Also considered are pho or pst promoters regulated by phosphate and promoters regulated by metals, e.g., the nrs promoter (Liu and Curtis (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sciences USA 106: 21550-21554) , or the petE promoter (Buikema and Haselkorn (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sciences USA 98: 2729-2734) ) . Promoters for use in cyanobacteria can also be modified from naturally-occurring promoters, and include combinations of naturally-occurring promoters, including, but not limited to, those disclosed herein. Also considered are prokaryotic promoters from a range of species, including eubacterial and cyanobacterial species, such as, for example, an ara promoter, an AraC promoter, a rha promoter, a nir promoter, a nar promoter, a pho promoter, a tet promoter, a cys promoter, a metallothionien promoter, an ftf promoter, a gln promoter, a heat shock promoter, a cold-inducible promoter, or a viral promoter.
[0080] The suitable ways to introduce exogenous nucleic acid sequences into the host cells are also known to a skilled person in the art, including but not limited to, calcium phosphate transfection, polybrene, protoplast fusion, electroporation, nucleofection, liposomes, lipid nanoparticle, microinjection, naked DNA or RNA (e.g., mRNA) transfection, plasmid vector transformation, viral vector transduction or conjugation by a donor bacterium. A skilled person in the art is able to select suitable ways to introduce exogenous nucleic acid sequences into the host cells depending on the host cell and the exogenous nucleic acid sequences used See, Sambrook et al, eds., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd Ed. ) , Vols. 1 -3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1989) , and Ausubel et al, eds., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York (1997) .
[0081] Overexpression of a selected lipoate protein ligase can also be achieved by integrating an exogenous nucleic acid sequence encoding the selected lipoate protein ligase into the genome (such as the mitochondrial genome) of the host cell. In some cases, the exogenous nucleic acid sequence may not contain a regulatory sequence operably linked to the polynucleotide encoding the selected lipoate protein ligase, and the polynucleotide encoding the selected lipoate protein ligase is integrated into a locus in the genome of the host cell and expresses under the control of the regulatory sequence in the locus. In other cases, the exogenous nucleic acid sequence may comprise an expression cassette for selected lipoate protein ligase and the expression cassette is integrated into the genome of the host cell.
[0082] The method of integrated a exogenous nucleic acid sequence into the genome of a cell is well known to a person skilled in the art, for example, by CRISPR-Cas9 system-mediated knock-in, which uses a repair template containing an exogenous nucleic acid sequence that is inserted into the genome of a host cell by gene editing and homologous recombination repair, or by transposon systems include the piggybac transposon (described in detail in WO 2010 / 085699) or the sleeping beauty transposon (described in detail in US20050112764) .
[0083] Overexpression of a lipoate protein ligase can also be achieved by increase the activity of the regulatory sequence operably linked to the nucleotide sequence (i.e., the gene, which may be endogenous or exogenous to the host cell) encoding the lipoate protein ligase in the host cell. For example, the gene can be operably linked to a strong constitutive promoter and / or strong ubiquitous promoter in order to reach high expression levels. Such promoters can be endogenous promoters or exogenous promoters. The native promoter of a given gene can be substitute with a heterologous promoter which increases expression of the gene or leads to constitutive expression of the gene. Using inducible promoters additionally makes it possible to increase the expression in the course of host cell cultivation. One can also introduce a transcription factor into the host cell to improve the expression of the gene encoding the lipoate protein ligase.
[0084] In some embodiments, the above means can be used in combination to enable overexpression of the lipoate protein ligase in the host cell.
[0085] In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase overexpressed by the host cell or organism may be expressed in the cytoplasm or mitochondria of the host cell or the organism, such as, in the cytoplasm of a prokaryote cell or in the cytoplasm and / or mitochondria of a eukaryote cell..
[0086] Expression of the lipoate protein ligase in the mitochondria can be achieved by any method including, but not limiting to, integrating the polynucleotide encoding the lipoate protein ligase into the mitochondrial genome of the host cell and thereby overexpressing it directly in the mitochondria, or by directing the expressed lipoate protein ligase into the mitochondria using a mitochondrial target signal (MTS) . Expression of the lipoate protein ligase in the cytoplasm does not require the use of a target signal sequence targeting to a specific organelle (e.g., MTS) . It should be understood that in some host cells (for example, plant cells, including algal cells, such as diatom cells) , even without the use of MTS to direct the overexpressed lipoate protein ligase into the mitochondria, when the lipoate protein ligase is expressed in the cytoplasm, a portion of it may enter the mitochondria, thus having the effect disclosed by the present invention.
[0087] In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase can be expressed without being in fusion with MTS and can be expressed in the cytoplasm. In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase can be expressed in fusion with MTS in the host cell to target the lipoate protein ligase to the mitochondria of the host cell. The MTS can be located at N-terminal and / or C-terminal of the lipoate protein ligase. The number of the MTS fused to the lipoate protein ligase may be one, two or more. When the number of the MTS fused to the lipoate protein ligase is more than one, the two or more MTSs used can be the same or different from each other. The expressed MTS and the lipoate protein ligase can be linked directly or can be linked by peptide linker. In some embodiments, the MTS may be selected from MTSs from SOD2, OTC (mitochondrial matrix) , Cox8a (inner membrane) , TPI-GapC3 or any combination thereof. The MTS may be selected from the MTSs derived from human, mammal, plant, algae, fungus and so on. In some embodiments, the MTS may be selected from the group consisting of the MTSs from human SOD2, human OTC, human Cox8a, Chinese hamster OTC and diatom TPI-GapC3. In some embodiments the MTS used is derived from an organism that belongs taxonomically to the same species as the host cell. In some embodiments, the MTS is derived from human when the host cell is human cell. In some embodiments, the MTS is derived from mammal when the host cell is mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the MTS is derived from plant when the host cell is plant cell. In some embodiments, the MTS is derived from algae when the host cell is algal cell.
[0088] In some embodiments, the MTS comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16.
[0089] In some embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid sequence introduced into the host cell may comprise a polynucleotide encoding a fusion of MTS and a lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the expression cassette for selected lipoate protein ligase introduced into the host cell may comprise a polynucleotide encoding a fusion of MTS and a lipoate protein ligase, wherein the MTS can be located at N-terminal and / or C-terminal of the lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the expression cassette for selected lipoate protein ligase introduced into the host cell may comprise a polynucleotide encoding a fusion of MTS and a lipoate protein ligase.
[0090] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of preparing the host cell of the present invention, comprising engineering a cell to expressing a lipoate protein ligase.
[0091] According to the finding of the inventors, overexpression of a lipoate protein ligase can increase viable cell density in a cell culture (e.g., a fed batch cell culture, a simple batch cell culture or a perfusion cell culture) and thus it is demonstrated that overexpression of a lipoate protein ligase can increase cell growth or cell viability a cell culture, which may be as measured by viable cell density (VCD) or cell viability (VIA) . The inventors also discover that when the host cell is used to produce molecules of interest (MOI) , overexpression of a lipoate protein ligase can increase the yield of the molecule of interest produced by the host cell. Therefore, the engineered host cell overexpressing a lipoate protein ligase herein may be used as a chassis cell that can be engineered for producing different kinds of molecules or biomass. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, the ability of the overexpressed lipoate protein ligase to increase cell growth is due, at least in part, to its ability to increase cellular energy metabolism, especially mitochondrial respiration in the host cell, which in turn can increase the ability of the cell to produce MOI.
[0092] In some embodiments, the host cell overexpressing a lipoate protein ligase of the present invention is capable of producing molecules of interest (MOI) , which has an improved yield of the molecules of interest compared with a comparable cell that is capable of producing molecules of interest (MOI) but does not overexpress a lipoate protein ligase. In some cases, the host cell may be genetically modified (or engineered) to produce MOI, such as being introduced with exogenous nucleic acid sequences encoding one or more proteins for MOI production, and / or altering or modifying genes or regulatory sequences associated with MOI production in the cell (e.g., enhancing the activity of genes or elements that promote MOI production or knocking out genes or elements that inhibit MOI production) . In some other cases, the host cell may be naturally MOI-productive, i.e., the host cell has not been subjected to genetic modification for the purpose of producing MOI and its corresponding wild-type cell is capable of producing MOI, or it can be said that the host cell is already capable of producing MOI when it has not undergone any genetic modification. In some other cases, the host cell may be mutagenized (e.g., subjected to chemical mutagenesis, radiation mutagenesis, or stress screening) to acquire the ability to produce MOI.
[0093] The molecules of interest usually are chemicals and may comprise biologicals, including proteins or peptides (such as enzymes, therapeutic proteins, e.g., antibodies) or vaccines, such as insulin, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) ; chemicals, including products and / or byproducts of biochemical or biological processes in cells, which may be the products and / or byproducts of metabolic processes in cells (where the metabolic processed may be naturally occurring in the cell or be introduced into the cell) . The chemical may be compound (such as small molecule compound) , including primary metabolites and secondary metabolites, such as organic acids, amino acids, nucleotides and nucleosides, lipids and fatty acids, diols, carbohydrates, aromatic compounds, vitamins, biofuels, antibiotics; and cofactors; which may be used in many branches of industry, including the food industry, the animal feed industry, the cosmetic industry and the pharmaceutical industry. Examples of primary metabolites may include organic acids, alcohols, polyols, solvents, amino acids, vitamins, fatty acids, such as ethanol, vitamin B12. Examples of second metabolites may include antibiotics and other natural products, penicillin, lovastatin. The term “small molecule” , as used herein, refers to a compound of small molecular weight not exceeding a molecular weight of 3000 Dalton.
[0094] Examples of enzymes include industrial enzymes, such as glucoamylase, lactate dehydrogenase. In some embodiments, the molecule of interest is mAb targeted at interleukin-1 beta, preferably a human mAb targeted at interleukin-1 beta, more preferably canakinumab. In some embodiments, the molecule of interest is fatty acids, such as polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) , including but not limited to docosahexaenoic acid (C22: 6n3, DHA) , dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20: 3n-6, DGLA) and / or trans-Linoleic acid (C18: 2n6t, TLA) , which may be naturally produced by microorganisms such as algae or cyanobacteria. Examples of biomass may include the host cells expressing a lipoate protein ligase themselves, for example, plant cells, algal cells, cyanobacterium cells or animal cells or vertebrate cells, invertebrate cells, mammalian cells or human cells that express a lipoate protein ligase. In some cases, the biomass may include a mature plant or its progeny obtained by regeneration of host plant cells expressing a lipoate protein ligase, or any part of said whole plant or its progeny, such as protoplasts, embryos, meristematic cells, callus, pollen, ovules, flowers, seeds, leaves, roots, root tips, anthers, stems, petioles, fruits, axillary buds, cotyledons and hypocotyls.
[0095] The host cell can be engineered to produce molecules of interest. The method of engineering the host cell to produce molecules of interest is known to the person skilled in the art. The molecules of interest may be naturally produced in the host cell, or may be not naturally produced in the host cell, but is produced, for example, by transformation with a self-replicating vector containing exogenous nucleic acid sequence encoding the proteins required to produce the MOI, or upon integration by recombinant techniques of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the proteins required to produce the MOI into the genome of the host cell, or by recombinant modification of one or more regulatory sequences controlling the expression of the gene encoding the proteins required to produce the MOI, e.g. of the promoter sequence..
[0096] In the cases that the molecule of interest is a protein of interest (POI) that can be encoded by a nucleic acid sequence, production of the protein by the host cell can be achieved by expressing the protein of interest in the host cell.
[0097] More specifically, the protein of interest may either be a polypeptide not naturally occurring in the host cell, i.e. a heterologous protein, or else may be native to the host cell, i.e. a homologous protein to the host cell, but is produced, for example, by transformation with a self-replicating vector containing the nucleic acid sequence encoding the POI, or upon integration by recombinant techniques of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the POI into the genome of the host cell, or by recombinant modification of one or more regulatory sequences controlling the expression of the gene encoding the POI, e.g. of the promoter sequence. In general, the proteins of interest referred to herein may be produced by methods of recombinant expression well known to a person skilled in the art. There is no limitation with respect to the protein of interest (POI) . The POI is usually a eukaryotic or prokaryotic polypeptide, variant or derivative thereof. The POI can be any eukaryotic or prokaryotic protein, such as mammalian protein, human protein or chimeric protein.
[0098] For example, expression of the protein of interest in the host cell can be achieved by introducing an exogenous polynucleotide encoding the protein of interest into the host cell so that said protein is expressed in said host cell. In some embodiments, an exogenous nucleic acid sequence comprising an expression cassette for the protein of interest can be introduced into the host cell to express the protein of interest in the host cell. The exogenous nucleic acid sequence may be a vector (such as an expression vector) in linear form or circular form. The expression vector may include, e.g., a plasmid, a transposon-based vector or viral vector, such as retroviral vectors, such as lentiviral vectors or retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors) . The expression plasmid may also be a shuttle vector or a conjugation plasmid. The expression cassette may comprise a polynucleotide encoding selected lipoate protein ligase operably linked to regulatory sequences that provide for expression of the polypeptide in the host cells. The regulatory sequences may include, but are not limited to, promoters, enhancers, terminators and other expression control elements (e.g., 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs) , polyadenylation signals, Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) ) . Promoters may be constitutive, inducible, regulatable or tissue-specific. The vector may be episomal or integrative. The vector may be self-replicating. The expression cassette may be located in the episomal vectors (e.g., episomal plasmids) or integrated in the genome (such as the mitochondrial genome) of the host cell after being introduced into the host cell. Selection of suitable vectors (such as expression vectors) and suitable transcriptional and / or translational regulatory sequences depending on the host cell used, and can be carried out with reference to the aforementioned scheme for overexpression of lipoate protein ligase in the host cell. The suitable ways to introduce exogenous nucleic acid sequences into the host cells are also known to a skilled person in the art, including but not limited to, calcium phosphate transfection, polybrene, protoplast fusion, electroporation, nucleofection, liposomes, lipid nanoparticle, microinjection, naked DNA or RNA (e.g., mRNA) transfection, plasmid vector transformation, viral vector transduction. A skilled person in the art is able to select suitable ways to introduce exogenous nucleic acid sequences into the host cells depending on the host cell and the exogenous nucleic acid sequences used See, Sambrook et al, eds., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd Ed. ) , Vols. 1 -3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1989) , and Ausubel et al, eds., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York (1997) .
[0099] Similar to the expression of lipoate protein ligase in the host cell, production of a protein of interest in the host cell can also be achieved by integrating an exogenous nucleic acid sequence encoding the protein of interest into the genome of the host cell, for example, by CRISPR-Cas9 system-mediated knock-in, or by transposon systems include the piggybac transposon or the sleeping beauty transposon. Production of a protein of interest in the host cell can also be achieved by, for example, modifying the chromosomal location of the gene encoding the protein, altering nucleic acid sequences adjacent to the gene encoding the protein such as a ribosome binding site or transcription terminator, modifying proteins involved in transcription of the gene encoding the protein and / or translation of the protein (e.g., regulatory proteins, suppressors, promoters, enhancers, transcriptional activators and the like) , or knocking out or knocking down genes or elements which represses expression of the protein of interest. The protein of interest can be a naturally secreted protein or an intracellular protein, i.e., a protein which is not naturally secreted. In some embodiments, the engineered host cell of organism comprises polynucleotide encoding the POI (for example, an expression cassette, or a plasmid) to overexpress the POI in the engineered host cell of organism.
[0100] The protein of interest may be a protein used as nutritional, dietary, digestive, supplements, such as in food products, feed products, or cosmetic products. The food products may be, for example, bouillon, desserts, cereal bars, confectionery, sports drinks, dietary products or other nutrition products. In some embodiments, the protein of interest may be a food additive.
[0101] The protein of interest may be an enzyme, such as those which can be used for industrial application, such as in the manufacturing of a detergent, starch, fuel, textile, pulp and paper, oil, personal care products, or such as for baking, organic synthesis, and the like.
[0102] The protein of interest may be a therapeutic protein, such as a protein suitable as a biopharmaceutical substance like an antibody or antibody fragment, growth factor, hormone, enzyme, vaccine, etc.
[0103] The proteins of interest may be enzymes, regulatory proteins, receptors, peptide hormones, growth factors, cytokines, scaffold binding proteins (e.g., anticalins) , structural proteins, lymphokines, adhesion molecules, receptors, membrane or transport proteins, and any other polypeptides that can serve as agonists or antagonists and / or have therapeutic or diagnostic use. The proteins of interest may be antigens as used for vaccination, vaccines, antigen-binding proteins, immune stimulatory proteins. It may also be an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody, which can include any suitable antigen-binding antibody fragment known in the art. For example, an antibody fragment may include but not limited to Fv (amolecule comprising the VL and VH) , single-chain Fv (scFV) (amolecule comprising the VL and VH connected with by peptide linker) , Fab, Fab', F (ab') 2, single domain antibody (sdAb) (molecules comprising a single variable domain and 3 CDRs) . The antibody or fragments thereof may be murine, human, humanized or chimeric antibody or fragments thereof. Examples of therapeutic proteins include an antibody, polyclonal antibody, monoclonal antibody, recombinant antibody, antibody fragments, such as Fab’, F (ab’) 2, Fv, scFv, di-scFvs, bi-scFvs, tandem scFvs, bispecific tandem scFvs, sdAb, nanobodies, VH, and VL, or human antibody, humanized antibody, chimeric antibody, IgA antibody, IgD antibody, IgE antibody, IgG antibody, IgM antibody, intrabody, minibody or monobody.
[0104] Therapeutic proteins include, but are not limited to, insulin, insulin-like growth factor, hGH, tPA, cytokines, e.g. interleukins such as IL-1 , IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-1 1 , IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, interferon (IFN) alpha, IFN beta, IFN gamma, IFN omega or IFN tau, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) TNF alpha and TNF beta, TRAIL; G-CSF, GM-CSF, M-CSF, MCP-1 and VEGF.
[0105] In some embodiments, the lipoate protein ligase overexpressed in the host cell or the organism does not involve in or does not catalyze any one, two or more, or all of the biochemical reactions in the production pathway of MOI in said host cell.
[0106] In some embodiments, the POI is not the lipoate protein ligase itself. In some embodiments, the POI is not a lipoylated protein. In some embodiments, the POI is not a product obtained by the lipoylation catalyzed by the lipoate protein ligase.
[0107] In some embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid sequence that is introduced to the host cell to produce the molecule of interest does not encode a polypeptide sequence that can functions as a substrate of the lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments the exogenous nucleic acid sequence that is introduced to the host cell to produce the molecule of interest does not encode a polypeptide sequence that can bind to a lipoic acid or lipoic acid analog in the presence of the lipoate protein ligase. The term “lipoic acid analog” , as used herein, refers to a compound that can play the same role as lipoic acid in the reaction catalyzed by the lipoate protein ligase and preferably have a similar structure to lipoic acid.
[0108] In the cases that the molecule of interest is products or byproducts of metabolic processes in cells, the production of the metabolic products or byproducts by the host cell can be achieved by expressing part or all of the enzymes involved in this metabolic process in the host cell.
[0109] More specifically, the metabolic products or byproducts may either be naturally produced in the host cell or else may be not naturally produced in the host, but is produced, for example, by transformation with a self-replicating vector containing the nucleic acid sequence encoding the proteins or enzymes required to produce the metabolic products or byproducts, or upon integration by recombinant techniques of the nucleic acid sequence encoding the proteins or enzymes required to produce the metabolic products or byproducts into the genome of the host cell, or by recombinant modification of one or more regulatory sequences controlling the expression of the gene encoding the proteins or enzymes required to produce the metabolic products or byproducts, e.g. of the promoter sequence. In general, the metabolic products or byproducts of interest referred to herein may be produced by methods of recombinant expression well known to a person skilled in the art.
[0110] For example, expression of the enzymes involved in the metabolic process in the host cell can be achieved by introducing an exogenous polynucleotide encoding all or part of the enzymes involved in this metabolic process into the host cell so that the host cell can express part or all of the enzymes involved in this metabolic process and can produce the metabolic products or byproducts through the biochemical reactions catalyzed by these enzymes. Exogenous polynucleotide encoding each of the enzymes can be introduced to the host cells by expression vectors, CRISPR-Cas9 system-mediated knock-in or transposon systems. Production of products or byproducts of metabolic processes in the host cell can also be achieved by altering or modifying the regulatory sequence operably linked to the nucleotide sequence (i.e., the gene, which may be endogenous or exogenous to the host cell) encoding the proteins or enzymes required to produce the metabolic products or byproducts in the host cell. Production of products or byproducts of metabolic processes in the host cell can also be achieved by, for example, altering nucleic acid sequences adjacent to the gene encoding one or more enzymes involved in the metabolic process, modifying proteins involved in transcription of the gene encoding one or more enzymes involved in the metabolic process and / or translation of one or more enzymes involved in the metabolic process (e.g., regulatory proteins, suppressors, promoters, enhancers, transcriptional activators and the like) , or knocking out or knocking down genes or elements which represses production of products or byproducts of metabolic processes in the host cell. In some embodiments, the engineered host cell of organism comprises polynucleotide encoding part or all of the proteins or enzymes required to produce the metabolic products or byproducts (for example, an expression cassette, or a plasmid) to overexpress the proteins or enzymes required to produce the metabolic products or byproducts in the engineered host cell of organism.
[0111] In some embodiments, the MOI may be carotenoids, including zeaxanthin, astaxanthin, and / or canthaxanthin. Production of products or byproducts of metabolic processes in cells (such as carotenoids) can be measured according to techniques known in the art, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
[0112] The host cell that is capable of producing molecules of interest and overexpress a lipoate protein ligase can be prepared by various methods.
[0113] For example, it can be prepared by providing a host cell overexpressing a lipoate protein ligase and then engineering the host cell to produce molecules of interest.
[0114] For another example, it can be prepared by providing a cell that is capable of producing molecules of interest and then it is engineered to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the cell that is capable of producing molecules of interest may be a host cell that is engineered to produce molecules of interest.
[0115] For another example, it can be prepared by engineering a cell to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase and engineering the same cell to produce molecules of interest at the same time, such as using one or more expression vectors. The polynucleotide encoding the lipoate protein ligase and the protein or enzyme required for production of the molecules of interest may on the same vector or on different vectors.
[0116] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of producing the molecules of interest herein, comprising culturing a host cell that is capable of producing molecules of interest and overexpress a lipoate protein ligase, which may be prepared as described above.
[0117] In some embodiments, the present invention provides use of a host cell that is capable of producing molecules of interest and overexpress a lipoate protein ligase in producing the molecules of interest herein.
[0118] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of increasing yield of the molecules of interest herein, comprising culturing a host cell that is capable of producing molecules of interest and overexpress a lipoate protein ligase.
[0119] In some embodiments, the present invention provides use of a host cell that is capable of producing molecules of interest and overexpress a lipoate protein ligase in increasing yield of the molecules of interest herein.
[0120] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of increasing yield of the molecules of interest herein in a cell, comprising engineering a cell that is capable of producing molecules of interest to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase.
[0121] In some embodiments, the present invention provides use of a host cell that overexpress a lipoate protein ligase in increasing yield of the molecules of interest herein.
[0122] The host cell that is capable of producing molecules of interest and overexpress a lipoate protein ligase may have an increased yield of the molecules of interest compared with a comparable cell that is capable of producing the molecules of interest but does not overexpress a lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the host cell that is capable of producing molecules of interest and overexpress a lipoate protein ligase may have a yield of the molecules of interest at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, or 300%higher than that in a comparable cell that is capable of producing the molecules of interest but does not overexpress a lipoate protein ligase.
[0123] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of producing the biomass herein, comprising culturing a host cell that overexpress a lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the biomass is the host cells themselves. In some embodiments, the method further comprises harvesting the cells. In some embodiments, the host cell may be capable of producing molecules of interest. In some embodiments, the host cell is cultured using a fed batch cell cultivation, a simple batch cell cultivation, or a perfusion cell cultivation method.
[0124] In some embodiments, the present invention provides use of a host cell that overexpress a lipoate protein ligase in producing the biomass herein.
[0125] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of increasing cell growth or cell viability, as measured by viable cell density (VCD) or cell viability (VIA) or OD value (such as OD600, OD750 or OD value at an appropriate wavelength) , in cell culture, comprising culturing a host cell that overexpress a lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of increase viable cell density (VCD) or cell viability (VIA) in cell culture, comprising culturing a host cell that overexpress a lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the host cell may be capable of producing molecules of interest. In some embodiments, the cell may be cultured using a fed batch cell cultivation, a simple batch cell cultivation or a perfusion cell cultivation method.
[0126] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of increasing the cell growth, cell viability, or viable cell density in cell culture, comprising engineering the cell to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the cell may be capable of producing molecules of interest. In some embodiments, the cell may be cultured using a fed batch cell cultivation, a simple batch cell cultivation or a perfusion cell cultivation method.
[0127] In some embodiments, the present invention provides use of a host cell that overexpress a lipoate protein ligase in increasing the cell growth, cell viability, or viable cell density in cell culture herein.
[0128] In some embodiments, the cell growth, cell viability, viable cell density (VCD) or cell viability (VIA) is increased in late cell growth of the cell cultivation. In some embodiments, the cell growth, cell viability, viable cell density (VCD) or cell viability (VIA) is increased in exponential growth phase, stationary growth phase or decline phase of the cell cultivation, such as late exponential growth phase, early stationary growth phase, late stationary growth phase or decline phase of the cell cultivation.
[0129] The host cell that overexpresses a lipoate protein ligase (which may also be capable of producing molecules of interest) may have an increased cell growth, cell viability, viable cell density (VCD) or cell viability (VIA) compared with a comparable cell that does not overexpress a lipoate protein ligase (which may also be capable of producing the molecules of interest) . In some embodiments, the host cell that overexpresses a lipoate protein ligase may have a viable cell density (VCD) or cell viability (VIA) or OD value at least 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, or 300%higher than that in a comparable cell that does not overexpress a lipoate protein ligase.
[0130] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of enhancing cellular energy metabolism, especially mitochondrial respiration (including or as measured by the intracellular ratio of cofactor (e.g., NADH / NAD+) , the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) , the basal respiration, the ATP-linked respiration, the ATP production and / or the spare respiratory) in a cell, comprising engineering the cell to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the cell may be capable of producing molecules of interest. In some embodiments, the cell may be cultured using be a fed batch cell cultivation, a simple batch cell cultivation or a perfusion cell cultivation method. In some embodiments, the present invention provides use of a host cell that overexpress a lipoate protein ligase in enhancing cellular energy metabolism, especially mitochondrial respiration (including or as measured by the intracellular ratio of cofactor (e.g., NADH / NAD+) , the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) , the basal respiration, the ATP-linked respiration, the ATP production and / or the spare respiratory) . In some embodiments, the cellular energy metabolism, especially mitochondrial respiration (including or as measured by the intracellular ratio of cofactor (e.g., NADH / NAD+) , the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) , the basal respiration, the ATP-linked respiration, the ATP production and / or the spare respiratory) is enhanced in late cell growth of the cell cultivation. In some embodiments, the cell growth, cell viability, viable cell density (VCD) or cell viability (VIA) is increased in exponential growth phase, stationary growth phase or decline phase of the cell cultivation, such as late exponential growth phase, early stationary growth phase, late stationary growth phase or decline phase of cell cultivation.
[0131] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of enhancing lipoylation level of a protein in a cell, comprising engineering the cell to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the cell may be cultured using be a fed batch cell cultivation, a simple batch cell cultivation or a perfusion cell cultivation method. In some embodiments, the present invention provides use of a host cell that overexpress a lipoate protein ligase in enhancing lipoylation level of a protein. In some embodiments, the lipoylation level of a protein is enhanced in late cell growth of the cell cultivation. In some embodiments, the cell growth, cell viability, viable cell density (VCD) or cell viability (VIA) is increased in exponential growth phase, stationary growth phase or decline phase of the cell cultivation, such as late exponential growth phase, early stationary growth phase, late stationary growth phase or decline phase of cell cultivation.
[0132] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of enhancing a respiratory rate and / or a photosynthetic rate in a cell such as a plant cell, an algal cell or a cyanobacterium cell, comprising engineering the cell to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase. In some embodiments, the cell may be cultured using be a fed batch cell cultivation, a simple batch cell cultivation or a perfusion cell cultivation method. In some embodiments, the present invention provides use of a host cell such as a plant cell, an algal cell or a cyanobacterium cell that overexpress a lipoate protein ligase in enhancing a respiratory rate and / or a photosynthetic rate. In some embodiments, the respiratory rate and / or photosynthetic rate is enhanced in late cell growth of the cell cultivation. In some embodiments, the cell growth, cell viability, viable cell density (VCD) or cell viability (VIA) is increased in exponential growth phase, stationary growth phase or decline phase of the cell cultivation, such as late exponential growth phase, early stationary growth phase, late stationary growth phase or decline phase of cell cultivation.
[0133] The host cells of the present inventions can be cultured to produce the biomass and / or the molecules of interest herein. The host cells of the present inventions can be cultured in liquid media and preferably are cultured, either continuously or intermittently, by conventional culturing methods such as standing culture, test tube culture, shaking culture (e.g., rotary shaking culture, shake flask culture, etc. ) , aeration spinner culture, or fermentation. Cultivation processes include, but are not limited to, simple batch, fed-batch and continuous methods of cultivation. The host cells of the present inventions can be cultured under conditions suitable for cell growth, or suitable for the production of MOIs, which are known to those skilled in the art, including suitable temperatures, suitable culture media, and the addition of substrates or carbon sources (e.g., glucose, glycerol or other monosaccharides, disaccharides or oligosaccharides, or methanol, etc. ) if necessary. In some embodiments, the host cells of the present inventions can be cultured in the presence or absence of exogenously supplied lipoic acid. In some embodiments, the host cell such as a plant cell, an algal cell or a cyanobacterium cell can be grown under photoautotrophic, photoheterophic or photomixotrophic conditions.
[0134] In some embodiments, cells are cultured for about 1 to 14 days, e.g., about 4 to 5 days, about 5 to 6 days, about 6 to 7 days, about 7 to 8 days, about 8 to 9 days, about 9 to 10 days, about 10 to 11days, about 11 to 12 days, about 12 to 13 days, about 14 to 14 days, or for a duration greater than 14 days. In other embodiments, culturing is continued to the exponential growth phase, stationary growth phase or decline phase of the cell culture, such as the late exponential growth phase, early stationary growth phase, late stationary growth phase or decline phase of the cell culture. In yet other embodiments, culturing is continued for a time sufficient to reach desirable production yields of the biomass or the molecules of interest herein.
[0135] In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating and / or purifying the molecules of interest. Methods for isolating and / or purifying the molecules of interest are well known to the person skilled in the art.
[0136] For isolation and / or purification of POI, if the POI is secreted from the cells, it can be isolated and purified from the culture medium using common techniques. Secreted POI can be recovered from the culture supernatant. POI can also be produced from the complex mixture of proteins that results when cells are disrupted to release intracellular proteins, wherein a protease inhibitor, such as phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) may be useful to inhibit proteolytic degradation during purification, and antibiotics may be included to prevent the growth of adventitious contaminants. The composition comprising the POI may be then concentrated, filtered, dialyzed, etc., using methods known in the art. Alternatively, cultured host cells may also be ruptured sonically or mechanically, enzymatically or chemically to obtain a cell extract containing the desired POI, from which the POI may be isolated and purified.
[0137] As isolation and purification methods for obtaining the POI may be based on methods utilizing difference in solubility, such as salting out and solvent precipitation, methods utilizing difference in molecular weight, such as ultrafiltration and gel electrophoresis, methods utilizing difference in electric charge, such as ion-exchange chromatography, methods utilizing specific affinity, such as affinity chromatography, methods utilizing difference in hydrophobicity, such as reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, and methods utilizing difference in isoelectric point, such as isoelectric focusing may be used. Specific purification steps are preferably employed to remove any lipoate protein ligase that is also expressed and would contaminate the POI preparation.
[0138] The isolated and purified POI can be identified by conventional methods such as Western Blotting or specific assays for its amount or activity. The structure of the purified POI can be defined by amino acid analysis, amino-terminal analysis, primary structure analysis, and the like. It is preferred that the POI is obtainable in large amounts and in a high purity level, thus meeting the necessary requirements for being used as an active ingredient in pharmaceutical compositions or as feed or food additive.
[0139] Methods for isolation and / or purification of the metabolic products or byproducts are known in the art. In many typical isolation procedures, cells are disrupted, enzymatically or chemically, and the compounds are extracted using an extraction solvent. Extraction typically yields a crude oil suspension, which may be further isolated and / or purified, for example, by crystallization, washing, recrystallization, and / or other purification strategies.
[0140] Definitions:
[0141] Polynucleotide: The term “nucleotide sequence” , “nucleic acid sequence” “polynucleotide” refers to a single or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide bases read from the 5’ to the 3’ end, and refers to either DNA or RNA. It includes linear or circular DNA or RNA.
[0142] Polypeptide: The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are interchangeably used. The term “polypeptide” refers to a protein or peptide that contains two or more amino acids, typically at least 3, preferably at least 20, more preferred at least 30, such as at least 50 amino acids. The term “polypeptide sequence” is also interchangeably used with the term “amino acid sequence” .
[0143] Orthologue and homologue: The terms “orthologue” (also referred to as “ortholog” herein) and “homologue” (also referred to as “homolog” herein) are well known in the art. By means of further guidance, a “homologue” of a protein as used herein is a protein of the same species which performs the same or a similar function as the protein it is a homologue of. Homologous proteins may but need not be structurally related, or are only partially structurally related. An “orthologue” of a protein as used herein is a protein of a different species which performs the same or a similar function as the protein it is an orthologue of. Orthologous proteins may but need not be structurally related, or are only partially structurally related.
[0144] Sequence identity: The term “sequence identity” , as used herein, refers to the percentage of identical nucleotide or amino acid residues at corresponding positions in two or more sequences when the sequences are aligned to maximize sequence matching, i.e., taking into account gaps and insertions. The alignment of the sequences and the calculation of percentage of the sequence identity can be carried out with suitable computer programs known in the art. Such programs include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, ClustalW, EMBOSS Needle, etc. An example of a local alignment program is BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) , which is available from the webpage of National Center for Biotechnology Information which can currently be found at http: / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / / and which was firstly described in Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215; 403-410. Examples of a global alignment program (which optimizes the alignment over the full-length of the sequences) are EMBOSS Needle and EMBOSS Stretcher programs based on the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman, Saul B.; and Wunsch, Christian D. (1970) , "A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins" , Journal of Molecular Biology 48 (3) : 443-53) , which are both available at http : / / www. ebi. ac. uk / Tools / psa / .
[0145] Overexpress: The terms “overexpress” , “overexpressing” , “overexpressed” and “overexpression” in the present invention refer an expression of a gene product or a polypeptide at a level greater than the expression of the same gene product or polypeptide prior to the engineering for overexpression of the gene product or polypeptide in the host cell or in a comparable host cell which has not been engineered for overexpression of the gene product or polypeptide. If a host cell does not comprise a given gene product before the engineering, any detectable expression caused by introduction of the given gene product into the host cell is encompassed by the term “overexpression” .
[0146] Engineered: The term “engineered” or “engineering” refers to that a polypeptide, a polynucleotide or a host cell is genetically altered or genetically modified to comprise a sequence which is not natural occurring to said polypeptide, said polynucleotide or said host cell, e.g., by human intervention. When a host cell is “engineered to overexpress” a given protein, the host cell is genetically manipulated such that the host cell has the capability to express, preferably overexpress the given protein. When a host cell is “engineered to produce” a given molecule of interest, the host cell is genetically manipulated such that the host cell has the capability to produce the given molecule of interest. The term “engineered” can be used interchangeably with “recombinant” .
[0147] Host cell: Host cell refers to any cell that contains an exogenous nucleic acid.
[0148] Vector: A tool that allows or facilitates the transfer of an entity (such as a segment of DNA) from one environment to another (such as a target cell) , and into which another DNA segment may be inserted so as to bring about the replication of the inserted segment.
[0149] Expression vector: Expression vector usually comprises one or more expression control sequences that controls and regulates the transcription and / or translation of another DNA sequence.
[0150] Expression cassette: The term “expression cassette” refers to a nucleotide sequence comprising a nucleic acid of interest under the control of, and operably (or operatively) linked to, an appropriate promoter or other regulatory elements for transcription of the nucleic acid of interest in a host cell.
[0151] Molecules of interest: The term “molecules of interest (MOI) ” , as used herein, refers to molecules that can be produced by a host cell, typically chemicals.
[0152] Exogenous: The term “exogenous” refers to a substance or molecule originating or produced outside of an organism. The term “exogenous nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid (e.g., a gene) that is not native to a cell but is introduced into the cell. An exogenous nucleic acid may include a sequence that is different, homologous to, or identical to, an endogenous nucleic acid native to the cell.
[0153] Endogenous: The term “endogenous” refers to a gene or protein that is originally contained within an organism (i.e., encodes a sequence found in the wild-type organism) .
[0154] Non-naturally occurring: The term “non-naturally occurring” can be used interchangeably with “engineered” and refers to a nucleotide, an amino acid, a nucleotide sequence, an amino acid sequence, a complex, a pathway or a cell that do not occur in nature.
[0155] Naturally occurring: The term “naturally occurring” refers to a nucleotide, an amino acid, a nucleotide sequence, an amino acid sequence, a complex, a pathway or a cell that is found in nature.
[0156] Derived from: When it is mentioned that a protein or an element is derived from an organism, it means that the protein or the element has the same structure or sequence as the protein or the same component that is naturally occurring in the organism and is not limited to being directly isolated from the organism.
[0157] Fed batch cell cultivation: The term “fed batch cell cultivation” refers to a process in which cells and cell culture medium are supplied to the culturing vessel initially and additional culture nutrients are fed continuously or in discrete increments to the culture during the culturing process with or without periodic cell and / or product harvest before termination of the culture.
[0158] Simple batch cell cultivation: The term “simple batch cell cultivation” , also called batch cell cultivation, refers to a procedure in which all components for cell culturing including the cells and the cell culture medium are supplied to the culturing vessel at the start of the culturing process.
[0159] Perfusion cell cultivation or perfusion cultivation: The term “perfusion cell cultivation” or “perfusion cultivation” , also called continuous cultivation, refers to a process enabling continuous operation over extended periods of time by constantly providing fresh nutrients for the cells and simultaneously removing spent media and waste products, as compared to batch and fed-batch processes.
[0160] Yield: MOI as described herein produced in the engineered host cell, which may be presented by g MOI / L cell culture of a host cell (measured as the cell weight relative to the volume of the cell culture (comprising the host cell and the culture medium) ) . The term "yield" also refers to the amount of the engineered host cells in the cell culture.
[0161] Cell density: The term “cell density” as used herein refers to the number of cells present in a given volume of medium.
[0162] Viable cell density (VCD) : The term “viable cell density” as used herein refers to the number of live cells present in a given volume of medium under a given set of experimental conditions.
[0163] Cell viability (VIA) : The term “cell viability” as used herein refers to the ability of cells in culture to survive under a given set of culture conditions or experimental variations. The term as used herein also refers to that portion of cells that are alive at a particular time in relation to the total number of cells, living and dead, in the culture at that time.
[0164] Exponential growth phase: The term “exponential growth phase” is also called log growth phase or logarithmic growth phase and refers to a period in cell cultivation characterized by cell doubling. The number of new cells appearing per unit time is proportional to the existing population. The term “early exponential growth phase” may refer to the first third portion of the exponential growth phase. The term “late exponential growth phase” may refer to the last third portion of the exponential growth phase.
[0165] Stationary growth phase: The term “stationary growth phase” refers to a period in cell cultivation in which cell growth rate and cell death rate are equal, and the number of viable cells substantially remain stable, which may also be called a plateau. Stationary growth phase often due to a growth-limiting factor such as the depletion of an essential nutrient, and / or the formation of an inhibitory product. The term “early stationary growth phase” may refer to the first third portion of the stationary growth phase. The term “late stationary growth phase” may refer to the last third portion of the stationary growth phase.
[0166] Decline phase: The term “decline phase” is also called death phase and refers to a period in cell cultivation in which the number of viable cells decrease. This could be caused by lack of nutrients, environmental temperature above or below the tolerance band for the species, or other injurious conditions.
[0167] EXAMPLES
[0168] The examples below are intended to be purely exemplary of the invention and should therefore not be considered to limit the invention in any way. The following examples and detailed description are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
[0169] In the following examples and the accompanying drawings, when OTC, SOD2, Cox8a or TPI-GapC3 appear in terms denoting fusion proteins with other protein or peptide (such as GFP and / or LplA, e.g., OTC-GFP-LplA, OTC-LplA, OTC-GFP, etc) , it should be understood that it refers to MTS from OTC, SOD2, Cox8a or TPI-GapC3.
[0170] Example 1
[0171] Results
[0172] Case 1 Regulation of mitochondrial respiration of engineered U2OS
[0173] To target LplA overexpression in mitochondria to achieve its function, three mitochondrial target signals (MTS) were selected and added to its N-terminal, including MTS from SOD2 and OTC (mitochondrial matrix) and full length of Cox8a (inner membrane) . The corresponding MTS-GFP controls were also generated. Confocal imaging confirmed the co-localization of OTC-GFP-LplA and cox8a-GFP-LplA with mitochondrial marker tom20 (Figure 2) . Notably, SOD2-GFP-LplA forms obvious foci in the cytosol and makes it difficult to judge its distribution. We thus applied 4Pi-SMS techniques to acquire super-resolution imaging data. As expected, the green foci of SOD2-GFP-LplA located inside the magenta mitochondrial outer membrane as marked by tom20 (Figure 2) .
[0174] We next tested the cell energy metabolism of these engineered cell lines using a Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer (Agilent Seahorse XFp Cell Mito Stress Test Kit) . The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of the three different MTS-GFP-LplA cell lines were significantly improved while all the MTS-GFP control cell lines showed comparable respiration level with that of the wild type U2OS cells, confirming the up-regulation effect caused by LplA. Seahorse data analysis further revealed that levels of basal OCR, ATP-linked respiration and spare respiratory capacity were markedly higher in cell lines overexpressing LplA (Figure 3) . These results demonstrate that LplA can improve cellular energy metabolism, especially mitochondrial respiration.
[0175] The improvement of cellular energy metabolism caused by LplA prompted us to further test the effect of LplJ. Similarly, LplJ was targeted overexpressed into mitochondrial of U2OS cells. The seahorse data revealed LplJ has comparable effect as LplA. Meanwhile, GFP-LplA cells without MTS were also included and it showed similar OCR level with that of WT and MTS-GFP controls, indicating the necessity of MTS (Figure 4) .
[0176] To verify that the improvement of cellular energy metabolism is related to the lipoylation activity of LplA, we generated a mutant version, LplAN121A, D122A, K133A, which abolished the lipoylation activity at all (Figure 5) . The OCR data showed that the mutant cell line lost the up-regulation effect and maintained at similar OCR level with that of the wildtype or SOD2-GFP control cell lines (Figure 5) , confirming the lipoylation activity of LplA is a key factor in improving cellular energy metabolism.
[0177] Case 2 Improved cell growth and production of antibody in engineered CHO-K1
[0178] Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most used mammalian cell line for commercial production of biotherapeutic protein, commonly monoclonal antibody (mAb) glycoproteins. Here we report the establishment of energy-boost CHO cell lines based on targeted LplA overexpression to enhance the production of canakinumab, a commercial human mAb targeted at interleukin-1 beta. SOD2-LplA was overexpressed in CHO-K1 cell line along with SOD2-GFP as control. The resultant stable cell lines were evaluated under batch culture and fed-batch culture.
[0179] During the batch cultivation I, the VCD and canakinumab titers of SOD2-LplA on the harvest day were increased by 44.5%and 53.4%compared to the control, respectively (Fig. 6) .
[0180] During the batch cultivation II, the cell growth, canakinumab titer, mitochondrial respiration and lipoylation level were monitored. The cell growth performed obvious difference between the engineered cell lines after 72 h. The SOD2-LplA cells entered stationary phase since day 7. On the day 6, the VCD of SOD2-LplA cells reached 1.33×107 cells / mL, which was 41%higher than that in SOD2-GFP cells (p<0.01) (Fig. 7a) . Canakinumab titer was monitored from day 4 to the end. The results indicated that the overexpression of LplA could upregulate the production of antibody during the production phase. On the harvest day 7, the canakinumab titer achieved the highest level of 134.67 mg / L in SOD2-LplA cells, which was 37%higher than that in SOD2-GFP cells (p<0.01) (Fig. 7b) . Besides, the specific production rate of canakinumab (qIgG) was increased during the exponential phase, while decreased when cells entered a plateau (Fig. 7c) . The maximal qIgG of 173.92 ng / cell / h was observed in SOD2-LplA cells between day 5 and day 6. The lipoylation levels of DLAT and DLST were measured by western blot assaying during the batch culture. The results indicated that the overexpression of LplA resulted in an upregulation of the lipoylation level during the exponential phase, particularly for lip-DLST, which was 3.2-fold higher compared to SOD2-GFP cells on day 5 (p<0.01) (Fig. 6d, 6e, 6g and 6h) . The OCR of SOD2-LplA cells was significantly improved compared to that of SOD2-GFP cells on day 3 (Fig. 6f) . In detail, the basal respiration, spare respiration capacity and ATP production increased by 48%, 62%and 48%in SOD2-LplA cells, respectively (Fig. 6i) .
[0181] We here present the cell growth curve and the canakinumab titers of the same cell lines during a fed-batch culture process. During the fed-batch cultivation, these two cell lines performed similarly in logarithmic phase, while cell viability (VIA) in the control group dropped dramatically after day 7 and CHO-K1 cell line overexpressing SOD2-LplA showed higher VIA during cell decline phase than that of SOD2-GFP (Figure 8) . On the harvest day 13, the viable cell density (VCD) of SOD2-LplA cells was 11.48%higher than that in SOD2-GFP cells (p<0.05) . These results indicate overexpression of LplA can promote cell growth during late cell cultivation process. Cellular energy metabolism was tested on the late logarithmic growth phase (day 7) . Canakinumab antibody titers were measured using Cedex in plateau phase (day 7, day 9, day 11 and day 13) . According to the OCR of the two cell lines, the basal respiration, spare respiration capacity and ATP production were improved by 4.80%, 13.41%and 4.80%in the SOD2-LplA cells, respectively (Figure 8) . In addition, the canakinumab titers of the cell line expressing SOD2-LplA significantly increased by 19.74%~ 26.70%from day 7 to day 13 compared to the control group (p<0.01) (Figure 8) .
[0182] Thus, the above results demonstrated that cell growth, lipoylation level, mitochondrial respiration and antibody production were upregulated simultaneously upon LplA expression, indicating that LplA has great potential in improving cell growth, energy metabolism and therapeutic protein production in mammalian cells.
[0183] Case 3 Improved respiration, photosynthesis, cofactor supply and lipid prodcution in engineered diatom
[0184] Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) is a diatom microalga that has emerged as a model organism for studies in cell biology, ecology, and biotechnology. P. tricornutum has robust metabolic systems for producing lipids and carotenoids. Here we engineered P. tricornutum to overexpress LplA with / without MTS. Immunoblotting results showed we successfully expressed LplA with / without MTS in P. tricornutum cell (Figure 9a) . Firstly, P. tricornutum cells were grown under photomixotrophic conditions with the addition of glycerol (100 mM) as sole organic carbon source. Growth curves were measured by spectrophotometer at 750 nm every day. Both LplA and MTS-LplA groups showed better growth rate than wildtype under photomixotrophic conditions (Figure 10a) . P. tricornutum cells at exponential phase (normally at 48h) were further harvested to characterize the following physiological traits. Respiration and photosynthesis of P. tricornutum were measured as O2 exchange rates using a Clark-type oxygen electrode at 20℃. Surprisingly, overexpression of LplA promoted both respiratory rate and photosynthetic rate while performance was better with MTS (Figure 10b-c) . Furthermore, the intracellular ratio of NADH / NAD+, important product of respiratory, was also higher in both LplA and MTS-LplA groups (Figure 10d) . Docosahexaenoic acid (C22: 6n3, DHA) and Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20: 3n-6, DGLA) belongs to polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and are of high nutritional value to human health. Results of free fatty acid (FFA) contents of P. tricornutum, determined by GC-MS, showed that overexpression of LplA increased the production of DHA and DGLA in P. tricornutum (Figure 10e) . These results demonstrated that heterogeneous expression of LplA can improve cellular energy metabolism (cofactor supply) and lipid production in diatom (P. tricornutum) .
[0185] Case 4 Improved respiration, cofactor supply and lipid production in engineered cyanobacteria
[0186] Synechococcus elongatus (S. elongatus) is an important cyanobacterium model organism for studying photosynthesis and related mechanisms. It is widely used in photobiology, physiology, ecology, and evolutionary studies. LplA-homologous protein is missing in nearly all of cyanobacteria species, including S. elongatus. Here we applied LplA without MTS into S. elongatus. MTS is not included since cyanobacterium is prokaryotic. Immunoblotting results showed we successfully expressed LplA in S. elongatus (Figure 8b) . Firstly, S. elongatus cells were grown under photomixotrophic conditions with the addition of glucose (5.5 mM) as sole organic carbon source. Growth curves were measured by spectrophotometer at 750 nm every day. The results showed that LplA strain maintained higher cell growth than WT strain under photomixotrophic conditions (Figure 11a) . S. elongatus cells at exponential phase (normally at 72h) were further harvested to characterize the following physiological traits. Respiration and photosynthesis of S. elongatus were measured as O2 exchange rates using a Clark-type oxygen electrode at 25℃. Remarkably, the respiratory rate was significantly improved in LplA strain whereas the photosynthetic rate was slightly decreased compared to WT strain (Figure 11b-c) . Furthermore, NADH / NAD+ ratio was as well improved significantly in LplA strains (Figure 10d) . Overexpression of LplA in S. elongatus can promote the production of trans-Linoleic acid (C18: 2n6t, TLA) , which are one of important PUFA (Figure 11e) .
[0187] In order to investigate if the heterogeneous expression of LplA plays a role in protein lipoylation of S. elongatus, S. elongatus cells grown at exponential phase were harvested to characterize lipoylation level via immunoblot. As shown in Figure 8b, LplA strain contains a new lipoylated band (about 70 kDa) . Furthermore, we can also prove, via either in vivo or in vitro, that LplA can catalyze the lipoylation of PdhC (E2 subunit of PDH and OGDH) and GcvH (glycine cleavage complex H protein) derived from S. elongatus (Figure 12) . The lipoylation level changes probably could give an explanation for the enhanced respiration in LplA strain.
[0188] In summary, these results demonstrated that heterogeneous expression of LplA can improve cellular energy metabolism (cofactor supply) and lipid production in cyanobacteria (S. elongatus) .
[0189] Methods
[0190] Cell lines
[0191] U2OS cell line was obtained from ATCC (ATCC No. HTB-96) . HEK293T cell line was obtained from National Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (Serial No. SCSP-502) . The two cell lines were maintained in DMEM medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10%FBS (PAN Seratech) and 100 U / mL penicillin-streptomycin in 5%CO2 incubator at 37 ℃.
[0192] The CHO-K1 host cell line was purchased from ATCC (ATCC No. CCL 61) and maintained in BM001H medium (Gibco) in a shaker (36.5℃, 75%humidity, 6%CO2, 225 RPM) .
[0193] The Phaeodactylum tricornutum strains CCAP1055 / 1 (CCMP 2561) was obtained from the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA) . The WT and mutants derived from these strains were grown in f / 2 medium (30‰salinity, w / v) under constant light of 60 μmol photons m-2 s-1 unless otherwise indicated, on a shaker at a speed of 130 rpm. Light was supplied by cool white fluorescent bulbs (Phillips, F17T8 / TL84) or LED strip light. For solid medium, 1%agar was supplemented.
[0194] Protein expression and purification
[0195] The gene encoding E. coli LplA was constructed in pET-28a (+) vectors by In-fusion cloning. Site-directed mutations were accomplished according to the protocol provided in a Mut Express II Fast Mutagenesis kit V2 (Vazyme, Jiangsu, China) . Proteins were expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) . Recombinant cells were incubated at 37℃ in Luria-Bertani medium containing 50 μg / mL kanamycin until the OD600 reached about 0.6, and 0.2 mM Isopropyl-β-D-Thiogalactoside (IPTG) was added to induce protein expression for 12 h at 30℃. Cells were then harvested by centrifugation at 10,000×g, 4℃ for 10 min. Cell pellets were resuspended in buffer A (300 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5) and lysed by high-pressure homogenization. The lysed samples were centrifuged, and the supernatants were loaded onto and purified by a Ni2+ chelating Sepharose Fast Flow column (GE Healthcare) , using an KTA purifier (GE Healthcare) . The recovered proteins were tested for purity on 12%SDS-PAGE.
[0196] For PdhC and GcvH, the encoding genes were respectively constructed in both pET-28a (+) and pET-duet-1 vectors. The dual expression plasmid was inserted by LplA beforehand.
[0197] Lipoylation activity assay
[0198] The reaction system for enzyme activity determination is given in Table 1. The reaction was started with the addition of ATP, incubated at 30 ℃ for a certain time period, and then terminated by heating for 90s in boiling water to completely denature and precipitate LplA. The amount of lipoylated H-protein in the mixture was determined using HPLC as described in a previous study8.
[0199] Table 1. The reaction system for enzyme activity determination
[0200] Lipoylation activity detected via in vitro assay (for PdhC and GcvH)
[0201] The reaction system for lipoylation activity determination via in vitro is given in Table 2. All of proteins used here were expressed by pET-28a (+) system. The reaction was started with the addition of ATP, incubated at 37 ℃ for overnight, and then terminated by adding 10 μL 36%trichloroacetic acid to completely denature and precipitate all proteins. The amount of lipoylated GcvH or PdhC protein in the mixture was determined via immunoblotting with a lipoic acid antibody (α-LA, Cat. #: ab58724, Abcam) . Protein quantifications were determined by the immunoblotting signal strength of His-Tag antibody (α-His tag, monoclonal, Cat. #: 66005-1, Proteintech) .
[0202] Table 2. The reaction system for enzyme activity determination
[0203] Lipoylation activity detected via in vivo assay (for PdhC and GcvH)
[0204] Firstly, targeting proteins (GcvH and PdhC) in pET-duet-1 were expressed with or without 0.1 mM of lipoic acid. All further steps about protein purification were similar as other parts described herein. 10 μg of targeting protein was load on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) , followed by immunoblotting with antibodies against lipoic acid and His-Tag. Protein quantifications were determined by the immunoblotting signal strength of His-Tag antibody.
[0205] Stable transfection
[0206] 1. U2OS transfection
[0207] For U2OS transfections, 293T WT cells were seeded at 5 × 105 cells / well in 6-well plates for 24h. 1 μg of LplA (E. coli, wild-type) , LplJ (B. subtilis, wild-type) or LplAN121A, D122A, K133A mutant expression plasmid, 500 ng of psPAX2, and 500 ng of pMD2. G were used according to the manual of lipo 3000 reagent (Thermo) . After two days, the supernatants were collected and filtered through 0.22 μm filters. 1 ml of the flowthrough, 1 mL of new medium and 2 μL polybrene (Solarbio) were mixed and added to U2OS cells plated in 6-well plates at 1 × 106 cells / well. Cells expressing strong GFP signals were selected by MA900 sorter (SONY) .
[0208] To construct the plasmids for LplA, LplJ or LplAN121A, D122A, K133A mutant overexpression in U2OS, three MTS (full length of Cox8a from Homo sapiens, MTS of OTC from Homo sapiens, and MTS of SOD2 from Homo sapiens) sequences were selected and synthesized by the company GenScript (Nanjing) as well as the gene sequence of LplA, LplJ or LplAN121A, D122A, K133A mutant. GFP was amplified from pmEGFP-C1 plasmid. The fragments were ligated accordingly and inserted into pCDH. Each MTS was added in the N-terminal of GFP or the N-terminal of fusion of GFP and LplA (or LplJ or LplAN121A, D122A, K133A mutant) . The sequences of LplA, GFP and three MTS are shown in the followed Sequence Listing.
[0209] 2. CHO transfection
[0210] To prepare the host cell for the transfections, CHO-K1 host cells were seeded in BM001H (Gibco) medium and passaged for 1 to 3 days. Cell viability and viable cell density were counted by a Vi-Cell XR (Beckman Coulter) cell viability analyzer. For each transfection, 1.0 × 107 cells were centrifuged at 290 × g for 5 minutes to remove supernatant and re-suspended with 300 μL of DPBS. 2 μg of LplA expression plasmid (Figure 11, wherein Gene of interest represents gene encoding LplA) and 20 μg of canakinumab expression plasmids (6.7 μg of HC and 13.3 μg of LC, Figure 12) were used. The plasmids and reagent were added in to 250 μL of DPBS and mixed gently. The plasmid reagent mixture and host cells were mixed carefully and transferred to an electroporation cuvette for electroporation by electroporator. After electroporation, cells of each transfection were added to individual 10 mL pre-warmed BM001H in spin tubes. The spin tubes were incubated in a shaking incubator (36.5℃, 75%humidity, 6%CO2, 225 RPM) . Approximately 24 hours after transfection, 10 mL of BM001HB18Z8 (BM001H supplemented with 18 μg / ml blasticidin and 8 μg / ml zeocin) medium was added to each spin tube.
[0211] For CHO-K1transfection, MTS (SOD2) (Cricetulus griseus) was selected from the genome of Chinese hamster and LplA (E. coli, wild-type) was condon optimized for CHO. MTS was added in the N-terminal of GFP or LplA. The sequences of LplA, GFP and MTS are shown in the followed Sequence Listing.
[0212] 3. P. tricornutum transformation
[0213] P. tricornutum transformation was accomplished through bacterial conjugation4. Briefly, The LplA (E. coli, wild-type) coding gene from E. coli was amplified and inserted into an induced conjugation plasmid pEF1a-conj-XVE-LexA35S (Kindly a gift from Dr. Tianjun Cao) , which includes estrogen receptor-based transactivator XVE sequence, LexA operator sequence and CaMV35S promoter, followed by 3xHA-GFP reporter genes, wherein XVE comprises DNA-binding domain of LexA (X) , VP16 transcriptional activation domain (V) and the regulatory region of human estrogen receptor (E) . LplA was added in the N-terminal of GFP reporter. If needed, a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) of TPI-GapC35 was added in the N-terminal of LplA sequence. Therefore, plasmids with or without MTS were consecutively transformed into the conjugation-competent E. coli strain EPI3006. Conjugal transfer of the LplA plasmid into P. tricornutum and transformant selection on BSR (blasticidin S HCl, 5 μg / mL) -containing plates were conducted as previously described6-7.
[0214] The sequences of LplA and MTS are shown in the followed Sequence Listing.
[0215] 4. Synechococcus elongatus transformation
[0216] Synechococcus elongatus sp. PCC 7942 (referred as Syn7942) was obtained from the Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) . The LplA (E. coli, wild-type) encoding gene from E. coli was inserted into neutral site 3 (NS3) of the pAM4941 (pCV00539) plasmid. The generated constructs were then transformed into Syn7942 cells by natural transformation as described before10. In brief, neutral site genes were replaced with antibiotic resistance cassettes via homologous recombination. The transformation efficiency is especially high in the exponential growth phase. Therefore, 200 ml Syn7942 cultures were inoculated in a 1L Erlenmeyer flasks from a preculture with an OD 750 of 0.15 on the day prior to transformation. On the day of transformation, the cells were harvested and resuspended in 600 μl fresh BG11. A volume of 300 μl of the cell suspension was mixed with 3 μg plasmid DNA and incubated for 6 h at 30 ℃. Cells were plated on agar plates without antibiotics and kept in a climate chamber at 30 ℃ and 60 μE m-2 s-1. On the third day, antibiotics were added for selection pressure. After 2 weeks, single colonies were streaked on new BG11 agar plates with antibiotics for segregation. For solid medium, 1%agar was supplemented.
[0217] The sequences of LplA are shown in the followed Sequence Listing.
[0218] Confocal imaging
[0219] For the immunofluorescence analysis of the engineered U2OS cells expressing LplA, cells were seeded in coverglass in 6-well plates and allowed to attach for 2 days. The cells were washed with PBS for three times and fixed for 10 min with 4%paraformaldehyde (PFA) . Following three washing steps with PBS (5min × 3) , the cells were permeabilized for 10 min with 0.1%Triton X-100 in PBS. After washing with PBS (5min × 3) , the cells were blocked in 3%bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 30 min and then washed with PBS. Incubation with primary antibodies was performed overnight in a humidified chamber at 4 ℃. Anti-tom20 (Santa Cruz) was used at 1: 500 dilution. The next day, the cells were washed three times with PBS and incubated with secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature. Anti-mouse Alexa Flour 647 (Thermo) was used at 1: 1000 dilution.
[0220] Super-resolution imaging
[0221] U2OS cells were grown on poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips (Thorlabs, CG15XH) . Samples were fixed in 3%PFA+0.1%GA in 1×PBS for 15 min at room temperature, treated with 0.5%sodium borohydride in PBS for 7 min, and washed in PBS three times for 5 min. Cells were permeabilized and blocked in blocking buffer (0.2%TX-100, 3%BSA, and 1×PBS) for 1 h, and stained sequentially with GFP nanobody conjugated with AF647 (Nano Tag, no. N0304-AF647-L used at 1: 500) at 4℃ overnight, and rabbit anti-Tom20 antibody (Abcam, no. ab78547, used at 1: 1000) for 1 h at room temperature. After labeling with nanobody and primary antibody, samples were washed in wash buffer (0.05%TX-100 and 1×PBS) three times for 7 min, followed by incubation with anti-rabbit secondary antibody labeled with CF660C (Biotium, no. 20813, used at 1: 1000) . All the antibodies were diluted in dilution buffer (1%BSA, 0.2%TX-100 and 1×PBS) . Samples were rinsed with wash buffer three times for 7 min and stored in 1× PBS at 4℃ before imaging. The imaging buffer was made every time immediately before use, where catalase and glucose oxidase were diluted in base buffer (44%Glycerol, 50 mM Tris pH 8.0, 10 mM NaCl, 10%glucose) with the addition of βME (Sigma-Aldrich, no. 97622-1ML) . The final concentration of βME was 143 mM.
[0222] 3D STORM imaging was performed on a custom-built super-resolution microscope using an oil objective (100× 1.5NA, UPLAPO100XOHR, Olympus) . All data were acquired at a 642 nm laser intensity of about 6.75 kW / cm2.4Pi-SMS imaging was performed on a custom-built 4Pi-SMS microscope as previously described (Y. Zhang, 2020) .
[0223] Mitochondrial stress test
[0224] An XFe96 extracellular flux analyzer (Agilent) was used to measure oxygen consumption rate (OCR) . U2OS cells were seeded at 10,000 cells / well and incubated for 24 h. Before assay, cells were equilibrated for 1 h in a non-CO2 incubator with XF Base medium supplemented with 10 mM glucose, 2 mM pyruvate and 4 mM L-glutamine. OCR were measured through sequential injection of 1 μM oligomycin, 1 μM carbonyl cyanide-4 (trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP) and 1 μM rotenone / 1 μM antimycin A. Mitochondrial functions were indicated as basal respiration, spare respiratory capacity, proton leak and ATP production. CHO-K1 cells were seeded at a density of 50,000 cells per well. Compounds were used at 1 μM for oligomycin, 1.5 μM for FCCP and 1 μM for rotenone and antimycin A. Data was normalized using cell proliferation assay kit (Invitrogen, C7026) .
[0225] Batch culture of CHO-K1
[0226] The stable cell lines were seeded in BM001H medium with addition of 6 μg / mL blasticidin, 400 μg / mL zeocin and 500 ug / mL geneticin. After passaging 2 to 3 generations, the cells were transferred into BM020H medium with 0.1 mM aurintricarboxylic acid and passaged for 3 days. Then BM020H medium with 2 mM uridine was applied as production medium. The cells at initial cell density of 0.4 × 106 cells / mL were cultured in shaking incubator (36.5℃, 75%humidity, 6%CO2, 225 RPM) for 6 days. The VCD and VIA were monitored by Countess 3 (Invitrogen) during the cultivation and canakinumab titer was measured via Cedex (Bio Hit, Roche) since day 4. The stable cell lines were evaluated by batch cultures according to the protocol shown in Table 3.
[0227] Table 3. Protocol of batch culture
[0228] Fed-Batch culture of CHO-K1
[0229] The stable cell lines were evaluated by fed-batch cultures according to the protocol shown in Table 4. The feeding percentage and feed day were adjusted according to the growth and metabolism profile. Glucose level was also maintained throughout the process. All media are chemically defined. The temperature shift timing is on D5 for this study.
[0230] Table 4. Protocol of Fed-Batch culture
[0231] Whole cell extracts preparation and western blotting
[0232] CHO cells at different time points were lysed by radio immunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer (RIPA) containing 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride (PMSF) for western blots. After lysis on ice for 30 min and centrifuge at 4℃ for 30 min, the supernatant was collected for protein quantification using Pierce BCA protein assay. Residual supernatant was boiled with 2 × protein SDS PAGE loading buffer (Takara) at 98℃ for 10 min. Total 30 ug protein were loaded on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) gels and transferred onto nitrocellulose (NC) membrane. The NC membranes were blocked in 5%skimmed milk in tris-buffered saline with tween 20 (TBST) at room temperature for 1 h and incubated overnight at 4℃ with following primary antibodies: anti-lipoic acid antibody (Abcam, Cat#ab58724, 1: 1000) , GAPDH antibody (Proteintech, Cat#60004-1-Ig, 1: 2000) . Anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) (LI-COR, Cat#926-32211, 1: 10000) and anti-mouse IgG (LI-COR, Cat#926-68070, 1: 10000) were applied as secondary antibodies. ChemiDoc MP Imaging system (12003154, BioRad) was used for imaging and ImageJ (v1.8.0, National Institutes of Health) was used for relative quantification analysis.
[0233] Growth curve characterization of P. tricornutum
[0234] The P. tricornutum strains were continually grown in f / 2 medium with 0.1 mol / L glycerin. The optical density (OD) of culture was determined by photometrical analysis (P4 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, MAPADA, Shanghai, China) . Normally, the cell density of P. tricornutum was indicated as the absorbance at 750 nm (OD750) with fresh f / 2 medium, which was used to inoculate the cultures, as blank reference. Samples were diluted with f / 2 medium by 1: 10 when samples showed an OD750 value above 0.5.
[0235] Growth curve characterization of Synechococcus elongatus
[0236] Strains were cultivated in BG11 medium. Notably, 5.5 mM glucose was added as indicated. For precultures, 30 ml of BG11 medium were inoculated with cells and antibiotics in the case of mutants in 100ml Erlenmeyer flasks on a rotary at 30 ℃, 60 μE m-2 s-1, and 130 rpm. After several days of growth, cultures were pelleted and washed once in the medium of choice without antibiotics for growth experiments. Cells were inoculated into 20 ml BG-11 containing 5.5 mM glucose and grown with air at 30 ℃, 60 μE m-2 s-1, and 130 rpm. Growth curve was monitored every 12 or 24h by measuring the optical density (OD) as described earlier (Wang et al., 2022) . In short, the optical density of the culture was determined by photometrical analysis (P4 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, MAPADA, Shanghai, China) at 750nm. At least three biological replicates were conducted for every strain.
[0237] Respiratory rate and photosynthetic rate measurements for P. tricornutum
[0238] Respiration and photosynthesis were measured as O2 exchange rates using a Clark-type oxygen electrode at 20℃ (Chlorolab2+, Hansatech Instruments Ltd, Norfolk, UK) . The actinic light was provided by light-emitting diodes with an emission maximum around 650 nm. For each measurement, cells were concentrated by centrifugation and resuspended to 107 cells ml-1 with fresh f / 2 medium plus 0.1 mol / L glycerin. O2 evolution rate (photosynthetic rate) was measured at 1000 μmol photons m-2 s-1, whereas O2 uptake rate (respiratory rate) was measured in the dark. O2 changing rate was presented as nmol O2 evolved per minute per 106 cells. The O2 concentration in fresh f / 2 medium (plus 0.1 mol / L glycerin) without diatom cells was as control. Two biological replicates and two technical replicates were conducted for every strain.
[0239] Respiratory rate and photosynthetic rate measurements for Synechococcus elongatus
[0240] Respiration and photosynthesis were measured as O2 exchange rates using a Clark-type oxygen electrode at 25℃ (Chlorolab2+, Hansatech Instruments Ltd, Norfolk, UK) . The actinic light was provided by light-emitting diodes with an emission maximum around 650 nm. For each measurement, cells were concentrated by centrifugation and resuspended to an OD 750 of 2.0 with fresh BG11 medium plus 5.5 mM glucose. O2 evolution rate (photosynthetic rate) was measured at 1000 μmol photons m-2 s-1, whereas O2 uptake rate (respiratory rate) was measured in the dark. O2 changing rate was presented as nmol O2 evolved per minute per OD750 cells. The O2 concentration in fresh BG11 medium (plus 5.5 mM glucose) without diatom cells was as control. Two biological replicates and two technical replicates were conducted for every strain.
[0241] Determination of the intracellular ratio of NAD+ / NADH
[0242] All the algae cultures used for NAD+ / NADH determination experiment were grown photomixotrophically in BG-11 medium or f / 2 medium. 5 ml to 10 ml cells, equivalent to about 109 cells / ml (10 ml cultures of OD750 of 1) were sampled for the measurements. The cells were centrifuged at 3500 × g -9℃ for 10 min and the pellets were washed with 1 ml 20 mM cold phosphate-buffered saline (20 mM KH2PO4, 20 mM K2HPO4, and 150 mM NaCl) . The suspension was transferred to a 2 ml reaction cup and was centrifuged at 12000×g for 1 min at -9℃. All further steps were carried out via the NAD+ / NADH Assay kit with WST-8 (Beyotime, cat. No.: S0175, Shanghai, China) . For cyanobacteria cell, the pellet was resuspended in 50 μl extraction buffer and precooled glass beads were added to about 1 mm to the surface of the liquid. The mixture was vortexed four times 1 min in the cold room (4℃) and intermittently chilled on the ice for 1 min. 150 μl extraction buffer was added again and the mixture was centrifuged at 3500 × g for 10 min at -9℃. The liquid phase was transferred as much as possible into a new reaction cup and centrifuged at maximum speed for 30 min at -9℃. All further steps were conducted as described by the manufacturer. Finally, the samples were incubated for 1–4 hr in 96-well plates before measuring absorbance at 450 nm by TECAN Spark (TECAN Group Ltd, Austria) along with a NADH standard curve. For diatom, approximately 2 × 106 algal cells were disrupted by PLUS sonicator (Diagenode, Belgium) combined with the Water cooler (High model, 60 cycles of 10 sec ON / 20 sec OFF) . All further steps were conducted as described above for cyanobacteria cells.
[0243] Determination of free fatty acids by GC-MS
[0244] For fatty acid profiling analysis, total lipids were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) , as described below. Cells with total OD750nm of 3 in the logarithmic growth phase were harvest by centrifugation at 3000 g for 5 min at 4 ℃. Then 1 mL of Buffer I (2 mol / L NaOH dissolved in MeOH: H2O (1: 1, v / v) solution) was added to each tube. Cells were resuspended and transferred to glass tubes (10ml volume size) . 20 μL of C19: 0 (1mg / ml, 72332-1G-F, Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland) was added as internal reference and vortexed to mix. Each tube was incubated at 100℃ for 3 min. After cooling to room temperature, 3 mL of 2 mol / L HCl solution (Pure MeOH as solvent) was added to each tube. Mixture was incubated at 85℃ for 30min. The samples were then cooled to room temperature again, followed by the mixture with 2 mL of pure hexane. 1.8 mL of supernatant was subsequently collected in a 15 mL conical centrifuge tube after centrifugation at 4000 g for 10 min at 4 ℃. After drying under a nitrogen stream in a Nitrogen Evaporator (Yooning, DC150-2, Hangzhou, China) , 100 μL of hexane was added to resuspend the dried remains. The mixture was transferred to a 1.5 mL centrifuge tube, followed by centrifugation at 12000 g for 10 min. 80μL of the supernatant was transferred to a brown sampling bottle as samples prepared for following detection by GC-MS (Agilent, 8890-7077, USA) . The chromatographic column used was HP88. Helium was used as carrier gas and the stigma pressure was 16.884 psi. The total flow rate at the outlet of the shunt was 44 ml / min, and the septum purge flow rate was 3 mL / min. The injector was set at 240℃ using the no-split injection mode and 1 μL was injected. The temperature gradient was linearly increased from an initial temperature of 50℃to 240℃ at rate of 20℃ / min and finally held for 13 min. The total running time was 22.5 minutes. Standard products were purchased as fatty acid methyl esters from SUPELCO (CRMSupelco 37 Component FAME Mix, American) and stored at -20℃prior to use. The fatty acids were quantitatively analyzed by determining integrated peak areas and relative (percentage) contents of detected fatty acids were calculated.
[0245] Example 2:
[0246] Other properties of LplA
[0247] Besides lipoylation activity, LplA also possesses phase separation ability. Its in vitro gel formation ability was revealed in previous patent (Chinese patent application No. 202010498594.9, published as CN111777771A, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) .
[0248] References
[0249] 1. Elizabeth A Rowland, Caroline K Snowden, Ileana M Cristea. Protein lipoylation: an evolutionarily conserved metabolic regulator of health and disease. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2018, 42: 76-85. doi: 10.1016 / j. cbpa. 2017.11.003.
[0250] 2. Ashley Solmonson, Ralph J DeBerardinis. Lipoic acid metabolism and mitochondrial redox regulation. J Biol Chem. 2018, 293 (20) : 7522-7530. doi: 10.1074 / jbc. TM117.000259.
[0251] 3. Gang Wu, Qiang Yan, J Andrew Jones, Yinjie J Tang, Stephen S Fong, Mattheos A G Koffas. Metabolic burden: cornerstones in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering applications. Trends Biotechnol. 2016, 34 (8) : 652-664. doi: 10.1016 / j. tibtech. 2016.02.010.
[0252] 4. Cao T, Bai Y, Buschbeck P, et al. An unexpected hydratase synthesizes the green light-absorbing pigment fucoxanthin. The Plant Cell, 2023: koad116.
[0253] 5. Liaud M F, Lichtl C, Apt K, et al. Compartment-specific isoforms of TPI and GAPDH are imported into diatom mitochondria as a fusion protein: evidence in favor of a mitochondrial origin of the eukaryotic glycolytic pathway. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2000, 17 (2) : 213-223.
[0254] 6. Bai Y, Cao T, Dautermann O, et al. Green diatom mutants reveal an intricate biosynthetic pathway of fucoxanthin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2022, 119 (38) : e2203708119.
[0255] 7. Karas B J, Diner R E, Lefebvre S C, et al. Designer diatom episomes delivered by bacterial conjugation. Nature communications, 2015, 6 (1) : 6925.
[0256] 8. Zhang, X.; Nie, J.; Zheng, Y.; Ren, J.; Zeng, A. P., Activation and competition of lipoylation of H protein and its hydrolysis in a reaction cascade catalyzed by the multifunctional enzyme lipoate-protein ligase A. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2020, 117 (12) , 3677-3687.
[0257] 9. Taton A, Unglaub F, Wright N E, et al. Broad-host-range vector system for synthetic biology and biotechnology in cyanobacteria. Nucleic acids research, 2014, 42 (17) : e136-e136.
[0258] 10. Wang Y, Chen X, Spengler K, et al. Pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase and low abundant ferredoxins support aerobic photomixotrophic growth in cyanobacteria. Elife, 2022, 11: e71339.
Claims
1.A recombinant host cell that is engineered to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase.2.The recombinant host cell of claim 1, wherein the host cell is prokaryote or a eukaryote, preferably a cyanobacterium, a plant cell, an algal cell or a mammalian cell.3.The recombinant host cell of claim 1 or 2, wherein the host cell is a cyanobacterium, a diatom cell, a U2OS cell or a CHO cell.4.The recombinant host cell of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the overexpressed lipoate protein ligase is located in the cytoplasm or the mitochondrion of the host cell.5.The recombinant host cell of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the lipoate protein ligase is expressed in fusion with a mitochondrial target signal (MTS) .6.The recombinant host cell of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the MTS is SOD2 MTS, OTC MTS, Cox8a MTS or any combination thereof, or the MTS is MTS of TPI-GapC3.7.The recombinant host cell of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the lipoate protein ligase is LplA, LplJ, LplB, LipL1, LipL2 or a functional variant thereof.8.The recombinant host cell of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the host cell is capable of producing a molecule of interest.9.The recombinant host cell of claim 8, wherein the host cell is engineered to produce the molecule of interest.10.The recombinant host cell of claim 9, wherein the molecule of interest comprises biological or product and / or byproduct of biochemical or biological process in the recombinant host cells.11.The recombinant host cell of any one of claims 8-10, wherein the molecule of interest comprises vaccine, protein, organic acid, amino acid, nucleotide and nucleoside, lipid and fatty acid, diol, carbohydrate, aromatic compound, vitamin or antibiotic.12.The recombinant host cell of any one of claims 8-11, wherein the molecule of interest comprise antibody, enzyme, polyunsaturated fatty acid, glycosylated protein or carotenoid.13.A method of producing molecules of interest in a host cell, the method comprising:culturing the recombinant host cell of any one of claims 8-12 under suitable conditions to produce the molecules of interest.14.Use of the recombinant host cell of any one of claims 1-12 in producing molecules of interest.15.A method of increasing production of molecules of interest in a cell, the method comprising:culturing the recombinant host cell of any one of claims 8-12 under suitable conditions to produce the molecules of interest.16.A method of increasing production of molecules of interest in a cell, the method comprising:engineering a cell that is capable of producing the molecules of interest to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase.17.Use of the recombinant host cell of any one of claims 1-12 in increasing production of molecules of interest in a cell.18.A method of producing biomass, the method comprising culturing the recombinant host cell of any one of claims 1-12 under suitable conditions.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the biomass is the recombinant host cells.20.Use of the recombinant host cell of any one of claims 1-12 in producing biomass.21.The use of claim 20, wherein the biomass is the recombinant host cells.22.A method of increasing cell growth in cell culture, the method comprising culturing the recombinant host cell of any one of claims 1-12 under suitable conditions.23.[Rectified under Rule 91, 23.07.2024]The method of claim 22, wherein the cell culture is simple batch culture, fed batch culture or perfusion culture.24.[Rectified under Rule 91, 23.07.2024]Use of the recombinant host cell of any one of claims 1-11 in increasing cell growth in cell culture.25.[Rectified under Rule 91, 23.07.2024]The use of claim 24, wherein the cell culture is simple batch culture, fed batch culture or perfusion culture.26.[Rectified under Rule 91, 23.07.2024]A method of increasing cell growth in cell culture, the method comprising engineering the cell to overexpress a lipoate protein ligase.