Positioning in energy saving networks associated with time domain impact of dynamic cell dtx / cell turn off on prs measurements

Abstract

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described herein for positioning in energy saving networks associated with time domain impact of dynamic cell discontinuous transmission (DTX) / Cell Turn Off on positioning reference signal (PRS) measurements. PRS measurement configurations may change, for example, based on a cell entering an active network energy savings (NES) state. For example, a PRS measurement configuration associated with an active NES state may be used (e.g., switched to) based on a cell entering active NES state (e.g., indication of a cell entering active NES state). The PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state may be used ensure correct PRS measurements and / or ensure correct reporting of PRS measurements associated with the active NES state.

Description

POSITIONING IN ENERGY SAVING NETWORKS ASSOCIATED WITH TIME DOMAIN IMPACT OF DYNAMIC CELL DTX / CELL TURN OFF ON PRS MEASUREMENTSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATOINS

[0001] The application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 63 / 528,542, filed July 24, 2023, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.BACKGROUND

[0002] Mobile communications using wireless communication continue to evolve. A fifth generation of mobile communication radio access technology (RAT) may be referred to as 5G new radio (NR). A previous (legacy) generation of mobile communication RAT may be, for example, fourth generation (4G) long term evolution (LTE).SUMMARY

[0003] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described herein for positioning in energy saving networks associated with time domain impact of dynamic cell discontinuous transmission (DTX)ZCell Turn Off on positioning reference signal (PRS) measurements. PRS measurement configurations may change, for example, based on a cell entering an active network energy savings (NES) state. For example, a PRS measurement configuration associated with an active NES state may be used (e.g., switched to) based on a cell entering active NES state (e.g., indication of a cell entering active NES state). The PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state may be used ensure correct PRS measurements and / or ensure correct reporting of PRS measurements associated with the active NES state.

[0004] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may switch PRS configurations, for example, during an active NES state. The WTRU may receive PRS measurement configuration information, for example, associated with an active NES state. The WTRU may receive (e.g., from a network device) an NES state indication. The NES state indication may indicate that a cell is in the active NES state. The WTRU may switch to a PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state based on the PRS measurement configuration information. The WTRU may perform the switch based on the received NES state indication (e.g., based on the cell entering active NES state). The WTRU may start or restart an activeNES positioning session (e.g., based on the NES state indication). The NES positioning session may be a previously used NES positioning session (e.g., previous active NES positioning session) that may have been paused (e.g., based on the cell leaving an active NES state). The WTRU may send a report that indicates a PRS measurement associated with the active NES state (e.g., PRS measurement associated with the NES positioning session, for example, that may exclude PRS measurements outside of the active NES state). The WTRU may calculate a location estimate, for example, using the PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state. The WTRU may send an indication indicating the location estimate. The WTRU may send, to a network entity, an indication that indicates that the cell is applying an NES technique.

[0005] The PRS measurement configuration information may include a priority associated with PRS measurements. The priority may include a priority associated with PRS measurement performance relative to a priority associated with physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) monitoring. For example, the PRS measurement configuration information may indicate that a priority associated with PRS measurement performance is lower than a priority associated with PDCCH monitoring (e.g., during an active NES state). For example, the PRS measurement configuration information may indicate that a priority associated with PRS measurement performance is higher than the priority associated with PDCCH monitoring (e.g., outside an active NES state). The PRS measurement configuration information may indicate one or more of a transmission power level to use during active NES, a PRS resource, a PRS mute duration, an association between the PRS measurement configuration and the cell, an association between the PRS measurement configuration and a transmit / receive point (TRP), or a reporting occasion.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0007] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0008] FIG. 1 C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment.

[0009] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

[0010] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of switching to an active NES PRS measurement configuration for PRS measurement and PRS measurement reporting.

[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of PRS measurement reporting delayed by cell DRX.

[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates an example SRSp transmission delayed by cell DRX.

[0013] FIG. 5 illustrates an example hierarchical structure of PRS configuration.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0014] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0015] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104 / 113, a ON 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or a “ST A”, may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0016] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0017] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0018] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0019] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0020] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0021] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access , which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0022] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., a eNB and a gNB).

[0023] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0024] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1 A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0025] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS)requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0026] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit- switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0027] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0028] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1 B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0029] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. 1 B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0030] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0031] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1 B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0032] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11 , for example.

[0033] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card,a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0034] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0035] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable locationdetermination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0036] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and / or Augmented Reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0037] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmissionand reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0038] FIG. 1 C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0039] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0040] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0041] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1 C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0042] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0043] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter- eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0044] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0045] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0046] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1 A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0047] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0048] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic in to and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to- peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11 z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad-hoc” mode of communication.

[0049] When using the 802.11 ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with theAP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0050] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0051] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and / or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0052] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11 af and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11 af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.11 n, and 802.11 ac. 802.11 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non- TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11 ah may support Meter Type Control / Machine-Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0053] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11 n, 802.11 ac, 802.11 af, and 802.11 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11 ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices)that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0054] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0055] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0056] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0057] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0058] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0059] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E- UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0060] The CN 115 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0061] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access,services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0062] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernetbased, and the like.

[0063] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet- switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0064] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0065] In view of Figures 1A-1 D, and the corresponding description of Figures 1A-1 D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0066] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devicesmay perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and / or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0067] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0068] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described herein for positioning in energy saving networks associated with time domain impact of dynamic cell discontinuous transmission (DTX)ZCell Turn Off on positioning reference signal (PRS) measurements. PRS measurement configurations may change, for example, based on a cell entering an active network energy savings (NES) state. For example, a PRS measurement configuration associated with an active NES state may be used (e.g., switched to) based on a cell entering active NES state (e.g., indication of a cell entering active NES state). The PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state may be used ensure correct PRS measurements and / or ensure correct reporting of PRS measurements associated with the active NES state.

[0069] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may switch PRS configurations, for example, during an active NES state. The WTRU may receive PRS measurement configuration information, for example, associated with an active NES state. The WTRU may receive (e.g., from a network device) an NES state indication. The NES state indication may indicate that a cell is in the active NES state. The WTRU may switch to a PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state based on the PRS measurement configuration information. The WTRU may perform the switch based on the received NES state indication (e.g., based on the cell entering active NES state). The WTRU may start or restart an active NES positioning session (e.g., based on the NES state indication). The NES positioning session may be a previously used NES positioning session (e.g., previous active NES positioning session) that may have been paused (e.g., based on the cell leaving an active NES state). The WTRU may send a report that indicates a PRS measurement associated with the active NES state (e.g., PRS measurement associatedwith the NES positioning session, for example, that may exclude PRS measurements outside of the active NES state). The WTRU may calculate a location estimate, for example, using the PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state. The WTRU may send an indication indicating the location estimate. The WTRU may send, to a network entity, an indication that indicates that the cell is applying an NES technique.

[0070] The PRS measurement configuration information may include a priority associated with PRS measurements. The priority may include a priority associated with PRS measurement performance relative to a priority associated with physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) monitoring. For example, the PRS measurement configuration information may indicate that a priority associated with PRS measurement performance is lower than a priority associated with PDCCH monitoring (e.g., during an active NES state). For example, the PRS measurement configuration information may indicate that a priority associated with PRS measurement performance is higher than the priority associated with PDCCH monitoring (e.g., outside an active NES state). The PRS measurement configuration information may indicate one or more of a transmission power level to use during active NES, a PRS resource, a PRS mute duration, an association between the PRS measurement configuration and the cell, an association between the PRS measurement configuration and a transmit / receive point (TRP), or a reporting occasion.

[0071] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described herein for positioning in energy saving networks associated with time domain impact of dynamic cell DTX / Cell Turn Off on PRS measurements. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive configuration information (e.g., PRS measurement configuration information) associated with an active network energy savings (NES) state. The PRS measurement configuration information may include one or more of the following: a PRS resource, a subset of time occasions associated with muted PRS, an NES state, a priority level associated with a PRS, a transmission power level associated with activated NES, an associated to a transmission / reception point (TRP), and / or the like. The WTRU may receive an NES state indication for a cell. The WTRU may determine a location estimate (e.g., of the WTRU) based on the PRS measurement configuration information. The WTRU may send a first report indicating that the cell is applying an NES technique. The WTRU may send a second report comprising a positioning reference signal (PRS) measurement associated with an active period of cell discontinuous reception (DRX). The WTRU may determine a priority level for a PRS based on the PRS measurement configuration information. The WTRU may determine that the priority level is above a threshold. Based on the determination that the priority level is above the threshold, the WTRU may determine to stop monitoring a channel. The WTRU may be operating in a first positioning session. The WTRU may determine to operate using a second positioning session, for example, based on the PRS measurement configuration information. The WTRU may determine to exclude PRSmeasurements associated with a second cell, for example, based on a determination that the second cell is in an NES state.

[0072] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described herein for positioning in energy saving networks associated with impact on spatial domain or power domain adaptation on PRS signal reception levels. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive configuration information associated with spatial domain. The WTRU may receive a spatial domain network energy savings (NES) adaptation pattern information. The spatial domain NES adaptation pattern may include channel state information report configuration information. The WTRU may receive an indication to use the configuration information associated with the spatial domain. Based on the indication to use the configuration information associated with spatial domain, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following: determine an offset between a first positioning reference signal (PRS) strength reception and a second PRS strength reception, for example, where the first PRS strength reception is associated with an activated NES spatial domain configuration and the second PRS strength reception is associated with a non-activated NES spatial domain configuration; determine a first PRS measurement and apply an offset to the PRS measurement based on the configuration information; determine a location based on the configuration information; etc. The WTRU may send a report indicating the determined offset. The WTRU may send a report indicating the offset PRS measurement. The WTRU may send a report indicating the determined location.

[0073] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described herein for positioning in energy saving networks associated with reporting of PRS measurements for WTRU-assisted positioning. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive cell discontinuous transmission (DTX) and cell discontinuous reception (DRX) configuration information. The WTRU may receive measurement and reporting configuration information that indicates a subset of DTX On durations to measure and report positioning reference signals (PRS). The measurement and reporting configuration information may indicate a subset of DRX on durations to transmit sounding reference signals for positioning (SRSp) and report PRS measurements. The WTRU may determine that a cell DRX pattern is activated. The WTRU may determine that a condition is satisfied. The condition may be associated with whether a time difference associated with a first time and a second time is greater than a threshold. The WTRU may determine a time difference associated with the first time and the second time. The WTRU may report the time difference of send the first time, for example, based on the determination that the time difference is greater than the threshold. The condition may be associated with whether a WTRU has moved over a duration. The WTRU may determine that a WTRU has not moved over a duration. The WTRU, based on the determination that the condition is satisfied and the determination that the cell DRX pattern is activated, may perform a transmission of a report indicating a PRS measurement or a transmission of an SRSp.

[0074] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described herein for positioning in energy saving networks associated with validity of assistance data. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive configuration information. The configuration information may indicate a duration associated with validity of assistance data. The WTRU may receive a plurality of sets of assistance data associated with WTRU- based positioning. A (e.g., each) set of assistance data associated with WTRU-based positioning may be associated with a respective network energy savings (NES) state. The WTRU may determine an NES state (e.g., the NES state may be active). The WTRU may, based on the determined NES state, select a set of assistance data from the plurality of sets of assistance data. Based on the determined NES state, the WTRU may send a request for additional assistance data. The WTRU may, based on the determined NES state, send a request for a positioning reference signal (PRS) for a transmission / reception point (TRP). The WTRU may determine whether data is valid based on the duration associated with validity of assistance data. The data may be valid if the duration has not elapsed. The WTRU may determine that data is valid if an NES state is active.

[0075] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described herein for positioning in energy saving networks associated with impact of UL NES on SRSp in INACTIVE mode. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may receive sounding reference signal for positioning (SRSp) configuration information. The SRSp configuration information may be associated with a network energy savings (NES) state. The SRSp configuration information may include an SRSp sequence, a spatial relation to use for beam alignment, a transmit power level, a pathloss reference, a power control parameter, and / or an SRSp area. The WTRU may determine that a cell or transmission / reception point (TRP) is in NES. Based on the determination that the cell or TRP is in NES, the WTRU may transmit a first SRSp based on the SRSp configuration information. Based on the determination that the cell or TRP is in NES, the WTRU may monitor a synchronized signal block (SSB) associated with a neighbor cell and transmit a second SRSp to the SSB associated with the neighbor cell. The WTRU may determine that the WTRU has moved from a first cell to a second cell. Based on the determination that the WTRU has moved from the first cell to the second cell, determine second cell configuration information associated with the second cell. The second cell configuration information may include a transmit power, a timing of SRSp transmission, and / or a beam used to transmit SRSp.

[0076] Network energy savings may be used, provided, and / or enabled. Network energy savings may enable the network to minimize its power consumption from transmission and reception. Such minimization may reduce operational costs and environmental sustainability.

[0077] A design may be efficient from the perspective of minimizing transmissions from the network if (e.g., when) there is no data (e.g., compared to earlier systems). For example, always-on cell-specificreference signal (CRS) may be refrained from being used (e.g., not used). However, there may be additional energy consumption reduction (e.g., in addition to refraining from using CRS).

[0078] For example, the network may (e.g., still) consume energy if (e.g., when) not transmitting from other activities such as baseband (e.g., digital) processing for reception or beamforming. Power consumption (e.g., idle power consumption) may not be negligible in dense networks, for example, if (e.g., when) no WTRU is served during a given period. Energy consumption could be reduced, for example, if the network could turn off these activities if (e.g., when) not transmitting to a WTRU.

[0079] Transmission of always-on synch or reference signals may be refrained from being performed (e.g., may not be required). Adaptable bandwidth and MIMO capabilities may be supported. Adaptation of network resources may enable greater efficiency in operating deployments (e.g., as compared with legacy WTRUs).

[0080] Channel state information (CSI) may include one or more of the following: channel quality index (CQI), rank indicator (Rl), precoding matrix index (PMI), an L1 channel measurement (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP) such as L1-RSRP, or signal interference noise ratio (SINR)), channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource indicator (CRI), synchronization signal (SS)Zphysical broadcast channel (PBCH) block resource indicator (SSBRI), layer indicator (LI) and / or any other measurement quantity measured by the WTRU from the configured CSI-RS or SS / PBCH block. A WTRU may report a subset of channel state information (CSI) components, where CSI components may correspond to at least a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a synchronization signal block (SSB) resource indicator (SSBRI), an indication of a panel used for reception at the WTRU (e.g., such as a panel identity or group identity), measurements such as L1-RSRP, L1-SINR taken from SSB or CSI-RS (e.g., cri-RSRP, cri- SINR, ssb-lndex-RSRP, ssb-lndex-SINR), and other channel state information such as at least rank indicator (Rl), channel quality indicator (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), Layer Index (LI), and / or the like.

[0081] Uplink control information (UCI) may include one or more of the following: CSI, HARQ feedback for one or more HARQ processes, a scheduling request (SR), a link recovery request (LRR), CG-UCI, other control information bits that may be transmitted on the PUCCH or PUSCH, etc.

[0082] Channel conditions may include conditions (e.g., any conditions) relating to the state of the radio / channel, which may be determined by the WTRU from one or more of the following: a WTRU measurement (e.g., L1 / SINR / RSRP, CQI / MCS, channel occupancy, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), power headroom, exposure headroom), L3 / mobility-based measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSRQ, s- measure), an radio link monitoring (RLM) state, and / or channel availability in unlicensed spectrum (e.g.,whether the channel is occupied based on determination of an listen before talk (LBT) procedure or whether the channel is deemed to have experienced a consistent LBT failure).

[0083] A physical random access channel (PRACH) resource may include one or more of the following: a PRACH resource (e.g., in frequency), a PRACH occasion (RO) (e.g., in time), a preamble format (e.g., in terms of total preamble duration, sequence length, guard time duration and / or in terms of length of cyclic prefix) and / or a certain preamble sequence used for the transmission of a preamble in a random access procedure.

[0084] A property of scheduling information (e.g., an uplink grant or a downlink assignment) may include one or more of the following: a frequency allocation; an aspect of time allocation, such as a duration; a priority; a modulation and coding scheme; a transport block size; a number of spatial layers; a number of transport blocks to be carried; a TCI state or SRI; a number of repetitions; whether the grant is a configured grant type 1 , type 2 or a dynamic grant; etc.

[0085] An indication by downlink control information (DCI), or an indication, may include one or more of the following: an explicit indication by a DCI field or by a radio network identifier (RNTI) used to mask cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of the PDCCH, an implicit indication by a property such as DCI format, DCI size, coreset or search space, aggregation level, identity of first control channel resource (e.g., index of first CCE) for a DCI, where the mapping between the property and the value may be signaled (e.g., by RRC signaling or MAC CE), an explicit indication by a DL MAC CE, etc.

[0086] The terms network availability state, cell turned off, cell DTX mode / configuration, or NES state may be used interchangeably. The WTRU may determine a cell DTX / DRX state implicitly from a determined active availability state, and visa-versa.

[0087] Hereinafter, ‘a’ and ‘an’ and similar phrases are to be interpreted as ‘one or more’ and ‘at least one’. Similarly, any term which ends with the suffix ‘(s)’ is to be interpreted as ‘one or more’ and ‘at least one’.A symbol ‘I’ (e.g., forward slash) may be used herein to represent ‘and / or’, where for example, ‘A / B’ may imply ‘A and / or B’.

[0088] A beam may be defined.

[0089] A WTRU may transmit or receive a physical channel or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term “beam” may be used to refer to a spatial domain filter.

[0090] The WTRU may transmit a physical channel or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for receiving an RS (such as CSI-RS) or a SS block. The WTRU transmission may be referred to as a target. The received RS or SS block may be referred to as a reference or a source.In such case, the WTRU may be said to transmit the target physical channel or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to such RS or SS block.

[0091] The WTRU may transmit a first physical channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for transmitting a second physical channel or signal. The first and second transmissions may be referred to as a target and a referencesource, respectively. In such case, the WTRU may transmit the first physical channel (e.g., target physical channel) or signal according to a spatial relation with a reference to the second physical channel (e.g., reference physical channel) or signal.

[0092] A spatial relation may be implicit, for example, configured by signaling (e.g., RRC signaling or signaled by MAC CE or DCI). For example, a WTRU may implicitly transmit PUSCH transmission(s) and DM-RS of PUSCH transmission(s) according to the same spatial domain filter as an SRS indicated by an SRI indicated in DCI or configured by RRC. In examples, a spatial relation may be configured by signaling (e.g., RRC signaling) for an SRS resource indicator (SRI) or signaled by MAC CE for a PUCCH transmission. Such spatial relation may also be referred to as a beam indication.

[0093] The WTRU may receive a first (e.g., target) downlink channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameter as a second (e.g., reference) downlink channel or signal. For example, such association may exist between a physical channel such as PDCCH or PDSCH and its respective DM-RS. At least when the first and second signals are reference signals, such association may exist if (e.g., when) the WTRU is configured with a quasi-colocation (QCL) assumption type D between corresponding antenna ports. Such association may be configured as a TCI (transmission configuration indicator) state. A WTRU may be indicated an association between a CSI-RS or SS block and a DM-RS by an index to a set of TCI states configured by signaling (e.g., RRC signaling and / or signaled by MAC CE). Such indication may also be referred to as a “beam indication”.

[0094] TRP, MTRP, and / or M-TRP may be used

[0095] Hereafter, a TRP (e.g., transmission and reception point) may be interchangeably used with one or more of transmission point (TP), reception point (RP), radio remote head (RRH), distributed antenna (DA), base station (BS), a sector (e.g., of a BS), and a cell (e.g., a geographical cell area served by a BS), but still consistent with this invention. Hereafter, Multi-TRP may be interchangeably used with one or more of MTRP, M-TRP, and multiple TRPs.

[0096] Cell DTX and Cell DRX may be performed and / or enabled.

[0097] The gNB may use reduced downlink transmission / uplink reception activity without an explicit cell DTX / DRX pattern with restrictions due to WTRU DRX configurations and any configured transmission / reception, e.g., common channels / signals. Currently C-DRX may be configured per WTRU. The alignment of the DRX cycles or offsets for different WTRUs may be done, for example, (e.g., only) viasignaling (e.g., RRC signaling). During WTRU DRX off period, the WTRU may not expect to monitor PDCCH, but it may (e.g., be allowed) to initiate UL transmission according to the configured resources (e.g., using PUCCH, RACH, SR, or CG-PUSCH). Aligning / Omitting of DRX patterns across multiple WTRU's can be achieved via gNB implementation.

[0098] Cell DTX / DRX may provide mechanisms informing WTRU whether the cell stays inactive. This may include enhancements to WTRU DRX configuration, e.g., to align / omit DRX cycles or start offsets of DRX, for WTRUs in connected mode or idle / inactive mode, potentially allowing longer opportunities for cell inactivity. During a cell DTX / DRX, the cell may have no transmission / reception or (e.g., only) keep limited transmission / reception. For example, the cell may refrain from transmitting (e.g., does not need to transmit) or receive some periodic signals / channels, such as common channels / signals or WTRU specific signals / channels.

[0099] Cell DTX / DRX may be applied to at least WTRUs in RRC_CONNECTED state. A periodic Cell DTX / DRX (e.g., active and non-active periods) can be configured by gNB via WTRU-specific signaling (e.g., RRC signaling) per serving cell. Cell DTX / DRX mode can be activated / de-activated via dynamic L1 / L2 signaling and WTRU-specific RRC signaling. Both WTRU specific and common L1 / L2 signaling can be considered for activating / deactivating the Cell DTX / DRX mode. Cell DTX and Cell DRX modes can be configured and operated separately (e.g., one RRC configuration set for DL and another for UL). Cell DTX / DRX can also be configured and operated together. One or more of the following parameters can be configured per Cell DTX / DRX configuration: periodicity, start slot / offset, on duration. In one realization, Cell DTX indication could also be part of SI update or SIB signaling. There can be a common time for (e.g., all) WTRUs to determine cell DTX status.

[0100] The WTRU may be configured with multiple cell DRX and / or cell DTX configurations simultaneously in a given serving cell. The WTRU may be configured with a primary or a default cell DTX and / or cell DRX configuration, which the WTRU may apply by default. The WTRU may deactivate another one (e.g., or all other ones), for example, based on reception of signaling activating one cell DTX and / or cell DRX configuration. The WTRU may activate another one or activate a default cell DTX / DRX configuration, for example, based on reception of signaling deactivating one cell DTX and / or cell DRX configuration. The WTRU may fallback to the default cell DRX and / or cell DTX configuration, for example, based on a duration (e.g., expiry of a timer). The WTRU may reset such duration (e.g., via a timer) based on reception of DL signaling or data or an indication from the NW to remain in a given non-default cell DTX or cell DRX state.

[0101] Network Availability States / Cell DTX mode / NES states may be enabled and / or used.

[0102] Herein, a NES state or an availability state may refer to a cell state in which the cell or TRP has activated at least one NES technique, including: cell DTX, cell DRX, spatial domain adaptation (where a subset of antenna ports and / or elements are turned off), power domain adaptation (where a subset of channels are transmitted with reduced power or muted), and / or the cell or TRP has turned off.

[0103] The WTRU may determine whether it can transmit or receive on certain resources depending on a network availability state, which may implies the gNB’s power savings status. An availability state may correspond to a network energy savings state, a cell DTX mode, a cell DRX mode, and / or a gNB activity level. An availability state can be uplink or downlink specific, and may change from symbol to symbol, slot to slot, frame to frame, or on longer duration granularity. The availability state may be determined by the WTRU or indicated by the network. An availability state can be, for example, “On”, “DL and UL active”, “UL only active”, “off”, “reduced Tx power”, “dormant”, “micro sleep”, “light sleep”, or “deep sleep”. Such states can be abstracted by NW configuration parameters and / or values, and dynamic indication may point to the active availability state (e.g., by DCI or MAC CE signalling). The “Off” availability state may imply that the gNB’s baseband hardware is completely turned off. The “sleep” availability state may imply that the gNB wakes up periodically to transmit certain signals (e.g., presence signals, synchronization, or reference signals) or receive certain UL signals. In some availability states, some DL or UL resources may not be available during certain periods of time, and this enables the network to turn off baseband processing and other activities. For example, the WTRU may be configured by RRC with periodic Active and Inactive periods per availability. Some measurement resources (e.g., SSBs or CSI-RS) may only be made available in certain availability states, including: RLM, BFD, RRM measurements, CSI-RS feedback configuration, and / or a different power offset for CSI feedback.

[0104] Under certain conditions, the WTRU may further transmit a request to the network (e.g., wake-up request) to modify the availability state to a state for which resources that would satisfy WTRU requirements are available.

[0105] The WTRU may determine an availability state from reception of availability state indication from e.g., by L1 / L2 signaling (e.g., a group common DCI or indication), or implicitly determine it form the reception of periodic DL signaling (e.g., or lack thereof).

[0106] The WTRU may determine if a resource is available for transmission / reception and / or measurements for the determined network availability state (e.g., if it is applicable in the active availability state). In addition, the WTRU may (e.g., also) adapt its active C-DRX cycle, active spatial elements (e.g., antenna or logical ports), active TRPs, paging occasions as a function of the signaled or determined availability state. The WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of NES transmission and / or reception parameters per availability state, e.g., by broadcast or dedicated configuration signaling. TheWTRU may apply the NES parameter set according to the determined or signaled availability state. The WTRU may apply one or more applicable configurations depending on the determined NES state. A set of NES parameter may include: a number of antenna ports, a C-DRX configuration, a measurement configuration (e.g., for RRM, RLM, and / or BFD), CSI feedback, a CSI-RS configuration, an SSB configuration, CHO or mobility candidates, a set of active TRPs, etc.

[0107] An availability state may be applicable to at least one transmission, reception, or measurement resource. An availability state may be applicable to at least one time period such as a time slot or time symbol. An availability state may be applicable to a serving cell, a cell group, a frequency band, a bandwidth part, a TRP, a set of spatial elements, or a range of frequencies within a bandwidth part. For example, if (e.g., when) an NES state changes in a cell, the WTRU may receive an availability state change indication indicating that this change is just for that cell, for (e.g., all) cells at the same frequency, or / and same RAT.

[0108] The WTRU may consider the active availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band to be “Off’, “Deep sleep”, or “Micro sleep” after reception of a DL signaling that changes the cell’s or TRP’s availability state. For example, the WTRU may receive a turn off command on broadcast signaling, RRC signaling, DCI (e.g., a group common DCI), or a DL MAC CE (e.g., indication part of PDSCH). The WTRU may determine an availability state from reception of availability state indication from e.g., by L1 / L2 signalling (e.g., a group common DCI or indication) or broadcast signaling associated with an availability state.

[0109] For example, an availability state change indication may be part of SI update or SIB signaling (e.g., in a separate SIB that is not read by legacy WTRUs). There can be a common time for all WTRUs in the cell to determine availability state status.

[0110] The WTRU may determine a change of NES state change from the reception of a group common command L1 signaling (e.g., a group common DCI, a multi-stage DCI, a specific DCI format, or a DCI scrambled by a configured or specified NES-specific RNTI). L1 signaling may indicate one of the configured NES parameters sets to apply, or may determine a delta configuration from the current set of parameters upon determining an NES state change. The WTRU may transmit feedback / acknowledgment to gNB, possibly multiplexed with UL data (e.g., part of an UL TB as a MAC CE or a subheader indication), for example, following the reception of NES state change indication.

[0111] The WTRU may determine a change of NES state change from the reception of broadcast signaling associated with NES state indication or change, including signaling in SIB(s) or part of a broadcast or multicast PDSCH. The WTRU may be indicated the NES state explicitly in the SIB. The WTRU may be configured with one or more SIBs exclusively associated with configuration of NESparameters. The WTRU may be configured to receive such broadcast or multicast indication periodically; the WTRU may determine an indication is mis-detected if not received on expected periodic occasions, if a number of misdetections is counted, and / or if a time (e.g., via a timer) has elapsed since the last reception of the NES state indication. The WTRU may start inter-cell, inter-frequency, and / or inter-RAT measurements, start a mobility procedure, and / or start evaluating configured CHO candidates following the determination of a misdetection of the NES state indication.

[0112] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g., “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) from one or more of the following.

[0113] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g., “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) based on, for example, reception of a command or signal indicating a change in availability state (e.g., a group common DOI in connected mode or RRC signaling or a presence signal). The WTRU may determine an availability state implicitly form the reception of periodic DL signaling. The WTRU may be configured or specified to associate an availability state with one or more DL signal type (e.g., SSB, partial SSB, and / or one or more periodicity.

[0114] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g., “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) based on, for example, reception of a paging message, paging DCI, paging PDSCH, or a paging related signal (e.g., PEI), possibly on a subset of POs (e.g., those aligned with NES drx cycle or a configured subset of PDCCH resources). The WTRU may assume a certain availability state after reception of an indication part of the DCI or PDCCH scheduling paging (e.g., as a function of the P-RNTI, NES-RNTI or based on receiving an explicit indication e.g., on a reserved bit). The WTRU may assume a certain availability state after the reception of a paging message with a certain P-RNTI, a separately configured NES P-RNTI, or the NES group RNTI. The WTRU may assume a certain availability state after the reception of a paging message with a certain P-RNTI. The WTRU may be configured with one more PEI subgroup for NES, where a subgroup may be associated with one or more availability state. The WTRU may assume a certain availability state after reception of a PEI with an NES subgroup, possibly if that subgroup is configured and / or associated with the availability state.The indication of the availability state or the availability state switch may be indicated in the paging payload, e.g., as a flag part of the paging message or the short message. Such paging indication may further indicate an alternative cell to monitor paging on while the cell from which the signaling was received is off, sleep, or in NES state. Such paging indication may further indicate or signal applicable reconfiguration parameters (e.g., for initial access, applicable PRACH resources, applicable SSB / RS occasions, applicable SI cycle, and / or the applicable cell(s) and associated availability states).

[0115] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g. “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) based on, for example, the gNB DTX status (e.g., whether the gNB is in active time or an associated activity timer is running).

[0116] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g. “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) based on, for example, lack of detection of a presence indication. The WTRU may determine an availability state associated with the cell (e.g., “off’ or “deep sleep”) if a presence indication was not detected on one or more presence indication occasion. The WTRU may assume or change the cell’s availability state after a number of consecutive misdetections or after a duration (e.g., via a timer) expires following no detection of a presence signal. The WTRU may determine an availability state is active or de-active after expiry of a duration (e.g., via a timer) associated with the availability state. Such duration (e.g., via a timer) can be configured and / or maintained in connected mode only, or also in other states (e.g., idle and inactive states). The WTRU may determine an availability state implicitly from the lack of reception of periodic DL signaling. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a signal quality threshold (e.g., an RSRP threshold) and if the WTRU does not detect a signal associated with an availability state (e.g., a presence signal or an SSB) with a signal strength above the threshold, the WTRU may assume that this availability state is not active and may assume a different availability state. This criterion can be also coupled with lack of detection of an identifying sequence of the presence signal (e.g., detection of the PSS sequence for example).

[0117] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g. “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) based on, for example, based on time in the day. WTRU may be configured to (e.g., automatically) assume a certain availability state (e.g., off, sleep, or dormant) for a configured subset of cells (e.g., capacity boosting cells) depending the time in the day. For example, the WTRU may determine that a capacity boosting cell has an availability state as “On” in certain hours of the day, “Deep sleep” in other configured hours, and “Off’ in a third set of configured hours of the day or night.

[0118] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g. “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) based on, for example, based on the availability state of an associated cell (e.g., another carrier of the same MAC entity, another carrier in the same cell group, another carrier in the same gNB, another sector in the same gNB, or a configured associated cell or capacity boosting cell).

[0119] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g. “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) based on, for example, detection of a PSS only signal or a simplified / stripped down SSB signal.

[0120] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g. “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) based on, for example, detection of an RS signal (e.g., CSI-RS, PRS, TRS) or the lack thereof.

[0121] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g. “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) based on, for example, the WTRU’s RRC state (e.g., Idle, inactive, or connected mode).

[0122] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g. “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) based on, for example, whether paging has been received, e.g., possibly within a configured time window.

[0123] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g. “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) based on, for example, whether system information (e.g., periodic SI or a subset of SIBs) have been received, e.g., possibly within a configured time window.

[0124] The WTRU may implicitly assume a certain availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g. “Off, “deep sleep”, “micro sleep” or dormant”) based on, for example, measured channel condition(s) being below or above a threshold. The WTRU may assume a change of NES state based on a change of measured channel conditions or making a channel measurement below or above a threshold. For example, the WTRU may use degradation in measurements of SSBs or CSI-RS, (e.g., possibly) in combination with other signaling to determine the NES state. For example, a configured window following the DCI reception can be used to measure SSBs and / or CSI-RS for degradation, and if a delta of SSB-RSRP drop is measured the WTRU may determine that the NES state has changed and assume associated actions for such NES state (e.g., trigger for CHO candidate selection or for group scheduling for a mobility command).

[0125] The WTRU may be configured to monitor an indication that may characterize the level of network activity (e.g., an availability state). The network activity may be associated with a gNB and / or a cell. The WTRU may assume the same availability state for all cells part of the same gNB, e.g., cells of the same MAC entity. The network activity indication (e.g., the presence indication) may consist of a channel (e.g., a PDCCH) and / or a signal (e.g., a sequence). The activity indication or the NES state change indication / command may indicate the level of activity the WTRU may expect from the associated gNB and / or cell, e.g., reduced activity. The activity indication may contain activity information of other gNBs / cells. The activity indication may be a PDCCH transmission containing group common signaling. For example, the NW may transmit a group common DCI to a group of WTRUs (e.g., WTRUs in the serving cell) indicating a change of an activity state or activity level in UL and / or DL. The CRC of the PDCCHtransmission may be scrambled with a dedicated “activity indication RNTI or an NES-RNTI” A WTRU may be configured with a (e.g., at least one) search space associated with the monitoring occasions of the activity indication PDCCH. The indication may include a go-to-sleep signal, e.g., a predefined sequence., The WTRU may expect a reduced activity level over a specific time duration, for example, if (e.g., when) the WTRU detects this sequence. The WTRU may activate C-DRX for the period of time indicated. Alternatively, two sequences may be used to indicate regular activity and reduced activity.

[0126] The signaling within the PDCCH or the activity indication may include one or more of the following.

[0127] The signaling within the PDCCH or the activity indication may include expected activity level of the associated gNBs / cells over a specific time interval (e.g., an availability state). The activity levels may be predetermined and / or configured and may, for example, include regular and reduced activity. The signaling may indicate the activity level. For example, bit “1” may indicate regular activity and bit "0" may indicate reduced activity.

[0128] For a (e.g., each) activity level (e.g., availability state), transmission and reception attributes may be defined. For example, during reduced activity, WTRU may not be expected to monitor certain PDCCH search spaces (e.g., including all SSs), and / or receive a certain type of PDSCH (e.g., including all PDSCH), and / or transmit PUCCH / PUSCH transmissions, and / or perform certain measurements. The WTRU may start or stop monitoring PDCCH and / or TCI states associated with determined NES state, including PDCCH resources or TCI states associated with (de)activated TRPs or spatial elements.

[0129] A set of configurations may be associated with an activity level and may be used / applied when that activity level is indicated (e.g., an NES parameter set). For example, SS configurations, CSI reporting configurations, indices of transmitted SSBs, etc. Each set of configurations may have an attribute associated with an activity level. For example, a tag may be set to “reduced activity”.

[0130] The signaling within the PDCCH or the activity indication may include the time interval over which an activity level is assumed may be signaled in the PDCCH transmission or part of the activity indication. The time interval may be indicated using a bitmap where each bit in the bitmap may be associated with a specific duration, e.g., a slot or a frame. For example, bit “1” may indicate regular activity and bit “0” may indicate reduced activity on an associated frame. The time interval may be indicated with a start time and length of interval. The start time may be defined. For example, it may be determined by adding a fixed offset to the time the indication is received. The length of the interval may be configured or signaled in the indication PDCCH transmission.

[0131] The time interval over which an activity level is assumed may be predetermined. The WTRU may assume an interruption delay (e.g., or more generally a time until the NES state changes) after the NESstate change command reception (e.g., after the last symbol or slot on which the command was received). The interruption time can be in absolute time, a number of symbols, or a number of slots.

[0132] The WTRU may determine that an uplink or downlink resource or signal is available for transmission / reception and / or measurements for the determined network availability state if it is applicable in the active availability state. The WTRU may determine that a subset of measurement resources and / or signals (e.g., SSBs, CSI-RS, TRS, PRS) are not applicable in certain availability states. The WTRU may determine that a subset of uplink or downlink resources (e.g., PRACH, PUSCH, PUCCH) are not applicable in certain availability states. The WTRU may transmit some uplink signals only in a subset of NW availability states (e.g., SRS, pSRS, PRACH, UCI).

[0133] PRS measurements may be impacted by time domain aspects of dynamic Cell DTX / Cell turn OFF.

[0134] With NES activated (e.g., Cell DTX, Cell Turn off, spatial domain adaptation), some PRS might appear missing or measured with minimal quality to the WTRU. The WTRU may omit PRS measurements / reporting from the serving cell during Cell DTX, but it may not know the Cell DTX status of other cells. If the LMF is aware exactly of which cells (e.g., neighboring cells and serving cell used for DL- TDOA) have turned off or entered DTX, the LMF can adjust and exclude measurements reported during the Cell DTX non-active period or Cell turn off. However, the LMF may not have (e.g., all) the up-to-date information regarding which cells have activated Cell DTX and the associate pattern (e.g., especially since activation / deactivation of Cell DTX is dynamic by DCI). Reporting positioning measurements may also be impacted by the Cell DRX delay, which may affect the accuracy of the reported location if the reporting delay is considerable.

[0135] The Cell DTX non-active period measurements may contaminate set of measurements made over the DTX active period, for example, if (e.g., when) the WTRU is applying filtering. The measurement gap configuration (e.g., acquired during non-NES mode) may be outdated (e.g., not suitable for PRS transmission pattern under NES), for example, which may cause the WTRU to make measurements when no signals are present or preventing WTRU from receiving DL channels. The PRS processing window (e.g., during which the WTRU prioritizes reception between DL PRS and DL channels) configurations (e.g., priority level of DL-PRS and DL channels) may be outdated, which may prevent the WTRU from dropping DL channels unnecessary.

[0136] Spatial domain or power domain adaptation may impact PRS signal reception levels.

[0137] The WTRU may see additional (e.g., a 6 dEJ) gain during ON state compared to when no spatial adaptation is done, but that may not mean that the WTRU is closer to the gNB during the ON state. Suchoffset can (e.g., only) be measured by the WTRU. Angle-based positioning can also be affected by type of spatial adaption.

[0138] Validity of positioning assistance data and configurations may be considered.

[0139] Assistance data (e.g., beam information, inter-gNB synchronization quality) from the LMF may not be valid once the serving cell (or neighboring cell) activates NES. TA, pathloss information or LOS / NLOS indicator per PRS resource or per TRP may not be valid; the PRS beamwidth during NES may be wider compared to non-NES bandwidth which change the LOS / NLOS status; some TRPs may also be muted which can change the LOS assumptions, TA, or beam information. Using invalid assistance information, TA, or pathloss information may lead to degradation of positioning accuracy. Such loss in the performance may be more noticeable for WTRU-based positioning where the WTRU determines its location based on measurements and assistance information. Frequent transmission of assistance information to the WTRU during NES may increase signaling overhead and increased power consumption at the network side, especially since NES (e.g., cell DTX) is (de)-activated by DCI.

[0140] TRP muting / turning off may make positioning tricky. For RSTD (e.g., time difference), the WTRU may (e.g., need to) measure from the reference TRP and target TRP (e.g., between which time difference is computed). There may be WTRU behavior specified to avoid accuracy loss, for example, if one of the TRPs is turned off.

[0141] NES may impact positioning in Inactive state.

[0142] For UL positioning, the WTRU may (e.g., need to) have a SRSp configuration for a cell. The WTRU may update its SRSp if (e.g., when) the (e.g., new) cell is in NES mode or Cell DTX (e.g., the WTRU can wait until the new gNB wakes up, but there can be ways for the WTRU to update its SRSp configurations).

[0143] In INACTIVE state, the LMF may not be aware that the WTRU is in a NES cell, for example, because it’s not reporting SRSp anymore as periodically and the WTRU may move between cells. Other neighbor cells receiving the SRSp may be relied on. Area-based configuration for SRSp (e.g., where the area contains multiple cells) may be enabled, used, and / or provided. Without the knowledge of the DTX / DRX pattern for each cell, the WTRU may not be able to adapt TA, pathloss RS and spatial information for its SRSp. In such a situation, the WTRU may (e.g., be forced to) move to RRC_CONNECTED if (e.g., every time) it moves to a new cell, consuming more power and increasing latency. If the camping cell is in NES mode, the WTRU may not be able to move to RRC_CONNECTED immediately, further increasing latency.

[0144] PRS measurements may be impacted by time domain aspects of dynamic Cell DTX / Cell turn OFF on .

[0145] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of switching to an active NES PRS measurement configuration for PRS measurement and PRS measurement reporting (e.g., as described herein).

[0146] The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (e.g., be configured with) a list of stable cells (e.g., coverage / macro cells that may refrain from applying NES (e.g., won’t apply NES)).

[0147] The WTRU may receive configuration information (e.g., PRS measurement configuration information) that indicates a PRS measurement pattern or sub-configuration information (e.g., PRS measurement configuration) associated with an active NES state (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2). The PRS pattern sub-configuration (e.g., PRS measurement configuration) may include one or more of the following: a PRS resource (e.g., DL PRS resource); a subset of time occasions in which DL PRS can be muted / not measured; an applicable NES state(s) (e.g., cell DTX configuration); configuration information indicating priority level of DL-PRS and DL channels (e.g., a priority level associated with performing PRS measurements, a priority level associated with performing PDCCH monitoring, and / or a priority level associated with performing PRS measurements relative to performing PDCCH monitoring); a Tx power level (e.g., than can be assumed when NES is activated), for example, to use during active NES; an association to a cell (e.g., association between the PRS measurement configuration and the cell) or an association to a TRP (e.g., an association between the PRS measurement configuration and the TRP); or a reporting occasion (e.g., a duration associated with when a WTRU may send a report that indicates PRS measurement(s) associated with an active NES state); etc.

[0148] The WTRU may receive (e.g., from a network device) an NES state indication (e.g., cell DTX activation, for example, that indicates that a cell is associated with an active NES state) for one or more cell(s) (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2).

[0149] Based on activation of Cell DTX / NES (e.g., indicating that the cell is in the active NES state) or receiving an associated indication (e.g., indicating NES state about other cells), one or more of the following may be performed (e.g., the WTRU may switch to a PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state based on the PRS measurement configuration information state, as shown in FIG. 2): the WTRU may change a priority level of PRS and / or a priority level of other channels (e.g., any other overlapping channel, a PDCCH, a PDSCH, etc.) according to the NES (e.g., active) PRS pattern configuration information (e.g., PDCCH monitoring can be configured a higher priority than PRS monitoring during On durations (e.g., during active NES state), or a priority associated with PRS measurement performance relative to a priority associated with PDCCH monitoring may be higher), for example, the WTRU may drop monitoring PDCCH (e.g., if PRS priority is higher and visa-versa); the WTRU may start (e.g., restart) a (e.g., new) positioning session (e.g., start an active NES positioning session or restart an active NES positioning session) using the PRS measurement sub-configuration (e.g., PRS measurementconfiguration) associated with the active NES state (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2), and the WTRU may exclude PRS measurement samples (e.g., prior PRS measurement samples) made using a previous PRS measurement pattern (e.g., PRS measurement configuration) from averaging; the WTRU may calculate its location estimate (e.g., using the DL PRS resources configured for the pattern / PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state)) using the DL PRS pattern sub-configuration (e.g., PRS measurement configuration) associated with the active NES state or the PRS pattern indicated to the WTRU, where if other cells are indicated to be in NES state, the WTRU may exclude PRS measurements from indicated cells known to be in NES state (e.g., from a list of non-stable cells), where the WTRU may assume power offset information for applicable DL PRS in the indication message or derived from the configuration (e.g., PRS measurement configuration); the WTRU may report to a network entity (e.g., LMF) that a serving cell or a neighbor cell is applying NES technique, possibly including the DL PRS pattern used or a subset of impacted PRS occasions (e.g., part of “provideLocationlnformation” message); the WTRU may report (e.g., to a network device) PRS measurement(s) (e.g., PRS measurement(s) associated with the active NES state (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2), PRS measurement(s) associated with the started / restarted active NES positioning session, for example, that may exclude PRS measurement(s) performed outside the active NES positioning session), for example, during the active period of Cell DRX pattern (e.g., reporting occasion indicated by the PRS measurement configuration) of the serving gNB; etc.

[0150] PRS signal reception may be impacted by spatial domain or power domain adaptation on levels. Feature(s) described herein may be associated with impacting spatial domain or power domain adaptation on PRS signal reception levels.

[0151] A WTRU may receive configuration information (e.g., configured with) indicating one or more spatial domain configurations, where each spatial domain configuration may be configured with (e.g., may indicate): a subset of antenna ports and / or elements that are assumed to be active; an associated CSI reporting configuration; PRS compensation coefficients to apply for PRS measurements.; a QCL / TCI assumption for PRS transmission; a power offset for WTRU-based positioning (e.g., SSB to PRS offset or PDSCH to CSI-RS), where the offset is relative to the full spatial domain On state; etc.

[0152] The WTRU may receive one or multiple spatial domain NES adaptation patterns, for example, where for a (e.g., each) pattern the WTRU may be configured with CSI reporting configuration information. The WTRU may report CSI for multiple spatial domain patterns jointly.

[0153] The WTRU may receive an indication of the applicable spatial domain configuration information.

[0154] The WTRU may performs one or more of the following, for example, based on determination that a given spatial domain configuration is activated: the WTRU may report to the LMF the estimated offset between PRS signal strength reception (e.g., if / when spatial domain configuration is activated compared towhen no NES spatial domain configuration is activated (e.g., spatial domain adaptation)), for example, based on measured PRS / CSI measurement differences between the active NES spatial sub-configuration and the regular On state (e.g., prior measurements could be used for the On state); the WTRU may measure PRS and applies an offset to measurements based on the configured compensation coefficients, power offsets, and QCL assumptions for the active sub-configuration; for WTRU based positioning, the WTRU may report its location to the LMF where the location is computed according to the compensation coefficients, power offsets, and QCL assumptions for the active sub-configuration.

[0155] PRS measurements (e.g., for WTRU-assisted positioning) may be reported.

[0156] The WTRU may receive configuration information (e.g., RRC configuration information) for at least one Cell DTX and / or Cell DRX pattern (e.g., where each configuration may be configured with (e.g., indicate) a super set of on durations, periodicity, and offset).

[0157] The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (e.g., be configured with) a subset of cell DTX On durations for which the WTRU measures and reports PRS from the serving and neighboring cells.

[0158] The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (e.g., be configured with) a subset of cell DRX On durations for which the WTRU transmits SRSp or reports PRS measurements from the serving and neighboring cells.

[0159] If Cell DRX pattern is activated (e.g., WTRU has received DCI indicating a configured cell DRX is activated), WTRU may report PRS measurements or transmit SRSp, for example, (e.g., only if) based on one or more of the following: T3-T2 is less than a threshold; the WTRU hasn’t moved during that time (e.g., which can be determined based on change of measurements not being more than a threshold); etc.

[0160] The WTRU may report the time (e.g., T3-T2), e.g., along with the PRS measurement or just T2.

[0161] Validity of assistance data may be considered.

[0162] The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (e.g., configured with) a validity period of assistance data for WTRU based positioning. WTRU may consider the data as valid based on one or more of the following (e.g., only consider the data as valid if some or all of the following are satisfied): while such validity period has not elapsed; while at least one NES state is active (e.g., wherein the information can be valid during Cell DTX active periods, for example); during the PRS transmission period, or within a period from the last received PRS transmission; etc.

[0163] The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (e.g., configured with) multiple sets of assistance data for WTRU based positioning, for example, where each set may be applicable for at least one NES state. The (e.g., each) configuration may include one or more of the following: TA, pathlossinformation, spatial relations, or LOS / NLOS indication; the NES state(s) or techniques for which this assistance data is applicable; the SSB(s) or TRP(s) for which this assistance data is applicable (e.g., SSBs or TRPs that can be turned off, muted, or put in DTX); etc.If (e.g., when) the WTRU determines that a NES state is active, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following: apply the configured set of assistance data associated with the active NES state (e.g., the WTRU may apply the configuration on a per-TRP or per SSB basis); request / monitor for (e.g., new) assistance data or changes in existing assistance data; request a PRS (e.g., on demand PRS or assistance data) for some TRPs (e.g., those indicated as in DTX) by transmitting a unique request ID known to the gNB and / or the LMF; determine the assistance data applicable for the active NES state; if cell DTX / DRX is activated, the WTRU may use the NES configuration (e.g., only) during cell DTX / DRX non-active periods or while cell DTX is activated (e.g., for example, one set of assistance data can be used during the on duration, while another during the off durations); transmit WTRU location based on estimated PRS measurements or transmit SRSp using the assistance data applicable to the determined NES state; if the WTRU has determined the assistance data on its own (e.g., from the indicated spatial elements indicated to be muted), the WTRU may include the assistance data along with the reported WTRU location; etc.

[0164] SRSp in INACTIVE mode may be impacted by UL NES (e.g., Cell DRX, Cell turn off).

[0165] SRSp may be transmitted during Cell DRX.

[0166] The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (e.g., configured with) a SRSp configuration associated with one or more NES state, which may include one or more of the following: an SRSp sequence to be used, for example, if (e.g., when) the WTRU is camped on a NES cell (e.g., a cell that has activated at least one NES technique or is in one NES state); one or more spatial relations to use for beam alignment, possibly per cell or TRP; a transmit power level, pathloss reference, and power control parameters, per cell; an SRSp area (e.g., list of cells) for which the configuration information is applicable (e.g., in the list of cells in the SRSp area configuration information).

[0167] If (e.g., when) the WTRU determines that the camped cell / TRP is in NES, one or more of the following may be performed: the WTRU may transmit SRSp using the parameters in the preconfigured set of SRSps associated with the NES state (e.g., around the preconfigured beam for beam alignment in the camped cell); the WTRU may monitor other SSBs from other neighbor cells (e.g., from the configured list of cells in the configured SRSp area) and transmit SRSp towards SSBs of neighboring cells (e.g., from a beam alignment perspective) using the configured power control parameters for that cell; if (e.g., when) SRSp is transmitted towards a neighboring cell, WTRU may use an alternative spatial reference (e.g., pathloss references) if (e.g., when) camped cell is in NES state or use a different SRSp resource (e.g., which may be an alternative to the SSB of the neighboring cell).

[0168] Based on mobility to another cell, one or more of the following may be performed: the WTRU may determine the transmit power (e.g., power control), timing of SRSp tx, and the beam used to transmit the SRSp (e.g., if the cell has cell DRX), based on the configuration information of the SRSp for that target cell; the WTRU may (e.g., need to) adjust its uplink SRS beam spatial relation, for example, if the target cell is in cell DTX / DRX or NES state.

[0169] A cell DTX active period may include a duration of time over which a configured cell DTX pattern is active (e.g., periods of time during an On Duration periods of a Cell DTX pattern). WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (e.g., be predefined) to monitor PDCCH and other DL signals and channels during such time. This may be applicable only after a cell DTX configuration has been indicated by the NW to be activated.

[0170] Cell DTX inactive period may include a duration of time over which a configured cell DTX pattern is not active / inactive (e.g., periods of time outside periodic On Duration periods of a Cell DTX pattern). This may be applicable (e.g., only) after a cell DTX configuration has been indicated by the NW to be activated.

[0171] Cell DRX active period may include a duration of time over which a configured cell DRX pattern is active (e.g., periods of time during an On Duration periods of a Cell DRX pattern). WTRU may be predefined to be allowed to transmit UL signals and on UL channels during such time. This may be applicable (e.g., only) after a cell DRX configuration has been indicated by the NW to be activated.

[0172] Cell DRX inactive period may include a duration of time over which a configured cell DRX pattern is not active / inactive (e.g., periods of time outside periodic On Duration periods of a Cell DRX pattern). This may be applicable (e.g., only) after a cell DRX configuration has been indicated by the NW to be activated.

[0173] Activated Cell DRX / DTX may include a state of a configured cell DRX or Cell DTX pattern, where such state has been activated by L1 / L2 DL signaling, RRC (re)-configuration, and / or cell common configurations, and has not been de-activated.

[0174] De-activated Cell DRX / DTX may include a state of a configured cell DRX or Cell DTX pattern, where such state has been deactivated by L1 / L2 DL signaling, RRC (re)-configuration, and / or cell common configurations.

[0175] Link between availability state, NES state, and Cell DTX / DRX may be used interchangeably. The WTRU may determine a cell DTX state implicitly from a determined active availability state, and visa-versa. The WTRU may determine a cell RTX state implicitly from a determined active availability state, and visa- versa.

[0176] Alternative cell and stable cell may be used interchangeably (e.g., as described herein). The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (e.g., be configured with) a list of stable cells (e.g., alternative cells that will not turn off, e.g., some macro cells). The list may include a list of alternative cellsper serving / camped cell or a general list of PCIs for the whole NW, Tracking area, etc. The WTRU may be configured with measurement object configuration for the alternative cells.

[0177] Network may include AMF, LMF, gNB or NG-RAN.

[0178] “Pre-configuration” and “configuration” may be used interchangeably.

[0179] “Non-serving gNB” and “neighboring gNB” may be used interchangeably.

[0180] A “gNB” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably.

[0181] “PRS”, “SRS”, “SRS for positioning” or “SRS for positioning purpose” can be used interchangeably.

[0182] “PRS” or “PRS resource” may be used interchangeably.

[0183] “PRS(s)” or “PRS resource(s)” may be used interchangeably. The aforementioned “PRS(s)” or “PRS resource(s)” may belong to different PRS resource sets.

[0184] “PRS” or “DL-PRS” or “DL PRS” may be used interchangeably.

[0185] “Measurement gap” or “Measurement gap pattern” may be used interchangeably. “Measurement gap pattern” may include parameters such as measurement gap duration or measurement gap repetition period or measurement gap periodicity.

[0186] A PRU may be a WTRU or TRP whose location (e.g., altitude, latitude, geographic coordinate, or local coordinate) is known by the network (e.g., gNB, LMF). Capabilities of PRU may be same as a WTRU or TRP, e.g., capable of receiving PRS or transmit SRS or SRS for positioning, return measurements, or transmit PRS. The WTRUs acting as PRUs may be used by the network for calibration purposes (e.g., correct unknown timing offset, correct unknown angle offset).

[0187] An LMF may be an example of a node or entity (e.g., network node or entity) that may be used for or to support positioning. Any other node or entity may be substituted for LMF (e.g., and still be consistent with the details described herein).

[0188] The WTRU may receive a preconfigured threshold(s) from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB).

[0189] The LOS indicator may be hard (e.g., 1 or O) or soft indicator (e.g., 0, 0.1 , 0.2. ..,1) and it may indicate the likelihood of the presence of an LOS path between TRP and WTRU or along PRS. The LOS indicator can be associated with a TRP or PRS resource ID (e.g., index). The WTRU may receive the LOS indicator from the network per TRP or resource ID. The WTRU may (e.g., alternatively) determine the LOS indicator per TRP or resource ID based on measurements.

[0190] A WTRU location may be expressed in terms of altitude, latitude, geographic coordinate, or local coordinate, for example.

[0191] Configurations for PRS may be provided, enabled, and / or used.

[0192] In examples, a PRS configuration may include one or more of the following parameters: number of symbols, transmission power, number of PRS resources included in PRS resource set, muting pattern for PRS (e.g., the muting pattern may be expressed via a bitmap), periodicity, type of PRS (e.g., periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic), slot offset for periodic transmission for PRS, vertical shift of PRS pattern in the frequency domain, time gap during repetition, repetition factor, RE (resource element) offset, comb pattern, comb size, spatial relation, QCL information (e.g., QCL target, QCL source) for PRS, number of PRUs, number of TRPs, Absolute Radio-Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN), subcarrier spacing, expected RSTD, uncertainty in expected RSTD, start Physical Resource Block (PRB), bandwidth, BWP ID, number of frequency layers, start / end time for PRS transmission, on / off indicator for PRS, TRP ID, PRS ID, cell ID, global cell ID, PRU ID, and applicable time window. The WTRU may apply a PRS configuration under a condition that the current time is within the applicable time window. “ID” may be used interchangeably with “index”.

[0193] Configurations for SRS for positioning may be provided, enabled, and / or used.

[0194] In one example, SRS for positioning (SRSp) or SRS configuration may include one or more of the following: resource ID; comb offset values, cyclic shift values; start position in the frequency domain; number of SRSp symbols; shift in the frequency domain for SRSp; frequency hopping pattern; type of SRSp (e.g., aperiodic, semi-persistent or periodic); sequence ID used to generate SRSp, or other IDs used to generate SRSp sequence; spatial relation information, indicating which reference signal (e.g., DL RS, UL RS, CSI-RS, SRS, DM-RS) or SSB (e.g., SSB ID, cell ID of the SSB) the SRSp is related to spatially where the SRSp and DL RS may be aligned spatially; QCL information (e.g., a QCL relationship between SRSp and other reference signals or SSB); QCL type (e.g., QCL type A, QCL type B, QCL type D); resource set ID; list of SRSp resources in the resource set; transmission power related information; pathloss reference information which may contain index for SSB, CSI-RS or PRS; periodicity of SRSp transmission; and / or spatial information such as spatial direction information of SRSp transmission (e.g., beam information, angles of transmission), spatial direction information of DL RS reception (e.g., beam ID used to receive DL RS, angle of arrival). “ID” may be used interchangeably with “index”.

[0195] Measurements may be performed, received, and / or transmitted.

[0196] In one example, RSTD may be defined by the difference in time of arrival between PRSs transmitted from a reference TRP and target TRP. The WTRU may be configured with the reference TRP index and target TRP index. The WTRU may be configured with the PRS resource indices to make measurements. The WTRU may determine the time of arrival from TRP based on one or more PRS resources associated with the TRP. In another example, the RSTD may be defined as the difference intime of arrival between the reference PRS transmitted from a TRP and the target PRS transmitted from a TRP.

[0197] In examples, “WTRU Rx - Tx time difference” may refer to the difference between arrival time of the reference signal transmitted by the TRP and transmission time of the reference signal transmitted from the WTRU. The WTRU Rx-Tx time difference may be associated with PRS resource ID and / or SRSp resource ID.

[0198] General WTRU behavior may be configured, provided, enabled, and / or used.

[0199] The WTRU may send a request to the network for configuration information (e.g., PRS configuration information, SRSp configuration information) in PUSCH transmission, PUCCH transmission, UCI, signaling (e.g., MAC-CE, RRC), or LPP message. The request from the WTRU may include configurations of a measurement gap, PRS processing window or window for transmission of SRS for positioning (SRSp).

[0200] The WTRU may send an acknowledgement message in PUSCH transmission or PUCCH transmission for the grant received from the network.

[0201] More than one conditions / criteria can be used in a combination. The WTRU may be configured with more than one conditions and associated WTRU behavior and the WTRU may determine which behavior the WTRU shall use based on the applicable condition.

[0202] The WTRU can measure DL-PRS inside or outside of active BWP. The WTRU may transmit SRSp inside or outside of active BWP.

[0203] The WTRU may be preconfigured with parameters (e.g,. measurement gaps, PRS processing windows, PRS configurations, SRSp configurations), for example, via a semi-static message (e.g, LPP, RRC signaling).

[0204] Action(s) the WTRU determines to take may be configured by the network. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a rule and according to the rule, the WTRU may determine to take an associated action.

[0205] In addition to the measurements made on PRS, the WTRU may include one or more of the following cell-related measurements: SSB RSRP from the serving cell with corresponding cell ID; SSB RSRP from the neighboring cell(s) with corresponding cell I D(s); RSRP of CSI-RS with CSI-RS resource ID; RSRP of DM-RS; etc.

[0206] Positioning methods may be enabled, provided, and / or used.

[0207] Downlink, uplink, and downlink and uplink positioning methods may be used.

[0208] A “DL positioning method” may refer to (e.g., any) positioning that uses downlink reference signals such as PRS. The WTRU may receive multiple reference signals from TP(s) and measures DL RSTD and / or RSRP. Examples of DL positioning may include DL-AoD or DL-TDOA positioning.

[0209] A “UL positioning method” may refer to (e.g., any) positioning that uses uplink reference signals such as SRS for positioning. The WTRU may transmit SRS to multiple RPs and the RPs measure the UL RTOA and / or RSRP. Examples of UL positioning may include UL-TDOA or UL-AoA positioning.

[0210] A “DL & UL positioning method” may refer to (e.g., any) positioning method that uses both uplink and downlink reference signals for positioning. In examples, a WTRU may transmit SRS to multiple TRPs and gNB measures Rx-Tx time difference which is calculated based on the time of arrival of DL RS (e.g., ,PRS). The gNB can measure RSRP for the received SRS. The WTRU may measure Rx-Tx time difference for PRS transmitted from multiple TRPs. The WTRU can measure RSRP for the received PRS. The Rx-TX difference and possibly RSRP measured at WTRU and gNB may be used to compute round trip time. Here “WTRU Rx - Tx time difference” may refer to the difference between arrival time of the reference signal transmitted by the TRP and transmission time of the reference signal transmitted from the WTRU. An example of DL & UL positioning may include multi-RTT positioning.

[0211] PRS reception and SRSp transmission may be impacted by a time domain aspect of NES.

[0212] Positioning resource pattern configuration information (e.g. PRS configuration information associated with an active NES state) may be provided and / or used (e.g., as shown in FIG. 2).

[0213] A WTRU may receive (e.g., be configured with) positioning resource configuration information (e.g., positioning resource pattern configuration information, for example, as shown in FIG. 2) and one or more associated NES states(s) (e.g., of the serving cell or / and a neighbor cell). A positioning resource pattern configuration information may be configured (e.g., by RRC signaling) with one or more of the following: a DL PRS resource or resource configuration id (e.g., DL resource associated with a PRS measurement configuration); an SRSp resource or resource configuration identity (e.g., SRSp resource associated with the PRS measurement configuration); a subset of time occasions in which DL PRS can be muted / not measured; subset of time occasions in which SRSp can be transmitted / dropped; applicable NES state(s) (e.g., cell DTX configuration(s), possibly associated with one or more cells); configuration information of priority level of DL-PRS and DL channels (e.g., a priority level associated with performing PRS measurements, a priority level associated with performing PDCCH monitoring, and / or a priority level associated with performing PRS measurements relative to performing PDCCH monitoring); a PRS transmit power level than can be assumed for the gNB when NES is activated (e.g., a dynamic range of power variations may be provided); an SRSp transmit power that can be used when an associated NES state is activated (e.g., a nominal power); an association between any of the above parameters (e.g., PRSmeasurement configurations) to applicable cell (s) and / or TRP(s); a list of cells or carriers to be considered as neighboring cells for the purpose of PRS reception or SRSp transmission (e.g., where a designation of stable cells (e.g., cells capable of at least one NES technique, susceptible to turn off or cell DTX / DRX) vs. non-stable cells can be configured); spatial relations or beam associated with SRSp transmission; spatial relation or beam associated (e.g., QCL or TCI) associated with PRS transmission; a measurement gap configuration associated with the NES state; an index which can be used for the purposes signaling the applicable configuration by L1 / L2 signaling; a (e.g., one more) physical layer PRS property (e.g., sequence, time / frequency occasion) used to identify the applicable positioning pattern configuration information (e.g., applicable PRS measurement configuration, for example, associated with active NES); positioning sessions related configuration information (e.g., active NES positioning session related configuration information), which may include one or more of the following: averaging window size, measurement sample period and occasion, beamwidth, and / or LOS / NLOS indicators; etc.

[0214] Such parameters may (e.g., alternatively) be provided part of positioning assistance data. Such parameters / data may be configured per DL PRS resource or per SRSp resource.

[0215] Positioning resource parameters may be adapted for a time-based NES state (e.g..time-based active NES state).

[0216] The WTRU may determine to use / apply the configuration parameters / assumptions of the positioning resource pattern configuration associated with the activated NES state, for example, based on activation of a given NES state (e.g., indicated by an NES state indication, as shown in FIG. 2). The WTRU may determine to use the configuration parameters / assumptions of a positioning resource pattern configuration, for example, if it is explicitly indicated (e.g., by DCI, RRC signaling, or L2 signaling).

[0217] The WTRU may apply a first (e.g., one) positioning resource pattern configuration for stable cells (e.g., irrespective of their NES state) and a second (e.g., another) configuration for non-stable cells depending on their active NES state (e.g., if / when they are on (e.g., only when they are on), if / when they are off (e.g., only when they are off), if cell DTX / DRX is activated (e.g., only when cell DTX / DRX is activated), if / when cell DTX / DRX is deactivated (e.g., only when cell DTX / DRX is deactivated), during (e.g., only during) the active periods of cell DTX / DRX, and / or during (e.g., only during) the non-active period of cell DRX).

[0218] The WTRU may determine the positioning resource pattern configuration to use implicitly, for example, from reception of PRS. For example, the WTRU may determine the pattern configuration or a subset of the configured parameters from a property of the received PRS (e.g., time domain occasion, frequency domain location, the PRS sequence).

[0219] The WTRU may acquire the applicable positioning resource configuration from another cell (e.g., the PCell or a stable cell), for example, if the CA is configured and a (e.g., one) cell is in a NES state,. The WTRU may monitor PRS from a subset of cells when one of the carriers activates a NES state. The WTRU may measure PRS from a stable cell (e.g., an anchor cell or a PCell) that is in CA with another carrier in NES state. The WTRU may resume monitoring PRS and measuring PRS from a non-anchor cell upon reception of an indication (e.g., L1 / L2 / RRC signaling), from the anchor cell.

[0220] In examples (e.g., based on activation of cell DRX and / or cell DTX), the WTRU may drop SRSp transmissions during cell DRX non-active period and / or measure PRS (e.g., only) in cell DTX active period. The WTRU may drop SRSp transmissions during cell DRX non-active period and / or measure PRS (e.g., only) in cell DTX active period, for example, where the cell DTX / DRX configuration configured in the positioning resource pattern configuration and associated with the activated NES state is used to determine the active and non-active cell DRX and cell DTX periods. The WTRU may consider a measurement gap as inactive and may activate a measurement gap configuration associated with positioning resource pattern configuration associated with the active NES state, for example, if (e.g., when) the WTRU determines that the network is in an NES state. The WTRU may select a subset of DL PRS (e.g., detected to be in DTX active period) for PRS measurements and PRS measurement reporting.

[0221] In examples, The WTRU may drop SRSp transmissions during cell DRX non-active period and / or measure PRS only in cell DTX active period (e.g., where the cell DTX / DRX configuration of the positioning resource pattern configuration associated with the activated NES state is used to determine the active and non-active cell DRX and cell DTX periods, for example, based on a (e.g., after) reception of a NES state activation indication associated with the serving cell or an indicated cell or determining that the serving or camped cell is in NES state. The WTRU may apply the PRS measurement muting or SRSp transmission muting (e.g., only) for the indicated TRP(s) and / or cell(s), for example, if a cell and / or TRP is indicated (e.g., part of the NES state activation).

[0222] In examples, the WTRU may receive configuration information (e.g., PRS measurement configuration information) indicating (e.g., be configured with) an SRSp or a PRS muting pattern (e.g., per NES state or per PRS measurement configuration). The WTRU may apply the muting pattern to the associated PRS reception or SRSp transmission, for example, based on NES state activation / determination (e.g., based on switching to a PRS measurement configuration associated with an NES state indication that indicates that the cell is in an active NES state). The WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (e.g., configured with) a muting pattern by the network (e.g., via LPP), for example, indicating muted PRS transmission occasions. The muting pattern may be a Boolean bit string indicating the occasions on which the WTRU may measure or transmit. The muting pattern may be aperiodic indication of applicable subsets of SRSp or PRS occasions. In examples, the WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (e.g., be preconfigured with) muting patterns where a (e.g., each) pattern may correspond to PRS transmission from a cell, gNB, or TRP. The WTRU may determine the muting pattern, for example, based on NES state of cells. For example, the WTRU may be configured with muting patterns with index associated with each muting pattern. The set of muting patterns may be associated with a TRP, carrier, or bwp. The WTRU may receive an indication from the network that indicates an index or indices that correspond to the inactive state of the TRP or cell (e.g., the TRP or cell is using at least one of the NES techniques). If the WTRU determines that TRP or cell is in inactive state or NES state (e.g., via SIB), the WTRU may determine that indicated index of the muting pattern is applied to PRS transmission. The WTRU may determine to apply the muting pattern that is associated with the NES state for the TRP or cell, for example, (e.g., similarly) if the WTRU determines that the target TRP or cell (e.g., TRP or cell the WTRU is transmitted SRSp toward) is using at least one of the NES techniques.

[0223] In examples, after reception of a NES state activation indication associated with the serving cell or an indicated cell or determining that the serving or camped cell is in NES state, the WTRU may adjust its SRSp transmission power according to the nominal tx power value configured in the positioning resource pattern configuration associated with activated NES state, indicated cell(s), and / or indicated TRP(s). After reception of a NES state activation indication associated with the serving cell or an indicated cell or determining that the serving or camped cell is in NES state, the WTRU may assume a different PRS transmit power level, according to the configured value in the positioning resource pattern configuration associated with activated NES state, indicated cell(s), and / or indicated TRP(s). If a cell and / or TRP is indicated (e.g., part of the NES state activation), the WTRU may change the SRSp and / or PRS transmit power assumptions only for the indicated TRP(s) and / or cell(s).

[0224] In examples, the WTRU may determine which SRSp and / or PRS resource to use as a function of the activated NES state. Based on activation of NES state, the WTRU may determine to use the SRSp and / or PRS resource configured in the positioning resource pattern configuration associated with the activated NES state. The WTRU may use the SRSp and / or PRS resource, for example, if the positioning resource pattern configuration is signaled directly to the WTRU (e.g., part of DCI, MAC CE, or RRC signaling). The WTRU may determine the time occasions during which the SRSp and / or PRS is muted / not transmitted directly from a signaled positioning resource pattern configuration signaled directly to the WTRU (e.g., part of DCI, MAC CE, or RRC signaling), possibly without explicit indication of a NES state.

[0225] After reception of a NES state activation indication associated with the serving cell or an indicated cell or determining that the serving or camped cell is in NES state, the WTRU may change the priority level of PRS relative to other channels according to the positioning resource pattern configurationinformation. For example, (e.g., PDCCH transmission can be configured higher priority than PRS after NES state activation or during ON durations of cell DTX; the WTRU may monitor PDCCH if PRS priority is lower, even if the PRS priority was configured to be higher than PDCCH transmission before NES activation.

[0226] In examples, the power level of the SRSp signal to be transmitted by the WTRU may be dependent (e.g., only) on the NES state of the serving cell.

[0227] In one solution, the power level of the SRSp signal to be transmitted by the WTRU may be dependent on the NES state of the serving and neighbor cells. For example, even if the serving cell and all except one of the neighboring cells are in normal (e.g., non-NES) mode, the WTRU may (e.g., stil)l use a power level associated with an NES state. If there are multiple NES states and the WTRU has been configured with SRS power level that corresponds to each NES state, the WTRU may determine the SRS power level to use by the average level of NES in the serving and the neighbor cells (e.g., a weighted averaging of the NES state levels can be performed, where the serving cell may have the largest / smallest weight, and the WTRU may use an SRS power level that is associated with an NES level that is closest to the weighted average NES states of the serving and neighboring cells).

[0228] The WTRU may use first positioning resource pattern configuration information if the serving cell is not in an active NES state and neighboring cells are in active NES state. The WTRU may use a second positioning resource pattern configuration information if the serving cell is in an active NES state and neighboring cells are in active NES state. The WTRU may use a third positioning resource pattern configuration information if the serving cell is in an active NES state and neighboring cell(s) are not in active NES state. In general, the WTRU may receive configuration information indicating (e.g., be configured with) a multitude positioning resource configuration information that are associated with the NES state of serving and neighbor cell (e.g., number of cells in NES active state, percentage of cells in the NES active state, etc.,). The WTRU may be explicitly informed about neighboring cell NES states or may determine it implicitly from the positioning resource pattern configuration that is indicated to be used.

[0229] The WTRU may be configured with a conditional positioning resource pattern configuration information, which can be used based on satisfying at least one condition, including: a neighboring cell is in an active NES state, the serving cell, and / or a neighboring or a serving cell (de)-activates a NES state. If a conditional positioning resource pattern configuration is activated, the WTRU may transmit additional SRSp or receive additional PRS on the applicable resources.

[0230] The WTRU may be configured with a baseline SRSp configuration or configurations (e.g., one configuration for no cell in active NES state, another configuration for all concerned cells are in NES active state) and a configuration / mechanisms to compute the SRSp configuration for a particular case of NES state of the serving cell and neighbor cells from the baseline configurations (e.g., scaling factor for thepower level that depends on the number / percentage of cells that are in an active NES state), for example, instead of separate SRSp configuration for the different NES of the serving and / or neighbor cells (e.g., as described herein).

[0231] The combined consideration of the NES state of the serving and neighbor cells may be applied to other positioning related parameters (e.g., measurement gap values, measurement averaging window sizes, etc.), for example, and may not be (e.g., only) limited to the SRS power level.

[0232] The WTRU may further be configured to send an indication to the network (e.g., LMF, gNB, etc.) about the (e.g., new) configuration that it is now using / activating, for example, with respect to where the WTRU is changing positioning related parameters / configurations depending on NES state of serving or neighbor cells (e.g., as described herein).

[0233] WTRU based positioning may be adapted with time-based NES activation.

[0234] For WTRU based positioning, the WTRU may compute its location estimate according to the positioning resource pattern configuration (e.g., PRS measurement configuration associated with an active NES state), for example, after activation of an NES state (e.g., active NES state), indication of a NES state (e.g., active NES state) for a neighboring cell or TRP, or reception of signaling indication a positioning resource pattern configuration. For example, the WTRU may compute its positioning using the PRS resources configured in the pattern configuration (e.g., PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state), the PRS transmit power assumptions, the QCL or TCI assumptions, and / or the PRS transmission occasion / muting pattern configured.

[0235] In examples, the WTRU may be signaled a cell index or a TRP index for which NES state change is applicable and / or for which the positioning parameter change is applicable, possibly in addition NES state indication and / or in addition to signaling a positioning resource pattern configuration (e.g., the WTRU may be indicated an association between a PRS measurement configuration and a cell or between a PRS measurement configuration and a TRP). The WTRU may apply a preconfigured positioning resource pattern configuration (e.g., PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state) for the indicated cell and / or TRP (e.g., only for the indicated cell and / or TRP), for example, if the configuration (e.g., PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state) is configured to be associated with such cell or TRP and / or if a NES state activation is signaled for the associated cell or TRP. The indication may (e.g., only) signals cells and / or TRPs from the list of non-stable cells or TRPs. The WTRU may assume PRS or SRSp transmissions are muted (e.g., only) for the indicated cells and / or TRPs. For example, if other cells are indicated to be in NES state, the WTRU may exclude PRS measurements from indicated cells known to be in NES state (e.g., from a list of non-stable cells). In another example, the WTRU may apply a different transmit power or spatial relation assumption for SRSp and / or PRStransmitted towards / from cells or TRPs that are indicated to be in NES state or indicated to be applicable for a given positioning resource pattern configuration. The WTRU may assume power offset information for applicable DL PRS or SRSp transmission from / to cells indicated or derived from the configuration.

[0236] The WTRU may calculate / report a location estimate from DL PRS that may not be subject to NES variations (e.g., PRS transmitted from stable cells). The WTRU may calculate / report a location estimate including DL PRS that may be subject to NES variations (e.g., and detected to be present), for example, if an alternative positioning resource pattern configuration is provided for such DL PRS. The WTRU may select a subset of DL PRS (e.g., detected not to be in DTX) for the calculation of the WTRU location and indicate the subset used for the location estimate in the “provideLocationlnformation” message.

[0237] The WTRU may calculates / report location estimate using a subset (e.g., indicated by bitmap) of DL PRS indicated in the “requestLocationlnformation” message or configured in the positioning resource pattern configuration. The WTRU may receive power offset information for applicable DL PRS in the message (e.g., if known by LMF). The WTRU may receive signaling / indication from the LMF indicating which gNBs, cells, carriers, and / or TRPs to measure (e.g., stable cells, those not in NES state) and prioritize. The WTRU may first measure the prioritized PRS candidates from all available PRS candidates.

[0238] Reporting to LMF may be performed and / or enabled.

[0239] The WTRU may be configured or predefined to report to LMF that the serving cell, a neighbor cell, or any cell involved in the positioning measurement reporting or calculation applying NES technique. The WTRU may report the positioning resource pattern configuration (e.g., PRS measurement configuration associated with active NES)) used to measure PRS, transmit SRSp, or estimate the location for WTRU based positioning. The WTRU may report to the LMF a subset of impacted PRS occasions (e.g., occasions not used or applied with a power domain or spatial domain offset). The WTRU may report such information part of a message transmitted to the LMF, for example, which may include the WTRU location (e.g., part of “provideLocationlnformation” message).

[0240] The LMF can indicate a gNB priority to adapt the positioning method, for example, if (e.g., when) the LMF is not aware of the NES state of the WTRU’s serving / camped cell. The LMF may know where the WTRU is broadly located. The WTRU may request the applicable positioning resource pattern configuration at the serving cell, e.g., based on reception of a LMF request for positioning. The WTRU may monitor PDCCH, possibly during a configured time (e.g., cell DTX active period) or a during a period from when the request is sent. The WTRU may report positioning related information (e.g., location, PRS measurement) to the LMF or transmit SRSp, for example, based on reception of the positioning resource pattern configuration.

[0241] Measurement behavior may be enabled and / or provided, for example, based on priority associated with cell / gNB / TRP.

[0242] In examples, the WTRU may receive an indication (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE) or configurations (e.g., RRC signaling, LPP message) from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) priority level of TRP(s) / gNB(s) / cell(s). Based on the priority level, the WTRU may determine to make measurements on PRS transmitted from TRP(s) / gNB(s) / cell(s). The WTRU may determine to report PRS measurements (e.g., RSTD, RSRP, RSCP, RSCPD) associated with TRP(s) / gNB(s) / cell(s) with high level of priority.

[0243] In examples, the WTRU may receive an indication or configurations of priorities of TRP(s), gNB(s) or cell(s) via (e.g., explicit) indication (e.g., DCI, MAC-CE, RRC signaling, LPP message). In examples, the WTRU may determine priorities of TRP(s), gNB(s) or cell(s) implicitly. For example, the WTRU may determine priority of TRP(s), gNB(s) or cell(s) based one or more of the following rules: order of the list of TRP(s), gNB(s) or cell(s) in the assistance information received from the network (e.g., 1st TRP on the list of TRPs has the highest priority, last TRP on the list of TRPs has the lowest priority); association with the priority level of PRS with TRP(s), gNB(s) or cell(s), for example, if the PRS transmitted from TRP is associated with high priority, the WTRU may determine that the priority level associated with the TRP is high; association with the priority level of measurement gap with TRP(s), gNB(s) or cell (s), for example, if the WTRU is configured with a measurement gap to make measurements on PRS transmitted from cell J, and the measurement gap associated with cellj has high priority, the WTRU may determine that the priority level of cellj is high; etc.

[0244] In examples, the WTRU may determine to make measurements on PRS transmitted from TRP(s), gNB(s) or cell(s) with high or higher priority. The WTRU may report measurements to the LMF / gNB on PRS transmitted from TRP(s), gNB(s) or cell(s) with high or higher priority.

[0245] In examples, the WTRU may determine to report PRS measurements associated with TRP(s) / gNB(s) / cell(s) with low level of priority (e.g., if TRP(s) / gNB(s) / cell(s) with high level of priority is turned off due to NES).

[0246] The WTRU may determine to make measurements on PRS transmitted from TRP(s), gNB(s) or cell(s) with high or higher priority and determine the WTRU location based on the measurement, for example, if the WTRU is configured with WTRU-based positioning, s.

[0247] For example, if the WTRU is configured to receive from three TRPs, (e.g., TRP_A, TRP_B and TRP_C), the WTRU may be configured with priority level for each TRP from the network. Priority level “high” may be indicated for TRP_A and TRP_B. Priority level “low” may be indicated for TRP_C. In this case, the WTRU may prioritize to make measurements on PRS transmitted from TRP_A and TRP_B. The WTRU may determine to make measurements on PRS transmitted from TRP_C (e.g., TRP with “low”priority level) when there is no PRS transmission from TRP_A and TRP_B due to non-active periods of cell(s) which contain TRP_A and TRP_B.

[0248] In examples, the WTRU may determine the priority level of TRP(s) / g N B(s) / cell (s) based on NES state of cell(s). For example, if a cells is turned off, the WTRU may determine that the TPRs / gNBs in the cell are associated with “low” level of priority. If a cell is turned on, the WTRU may determine that the TPRs / gNBs in the cell are associated with “high” level of priority. The WTRU may be configured with a reference TRP which may be used as the reference to calculate RSTD. For example, the time of arrival (ToA) of the PRS received from the reference TRP may be used as the reference ToA (e.g., ToAjj. The WTRU may be configured with a target PRS received from a TRP. The WTRU may make measurements on ToA of the target PRS (e.g., ToA_t). The WTRU may compute RSTD with RSTD=ToA_r-ToA_t. If the reference TRP belongs to the cell with the activated NES state (e.g., cell is DTX, cell is turned off), the WTRU may select the reference TRP from cells with deactivated NES state (e.g., cell is on) or cells with no NES functionalities. If (e.g., when) the WTRU determines the TRP which is different from the configured reference TRP, the WTRU may report the determined TRP information (e.g., TRP ID, cell ID of the cell TRP belongs to) to the network along with the associated measurements. In examples, if the measurement window (e.g., measurement gap) between two PRSs from different TRPs are configured (e.g., collision of PRS reception), the WTRU may determine to make measurements on the PRS based on the priority level associated with the PRS.

[0249] In examples, if the WTRU is configured or scheduled with SRSp transmissions to different TRPs by the network where two SRSp durations or occasion overlap in the time domain (e.g., collision of SRSp transmission), the WTRU may determine to prioritize transmission of SRSp transmitted to a TRP with higher priority.

[0250] The WTRU may be configured with a time window by the network (e.g., gNB, LMF) with configuration parameters (e.g., start / end time of the window, periodicity, duration) where timing related parameters may be indicated in terms of symbols, slots, subframes, frames or time. The WTRU may determine to perform prioritization of reception of PRS or transmission of SRSp during the window.

[0251] The serving cell and neighbor cells may be in different NES state (e.g., some in cell DTX activated, some in full operation without cell DTX). The serving cell and neighbor cells may have different configurations (e.g., different Tx muting patterns, lengths, periodicities, etc.,), for example, even if they are (e.g., all) in the cell DTX state.

[0252] Measurements may be refrained from being mixed (e.g., it may be important to not mix measurements) from a (e.g., one) cell that are collected at one time with measurements collected from another cell at another time (e.g., which could arise if the cell DTX configuration between the different cellsare very different / disjoint), for example, because the PRSs of serving and neighbor cells that are measured at the same time may be (e.g., typically )used by the network to determine the location of the WTRU.

[0253] In examples, the WTRU may be configured with a time delay margin where it may (e.g., may be allowed to) combine PRSs measured from different cells into one measurement report. For example, due to different cell DTX patterns, the WTRU may listen to PRSs from cells 1 and 2 at time t1 , and (e.g., only) from cells 2 and 3 at time t2, and only from cell 4 at time t3. If the difference between t1 and t2 is below the configured delay threshold for consolidating PRS measurements into one report, the WTRU may send a report containing the measurement from cells 1 , 2 and 3 in one report (e.g., the WTRU may be configured to average the 2 measurements from cell 2 performed at t1 and t2 in this report).

[0254] In examples, the WTRU may be configured to send a PRS measurement report, for example, (e.g., only) if it was able to measure all the cells from which it was configured to receive PRS from (e.g., within a certain duration from the reporting periodicity (e.g., only) if the delay between the first PRS and the last PRS detected for the concerned cells is below a certain duration, etc.).

[0255] In examples, the WTRU may be configured to send a PRS measurement report, for example, (e.g., only) if it was able to measure at least a certain number or percentage of (e.g., all) the cells from which it was configured to receive PRS from.

[0256] NES spatial domain or power domain adaptation may impact PRS reception.

[0257] In examples, the WTRU may be configured (e.g., by the network) with beam information (e.g., beam shape, beam strength) of the TRP. Based on the NES state configuration of the cell or TRP, the WTRU may receive assistance information from the LMF about the beam information applicable during the activated NES state. Based on beam information, the WTRU may make measurements on AoD / AoA of the PRS. For example, a beam shape may be expressed in terms of relative power difference at each angle with respect to a reference point in a beam. For example, -1 dB power difference may be observed at 5 degrees from the reference point.

[0258] In examples, the WTRU may be configured with muted beam elements when the NES is activated for cell (s) or TRP(s). For example, the TRP may have 256 beam elements on a panel, where the dimension of the panel is 16 elements by 16 elements. During the active NES state, the left side of the panel (e.g., 16 elements by 8 elements) may be turned off or muted to conserve power consumption at the TRP. Based on the muted beam elements, the WTRU may determine beam information of the TRP if (e.g., when) the associated cell or TRP is in active NES state. The WTRU may report determined beam information to the network (e.g., either as a standalone message via RRC signaling or LPP message, or along with measurement reports which contain measurements made on PRS which is transmitted form theTRP or cell), for example, if (e.g., when) the WTRU determines beam information based on muted beam elements,.

[0259] In examples, the WTRU may be (pre-)configured with PRS configuration information from one or multiple cells. As part of the PRS configuration information, the WTRU may receive mapping of different NES spatial domain adaptation states. For a (e.g., each) spatial domain adaptation state, the network may indicate the QCL information. The QCL information can be provided in the form of TCI. For each spatial state, the network may indicate the reference signal and the QCL relation. The WTRU may select the relevant reference signal and the QCL status according to the indication received from the network, for example, if (e.g., when) the WTRU is making measurements according to the received PRS configuration, and if the WTRU determines that the cell transmitting PRS is in a given NES state. The WTRU may determine the cell NES state by receiving an explicit indication from the network. In examples, the WTRU may determine the cell NES state by detecting a suitable parameter of a DL signal.

[0260] In examples, the WTRU may be (pre-)configured with PRS configuration information from one or multiple cells. As part of the PRS configuration information, the WTRU may receive mapping of different NES power domain adaptation states. For each power domain adaptation state, the network may indicate the power offset information for PRS signals compared to a suitable reference signal. The suitable reference signal could be an SSB, a CSI-RS signal, or another RS. The power offset information can be provided directly in the PRS configuration or in the NES power domain adaptation configuration. The WTRU may determine the relative power of PRS transmission by the cell if (e.g., when) the power domain adaption is applied or not, for example, if (e.g., when) the WTRU is making positioning measurements according to the received PRS configuration, and the WTRU determines that the cell transmitting PRS is in a given NES power domain adaptation state,.

[0261] In examples, the WTRU may be predefined or pre-configured to keep the PRS measurements as two tuple measurements for each PRS resource: one made over PRS occasions without power domain adaptation, and one measurement over PRS occasions with power domain adaptation applied. The WTRU may report the two measurements to LMF for each PRS resource according to the network configuration.

[0262] In examples, the network may provide explicitly the power compensation parameters to be applied to the PRS measurements made during NES power adaptation phase. The WTRU may determine to combine the PRS measurements made during power adapted PRS and over normal PRS transmission occasions. The WTRU may apply the network indicated power compensation offsets to the PRS measurements made during NES power adaptation states before combining them with measurements made out of power adaptation phase. The combined measurements can then be used by the WTRU forWTRU based positioning method to compute the position, or may be reported to the LMF for WTRU assisted positioning methods.

[0263] In examples, the WTRU may be predefined or pre-configured to combine the PRS measurements made during power adapted PRS and over normal PRS transmission occasions. The WTRU may determine to apply the network indicated power offset differences to the PRS measurements made during NES power adaptation states to combine the PRS measurements for a given PRS resource. The combined measurements can then be used by the WTRU for WTRU based positioning method to compute the position, or may be reported to the LMF for WTRU assisted positioning methods. The WTRU may select the relevant reference signal and the QCL status according to the indication received from the network. The WTRU may determine the cell NES state by receiving an explicit indication from the network. In one design, the WTRU may determine the cell NES state by detecting a suitable parameter of a DL signal.

[0264] In one design, the network may configure the WTRU with SRSp configuration information. For a (e.g., each) SRSp configuration information, the network may in addition provide transmission parameters in relation to different NES states of the network. In one example, the different NES states of the network could be the result of different spatial domain adaptation state. In examples, the different NES states of the network could be the different power domain adaptation states of the network. For a (e.g., each) NES state indicated as part of the SRSp configuration information, the network may indicate one or more of the transmission parameters such as QCL relation, Tx filter to be used for SRSp transmission, or the transmission power of SRSp. For SRSp transmission, the WTRU may determine the NES state of the cell. The WTRU may determine the spatial or power parameters for SRSp transmission according to the determined cell NES state. The WTRU may transmit SRSp according to the determined transmission parameters. The WTRU may send a report to the LMF indicating the SRSp occasions and the selected transmission parameters for each occasion, for example, if the WTRU is configured for reporting,.

[0265] The WTRU may be configured or predefined with a beam or spatial relation association between a received SSB or CSI-RS resource and a PRS or a SRSp spatial relation / beam. For example, the WTRU may be provided with configuration information of beam information (e.g., beam shape, boresight direction) for PRS, spatial information / QCL information about SRSp / PRS and NES configurations (e.g., muting patterns), spatial relations of SSBs / CSI-RS during an associated NES state; etc. The WTRU can determine spatial information or QCL information for SRSp transmission or PRS reception during NES (e.g., if / when the cell / TRP is using a (e.g., at least one of the) NES techniques) according to the configured associated beam for the determined NES state or based on the spatial relation received for an associated SSB or CSI- RS during such NES state.

[0266] Serving cell and neighbor cells can have different NES states. Serving cell and neighbor cells may have different configurations, for example, even if they are in the same NES state. For example, both the serving cell and a neighbor cell can be in an active NES state, wherein the power level reduction by the serving cell can be different than that of the neighbor cell.

[0267] The SRSp configuration information (e.g., power level) may depend (e.g., only) on the NES state of the serving cell.

[0268] The SRSp configuration information may depend on the NES state of the serving cell and neighbor cells (e.g., multitude of SRSp configurations for different NES state combination of serving and neighbor cells, or a baseline SRSp configuration and a scaling factor to convert the baseline configuration to the different possible NES state combinations, etc.,)

[0269] Reporting of PRS measurements for WTRU-assisted positioning and RTT based positioning may be impacted by Cell DRX.

[0270] Reporting of PRS measurements for WTRU-assisted positioning may be impacted by Cell DRX.

[0271] The WTRU may have changed its location from the time the PRS measurements are made (e.g., T2 as shown in FIG. 3) and the time the measurements are reported (e.g., T3 as shown in FIG. 3, which may correspond to the active period of Cell DRX), thus causing additional inaccuracy to the reported positioning measurements.

[0272] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of PRS measurement reporting delayed by cell DRX.

[0273] The WTRU may be preconfigured to report PRS measurements (e.g., only) during the active period of cell DRX. Further, the WTRU can be configured with rules (e.g., restrictions) on when to report or not report PRS measurements. In examples, the WTRU can be configured with a subset of cell DRX ON durations for which the WTRU reports PRS measurements from the serving and neighboring cells, for example, if (e.g., when) cell DRX is activated. The WTRU can be configured with a subset of cell DRX configurations for which the WTRU reports PRS measurements.

[0274] The WTRU may be generally preconfigured to measure PRS only during the active period of cell DTX. Further, the WTRU can also be configured with restrictions on which PRS occasions for which the WTRU should report measurements for. In examples, the WTRU can be configured with a subset of cell DTX ON durations for which the WTRU measures and reports PRS from the serving and neighboring cells, if (e.g., when) cell DTX is activated. The WTRU can be configured with a subset of cell DTX configurations for which the WTRU makes and reports PRS measurements.

[0275] Based on activation of a NES state, the WTRU may report PRS measurements (e.g., only) based on one or more of the following conditions: PRS is received, e.g., possibly with a measurement valueabove a configured threshold; the reporting delay is less than a configured or predefined threshold; WTRU mobility status; a (e.g., at least one) spatial relation, TCI, or QCL assumption has not changed since PRS reception (e.g., T2); etc.

[0276] Based on activation of a NES state, the WTRU may report PRS measurements (e.g., only) based on the reporting delay is less than a configured or predefined threshold. The reporting delay may be less than a configured or predefined threshold. For example, the WTRU may report the PRS measurement, for example, if T3-T2 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 3) is less than a threshold. A maximum delay may be indicated (e.g., by L1 / L2 signaling) in part of the PRS transmission. The WTRU’s location may not be changed by more than a threshold. For example, the WTRU may compute its location successively before the reporting time, and if the WTRU has not changed location by more than a configured threshold, the WTRU may report the applicable PRS measurements. The WTRU may omit some measurement samples that were taken before changing location. The WTRU may combine other positioning methods to determine its location (e.g., GNSS, WTRU-based positioning RSTD etc). The WTRU may also use internal mechanisms for determining whether it has moved or not. They WTRU may report along with the PRS measurement an indication regarding whether I has moved or not.

[0277] Based on activation of a NES state, the WTRU may report PRS measurements (e.g., only) based on UE mobility status. The WTRU may determine that it has not moved by measuring SSBs or other RS (e.g., CSI RS, RLM RS or PRS). If the measurements have not changed more than configured threshold, the WTRU may report PRS measurements last taken.

[0278] The WTRU can report the reporting delay (e.g., time between T3 and T2) along with the PRS measurement or just the time at which the measurement was taken (e.g., T2).

[0279] There could be a mismatch / misalignment of the DRX cycle of the serving cell and the PRS reporting configuration of the WTRU (e.g., the PRS reporting instances fall in the serving cell’s DRX ON duration), for example, due to the fact that Positioning operation may be controlled by the LMF while the NES is controlled by the RAN.

[0280] The WTRU (e.g., based on detecting a mismatch between the PRS measurement reporting configuration and the DRX configuration of the serving cell) may inform the network (e.g., the gNB, the LMF, etc.) about the detection so that the network can be able to make adjustments (e.g., LMF modifying the positioning measurement reporting configuration, gNB changing the NES configuration of the cell, etc.).

[0281] The WTRU may buffer the PRS measurements that were not sent due to the serving cell being in DRX and may send it during the DRX OFF period of the cell. The WTRU may add additional timing information in the report (e.g., time the measurement was performed, time the report was generated, for how long the reporting was delayed, etc.).

[0282] The WTRU may be configured with a (e.g., acceptable) margin / delay that it can delay the sending of the PRS measurement report. If the reporting was delayed for more than this margin, the WTRU may delete the report. The WTRU may (e.g., also) send indication to the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) about this delay being exceeded (e.g., even for one report, for a certain number / percentage of reports, etc.).

[0283] The WTRU may be configured to perform PRS measurements more frequently or send more frequent reports during the DRX OFF period of the serving cell, for example, to compensate for missed opportunities to send the PRS measurement report during cell DRX.

[0284] RTT based positioning may be impact by NES.

[0285] With RTT based positioning, the round-trip time may be used to compute the distance between the WTRU and the gNB. With cell DTX / DRX, the WTRU may delay the SRSp transmission until the active period of cell DRX. T3-T2 may be the SRSp transmission delay (e.g., as shown in FIG. 4). For the serving gNB in DRX mode, T3-T2 can be significantly longer when cell DRX is activated (e.g., because the WTRU may need to wait for a long time for the next possible SRS transmission occasion). In this case, the RTT may not represent the true RTT time.

[0286] FIG. 4 illustrates an example SRSp transmission delayed by cell DRX.

[0287] The WTRU may be (e.g., generally) preconfigured to transmit SRSp (e.g., only) during the active period of cell DRX. Further, the WTRU can be configured with restrictions on when to transmit or not transmit SRSp for the RTT method. The WTRU can be configured with a subset of cell DRX On durations for which the WTRU transmits SRSp to the serving and neighboring cells, if (e.g., when) cell DRX is activated. The WTRU can be configured with a subset of cell DRX configurations for which the transmits SRSp.

[0288] The WTRU can be configured with restrictions on which PRS occasions for which the WTRU should transmit SRSp in response to (e.g., part of RTT positioning). The WTRU can be configured with a subset of cell DTX On durations for which the WTRU should transmit SRSp in response to, for example, if (e.g., when) cell DTX is activated. The WTRU can be configured with a subset of cell DTX configurations for which the WTRU should transmit SRSp in response to.

[0289] Based on activation of a NES state, the WTRU may transmit SRSp part of an RTT positioning session (e.g., only if) based on one or more of the following conditions: PRS is received (e.g., possibly with a measurement value above a configured threshold); the delay between PRS reception and SRSp transmission is less than a configured, indicated, or predefined threshold; WTRU mobility status; a (e.g., at least one) spatial relation, TCI, or QCL assumption has not changed since PRS reception (e.g., T2); NES configuration information; etc.

[0290] Based on activation of a NES state, the WTRU may transmit SRSp part of an RTT positioning session (e.g., only if) based on the delay between PRS reception and SRSp transmission being less than a configured, indicated, or predefined threshold. For example, the WTRU may transmit SRSp, for example, if T3-T2 is less than a threshold. A maximum delay may be indicated (e.g., by L1 / L2 signaling) part of the PRS transmission. For example, if the gap between PRS reception time and SRS or SRSp (SRS for positioning) transmission time is less than a configured or preconfigured threshold, the WTRU may determine to report WTRU Rx-Tx time (e.g., T3-T2). If the gap between PRS reception time and SRS or SRSp (SRS for positioning) transmission time is greater than the configured or preconfigured threshold, the WTRU may determine to report an error cause (e.g., a message indicating that the WTRU Rx-Tx time is greater than the threshold). The threshold may be indicated in terms of time (e.g., seconds, minutes, hours, days), number of symbols, number of slots, number of frames, or number of subframes it has moved or not.

[0291] Based on activation of a NES state, the WTRU may transmit SRSp part of an RTT positioning session (e.g., only if) based on WTRU mobility status. The WTRU may determine that it has not moved by measuring SSBs or other RS (e.g., CSI RS, RLM RS or PRS) of serving and neighbor cells. If the measurements have not changed more than configured threshold, the WTRU may transmit SRS, and (e.g., possibly) include the delay (T3-T2). The WTRU may (e.g., conditionally) transmit SRSp, for example, (e.g., only) if it has moved since the last SRSp transmission, where the WTRU may determine it has moved based on channel measurements (e.g., as described herein) or based on WTRU based location determination. The WTRU may apply such conditional SRSp only to the conditional positioning resource pattern configuration. The WTRU may refrain from transmitting SRSp otherwise, e.g., if it hasn’t moved since the last SRSp transmission, to save on signaling overhead.

[0292] Based on activation of a NES state, the WTRU may transmit SRSp part of an RTT positioning session (e.g., only if) based on if a (e.g., at least one) spatial relation, TCI, or QCL assumption has not changed since PRS reception (e.g., T2)

[0293] Based on activation of a NES state, the WTRU may transmit SRSp part of an RTT positioning session (e.g., only if) based on NES configuration information. For example, if “on” period during DTX and / or DRX is less than a configured or preconfigured threshold, the WTRU may determine to receive PRS and transmit SRSp to report WTRU Rx-Tx time. Duration of “on” period in DTX or DRX may indicate achievable delay in reception of PRS and transmission of SRSp. If the period is greater than the threshold, the WTRU may determine that the NES configuration cannot support the configured the RTT positioning method.

[0294] The WTRU can report the reporting delay (e.g., time between T3 and T2) along with the PRS measurement or just the time at which the measurement was taken (e.g., T2).

[0295] The WTRU may transmit SRSp or report PRS measurement, for example, (e.g., even) during the cell DRX non active period (e.g., possibly after reception of PRS for RTT based positioning). The WTRU may transmit SRSp or PRS measurement after a dynamically indicated delay. The network may indicate a delay between T2 and T3, where the delay can be signaled explicitly (e.g., by DCI or MAC CE signaling) or inferred from the PRS transmission. The delay can be inferred by the WTRU, whereby the delay can be encoded part of the PRS, e.g., based on the physical layer properties of the PRS (e.g., sequence used to scramble PRS, or the time domain or frequency domain occasion on which the PRS was received).

[0296] For sending of SRSp, the DRX of the serving cell and the neighboring cells may matter, for example, as the network needs to receive the SRSp from multiple cells / TRPs to determine / calculate the WTRU’s position.

[0297] The WTRU (e.g., based on detecting a mismatch between the SRSp configuration and the DRX configuration of the serving or neighbor cell) may inform the network (e.g., the gNB, the LMF, etc.) about the detection, for example, so that the network can be able to make adjustments (e.g., LMF modifying the SRSp periodicity, gNB changing the DRX configuration of the serving or neighbor cells, etc.).

[0298] The WTRU may determine a common DRX OFF periods of the serving cell and concerned neighbor cells and send the SRSp only during these periods. The WTRU may be configured to send an indication to the network about the change of the SRSp periodicity due to this adjustment to the DRX operation of the serving and neighbor cells.

[0299] Validity of assistance data may be considered and / or determined.

[0300] Valid or invalid PRS or SRSp configurations for given (e.g., preconfigured) PRS or SRSp configurations may be determined by the WTRU.

[0301] The WTRU may determine a valid set of PRS, SRS, SRSp configurations based on the NES configuration information and / or NES state. For example, if the WTRU is configured with more than one cell(s) and TRP(s) within the cell(s), the WTRU may determine that the cell(s) and associated TRPs may be invalid of the cell(s) are in the NES state (e.g., NW is using at least one of the NES techniques). The WTRU may receive an indication from the network indicating NES configurations and / or cell (s), gNB(s) or TRP(s). Based on the indication, the WTRU may determine (e.g., based on information sent by the network (e.g., SIB)) that some of the cell(s) or TRP(s), PRS or SRSp configurations are not valid due to their active NES state.

[0302] The WTRU may determine that the configurations are not valid based on the NES schedule (e.g., if / when the cell (s), TRP(s) or gNB(s) go into the active NES state) or relative or absolute time at which the cell(s) or TRP(s) becomes inactive. For example, if the WTRU determines that cell_k becomes inactive in Nslots, the WTRU may determine that the PRS configuration associated with cell_k become invalid in N slots.

[0303] Transmission related timing such as TA, power control parameters or spatial information used for SRSp transmission may become valid or invalid based on the NES state.

[0304] Assistance Data sets and mappings to NES states may be provided and / or determined.

[0305] The WTRU may be configured by the network with multiple sets of assistance information for each cell or TRP. A mapping table provides the association of one set of assistance data to one of the NES states that the respective cell / TRP may activate. A (e.g., each) set may comprise of the configurations for DL PRS transmissions with associated spatial relations, QCL relations, power patterns and muting patterns. A (e.g., each) set may in addition comprise of the SRSp configurations, power offsets, QCL relations and muting patterns that the WTRU needs to employ for SRSp transmissions in the uplink direction.

[0306] The WTRU may determine a (e.g., one) suitable set of assistance data to receive DL PRS transmissions or transmit UL SRSp transmission for a given cell / TRP based on cell / TRP NES state.

[0307] The WTRU may determine the cell NES state through explicit NES indication from the cell itself. The WTRU may determine the cell NES state by explicit indication received from another cell. For example, the serving cell / TRP may provide the WTRU indication about the NES states of the neighboring cells / TRPs that WTRU needs to receive / transmit DL-PRS / SRSp from / to. Based on the determined NES state for the cell / TRP that WTRU (e.g., needs to) receives DL-PRS or transmits SRSp, the WTRU may apply the (e.g., suitable) set of assistance data corresponding to the determined NES state. This assistance data may be used to determine transmission parameters / patters for SRSp transmission and / or DL-PRS reception.

[0308] The WTRU may determine the cell / TRP NES state implicitly through receiving a signal or due to not receiving a signal. The missing reference signal such CSI-RS or SSB may indicate the cell / TRP being in a given NES state according to the predefinition / pre-configuration. The reception of a signal with a particular format, timing, physical property may indicate the cell / TRP being in a given NES state. The WTRU may determine the cell NES state and (e.g., then) selects a (e.g., one) of the positioning assistance data set which is associated to the WTRU determined cell / TRP NES state, for example, based on receiving a signal or not receiving a signal,.

[0309] The WTRU may report the Assistance Data Set(s).

[0310] The WTRU may report the indication of the used set of assistance data along with measurement report to the LMF. The reporting may include one or multiple sets of assistance data that the WTRU used while making actual measurements which are part of the measurement report. The WTRU may indicate the one or multiple sets of assistance data that WTRU determined during the positioning session for whichmeasurements are reported. For WTRU based positioning methods, the WTRU may keep an identifier of the one or multiple sets of assistance data the WTRU used while position determination. This identifier can be reported to the network or other entities when WTRU reports it determined location.

[0311] Spatial relation information may be provided, used, and / or determined,

[0312] The WTRU may determine the spatial transmission direction of a SRSp, for example, based on DL or UL RS configured for spatial information with the SRSp. For example, the WTRU may determine, from the configuration information, that DL CSI-RS resource #3 may be configured as spatial relationship information for SRSp resource #1. The WTRU may determine to transmit the SRSp along the direction where the WTRU received the CSI-RS on the CSI-RS resource #3, for example if (e.g., when) the WTRU transmits the SRSp on SRSp resource #1 .

[0313] The WTRU may determine validity of SRSp associated spatially with DL or UL signal or channel, for example, based on the NES state of the cell or TRP from which DL signal or channel is transmitted. For example, if SRSp is spatially aligned with SSB transmitted from a cell and the cell becomes inactive (e.g., the cell is using at least one NES technique), the WTRU may determine that the spatial association between SRSp and the SSB is not valid. The WTRU may determine from broadcast information (e.g., SIB, posSIB) SSBs that are turned off during the inactive state. If the SSB which is configured to be spatially aligned with a SRSp is turned off during the inactive state, the WTRU may determine that the configured spatial information for the SRSp is not valid during the inactive state.

[0314] The WTRU may be configured with multiple (e.g., two) DL RSs for spatial relation information associated with a SRSp where the first and second DL RS correspond to spatial relation information for the SRSp when the NES state is active or inactive, respectively. For example, if the WTRU cannot make measurement on the first DL RS (e.g., RSRP below a configured threshold), the WTRU may determine that the spatial relation information for the first RS is invalid and determines to use the second DL-RS as spatial relationship information. If the WTRU cannot make measurements on both first and second DL-RS, the WTRU may determine to stop transmission of the SRSp.

[0315] Power control may be provided, enabled, and / or determined.

[0316] The WTRU may make measurements on pathloss downlink RS associated with a SRSp to determine transmission power for the SRSp. The WTRU may determine validity of pathloss downlink (DL) RS for SRSp, for example, based on the inactive state and determine the pathloss RS accordingly.

[0317] The WTRU may be configured with two DL RSs for pathloss DL RS for a SRSp, for example, where the first pathloss RS is used if (e.g., when) the cell is in active NES state and the second pathloss RS is used if (e.g., when) the cell is inactive NES state.

[0318] The WTRU may determine which pathloss DL RS to use according to their measurements. If the WTRU does not receive information about the NES state of the cell or TRP (e.g., via SIB), the WTRU may determine that if the WTRU cannot make measurements on the first pathloss RS (e.g., first pathloss RS is not valid), the WTRU may determine that the second pathloss RS is the DL RS to be used for determination of the transmission power of the SRSp. If the WTRU cannot make measurements on both first and second pathloss RS, the WTRU may determine to stop transmission of the SRSp.

[0319] The WTRU may determine which pathloss DL RS to use, for example, according to assistance information on provided by the network. If the WTRU receives information about the NES state of the cell or TRP (e.g., via SIB) the WTRU may determine to make measurements on the pathloss RS that is configured for the NES state (active or inactive NES state). For example, if the WTRU determines that the cell is active from the SIB, the WTRU may determine to make measurements (e.g., RSRP) on the first pathloss RS to determine transmission power for SRSp. If the WTRU determines that the cell is inactive from the SIB, the WTRU may determine to make measurements (e.g., RSRP) on the second pathloss RS to determine transmission power for SRSp.

[0320] “Spatial relationship information” (e.g., as described herein) can also be used interchangeably with “TA” or “Timing Advance”. The WTRU behavior described for power control can be applied as the WTRU behavior to determine timing advance or spatial information when the NES state is active or inactive.

[0321] "SRSp" (e.g., as described herein) can be used interchangeably with “PRS”.

[0322] Granularity of validity of assistance data may be provided and / or determined.

[0323] The WTRU may determine validity of assistance data per layer. As shown in FIG. 5, the PS configuration may be organized in a hierarchical manner. The WTRU may receive an indication from the network that frequency layer is invalid if the number of TRPs (e.g., associated with the frequency layer) which are in the inactive state is greater than the threshold.

[0324] FIG. 5 illustrates an example hierarchical structure of PRS configuration.

[0325] The WTRU may determine from the configuration from the NW that (e.g., if / when the cell is inactive) the indicated frequency layers may follow the DTX pattern of the cell.

[0326] Validity of positioning sessions based on activating a NES technique may be determined, provided, and / or configured.

[0327] The WTRU can receive configuration information indicating (e.g., be defined with) one or more rules to determine whether to maintain positioning measurements / accuracy based on activation of a NES state or to start a (e.g., new) positioning session for NES (i.e. with applicable NES positioning resourcepattern configurations). If (e.g., when) the WTRU determines that a NES state is activated, some assumptions such as beamwidth, spatial relations, LOS / NLOS indicators may no longer be valid and the WTRU may change such assumptions accordingly with new measurements in a new session. Measurement quality may (e.g., be expected to) change compared to non-NES state. Whether the WTRU is expected to continue with the ongoing session or start a new session may be specified and / or configured.

[0328] The WTRU / LMF may (e.g., need to) average measurements over a long time to get good accuracy. But if positioning environment change (e.g., , due to NES), it may not be suitable for the WTRU to average measurements acquired from non-NES and NES periods. The WTRU may be configured or predefined with one or more rules to determine whether to terminate an existing positioning session and start a different (e.g., new) session, including at least one or more of the following conditions:

[0329] The elapsed period in the ongoing positioning session may be larger than a configured or predefined threshold at the time when the NES state is activated. For example, the WTRU may terminate if the duration is larger than a threshold.

[0330] The time from NES state activation until the positioning reporting period (e.g., PRS measurement reporting or SRSp transmission) may be longer than a configured or predefined threshold. For example, the WTRU may terminate if the duration is larger than a threshold.

[0331] Whether positioning assumptions are different during the (e.g., newly) activated NES state and prior stat during which the positioning session was started. Positioning assumptions may include one or more of the following: PRS / SRSp beamwidth, spatial relations or beams, LOS / NLOS indicator, PRS transmission power, active TRPs per cell), etc. The WTRU may terminate the ongoing session, for example, if at least one of these parameters have changed in the (e.g., newly) active NES state.

[0332] The total duration of the positioning session (e.g., larger than a threshold) may be considered. For example, the WTRU may terminate if the duration is larger than a threshold.

[0333] The active Cell DRX and / or cell DTX period may be larger than a threshold.

[0334] A NES state may be activated or deactivated.

[0335] The termination condition(s) may be preconfigured by the network (e.g., by RRC signaling).

[0336] If the WTRU terminates an ongoing positioning session, the WTRU may report the termination of the session or the cause for the termination of the session to the LMF and / or the network. The cause may correspond to one of the configured / defined termination conditions (e.g., as described herein).

[0337] The WTRU may be configured with positioning session parameters to apply only during one or more NES states (e.g., part of a positioning resource pattern configurations). Once the NW is in NES, theWTRU can cancel or restart an ongoing / current positioning session (e.g., a positioning session started using the current non-NES PRS config) and start a different (e.g., new) session (using the positioning resource pattern configurations applicable for the active NES state). Such may depend on the averaging window size and the NES (e.g., cell DTX) duration or whether the physical layer characteristics of the PRS (e.g., power or antenna gains) have changed.

[0338] If the WTRU knows the NES activation time before the NES activation instance (e.g., cell DTX activation or turn off), the WTRU may (e.g., start to) rearrange or switch to a configuration associated with NES during a NES transition time. The WTRU may start a different (e.g., new) positioning session or make measurements during such time window. The time window may be triggered by L1 / L2 signaling or by reception of a reconfiguration associated with a positioning method or NES state.

[0339] The WTRU may average over samples rather than over a time window. For example, based on activation of a NES state (e.g., cell DTX), the WTRU may consider a positioning session defined by a number of averaged samples instead of a time period over which samples are averaged. This may ensure the accuracy of the reported measurements is not compromised.

[0340] UL NES (e.g., Cell DRX, Cell turn off) may impact SRSp in INACTIVE mode.

[0341] LMF may requests SRS configurations from the gNB. If LMF is informed for the cell DRX pattern of all cells, it may omit such pSRS reporting occasion. However, activation of cell DRX may be dynamic, and such can impact the location computation in the LMF.

[0342] The applications described herein may apply to a (e.g., any) RRC state (e.g., Idle, connected, or Inactive), unless the usage is restricted to the inactive state.

[0343] The WTRU may determine whether and how to perform transmissions of SRSp, for example, if (e.g., when) operating in INACTIVE mode, e.g., based on the information / indications received from the network on the SRSp configuration and NES operation of cells possibly associated with the SRSp configuration. The NES operation may include information on whether the one or more cells are in cell DRX or cell DTX active and / or inactive mode, for example.

[0344] The WTRU may be configured with one or more SRSp configurations, consisting of SRSp resources / resource sets, for operation in WTRU INACTIVE mode. Such configuration information may be received by the WTRU from a serving cell or the cell where the WTRU is camped. The WTRU may also be configured with one or more validity conditions associated with the SRSp configurations. Such validity conditions may be configured per SRSp configuration, per WTRU, and / or per NES state / pattern, for example. In this case, the WTRU may continue using an SRSp configuration upon triggering the SRSp transmission so long as the validity conditions are met. The WTRU may suspend or release the SRSp configuration if any of the validity conditions are not met. The WTRU may transmit an indication to theserving cell or the cell where the WTRU is camped, for example, (e.g., possibly) to request to update the SRSp configuration or to activate another SRSp configuration, if the validity conditions are not met, for example. Such validity conditions may include one or more of the following: a TA validity time duration for SRSp; a positioning area; spatial relation information; an RSRP change / difference threshold value; NES pattern(s) (e.g., cell DRX and / or cell DTX patterns); etc.

[0345] A validity condition may include a TA validity time duration for SRSp. The TA time duration may be valid across one or more cells. The WTRU may be configured with multiple TA time duration values where the different TA time durations may be associated with different NES modes / patterns / configurations of one or more cells associated with the configured SRSp. WTRU may determine the TA validity time duration to apply for the SRSp configuration based on the activated cell DRX pattern, for example.

[0346] A validity condition may include a positioning area. A positioning area may include one or more cells (e.g., list of cell IDs, positioning area ID) where an SRSp configuration may be valid. The WTRU may be configured with multiple positioning areas, where the different positioning areas may be associated with different SRSp configurations. The WTRU may determine the SRSp configuration information to apply based on the positioning area where the WTRU may be located.

[0347] A validity condition may include a spatial relation information. Spatial relation information may include one or more of QCL info (e.g., QCL sources), reference beams, reference TRPs / gNBs, and reference signals (e.g., path loss RS, SSB or PRS) associated with one or more cells where an SRSp configuration may be valid. The WTRU may use a reference signal associated with a cell for determining the transmit power and / or spatial filter to apply when transmitting SRSp. The WTRU may assume the configured SRSp to be valid as long as the associated spatial relation information is determined to be valid.

[0348] A validity condition may include an RSRP change / difference threshold value. An RSRP change may be related to the difference in the RSRP measured by WTRU on a reference signal (e.g., path loss RS or SSB) at two time instances, where the first time instance may be associated to the reception of the SRSp configuration and the second time instance may be associated to the time when the SRSp is triggered for transmission. The WTRU may be configured with multiple RSRP change / difference threshold values, where the different threshold values may be associated with different NES patterns / configurations.

[0349] A validity condition may include an NES patterns (e.g., cell DRX and / or cell DTX patterns). An NES pattern, which may be applied at one or more cells, may include a set of parameters, for example, including a start time offset (e.g., with respect to SFN), active / inactive period duration for cell DTX / DRX and periodicity. An SRSp configuration may be associated with multiple NES patterns, for example. The WTRU may assume an SRSp configuration is valid and use the SRSp configuration, for example, if one or more associated cells apply an NES pattern associated with the SRSp configuration. The WTRU may suspendand / or release an SRSp configuration if an NES pattern different than the pattern associated with the SRSp configuration is activated or an NES pattern associated with the SRSp configuration is deactivated. The WTRU may assume an SRSp configuration is valid if one or more parameters (e.g., cell DRX active period duration) of an NES pattern is activated. The WTRU may suspend / release an SRSp configuration if any of the associated parameters are deactivated or if any alternative parameters are activated, for example.

[0350] The WTRU may receive the SRSp configurations for INACTIVE mode operation, and (e.g., possibly) a (e.g., any of the) validity condition (e.g., as described herein), for example, in RRC signaling / messages (e.g., RRCRelease with SuspendConfig), MAC CE or DCI. Such configuration information may be received when in CONNECTED state, when transitioning to INACTIVE state or when in INACTIVE state, for example. In an example, the WTRU may apply a first set of validity conditions, possibility not related to NES operation (e.g., TA validity time duration, positioning area), if (e.g., when) initially receiving the SRSp configuration. The WTRU may apply a second set of validity conditions, possibly related to NES operation, when receiving an activation / deactivation indication (e.g., in DCI) associated with an NES configuration / pattern, for example.

[0351] If (e.g., when) the WTRU is configured with a cell DRX pattern, the WTRU may determine whether to transmit or skip SRSp transmissions in the occasions / slots associated with the SRSp configuration, for example, based on the alignment of the SRSp configuration with the cell DRX pattern. Such scenarios may apply when the WTRU receives the cell DRX activation indication from a serving cell or notified on a cell that may be transitioning into a cell DRX mode whose coverage area the WTRU may be entering. For example, the WTRU may skip SRSp transmission when any of the symbols / slots associated with SRSp overlap with those in the periods where the cell may be in cell DRX inactive mode. Alternatively, the WTRU may transmit SRSp when the associated symbols / slots are overlap with those in the periods where the cell may be in cell DRX active mode, for example.

[0352] The WTRU may be configured with multiple SRSp configurations for INACTIVE mode operation, where the different SRSp configurations may be associated with different NES patterns (e.g., cell DRX / DTX patterns). For example, the different SRSp configurations may be associated with different parameters including SRSp sequences, start offset, periodicity, transmission duration, etc. The WTRU may be configured with at least a default SRSp configuration, which may be received by the WTRU, for example, if (e.g., when) transitioning into INACTIVE mode. The WTRU may initially transmit SRSp using the default SRSp configuration. The WTRU may switch to another SRSp configuration associated with an NES pattern if (e.g., when) receiving an activation indication of the NES pattern, for example. The WTRU may select an SRSp configuration from a preconfigured set that may best match / align with the NES pattern indicated in the activation indication and / or other positioning related factors (e.g., latency, accuracy, power savings), forexample. The WTRU may send an indication to network to request the activation of the selected SRSp configuration or request a new SRSp configuration, when receiving the activation indication of the NES pattern.

[0353] If (e.g., when) the WTRU is configured with an INACTIVE mode DRX configuration the WTRU may determine to transmit SRSp or skip SRSp transmission during cell DRX active periods, for example, based on whether the symbols / slots associated with SRSp are within or outside of the DRX active period. For example, during cell DRX active periods, the WTRU may determine to transmit SRSp if the symbols / slots associated with SRSp overlap with the DRX active period. Alternatively, when the symbols / slots associated with SRSp are outside of the DRX active periods, the WTRU may skip SRSp transmission for example.

[0354] The WTRU may be configured with one or more time windows, including parameters associated with the time window such as start time offset, window length (e.g., number of symbols / slots) and periodicity, for performing SRSp transmission during NES operation (e.g., cell DRX periods). Such time window may be associated with the SRSp configuration received by WTRU during INACTIVE mode operation. For the example, the time window may be activated / deactivated along with the SRSp configuration or separately in another indication (e.g., MAC CE, DCI). Such time window may be used for determining whether to transmit SRSp and / or skip SRSp transmission when the time window overlaps with the cell DRX active / inactive periods. For example, the WTRU may transmit SRSp when the time window is activated, even when certain symbols / slots of the time window are outside of the cell DRX active duration. For high priority positioning service (e.g., indicated by a priority value), the WTRU may (e.g., autonomously) activate the time window or send an indication to network to request to activate the time window so that SRSp transmissions by WTRU may be prioritized over NES mode of the cell.

[0355] If (e.g., when) determining the cell where the WTRU may be camped in is in NES mode associated with spatial adaptation (e.g., a number of beams are disabled during cell DTX / DRX), the WTRU may adjust the Tx beam pattern when transmitting SRSp in INACTIVE mode. Such adjustment to the SRSp beam pattern may be performed with or without beam sweeping, possibly based on the reference signals / beams associated with the NES mode applied in the cell. For example, the WTRU may adjust the SRSp beam pattern for beam alignment according to a preconfigured or detected reference beam associated with the NES mode. The WTRU may adjust the transmit power (e.g., power control), the timing of the SRSp transmission (e.g., occasions / slots), and / or the beam to use for SRSp transmission, for example, based on preconfigured / detection of the reference beams associated with the NES mode.

[0356] The WTRU may transmit an indication to network (e.g., gNB, LMF) indicating the changes applied to the SRSp transmission, for example, where the WTRU may change the SRSp transmissionparameters during INACTIVE mode according to the NES pattern of one or more cells. Such changes to SRSp may include any changes to SRSp resources / resource sets, beams patterns, cells / TRPs / gNBs to which SRSp is transmitted, transmission timing (e.g., symbols / slots), TA value, periodicity, and transmit power. For example, if (e.g., when) changing the periodicity of periodic or semi-persistent SRSp transmission to align with the periodicity of the cell DRX pattern, the WTRU may send an indication to network indicating the periodicity change applied to SRSp. The WTRU may send an indication to network if (e.g., when) changing the cells / TRPs / gNBs to which SRSp is transmitted and the associated SRSp transmission parameters (e.g., spatial filter, beams, transmit power). In this case, the WTRU may change the SRSp transmission to cells / TRPs / gNBs that may be operating in cell DRX active periods or in non-NES mode, for example.

[0357] The WTRU may change / update the reference signals used for pathloss estimation based on the NES mode of the cells, for example, where the WTRU may transmit SRSp to more than one cell. The pathloss estimation derived using the updated reference signals may be used by WTRU for determining any of the SRSp transmit power (e.g., power control), TA value to apply and SRSp beam pattern. For example, the WTRU may combine multiple pathloss reference signals received from the cells operating in NES mode (e.g., during cell DTX active periods) for determining the transmit power or TA value to apply when transmitting SRSp to the different cells. The WTRU may also combine the multiple pathloss reference signals (e.g., N SSBs) to derive a common beam that may be applied when transmitting SRSp to the different cells.

[0358] Where the WTRU may be configured with a positioning area (e.g., consisting of one or more cells) and where the SRSp configuration may be applied during INACTIVE mode, the WTRU may prioritize the selection of reference signals / beams associated with the cells that may be in non-NES mode for adjusting the transmission parameters (e.g., beam pattern, transmit power, timing, TA value) of SRSp.

[0359] The WTRU may be configured with one or more rules or exceptions associated with the NES pattern (e.g., cell DTX / DRX pattern) for determining whether to transmit SRSp in occasions outside of cell DRX active periods. The WTRU may assume the cell DRX active period may be extended for a certain duration (e.g., Y time slots / symbols) when the configured rules / exceptions are detected or apply when transmitting SRSp, for example. Such rules / exceptions may apply for one or more SRSp configurations (e.g., high priority) that may be preconfigured in WTRU and / or activated prior to the SRSp transmissions, for example. Such rules / exceptions may apply when receiving an indication from network on extension of cell DRX active periods, possibly by a certain number of slots / occasions / periods and / or possibly due to suspension / dropping of SRSp transmission (e.g., in N counts / instances) in previous occasions / periods, for example.

[0360] Area based INACTIVE mode positioning may be supported.

[0361] The applications described herein may apply to any RRC state (e.g., Idle, connected, or Inactive), for example, unless the usage is restricted to the inactive state.

[0362] The WTRU may be configured with one or more SRSp configurations for INACTIVE mode operation, where the different SRSp configurations may be valid for usage at least in a (e.g., one) positioning area consisting of multiple cells. The different SRSp configurations may be associated with different parameters including SRSp sequences, periodicity, and resources / resource sets, for example. The positioning area, where the SRSp configurations may be valid, may be associated an area-based NES mode / pattern (e.g., all cells in the positioning area may apply the same cell DTX / DRX pattern) or cell-based NES mode / pattern (e.g., a subset of one or more cells in the positioning area may apply the same cell DTX / DRX pattern), for example.

[0363] For enabling SRSp transmission in INACTIVE mode in a positioning area, the WTRU may be configured with the one or more of the following information associated with the positioning area: list of cells (e.g., cell IDs) in the positioning area that do not support NES or not NES-capable, for example, includeing cells that may perform normal / legacy transmissions / receptions without entering into cell DTX / DRX mode or support any NES-based spatial adaptations, SRSp configurations that may be applied with cells that no not support NES, and / or the like; a list of cells (e.g., cell IDs) in the positioning area that support NES or NES-capable, for example, including cells that may perform transmissions / receptions according to an NES mode / pattern, NES patterns (e.g., cell DTX / DRX patterns) associated with a subset of one of more cells, SRSp configurations that may be applied with cells that support NES, a common SRSp configuration that may be applied for several associated cells (e.g., an SRSp configuration may be common / shared across different cells based on CHO candidates associated with an NES cell), and / or the like; an indication on whether the cells in the positioning area consist of only non-NES capable cells, only NES-capable cells and / or a mix of non-NES and NES capable cells; etc.

[0364] A WTRU may be configured with a positioning area with an area-based NES mode / pattern. The WTRU may (e.g., also) be configured with at least two SRS configurations associated with the positioning area, where the first SRSp configuration may be applied when NES mode / pattern is not activated or deactivated, and the second SRSp configuration may be applied when the NES mode / pattern is activated. The first SRSp configuration may be applied during active periods of an activated NES pattern (e.g., during cell DRX active periods) and the second SRSp configuration may be applied during non-active periods of the NES pattern (e.g., during cell DRX non-active periods). The WTRU may switch from the first to the second SRSp configuration, for example, based on (e.g., if / when) receiving an indication (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC CE or DCI) that the area-based NES mode / pattern is activated. If (e.g., when) the WTRU ispreconfigured with multiple SRSp configurations, the WTRU may select and / or use the SRSp configurations that may be aligned with the activated area-based NES mode / pattern.

[0365] A WTRU configured with an SRSp configuration and a positioning area including cells that may be operating in an NES mode / pattern, may determine to update the NES mode / pattern to align with the configured SRSp configuration. In this case, the WTRU may send an indication to network to request to change / update the NES mode / pattern according to the SRSp configuration. The WTRU may send an indication to network to request a new / updated SRSp configuration if (e.g., when) determining that any of the cells, possibly in a positioning area, where the WTRU may be camped in or expected to move into apply an NES mode / pattern that may not be aligned with the configured SRSp configuration. Such an indication may be sent in any of initial access messages (e.g., RACH preamble, MSG1 , MSG3, MSG A), UL-WUS indication, PUSCH transmission (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC CE), PUCCH transmission (e.g., UCI) and SRSp with an alternative sequence / pattern.

[0366] NES may impact positioning scheduling

[0367] For Mobile Terminated Location Request (MT-LR), the LMF may issue a location request at a scheduled time, the LMF may not know the gNB NES status for the WTRU’s serving cell or camped cell. For scheduled location time (e.g., the time WTRU reports its location to the LMF), the serving cell or one of the neighboring cells may enter the NES. The WTRU may refrain from reporting (e.g., not be able to report) measurements at the scheduled timing. LMF may configure scheduled location time (SLT). SLT may be configured independently of NES configurations. NES state activation may be dynamic, for example, which can happen in absence with coordination with the LMF. If scheduled location time was configured / scheduled before NES was activated, and the scheduled time happens to coincide with NES state or a cell DRX non-active period, the WTRU may refrain from reporting (e.g., not be able to report) its location timely and the WTRU behavior needs to be specified.

[0368] If (e.g., when) the WTRU determines that the serving cell is in NES, if the network refrains from receiving (e.g., is not able to receive) the location report during the SLT, if the serving cell is about to activate a NES state or turn off, and / or if the NES period (e.g., Cell DRX non-active period) overlaps with the already SLT, the WTRU may perform one or more of the following actions: report an error to the network or the LMF, for example, where the report may contain an error cause (e.g., measurements were not made, measurements were not sent to the network, location information was not sent to the network due to the inactive state of the network); report the serving cell index to the LMF; report to the LMF, the serving cell’s NES state, or the NES state that is about to be activated during the SLT; request for a (e.g., new) scheduled location time, for example, where the WTRU may send a request to the network for different time to send information (e.g., location information, measurements) by asking for offset in thereporting time, or the WTRU may indicate the offset values applied to the occasions associated with SLT when performing PRS measurements or SRSp transmissions for aligning with the NES states / patterns; reports the location at the closest occasion (e.g., if / when the NW can receive in NES; delay the reporting to the next possible uplink transmission occasion (e.g., outside of a NES state, or during cell DRX active period after the scheduled time), for example, where the WTRU may recompute its location estimate or report it only if it hasn't changed more than a threshold (e.g., or within a certain max delay or position has changed); etc.

[0369] The WTRU may be configured with SLT, for example, that may include of one or more time instances / occasions, at which the WTRU may (e.g., be expected to) perform one or more of the following: make measurements on PRS, transmit SRSp, and / or report measurements or location information of the WTRU to the network (e.g., LMF). The WTRU may report (e.g., any of) the information (e.g., as described herein) before the cell activates the NES state. Among the possible scheduled SLTs, the WTRU may select the SLT to report the requested info as the SLT that overlaps with the cell DRX active period.

[0370] The WTRU may be configured with per NES state, per positioning resource pattern configuration, or per MT-LR procedure with an offset to apply when the SLT overlaps with NES state / cell DRX non-active period. The WTRU may report its location at one or multiple offsets from the SLT when the SLT overlaps with a NES state / cell DRX non active period.

[0371] Although features and elements described above are described in particular combinations, each feature or element may be used alone without the other features and elements of the preferred embodiments, or in various combinations with or without other features and elements.

[0372] Although the implementations described herein may consider 3GPP specific protocols, it is understood that the implementations described herein are not restricted to this scenario and may be applicable to other wireless systems. For example, although the solutions described herein consider LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR) or 5G specific protocols, it is understood that the solutions described herein are not restricted to this scenario and are applicable to other wireless systems as well.

[0373] The processes described above may be implemented in a computer program, software, and / or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer and / or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmitted over wired and / or wireless connections) and / or computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer- readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as, but not limited to, internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and / or optical media such as compact disc (CD)-ROM disks, and / or digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association withsoftware may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, terminal, base station, RNC, and / or any host computer.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat Is Claimed Is:1 . A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising: a processor configured to: receive positioning reference signal (PRS) measurement configuration information associated with an active network energy savings (NES) state; receive, from a network device, an NES state indication, wherein the NES state indication indicates that a cell is in the active NES state; based on the NES state indication, switch to a PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state based on the PRS measurement configuration information, based on the switch to the PRS measurement configuration, start or restart an active NES positioning session; and send a report that indicates a PRS measurement associated with the active NES state.

2. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the PRS measurement configuration indicates a priority associated with PRS measurement performance relative to a priority associated with physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) monitoring.

3. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the PRS measurement configuration information indicates that, during the active NES state, a priority associated with PRS measurement performance is lower than a priority associated with physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) monitoring, and wherein the PRS measurement configuration information indicates that, outside the active NES state, the priority associated with PRS measurement performance is higher than the priority associated with PDCCH monitoring.

4. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: calculate a location estimate using the PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state; and send an indication that indicates the location estimate.

5. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: send, to a network entity, an indication that indicates that the cell is applying an NES technique.

6. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the PRS measurement configuration information indicates one or more of a transmission power level to use during active NES, a PRS resource, a PRS mute duration, an association between the PRS measurement configuration and the cell, an association between the PRS measurement configuration and a transmit / receive point (TRP), or a reporting occasion.

7. The WTRU of claim 1 , the PRS measurement is associated with the active NES positioning session.

8. The WTRU of claim 7, wherein the report does not include a PRS measurement performed outside the active NES positioning session.

9. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the report is sent during an active period of cell discontinuous reception.

10. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the PRS measurement is a first PRS measurement, wherein the active NES state is a first active NES state, wherein the active NES positioning session comprises a second PRS measurement from a second active NES state, wherein the second active NES state occurred before the first active NES state, and wherein the report further indicates the second PRS measurement.

11. A method comprising: receiving positioning reference signal (PRS) measurement configuration information associated with an active network energy savings (NES) state; receiving, from a network device, an NES state indication, wherein the NES state indication indicates that a cell is in the active NES state; based on the NES state indication, switching to a PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state based on the PRS measurement configuration information, based on the switch to the PRS measurement configuration, starting or restarting an active NES positioning session; and sending a report that indicates a PRS measurement associated with the active NES state.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the PRS measurement configuration indicates a priority associated with PRS measurement performance relative to a priority associated with physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) monitoring.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the PRS measurement configuration information indicates that, during the active NES state, a priority associated with PRS measurement performance is lower than a priority associated with physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) monitoring, and wherein the PRS measurement configuration information indicates that, outside the active NES state, the priority associated with PRS measurement performance is higher than the priority associated with PDCCH monitoring.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the method further comprises: calculating a location estimate using the PRS measurement configuration associated with the active NES state; and sending an indication that indicates the location estimate.

15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the method further comprises: sending, to a network entity, an indication that indicates that the cell is applying an NES technique.

16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the PRS measurement configuration information indicates one or more of a transmission power level to use during active NES, a PRS resource, a PRS mute duration, an association between the PRS measurement configuration and the cell, an association between the PRS measurement configuration and a transmit / receive point (TRP), or a reporting occasion.

17. The method of claim 11, the PRS measurement is associated with the active NES positioning session.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the report does not include a PRS measurement performed outside the active NES positioning session.

19. The method of claim 11 , wherein the report is sent during an active period of cell discontinuous reception.

20. The method of claim 11 , wherein the PRS measurement is a first PRS measurement, wherein the active NES state is a first active NES state, wherein the active NES positioning session comprises a second PRS measurement from a second active NES state, wherein the second active NES state occurred before the first active NES state, and wherein the report further indicates the second PRS measurement.

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