Reporting of l1-rsrp margins for predictive beam management
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- QUALCOMM INC
- Filing Date
- 2023-08-18
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-24
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems, particularly in 5G NR, face challenges in accurately monitoring the performance of AI/ML models used for predictive beam management, leading to limited confidence in the reported prediction accuracy.
The proposed solution involves reporting a reliable metric, such as L1-RSRP margins, to gauge the precision of AI/ML model predictions in wireless communication. This is achieved by having the UE predict beams, perform measurements, and transmit performance information indicating the difference between predicted and actual signal measurements to the network node.
This approach provides a concrete metric for evaluating prediction accuracy, thereby enhancing the precision of beam predictions and improving the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication systems.
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Figure CN2023113679_27022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
REPORTING OF L1-RSRP MARGINS FOR PREDICTIVE BEAM MANAGEMENTTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems, and more particularly, to wireless communication including predictive beam management.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0004] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , massive machine type communications (mMTC) , and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) . Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.
[0005] BRIEF SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects. This summary neither identifies key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineates the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided for wireless communication at a user equipment (UE) . The apparatus may include at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. Based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, may be configured to predict one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams; perform first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams; and transmit, to a network node, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements.
[0008] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided for wireless communication at a network entity. The apparatus may include at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. Based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, may be configured to transmit, to a UE, a first set of reference signals (RSs) via a first set of beams to initiate the UE to predict one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams; and receive, from the UE, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements on the first set of beams.
[0009] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects may include the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network.
[0011] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0012] FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of downlink (DL) channels within a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0013] FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating an example of a second frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 2D is a diagram illustrating an example of uplink (UL) channels within a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and user equipment (UE) in an access network.
[0016] FIG. 4 is an example of an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) algorithm of a method of wireless communication.
[0017] FIG. 5A is a diagram illustrating an example of spatial beam prediction using an AI / ML model.
[0018] FIG. 5B is a diagram illustrating an example of spatial beam prediction using an AI / ML model.
[0019] FIG. 5C is a diagram illustrating an example of temporal beam prediction using an AI / ML model.
[0020] FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating an example of UE-side performance monitoring for an AI / ML model in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating an example of NW-side performance monitoring for an AI / ML model in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of hybrid performance monitoring for an AI / ML model in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating examples of dedicated RSs for performance monitoring in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating an example of performance monitoring in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 9B is a diagram illustrating an example of performance monitoring in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 10 is a call flow diagram illustrating a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a UE in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a UE in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a network entity in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a network entity in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example apparatus and / or network entity.
[0032] FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0033] Artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) models may be used for beam management in wireless communication, such as for wireless communication between a user equipment (UE) and a base station. For example, AI / ML models may predict and select a beam in a spatial and / or temporal domain for use in wireless communication between the UE and the base station. However, monitoring the performance of the predictions made by the AI / ML models remains a challenging task. Some confidence reporting may be based on the probability of a correct prediction, but may be reported without test procedures for a network to verify the reported probability. As a result, the network operators and vendors may have very limited information regarding the accuracy of such probability reports. Example aspects presented herein address these issues by introducing a reliable metric that can assist a UE and / or network in gauging the precision of the AI / ML model predictions in real-world scenarios.
[0034] Various aspects relate generally to wireless communication. Some aspects more specifically relate to the reporting of layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) margins for predictive beam management in wireless communication. In some examples, a UE may predict, using an AI / ML model, for example, one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams; and perform first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams. The UE may further transmit, to a network node, performance information indicating a difference (e.g., margin) between a first signal measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP) associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement (e.g., L1-RSRP) associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. In some aspects, the UE may perform, prior to predicting the one or more predicted beams, preliminary beam measurements respectively on a preliminary set of beams, and the first set of beams may be based on the preliminary beam measurements. Furthermore, depending on whether a certain condition related to the difference between the signal measurements is met, the UE may perform a lift cycle management (LCM) operation on the AI / ML model, which may involve activating the AI / ML model, deactivating the AI / ML model, switching to another AI / ML model, or performing a fallback operation on the AI / ML model.
[0035] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by calculating the differential in metrics, such as L1-RSRP, between the predicted and the actual best beams, the described techniques may provide a concrete metric for gauging prediction accuracy, and hence improve the precision of beam predictions, thereby enhancing the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication. In some aspects, the reporting of the metrics, such as L1-RSRP, may be event-triggered (e.g., when the L1-RSRP margin exceeds a predetermined threshold) . This can help to ensure that significant deviations, which may affect communication quality, are reported, while reducing unnecessary overhead. In some aspects, by enabling the UE to deactivate or switch AI / ML functionality or revert to a legacy procedure based on the L1-RSRP margin, the described techniques ensure the optimal performance of the AI / ML model under varying conditions.
[0036] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the drawings describes various configurations and does not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0037] Several aspects of telecommunication systems are presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods are described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0038] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the functions individually or in combination. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise, shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, or any combination thereof.
[0039] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, implementations, and / or use cases, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, such computer-readable media can include a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0040] While aspects, implementations, and / or use cases are described in this application by illustration to some examples, additional or different aspects, implementations and / or use cases may come about in many different arrangements and scenarios. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein may be implemented across many differing platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may come about via integrated chip implementations and other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI) -enabled devices, etc. ) . While some examples may or may not be specifically directed to use cases or applications, a wide assortment of applicability of described examples may occur. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may range a spectrum from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations and further to aggregate, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more techniques herein. In some practical settings, devices incorporating described aspects and features may also include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspect. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes a number of components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antenna, RF-chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffer, processor (s) , interleaver, adders / summers, etc. ) . Techniques described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc. of varying sizes, shapes, and constitution.
[0041] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station (BS) , or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB) , evolved NB (eNB) , NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , or a cell, etc. ) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.
[0042] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , or one or more radio units (RUs) ) . In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) .
[0043] Base station operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) ) , or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) ) . Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.
[0044] FIG. 1 is a diagram 100 illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network. The illustrated wireless communications system includes a disaggregated base station architecture. The disaggregated base station architecture may include one or more CUs 110 that can communicate directly with a core network 120 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 120 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 115 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 105, or both) . A CU 110 may communicate with one or more DUs 130 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 130 may communicate with one or more RUs 140 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 140 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 140.
[0045] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 110, the DUs 130, the RUs 140, as well as the Near-RT RICs 125, the Non-RT RICs 115, and the SMO Framework 105, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or to transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or to transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) , configured to receive or to transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0046] In some aspects, the CU 110 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 110. The CU 110 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 110 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as an E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 110 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 130, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0047] The DU 130 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 140. In some aspects, the DU 130 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation, demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by 3GPP. In some aspects, the DU 130 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 130, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 110.
[0048] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 140. In some deployments, an RU 140, controlled by a DU 130, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 140 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 140 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 130 and the CU 110 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0049] The SMO Framework 105 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 105 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements that may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 105 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 190) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 110, DUs 130, RUs 140 and Near-RT RICs 125. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 105 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 111, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 105 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 105 also may include a Non-RT RIC 115 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 105.
[0050] The Non-RT RIC 115 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 125. The Non-RT RIC 115 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 125. The Near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 125.
[0051] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 125, the Non-RT RIC 115 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 125 and may be received at the SMO Framework 105 or the Non-RT RIC 115 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 115 or the Near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 115 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 105 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0052] At least one of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 may be referred to as a base station 102. Accordingly, a base station 102 may include one or more of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 (each component indicated with dotted lines to signify that each component may or may not be included in the base station 102) . The base station 102 provides an access point to the core network 120 for a UE 104. The base station 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links between the RUs 140 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to an RU 140 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from an RU 140 to a UE 104. The communication links may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base station 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0053] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL wireless wide area network (WWAN) spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, BluetoothTM (Bluetooth is a trademark of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) ) , Wi-FiTM (Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance) based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0054] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with UEs 104 (also referred to as Wi-Fi stations (STAs) ) via communication link 154, e.g., in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum or the like. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the UEs 104 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0055] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz –300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band.
[0056] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) . Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR2-2 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , FR4 (71 GHz –114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.
[0057] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.
[0058] The base station 102 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate beamforming. The base station 102 may transmit a beamformed signal 182 to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 102 in one or more receive directions. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal 184 to the base station 102 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 102 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 102 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 102 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 102 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0059] The base station 102 may include and / or be referred to as a gNB, Node B, eNB, an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a TRP, network node, network entity, network equipment, or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 can be implemented as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, an aggregated (monolithic) base station with a baseband unit (BBU) (including a CU and a DU) and an RU, or as a disaggregated base station including one or more of a CU, a DU, and / or an RU. The set of base stations, which may include disaggregated base stations and / or aggregated base stations, may be referred to as next generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN) .
[0060] The core network 120 may include an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 161, a Session Management Function (SMF) 162, a User Plane Function (UPF) 163, a Unified Data Management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. The AMF 161 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 120. The AMF 161 supports registration management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. The SMF 162 supports session management and other functions. The UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. The UDM 164 supports the generation of authentication and key agreement (AKA) credentials, user identification handling, access authorization, and subscription management. The one or more location servers 168 are illustrated as including a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 165 and a Location Management Function (LMF) 166. However, generally, the one or more location servers 168 may include one or more location / positioning servers, which may include one or more of the GMLC 165, the LMF 166, a position determination entity (PDE) , a serving mobile location center (SMLC) , a mobile positioning center (MPC) , or the like. The GMLC 165 and the LMF 166 support UE location services. The GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) for accessing UE positioning information. The LMF 166 receives measurements and assistance information from the NG-RAN and the UE 104 via the AMF 161 to compute the position of the UE 104. The NG-RAN may utilize one or more positioning methods in order to determine the position of the UE 104. Positioning the UE 104 may involve signal measurements, a position estimate, and an optional velocity computation based on the measurements. The signal measurements may be made by the UE 104 and / or the base station 102 serving the UE 104. The signals measured may be based on one or more of a satellite positioning system (SPS) 170 (e.g., one or more of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) , global position system (GPS) , non-terrestrial network (NTN) , or other satellite position / location system) , LTE signals, wireless local area network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, a terrestrial beacon system (TBS) , sensor-based information (e.g., barometric pressure sensor, motion sensor) , NR enhanced cell ID (NR E-CID) methods, NR signals (e.g., multi-round trip time (Multi-RTT) , DL angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) , DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) , UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) , and UL angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA) positioning) , and / or other systems / signals / sensors.
[0061] Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. In some scenarios, the term UE may also apply to one or more companion devices such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may collectively access the network and / or individually access the network.
[0062] Referring again to FIG. 1, in certain aspects, the UE 104 may include a measurement report component 198. The measurement report component 198 may be configured to predict one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams; perform first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams; and transmit, to a network node, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. In certain aspects, the base station 102 may include a measurement report component 199. The measurement report component 199 may be configured to transmit, to a UE, a first set of reference signals (RSs) via a first set of beams to initiate the UE to predict one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams; and receive, from the UE, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements on the first set of beams. Although the following description may be focused on 5G NR, the concepts described herein may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-A, CDMA, GSM, and other wireless technologies.
[0063] FIG. 2A is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. FIG. 2B is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G NR subframe. FIG. 2C is a diagram 250 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. FIG. 2D is a diagram 280 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure may be frequency division duplexed (FDD) in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) , subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL, or may be time division duplexed (TDD) in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) , subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL. In the examples provided by FIGs. 2A, 2C, the 5G NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, with subframe 4 being configured with slot format 28 (with mostly DL) , where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexible for use between DL / UL, and subframe 3 being configured with slot format 1 (with all UL) . While subframes 3, 4 are shown with slot formats 1, 28, respectively, any particular subframe may be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0-61. Slot formats 0, 1 are all DL, UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2-61 include a mix of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. UEs are configured with the slot format (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) through a received slot format indicator (SFI) . Note that the description infra applies also to a 5G NR frame structure that is TDD.
[0064] FIGs. 2A-2D illustrate a frame structure, and the aspects of the present disclosure may be applicable to other wireless communication technologies, which may have a different frame structure and / or different channels. A frame (10 ms) may be divided into 10 equally sized subframes (1 ms) . Each subframe may include one or more time slots. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which may include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each slot may include 14 or 12 symbols, depending on whether the cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For normal CP, each slot may include 14 symbols, and for extended CP, each slot may include 12 symbols. The symbols on DL may be CP orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) symbols. The symbols on UL may be CP-OFDM symbols (for high throughput scenarios) or discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbols (for power limited scenarios; limited to a single stream transmission) . The number of slots within a subframe is based on the CP and the numerology. The numerology defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) (see Table 1) . The symbol length / duration may scale with 1 / SCS.
[0065] Table 1: Numerology, SCS, and CP
[0066] For normal CP (14 symbols / slot) , different numerologies μ 0 to 4 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots, respectively, per subframe. For extended CP, the numerology 2 allows for 4 slots per subframe. Accordingly, for normal CP and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ* 15 kHz, where μ is the numerology 0 to 4. As such, the numerology μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ=4 has a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGs. 2A-2D provide an example of normal CP with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs. Within a set of frames, there may be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) (see FIG. 2B) that are frequency division multiplexed. Each BWP may have a particular numerology and CP (normal or extended) .
[0067] A resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
[0068] As illustrated in FIG. 2A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE. The RS may include demodulation RS (DM-RS) (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS) , beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0069] FIG. 2B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs) , each CCE including six RE groups (REGs) , each REG including 12 consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol of an RB. A PDCCH within one BWP may be referred to as a control resource set (CORESET) . A UE is configured to monitor PDCCH candidates in a PDCCH search space (e.g., common search space, UE-specific search space) during PDCCH monitoring occasions on the CORESET, where the PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different aggregation levels. Additional BWPs may be located at greater and / or lower frequencies across the channel bandwidth. A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE 104 to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the DM-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (also referred to as SS block (SSB) ) . The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and paging messages.
[0070] As illustrated in FIG. 2C, some of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DM-RS for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) . The PUSCH DM-RS may be transmitted in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DM-RS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. The UE may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0071] FIG. 2D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgment (ACK) (HARQ-ACK) feedback (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACK and / or negative ACK (NACK) ) . The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0072] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a base station 310 in communication with a UE 350 in an access network. In the DL, Internet protocol (IP) packets may be provided to a controller / processor 375. The controller / processor 375 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 375 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0073] The transmit (TX) processor 316 and the receive (RX) processor 370 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 316 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 374 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 350. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318Tx. Each transmitter 318Tx may modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0074] At the UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, they may be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 310. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0075] The controller / processor 359 can be associated with at least one memory 360 that stores program codes and data. The at least one memory 360 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 359 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0076] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 310, the controller / processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0077] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 358 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 310 may be used by the TX processor 368 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 368 may be provided to different antenna 352 via separate transmitters 354Tx. Each transmitter 354Tx may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0078] The UL transmission is processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 350. Each receiver 318Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 370.
[0079] The controller / processor 375 can be associated with at least one memory 376 that stores program codes and data. The at least one memory 376 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0080] At least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with the measurement report component 198 of FIG. 1.
[0081] At least one of the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with the measurement report component 199 of FIG. 1.
[0082] FIG. 4 is an example of the AI / ML algorithm 400 of a method of wireless communication. The AI / ML algorithm 400 may include various functions including a data collection 402, a model training function 404, a model inference function 406, and an actor 408.
[0083] The data collection 402 may be a function that provides input data to the model training function 404 and the model inference function 406. The data collection 402 function may include any form of data preparation, and it may not be specific to the implementation of the AI / ML algorithm (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) . The examples of input data may include, but not limited to, measurements, such as RSRP measurements or other TCI candidate information, from network entities including UEs or network nodes, feedback from the actor 408, output from another AI / ML model. The data collection 402 may include training data, which refers to the data to be sent as the input for the AI / ML model training function 404, and inference data, which refers to be sent as the input for the AI / ML model inference function 406.
[0084] The model training function 404 may be a function that performs the ML model training, validation, and testing, which may generate model performance metrics as part of the model testing procedure. The model training function 404 may also be responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the training data delivered or received from the data collection 402 function. The model training function 404 may deploy or update a trained, validated, and tested AI / ML model to the model inference function 406, and receive model performance feedback from the model inference function 406.
[0085] The model inference function 406 may be a function that provides the AI / ML model inference output (e.g., predictions or decisions) . The model inference function 406 may also perform data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the inference data delivered from the data collection 402 function. The output of the model inference function 406 may include the inference output of the AI / ML model produced by the model inference function 406. The details of the inference output may be use-case specific. As an example, the output may include predictions for a set of one or more receive beam candidates for use as a reception beam at a UE, e.g., as described in connection with any of FIGs. 5A-10. In some aspects, the output may include a beam pair including a reception beam for the UE. The input may include one or more measurements for a set of beams, and the measurements may be used to predict a quality of a reception beam at a time that a measurement is not performed or from a set of beams that is different than the measured set. In some aspects, the actor may be the UE that receives the beam prediction.
[0086] The model performance feedback may refer to information derived from the model inference function 406 that may be suitable for the improvement of the AI / ML model trained in the model training function 404. The feedback from the actor 408 or other network entities (via the data collection 402 function) may be implemented for the model inference function 406 to create the model performance feedback. For example, as described in connection with FIGs. 6A, 6B, 7, and / or 10, the UE and / or network node may evaluate the performance of the beam prediction. The performance may be provided as feedback to improve the model.
[0087] The actor 408 may be a function that receives the output from the model inference function 406 and triggers or performs corresponding actions. The actor may trigger actions directed to network entities including the other network entities or itself. The actor 408 may also provide feedback information that the model training function 404 or the model inference function 406 to derive training or inference data or performance feedback. The feedback may be transmitted back to the data collection 402.
[0088] As described in the present application, a UE may use machine-learning algorithms, deep-learning algorithms, neural networks, reinforcement learning, regression, boosting, or advanced signal processing methods for aspects of wireless communication including predictions for receive beams at the UE.
[0089] In some aspects described herein, one or more neural networks may be trained to learn the dependence of measured qualities on individual parameters. Among others, examples of machine learning models or neural networks that may be comprised in the network entity include artificial neural networks (ANN) ; decision tree learning; convolutional neural networks (CNNs) ; deep learning architectures in which an output of a first layer of neurons becomes an input to a second layer of neurons, and so forth; support vector machines (SVM) , e.g., including a separating hyperplane (e.g., decision boundary) that categorizes data; regression analysis; bayesian networks; genetic algorithms; Deep convolutional networks (DCNs) configured with additional pooling and normalization layers; and Deep belief networks (DBNs) .
[0090] A machine learning model, such as an artificial neural network (ANN) , may include an interconnected group of artificial neurons (e.g., neuron models) , and may be a computational device or may represent a method to be performed by a computational device. The connections of the neuron models may be modeled as weights. Machine learning models may provide predictive modeling, adaptive control, and other applications through training via a dataset. The model may be adaptive based on external or internal information that is processed by the machine learning model. Machine learning may provide non-linear statistical data model or decision making and may model complex relationships between input data and output information.
[0091] A machine learning model may include multiple layers and / or operations that may be formed by concatenation of one or more of the referenced operations. Examples of operations that may be involved include extraction of various features of data, convolution operations, fully connected operations that may be activated or deactivated, compression, decompression, quantization, flattening, etc. As used herein, a “layer” of a machine learning model may be used to denote an operation on input data. For example, a convolution layer, a fully connected layer, and / or the like may be used to refer to associated operations on data that is input into a layer. A convolution AxB operation refers to an operation that converts a number of input features A into a number of output features B. “Kernel size” may refer to a number of adjacent coefficients that are combined in a dimension. As used herein, “weight” may be used to denote one or more coefficients used in the operations in the layers for combining various rows and / or columns of input data. For example, a fully connected layer operation may have an output y that is determined based at least in part on a sum of a product of input matrix x and weights A (which may be a matrix) and bias values B (which may be a matrix) . The term “weights” may be used herein to generically refer to both weights and bias values. Weights and biases are examples of parameters of a trained machine learning model. Different layers of a machine learning model may be trained separately.
[0092] Machine learning models may include a variety of connectivity patterns, e.g., including any of feed-forward networks, hierarchical layers, recurrent architectures, feedback connections, etc. The connections between layers of a neural network may be fully connected or locally connected. In a fully connected network, a neuron in a first layer may communicate its output to each neuron in a second layer, and each neuron in the second layer may receive input from every neuron in the first layer. In a locally connected network, a neuron in a first layer may be connected to a limited number of neurons in the second layer. In some aspects, a convolutional network may be locally connected and configured with shared connection strengths associated with the inputs for each neuron in the second layer. A locally connected layer of a network may be configured such that each neuron in a layer has the same, or similar, connectivity pattern, but with different connection strengths.
[0093] A machine learning model or neural network may be trained. For example, a machine learning model may be trained based on supervised learning. During training, the machine learning model may be presented with input that the model uses to compute to produce an output. The actual output may be compared to a target output, and the difference may be used to adjust parameters (such as weights and biases) of the machine learning model in order to provide an output closer to the target output. Before training, the output may be incorrect or less accurate, and an error, or difference, may be calculated between the actual output and the target output. The weights of the machine learning model may then be adjusted so that the output is more closely aligned with the target. To adjust the weights, a learning algorithm may compute a gradient vector for the weights. The gradient may indicate an amount that an error would increase or decrease if the weight were adjusted slightly. At the top layer, the gradient may correspond directly to the value of a weight connecting an activated neuron in the penultimate layer and a neuron in the output layer. In lower layers, the gradient may depend on the value of the weights and on the computed error gradients of the higher layers. The weights may then be adjusted so as to reduce the error or to move the output closer to the target. This manner of adjusting the weights may be referred to as back propagation through the neural network. The process may continue until an achievable error rate stops decreasing or until the error rate has reached a target level.
[0094] The machine learning models may include computational complexity and substantial processor for training the machine learning model. An output of one node is connected as the input to another node. Connections between nodes may be referred to as edges, and weights may be applied to the connections / edges to adjust the output from one node that is applied as input to another node. Nodes may apply thresholds in order to determine whether, or when, to provide output to a connected node. The output of each node may be calculated as a non-linear function of a sum of the inputs to the node. The neural network may include any number of nodes and any type of connection between nodes. The neural network may include one or more hidden nodes. Nodes may be aggregated into layers, and different layers of the neural network may perform different kinds of transformations on the input. A signal may travel from input at a first layer through the multiple layers of the neural network to output at the last layer of the neural network and may traverse layers multiple times.
[0095] Management of an AI / ML model may include model training (e.g., as described in connection with 404) , model deployment, model inference (e.g., as described in connection with 406) , model monitoring (e.g., performance monitoring) , and model updating.
[0096] In some aspects, an AI / ML model may be used for air interface and beam prediction purposes. The use of an AI / ML model for beam prediction can help to reduce overhead and latency and may help improve beam selection accuracy. FIG. 5A is a diagram 500 illustrating an example of spatial beam prediction using an AI / ML model. In one example, as shown in FIG. 5A, an AI / ML model 502 may be used for wide-to-narrow beam prediction. In this example, a UE may measure a signal (e.g., a reference signal) received on a set of wider beams 510, and, based on the measurement results on the set of wider beams 510, the AI / ML model 502 may predict measurements for a set of narrower beams 512. The predicted measurements enable the UE to select one of the narrower beams to receive wireless communication without actually performing measurements on a signal received on the narrower set of beams. FIG. 5B is a diagram 520 illustrating another example of spatial beam prediction using an AI / ML model. In FIG. 5B, the UE may measure a signal (e.g., a reference signal) received on a subset of the beams 530, and, based on the measurement results of the subset of beams 530, an AI / ML model 522 may predict the best beam out of a larger set of beams 532. As an example, the output of the AI / ML model 522 model may be in the form of the beam’s index or its identification (ID) , e.g., beam ID, or the predicted layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) associated with the predicted best beam (s) , depending on the way the AI / ML model 522 has been trained.
[0097] In the context of beam prediction using an AI / ML model, the set of beams whose measurements are taken as the inputs of the AI / ML model (e.g., the set of wider beams 510 or the subset of beams 530) may be referred to as “Set B” beams, and the set of beams for which the AI / ML model performs predictions (e.g., the set of narrower beams 512 or the set of beams 532) may be referred to as “Set A” beams. As shown in FIG. 5A, in the example of wide-to-narrow beam prediction, the Set B beams may consist of wider beams (e.g., beams 510) , while the Set A beams consists of narrower beams (e.g., beams 512) . In the example of FIG. 5B, the Set B beams (e.g., beams 530) may be a subset of Set A beams (e.g., beams 532) .
[0098] FIG. 5C is a diagram 540 illustrating an example of temporal beam prediction using an AI / ML model. In the example of FIG. 5C, beam measurements may be performed on a set of historical beam measurements, such as measurements of a signal received on the beams at time 552 and time 554 to predict a beam measurement at a time that a measurement is not performed, e.g., at 564. The measurements made on the set of historical beam measurements may be used as the inputs to the AI / ML model 542 for the AI / ML model 542 to predict the best beam from a set of beams at a time shown as 564 when the UE does not perform beam measurements. The output of the AI / ML model 542 may be in the form of the beam’s index or its ID, or the predicted L1-RSRP associated with the predicted best beam. In the temporal beam prediction, in some examples, the Set B beams may be a subset of Set A beams, in some examples, the Set B beams may not be a subset of the Set A beams. And in some other examples, the Set B beams and Set A beams may be the same set of beams, and the prediction of the beam quality is for a different time period than the time of the beam measurements.
[0099] When employing an AI / ML model for beam prediction, the performance of the AI / ML model may be monitored to ensure the AI / ML model consistently meets the performance expectation in a real-world operational environment. In some examples, to evaluate the performance of an AI / ML model in beam prediction, the network (e.g., a base station) may transmit a signal (e.g., a reference signal) on the actual Set A beams to the UE after the AI / ML model has made its prediction. The UE may perform measurements on the signal received on these Set A beams. Then, the UE may evaluate the AI / ML model’s performance by comparing these measurements with the AI / ML model’s prediction, for example, by checking whether the best beam (s) determined from the actual measurements matches the predicted best beam (s) .
[0100] The performance monitoring of an AI / ML model may be implemented as UE-side, network (NW) -side, or hybrid model monitoring, depending on which entity (e.g., the network or the UE) computes the key performance indicators (KPIs) associated with the predictions and makes subsequent decisions related to the monitoring, such as model selection, activation, deactivation, switching and fallback mechanism.
[0101] FIG. 6A is a diagram 600 illustrating an example of UE-side performance monitoring for an AI / ML model in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In FIG. 6A, some of the transmissions may be skipped in various examples.
[0102] In the example of FIG. 6A, in some aspects, the UE may, at 606, send a UE AI / ML capability indication to the base station 604 to inform the network that the UE supports an AI / ML capability. The capability indication may be related to the UE’s capability in handling various Set A and Set B beams configuration. As an example, through the capability indication, the UE 602 may inform the base station 604 that it has the capability to handle spatial domain beam prediction measuring. In some aspects, the UE may provide additional information such as the number of beams for which the UE supports the spatial domain beam prediction. Although not illustrated in FIG. 6A, the UE may perform measurements on a set of beams (Set B) and may predict measurements for a set of beams (Set A) , e.g., as described in connection with any of FIGs. 5A-5C.
[0103] As an example, the UE may indicate support for spatial domain beam prediction measurement on four wide beams to predict measurements for up to sixteen narrow beams. At 608, in some aspects, the UE 602 may send the base station 604 a request for a dedicated RS (e.g., sent via Set A beams) to be transmitted to enable performance monitoring of the UE’s beam predictions. In response to the UE’s request (at 608) , the base station 604 may transmit the dedicated RS via Set A beams (e.g., via beams A1, …, Ai, …, AN) . In some examples, the transmission of the dedicated RSs may be periodic or semi-persistent. At 612, the UE may compute monitoring KPIs based on the measurements on the dedicated RSs and the AI / ML inference outcome. In some examples, the KPI may be the L1-RSRP margin. The L1-RSRP margin may be the difference between the L1-RSRP measured on the dedicated RSs received on one or more predicted beams and the maximum L1-RSRP (i.e., the L1-RSRP measured on the actual best beam) . For example, the UE may predict a first beam (beam 1) to have the highest L1-RSRP measurement. The UE may measure a set of beams 1-4, and may measure the highest L1-RSRP measurement for a second beam (beam 2) . The UE may then compare the L1-RSRP measured for beam 1 to the L1-RSRP measured for beam 2 in order to monitor the performance of the beam prediction.
[0104] In some examples, at 614, the UE 602 may send the information about the monitoring KPIs (which may be referred to as the performance information) to the base station 604. In some examples, at 616, the base station 604 may send the information about LCM operations for UE-side AI / ML model to the UE 602. The UE 602 may, at 618, perform LCM operations. The LCM operations may include, for example, activation, deactivation, or switch of an AI / ML model. For example, the LCM operation may include activation of a particular AI / ML model for beam prediction or beam management based on the KPIs. The LCM operation may include deactivation of the AI / ML model for beam prediction based on the KPIs. The LCM operation may include a switch to a different AI / ML model for beam prediction based on the KPIs. The LCM operations may further include a fallback operation in which the UE performs beam management or beam selection without an AI / ML model. The fallback operation on an AI / ML model may refer to a process of switching to an alternative communication standard or mechanism when the performance of the AI / ML model is deemed inefficient.
[0105] For example, based on the information about monitoring KPIs at 614, the base station 604 may determine that the AI / ML model’s prediction performance does not meet the expectation. Hence, the base station 604 may indicate, at 616, to the UE 602 to deactivate the AI / ML model (e.g., using existing methods without involving the AI / ML model) or switch to another AI / ML model, for example. In some examples, at 620, the UE 602 may report the information about the executed LCM operations to the base station 604.
[0106] FIG. 6B is a diagram 650 illustrating an example of NW-side performance monitoring for an AI / ML model in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Although not illustrated in FIG. 6B, the UE may perform measurements on a set of beams (Set B) and may predict measurements for a set of beams (Set A) , e.g., as described in connection with any of FIGs. 5A-5C. FIG. 6B at 656, 658, and 660 are similar to, respectively, 606, 608, and 610 in FIG. 6A. The difference from the UE-side performance monitoring is that, in the NW-side performance monitoring shown in FIG. 6B, the AI / ML performance is evaluated by the base station 654 rather than by the UE 602. For example, the UE 652 may, at 662, transmit a measurement report to the base station 654. The measurement report may include the measurements the UE 652 performed on the dedicated RSs (sent by the base station 654 sends at 660) . Based on the measurement report, the base station 654 may evaluate the AI / ML performance at 664. Then, in a process similar to that in FIG. 6A, the UE 652 may receive information about LCM operations at 666, perform LCM operations at 668, and report information about the executed LCM operations to the base station 654 at 670.
[0107] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating an example of hybrid performance monitoring for an AI / ML model in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. FIG. 7 at 706, 708, and 710 are similar to, respectively, 606, 608, and 610 in FIG. 6A. As with FIG. 6A and 6B, although not illustrated, the UE may perform measurements on a set of beams (Set B) and may predict measurements for a set of beams (Set A) , e.g., as described in connection with any of FIGs. 5A-5C. In the hybrid performance monitoring, the UE 702 may, at 712, compute monitoring KPIs or determine whether an event has occurred. The monitoring KPIs, for example, may be the L1-RSRP margin, which is the difference between the L1-RSRP measured on the dedicated RSs sent via one or more predicted beams and the maximum L1-RSRP (i.e., the L1-RSRP measured on the actual best beam) . The events to be determined by the UE 702 may be related to the integrity of the beams. For example, the events may be the detection of a beam failure. The specific events to be determined by the UE 702 may be configured by the network (e.g., the base station 704) .
[0108] Then, at 714, the UE 702 reports the information about monitoring KPIs or event occurrence to the base station. As a comparison, there may not be such a report in the UE-side performance monitoring in FIG. 6A and NW-side performance monitoring in FIG. 6B. Based on the information the UE 702 provide at 714, the base station 704 may evaluate the AI / ML mode performance at 716. Then, in a process similar to that in FIG. 6A, the UE 702 may receive information about LCM operations at 718, perform LCM operations at 720, and report information about the executed LCM operations to the base station 704 at 722.
[0109] FIG. 8 is a diagram 800 illustrating examples of beam prediction and performance monitoring of the beam prediction using dedicated RSs for performance monitoring in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the dedicated RS for performance monitoring may be referred to as the beam prediction monitoring reference signal (BPM-RS) or may be referred to by other names. As shown in FIG. 8, during the beam prediction stage 801, for temporal beam prediction 810, the base station 804 may transmit an RS at intervals that are multiples (e.g., twice) as long as transmission intervals without beam prediction. For example, instead of sending the RS every X ms (e.g., 20 ms) , the base station 804 may send the RS at an interval of 2X ms (e.g., 40 ms) . Within the 2X ms (e.g., 40 ms) interval, the UE may use the predicted beam (e.g., beam 806) based on the previous measurements.
[0110] For spatial beam prediction 840, instead of measuring all beams (e.g., beams 841, 842, 843, 844, etc. ) , the UE may measure some of the beams (e.g., beams 841 and 843) and use beam prediction for other beams (e.g., beams 842 and 844) . For wide-to-narrow spatial beam prediction 860, instead of measuring the narrow beams (e.g., beam 871) , the UE may measure on several wider beams (e.g., beam 861) and, based on the measurements on the wider beams, predict the best narrow beam using the AI / ML model 880, for example.
[0111] In contrast to the beam prediction stage, during which the base station transmits different beams or a subset of beams or times, during the performance monitoring stage 802, the base station may actually transmit the reference signal on the beams that were not transmitted during the beam prediction inference stage, and the UE may perform measurements on these beams (e.g., measure an RSRP of the RS received on the beams) to evaluate the accuracy of the UE’s beam predictions during the beam prediction stage. For example, the base station 804 may transmit the BPM-RS on the Set A beams, e.g., including the beam 816, which corresponds to beam 806 that was not transmitted during the beam prediction. Similarly, the base station 824 may transmit the BPM-RS on the beam 852, which corresponds to beam 842 that was not transmitted during the beam prediction. The base station 854 may transmit the BPM-RS on the narrow beam 881, which corresponds to narrow beam 871 that was not transmitted during the beam prediction.
[0112] The UE may compare the measurements obtained during the performance monitoring stage 802 to the predictions determined during the beam prediction stage 801, and one or more LCM operations may then be performed based on the evaluation of the beam predictions.
[0113] FIG. 9A is a diagram 900 illustrating an example of performance monitoring in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In the example of FIG. 9A, the UE, or more specifically the AI / ML model 902, may perform top-1 wide-to-narrow beam prediction, meaning that the AI / ML model 902 predicts the best narrow beam based on the wide beam measurements (e.g., Set B) . As shown in FIG. 9A, once the UE (or the AI / ML model 902) predicts the best narrow beam (assuming the predicted best beam is beam 910, for example) , the network may transmit an RS on the narrow beams (e.g., Set A) for the UE to perform measurements on the RS received on these narrow beams. Based on the measurements, the UE may determine the actual best beam, which may not be the same as the predicted best beam. For example, the actual best beam may be beam 920. To evaluate the prediction performance of the AI / ML model 902, the UE may compute the L1-RSRP margin. The L1-RSRP margin may be defined as the difference between the L1-RSRP on the predicted best beam 910 and the L1-RSRP on the actual best beam 920.
[0114] FIG. 9B is a diagram 950 illustrating an example of performance monitoring in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In the example of FIG. 9B, the UE, or more specifically the AI / ML model 952, may perform top-K wide-to-narrow beam prediction, meaning that the AI / ML model 952 predicts the best K (K>1) narrow beams based on the wide beam measurements (e.g., Set B) . For the sake of explanation, it is assumed that the AI / ML model 952 performs top-3 beam prediction, although the concept may be similarly applied for an identified number of beams that is more or less than 3. As shown in FIG. 9B, once the UE (or the AI / ML model 952) predicts the best three narrow beams (assuming these beams are beams 962, 964, 966) , the network may transmit an RS on the narrow beams (e.g., Set A) for the UE to perform measurements on the RS received on these narrow beams. Based on the measurements, the UE may determine the actual best beam, which may not be the same as the predicted best beam. For example, the actual best beam may be beam 970. To evaluate the prediction performance of the AI / ML model 952, the UE may compute the L1-RSRP margin. The L1-RSRP margin may be defined as the difference between the maximum L1-RSRP on the predicted beams (e.g., beams 962, 964, and 966) and the L1-RSRP on the actual best beam 970.
[0115] Although the examples described in connection with FIG. 9A and 9B are described for wider and narrower beams, the concept may be applied for any Set A beams that are predicted based on measurement of Set B beams, e.g., including spatial and / or temporal predictions.
[0116] The reporting mechanism of the L1-RSRP margins may be implemented in various ways. In one configuration, the UE reporting of the L1-RSRP margins may be event-triggered. In some examples, if the L1-RSRP margin exceeds a specified threshold (e.g., a deviation threshold) , the UE may be configured to report this margin. The value of the threshold may be configured by, for example, a base station. In some examples, if the L1-RSRP margin is larger than a threshold (e.g., a deviation threshold) for more than a designated number of times (e.g., a counter threshold) within a given timeframe, the UE may be configured to initiate the report of the L1-RSRP margin. In some examples, the UE may be configured to report statistical data related to the L1-RSRP margin (e.g., the number of times the L1-RSRP margin exceeds the threshold, the mean or standard deviation of these L1-RSRP margins) to the base station.
[0117] In some examples, the reporting of L1-RSRP margins can be performed in a periodic or semi-persistent manner. As an example, if a UE is configured by a base station with periodical or semi-persistent BPM-RS, there might exist an accompanying report configuration, in which the UE may be configured to report the L1-RSRP margins.
[0118] In some examples, events could either be defined in a wireless standard or configured by the network (e.g., transmitted to the UE in a configuration from a base station) . For example, if the L1-RSRP margin consistently is larger than a threshold for more than a threshold number of times within a set duration, the base station may configure the UE to perform certain LCM operations, which may include deactivating the AI / ML functionality, switching to other AI / ML functionalities, or reverting to traditional procedures (without involving any AI / ML functionality) .
[0119] FIG. 10 is a call flow diagram 1000 illustrating a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of this present disclosure. Various aspects are described in connection with a UE 1002 and a base station 1004. The aspects may be performed by the UE 1002 or the base station 1004 in aggregation and / or by one or more components of a base station 1004 (e.g., such as a CU 110, a DU 130, and / or an RU 140) . In some examples, the UE 1002 may include or be associated with an AI / ML model 1006. The AI / ML model 1006 may include various functionalities illustrated in FIG. 4, such as data collection 402, the model training function 404, the model inference function 406, and the actor 408. FIG. 10 illustrates aspects of AI / ML performance monitoring that may be performed for beam predictions that the UE performs. The UE may perform beam predictions for a set of beams (e.g., Set A) based on measurements performed on Set B, e.g., as described in connection with any of FIGs. 5A-C, 8, 9A, or 9B.
[0120] As shown in FIG. 10, at 1008, in some aspects, the UE 1002 may transmit a request for a set of RSs to the base station 1004. For example, referring to FIG. 7, the UE 702 may transmit, at 708, a request for dedicated RSs for performance monitoring to the base station 704.
[0121] At 1010, the base station 1004 may transmit a preliminary set of RSs to the UE 1002 using a preliminary set of beams (e.g., beam 1040) (e.g., Set B) . The preliminary set of beams (e.g., beam 1040) may be the Set B beams for beam prediction purposes. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the base station 854 may transmit a preliminary set of RSs (e.g., BPM-RSs) to the UE using a preliminary set of beams (e.g., beam 861) .
[0122] At 1012, the UE 1002 may perform preliminary beam measurements respectively on the preliminary set of RSs. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the UE (the AI / ML model 880) may perform preliminary beam measurements respectively on the preliminary set of RSs (e.g., BPM-RSs) .
[0123] At 1014, the UE 1002 may predict one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams (e.g., set A) . The first set of beams may be based on the preliminary beam measurements on the set B. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the UE (the AI / ML model 880) may predict one or more predicted beams (e.g., beam 871) from a first set of beams. The first set of beams may be based on the preliminary beam measurements (e.g., measurements on beam 861) . Referring to FIG. 9A, the UE may predict one predict beam 910 from the first set of beams. Referring to FIG. 9B, the UE may predict three beams (beams 962, 964, and 966) from the first set of beams.
[0124] At 1016, the base station 1004 may transmit a first set of RSs to the UE 1002 using the first set of beams (e.g., beam 1050) (e.g., Set A) to allow the UE to monitor the performance of the UE’s predictions based on the measurement of Set B. In some examples, the first set of RSs at 1016 and the preliminary set of RSs at 1010 may be the same set of RSs. In some other examples, the first set of RSs at 1016 may be different from the preliminary set of RSs at 1010. For example, referring to FIG. 8, during the performance monitoring stage 802, the base station 824 may transmit a first set of RSs (e.g., BPM-RSs) to the UE using the first set of beams (e.g., beam 852) .
[0125] At 1018, the UE 1002 may perform first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams. For example, referring to FIG. 8, during the performance monitoring stage 802, the UE may perform first beam measurements (e.g., measurements on beams 816, 852, and 881) respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams.
[0126] At 1020, the base station 1004 may transmit a threshold configuration that indicates a deviation threshold. The deviation threshold may be used to determine whether the UE 1002 will transmit the information related to the first beam measurement to the base station 1004.
[0127] At 1022, the base station 1004 may transmit a report configuration to the UE 1002. The report configuration may indicate one or more of the periodical pattern or the semi-persistent pattern for transmitting the information related to the first beam measurement.
[0128] At 1024, the UE 1002 may transmit, to the base station 1004, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. For example, referring to FIG. 7, the UE 702 may transmit, to the base station 704, information about monitoring KPIs. In some examples, the monitoring KPIs may include the difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. Referring to FIG. 9A, the monitoring KPI may be the L1-RSRP margin, which may be the difference between the L1-RSRP on the predicted best beam 910 and the L1-RSRP on the actual best beam 920. Referring to FIG. 9B, the L1-RSRP margin may also be the difference between the maximum L1-RSRP on the predicted beams (e.g., beams 962, 964, and 966) and the L1-RSRP on the actual best beam 970.
[0129] At 1026, the UE 1002 may perform an LCM operation on the AI / ML model in response to the trigger condition being met. The LCM operation may include one or more: activating the AI / ML model, deactivating the AI / ML model, switching to another AI / ML model that is different from the AI / ML model, or performing a fallback operation on the AI / ML model. For example, referring to FIG. 7, the UE 702 may, at 720, perform an LCM operation on the AI / ML model.
[0130] FIG. 11 is a flowchart 1100 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a UE in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a UE. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 702, 1002, or the apparatus 1504 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 15. The methods enhance the reliability and verifiability of beam selection predictions made by AI / ML models. By calculating the differential in metrics, such as L1-RSRP, between the predicted and the actual best beams, these methods provide a concrete metric for gauging prediction accuracy. Hence, these methods improve the precision of beam predictions, thereby enhancing the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication.
[0131] As shown in FIG. 11, at 1102, the UE may predict one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams. FIGs. 7, 8, 9A, 9B, and 10 illustrate various aspects in connection with flowchart 1100. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may, at 1014, predict one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams. Referring to FIG. 8, the UE (the AI / ML model 880) may predict one or more predicted beams (e.g., beam 871) from a first set of beams. Referring to FIG. 9A, the UE may predict one predict beam 910 from the first set of beams. Referring to FIG. 9B, the UE may predict three beams (beams 962, 964, and 966) from the first set of beams. In some aspects, 1102 may be performed by the measurement report component 198.
[0132] At 1104, the UE may perform first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may perform, at 1018, first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams. Referring to FIG. 8, during the performance monitoring stage 802, the UE may perform first beam measurements (e.g., measurements on beams 816, 852, and 881) respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams. In some aspects, 1104 may be performed by the measurement report component 198.
[0133] At 1106, the UE may transmit, to a network node, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. The network node may be a network entity, which may be a base station, or a component of a base station, in the access network of FIG. 1 or a core network component (e.g., base station 102, 310, 704, 804, 824, 854, 1004; or the network entity 1502 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 15) . For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may transmit, at 1024, to a network node (base station 1004) , performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. Referring to FIG. 7, the UE 702 may transmit, at 714, to the base station 704, information about monitoring KPIs. In some examples, the monitoring KPIs may include the difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. Referring to FIG. 9A, the monitoring KPI may be the L1-RSRP margin, which may be the difference between the L1-RSRP on the predicted best beam 910 and the L1-RSRP on the actual best beam 920. Referring to FIG. 9B, the L1-RSRP margin may also be the difference between the maximum L1-RSRP on the predicted beams (e.g., beams 962, 964, and 966) and the L1-RSRP on the actual best beam 970. In some aspects, 1106 may be performed by the measurement report component 198.
[0134] FIG. 12 is a flowchart 1200 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a UE in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a UE. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 702, 1002, or the apparatus 1504 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 15. The methods enhance the reliability and verifiability of beam selection predictions made by AI / ML models. By calculating the differential in metrics, such as L1-RSRP, between the predicted and the actual best beams, these methods provide a concrete metric for gauging prediction accuracy. Hence, these methods improve the precision of beam predictions, thereby enhancing the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication.
[0135] As shown in FIG. 12, at 1206, the UE may predict one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams. FIGs. 7, 8, 9A, 9B, and 10 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1200. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may, at 1014, predict one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams. Referring to FIG. 8, the UE (the AI / ML model 880) may predict one or more predicted beams (e.g., beam 871) from a first set of beams. Referring to FIG. 9A, the UE may predict one predict beam 910 from the first set of beams. Referring to FIG. 9B, the UE may predict three beams (beams 962, 964, and 966) from the first set of beams. In some aspects, 1206 may be performed by the measurement report component 198.
[0136] At 1210, the UE may perform first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may perform, at 1018, first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams. Referring to FIG. 8, during the performance monitoring stage 802, the UE may perform first beam measurements (e.g., measurements on beams 816, 852, and 881) respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams. In some aspects, 1210 may be performed by the measurement report component 198.
[0137] At 1216, the UE may transmit, to a network node, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. The network node may be a network entity, which may be a base station, or a component of a base station, in the access network of FIG. 1 or a core network component (e.g., base station 102, 310, 704, 804, 824, 854, 1004; or the network entity 1502 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 15) . For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may transmit, at 1024, to a network node (base station 1004) , performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. Referring to FIG. 7, the UE 702 may transmit, at 714, to the base station 704, information about monitoring KPIs. In some examples, the monitoring KPIs may include the difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. Referring to FIG. 9A, the monitoring KPI may be the L1-RSRP margin, which may be the difference between the L1-RSRP on the predicted best beam 910 and the L1-RSRP on the actual best beam 920. Referring to FIG. 9B, the L1-RSRP margin may also be the difference between the maximum L1-RSRP on the predicted beams (e.g., beams 962, 964, and 966) and the L1-RSRP on the actual best beam 970. In some aspects, 1216 may be performed by the measurement report component 198.
[0138] In some aspects, the first signal measurement may be the first maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more predicted beams, and the second signal measurement may be the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams. For example, referring to FIG. 9B, the first signal measurement may be the first maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more predicted beams (e.g., beams 962, 964, and 966) , and the second signal measurement may be the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams (e.g., beam 970) .
[0139] In some aspects, at 1204, the UE may perform preliminary beam measurements respectively on a preliminary set of beams. The first set of beams may be based on the preliminary beam measurements. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may, at 1012, perform preliminary beam measurements respectively on a preliminary set of beams. The first set of beams may be based on the preliminary beam measurements. In some aspects, 1204 may be performed by the measurement report component 198.
[0140] In some aspects, to predict the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams (at 1206) , the UE may predict, based on an AI / ML model and the preliminary beam measurements, the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the UE may predict, based on an AI / ML model 880 and the preliminary beam measurements (e.g., measurements on beam 861) , the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams.
[0141] In some aspects, at 1202, the UE may request for a set of RSs, and, at 1208, receive the first set of RSs via the first set of beams. To perform the first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams (at 1210) , the UE may perform, based on the first set of RSs, the first beam measurements for the first set of beams. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may request, at 1008, for a set of RSs, and, at 1016, receive the first set of RSs via the first set of beams. In some aspects, 1202 and 1208 may be performed by the measurement report component 198.
[0142] In some aspects, the one or more predicted beams may include one predicted beam, and the performance information may indicate the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the one predicted beam and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams. For example, referring to FIG. 9A, the one or more predicted beams may include one predicted beam (e.g., beam 910) , and the performance information may indicate the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the one predicted beam (e.g., beam 910) and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams (e.g., beam 920) .
[0143] In some aspects, the one or more predicted beams may include multiple predicted beams, and the performance information may indicate the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the multiple predicted beams and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams. For example, referring to FIG. 9B, the one or more predicted beams may include multiple predicted beams (e.g., beams 962, 964, and 966) , and the performance information may indicate the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the multiple predicted beams (e.g., beams 962, 964, and 966) and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams (e.g., beam 970) .
[0144] In some aspects, to transmit the performance information indicating the difference (at 1216) , the UE may transmit, to the network node in response to a trigger condition being met, the performance information indicating the difference. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may transmit, at 1024, to the network node (base station 1004) in response to a trigger condition being met. In some aspects, 1216 may be performed by the measurement report component 198.
[0145] In some aspects, the trigger condition may be that the difference is larger than a deviation threshold. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the trigger condition (for transmitting the information at 1024) may be that the difference is larger than a deviation threshold.
[0146] In some aspects, at 1212, the UE may receive, from the network node, a threshold configuration that indicates the deviation threshold. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may receive, at 1020, from the network node (base station 1004) , a threshold configuration that indicates the deviation threshold. In some aspects, 1212 may be performed by the measurement report component 198.
[0147] In some aspects, the trigger condition may be that the difference is larger than a deviation threshold for a first number of times within a first duration, and the first number may be larger than a counter threshold. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the trigger condition (for transmitting the information at 1024) may be that the difference is larger than a deviation threshold for a first number of times within a first duration, and the first number may be larger than a counter threshold.
[0148] In some aspects, the information may further include statistics data related to the difference within the first duration. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the information (transmitted at 1024) may further include statistics data related to the difference within the first duration.
[0149] In some aspects, at 1218, the UE may perform, in response to the trigger condition being met, an LCM operation on the AI / ML model. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may perform, at 1026, in response to the trigger condition being met, an LCM operation on the AI / ML model. In some aspects, 1218 may be performed by the measurement report component 198.
[0150] In some aspects, the AI / ML model may be the first AI / ML model, and the LCM operation may include one or more: activating the first AI / ML model, deactivating the first AI / ML model, switching to a second AI / ML model different from the first AI / ML model, or performing a fallback operation on the first AI / ML model. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the AI / ML model 1006 may be the first AI / ML model, and the LCM operation (at 1026) may include one or more: activating the first AI / ML model 1006, deactivating the first AI / ML model 1006, switching to a second AI / ML model different from the first AI / ML model 1006, or performing a fallback operation on the first AI / ML model 1006.
[0151] In some aspects, to transmit the performance information indicating the difference (at 1216) , the UE may transmit the performance information indicating the difference following a periodical pattern or a semi-persistent pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may transmit, at 1024, the performance information indicating the difference following a periodical pattern or a semi-persistent pattern.
[0152] In some aspects, at 1214, the UE may receive, from the network node, a report configuration indicating one or more of the periodical pattern or the semi-persistent pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the UE 1002 may receive, at 1022, from the network node (base station 1004) , a report configuration indicating one or more of the periodical pattern or the semi-persistent pattern. In some aspects, 1214 may be performed by the measurement report component 198.
[0153] FIG. 13 is a flowchart 1300 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a network node in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a network node. The network node may be a network entity, which may be a base station, or a component of a base station, in the access network of FIG. 1 or a core network component (e.g., base station 102, 310, 704, 804, 824, 854, 1004; or the network entity 1502 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 15) . The methods enhance the reliability and verifiability of beam selection predictions made by AI / ML models. By calculating the differential in metrics, such as L1-RSRP, between the predicted and the actual best beams, these methods provide a concrete metric for gauging prediction accuracy. Hence, these methods improve the precision of beam predictions, thereby enhancing the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication.
[0154] As shown in FIG. 13, at 1302, the network node may transmit, to a UE, a first set of RSs via a first set of beams to initiate the UE to predict one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 702, 1002, or the apparatus 1504 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 15. FIGs. 7, 8, 9A, 9B, and 10 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1300. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the network node (base station 1004) may transmit, at 1016, to a UE 1002, a first set of RSs via a first set of beams (e.g., beam 1050) to initiate the UE 1002 to predict one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams (e.g., 1050) . For example, referring to FIG. 8, during the performance monitoring stage 802, the base station 824 may transmit a first set of RSs (e.g., BPM-RSs) to the UE using the first set of beams (e.g., beam 852) . In some aspects, 1302 may be performed by the measurement report component 199.
[0155] At 1304, the network node may receive, from the UE, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements on the first set of beams. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the network node (base station 1004) may receive, at 1024, from the UE 1002, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements on the first set of beams. Referring to FIG. 9A, the difference may be the L1-RSRP margin, which may be the difference between the L1-RSRP on the predicted best beam 910 and the L1-RSRP on the actual best beam 920. Referring to FIG. 9B, the difference may be the L1-RSRP margin, which may be the difference between the maximum L1-RSRP on the predicted beams (e.g., beams 962, 964, and 966) and the L1-RSRP on the actual best beam 970. In some aspects, 1304 may be performed by the measurement report component 199.
[0156] FIG. 14 is a flowchart 1400 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a network node in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a network node. The network node may be a network entity, which may be a base station, or a component of a base station, in the access network of FIG. 1 or a core network component (e.g., base station 102, 310, 704, 804, 824, 854, 1004; or the network entity 1502 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 15) . The methods enhance the reliability and verifiability of beam selection predictions made by AI / ML models. By calculating the differential in metrics, such as L1-RSRP, between the predicted and the actual best beams, these methods provide a concrete metric for gauging prediction accuracy. Hence, these methods improve the precision of beam predictions, thereby enhancing the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication.
[0157] As shown in FIG. 14, at 1406, the network node may transmit, to a UE, a first set of RSs via a first set of beams to initiate the UE to predict one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 702, 1002, or the apparatus 1504 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 15. FIGs. 7, 8, 9A, 9B, and 10 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1400. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the network node (base station 1004) may transmit, at 1016, to a UE 1002, a first set of RSs via a first set of beams (e.g., beam 1050) to initiate the UE 1002 to predict one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams (e.g., 1050) . For example, referring to FIG. 8, during the performance monitoring stage 802, the base station 824 may transmit a first set of RSs (e.g., BPM-RSs) to the UE using the first set of beams (e.g., beam 852) . In some aspects, 1406 may be performed by the measurement report component 199.
[0158] At 1412, the network node may receive, from the UE, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements on the first set of beams. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the network node (base station 1004) may receive, at 1024, from the UE 1002, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements on the first set of beams. Referring to FIG. 9A, the difference may be the L1-RSRP margin, which may be the difference between the L1-RSRP on the predicted best beam 910 and the L1-RSRP on the actual best beam 920. Referring to FIG. 9B, the difference may be the L1-RSRP margin, which may be the difference between the maximum L1-RSRP on the predicted beams (e.g., beams 962, 964, and 966) and the L1-RSRP on the actual best beam 970. In some aspects, 1412 may be performed by the measurement report component 199.
[0159] In some aspects, the first signal measurement may be the first maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more predicted beams, and the second signal measurement may be the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams. For example, referring to FIG. 9B, the first signal measurement may be the first maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more predicted beams (e.g., beams 962, 964, and 966) , and the second signal measurement may be the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams (e.g., beam 970) .
[0160] In some aspects, at 1404, the network node may transmit, to the UE, the preliminary set of RSs via a preliminary set of beams to initiate the UE to perform preliminary beam measurements on the preliminary set of beams, and the first set of beams is based on the preliminary beam measurements. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the network node (base station 1004) may transmit, at 1010, to the UE, the preliminary set of RSs via a preliminary set of beams (e.g., beam 1040) to initiate the UE 1002 to perform preliminary beam measurements, at 1012, on the preliminary set of beams (e.g., beam 1040) , and the first set of beams may be based on the preliminary beam measurements. In some aspects, 1404 may be performed by the measurement report component 199.
[0161] In some aspects, at 1402, the network node may receive, from the UE, a request that requests for a set of RSs. To transmit the first set of RSs via a first set of beams (at 1406) , the network node may transmit, in response to the request, the first set of RSs via a first set of beams. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the network node (base station 1004) may receive, at 1008, from the UE 1002, a request that requests for a set of RSs. To transmit the first set of RSs via a first set of beams (at 1016) , the network node may transmit, in response to the request, the first set of RSs via a first set of beams (e.g., beam 1050) . In some aspects, 1402 may be performed by the measurement report component 199.
[0162] In some aspects, the one or more predicted beams may include one predicted beam, and the performance information may indicate the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the one predicted beam and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams. For example, referring to FIG. 9A, the one or more predicted beams may include one predicted beam (e.g., beam 910) , and the performance information may indicate the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the one predicted beam (e.g., beam 910) and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams (e.g., beam 920) .
[0163] In some aspects, the one or more predicted beams may include multiple predicted beams, and the performance information may indicate the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the multiple predicted beams and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams. For example, referring to FIG. 9B, the one or more predicted beams may include multiple predicted beams (e.g., beams 962, 964, and 966) , and the performance information may indicate the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the multiple predicted beams (e.g., beams 962, 964, and 966) and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams (e.g., beam 970) .
[0164] In some aspects, to receive the performance information indicating the difference (at 1412) , the network node may receive, in response to a trigger condition being met, the performance information indicating the difference. For example, referring to FIG. 10, to receive the performance information indicating the difference (at 1024) , the network node (base station 1004) may receive, in response to a trigger condition being met, the performance information indicating the difference.
[0165] In some aspects, the trigger condition may be the difference being larger than a deviation threshold. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the trigger condition (for receiving the information at 1024) may be the difference being larger than a deviation threshold.
[0166] In some aspects, at 1408, the network node may transmit, to the UE, a threshold configuration that indicates the deviation threshold. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the network node (base station 1004) may transmit, at 1020, to the UE 1002, a threshold configuration that indicates the deviation threshold. In some aspects, 1408 may be performed by the measurement report component 199.
[0167] In some aspects, the trigger condition may be that the difference is larger than a deviation threshold for a first number of times within a first duration, and the first number may be larger than a counter threshold. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the trigger condition (for receiving the information at 1024) may be that the difference is larger than a deviation threshold for a first number of times within a first duration, and the first number may be larger than a counter threshold.
[0168] In some aspects, the information may further include statistics data related to the difference within the first duration. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the information (received at 1024) may further include statistics data related to the difference within the first duration.
[0169] In some aspects, to receive the performance information indicating the difference (at 1412) , the network node may receive the performance information indicating the difference following a periodical pattern or a semi-persistent pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 10, to receive the performance information indicating the difference (at 1024) , the network node (base station 1004) may receive the performance information indicating the difference following a periodical pattern or a semi-persistent pattern.
[0170] In some aspects, at 1410, the network node may transmit, to the UE, a report configuration indicating one or more of the periodical pattern or the semi-persistent pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the network node (base station 1004) may transmit, at 1022, to the UE 1002, a report configuration indicating one or more of the periodical pattern or the semi-persistent pattern. In some aspects, 1410 may be performed by the measurement report component 199.
[0171] FIG. 15 is a diagram 1500 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 1504. The apparatus 1504 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement UE functionality. In some aspects, the apparatus 1504 may include at least one cellular baseband processor 1524 (also referred to as a modem) coupled to one or more transceivers 1522 (e.g., cellular RF transceiver) . The cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 may include at least one on-chip memory 1524'. In some aspects, the apparatus 1504 may further include one or more subscriber identity modules (SIM) cards 1520 and at least one application processor 1506 coupled to a secure digital (SD) card 1508 and a screen 1510. The application processor (s) 1506 may include on-chip memory 1506'. In some aspects, the apparatus 1504 may further include a Bluetooth module 1512, a WLAN module 1514, an SPS module 1516 (e.g., GNSS module) , one or more sensor modules 1518 (e.g., barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; motion sensor such as inertial measurement unit (IMU) , gyroscope, and / or accelerometer (s) ; light detection and ranging (LIDAR) , radio assisted detection and ranging (RADAR) , sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) , magnetometer, audio and / or other technologies used for positioning) , additional memory modules 1526, a power supply 1530, and / or a camera 1532. The Bluetooth module 1512, the WLAN module 1514, and the SPS module 1516 may include an on-chip transceiver (TRX) (or in some cases, just a receiver (RX) ) . The Bluetooth module 1512, the WLAN module 1514, and the SPS module 1516 may include their own dedicated antennas and / or utilize the antennas 1580 for communication. The cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 communicates through the transceiver (s) 1522 via one or more antennas 1580 with the UE 104 and / or with an RU associated with a network entity 1502. The cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 and the application processor (s) 1506 may each include a computer-readable medium / memory 1524', 1506', respectively. The additional memory modules 1526 may also be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory 1524', 1506', 1526 may be non-transitory. The cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 and the application processor (s) 1506 are each responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 / application processor (s) 1506, causes the cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 / application processor (s) 1506 to perform the various functions described supra. The cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 and the application processor (s) 1506 are configured to perform the various functions described supra based at least in part of the information stored in the memory. That is, the cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 and the application processor (s) 1506 may be configured to perform a first subset of the various functions described supra without information stored in the memory and may be configured to perform a second subset of the various functions described supra based on the information stored in the memory. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 / application processor (s) 1506 when executing software. The cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 / application processor (s) 1506 may be a component of the UE 350 and may include the at least one memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the apparatus 1504 may be at least one processor chip (modem and / or application) and include just the cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 and / or the application processor (s) 1506, and in another configuration, the apparatus 1504 may be the entire UE (e.g., see UE 350 of FIG. 3) and include the additional modules of the apparatus 1504.
[0172] As discussed supra, the component 198 may be configured to predict one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams; perform first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams; and transmit, to a network node, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. The component 198 may be further configured to perform any of the aspects described in connection with the flowcharts in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12, and / or performed by the UE 1002 in FIG. 10. The component 198 may be within the cellular baseband processor (s) 1524, the application processor (s) 1506, or both the cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 and the application processor (s) 1506. The component 198 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the stated processes / algorithm individually or in combination. As shown, the apparatus 1504 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 1504, and in particular the cellular baseband processor (s) 1524 and / or the application processor (s) 1506, includes means for predicting one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams, means for performing first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams, and means for transmitting, to a network node, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. The apparatus 1504 may further include means for performing any of the aspects described in connection with the flowcharts in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12, and / or aspects performed by the UE 1002 in FIG. 10. The means may be the component 198 of the apparatus 1504 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described supra, the apparatus 1504 may include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0173] FIG. 16 is a diagram 1600 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 1602. The network entity 1602 may be a BS, a component of a BS, or may implement BS functionality. The network entity 1602 may include at least one of a CU 1610, a DU 1630, or an RU 1640. For example, depending on the layer functionality handled by the component 199, the network entity 1602 may include the CU 1610; both the CU 1610 and the DU 1630; each of the CU 1610, the DU 1630, and the RU 1640; the DU 1630; both the DU 1630 and the RU 1640; or the RU 1640. The CU 1610 may include at least one CU processor 1612. The CU processor (s) 1612 may include on-chip memory 1612'. In some aspects, the CU 1610 may further include additional memory modules 1614 and a communications interface 1618. The CU 1610 communicates with the DU 1630 through a midhaul link, such as an F1 interface. The DU 1630 may include at least one DU processor 1632. The DU processor (s) 1632 may include on-chip memory 1632'. In some aspects, the DU 1630 may further include additional memory modules 1634 and a communications interface 1638. The DU 1630 communicates with the RU 1640 through a fronthaul link. The RU 1640 may include at least one RU processor 1642. The RU processor (s) 1642 may include on-chip memory 1642'. In some aspects, the RU 1640 may further include additional memory modules 1644, one or more transceivers 1646, antennas 1680, and a communications interface 1648. The RU 1640 communicates with the UE 104. The on-chip memory 1612', 1632', 1642'a nd the additional memory modules 1614, 1634, 1644 may each be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory may be non-transitory. Each of the processors 1612, 1632, 1642 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor (s) causes the processor (s) to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor (s) when executing software.
[0174] As discussed supra, the component 199 may be configured to transmit, to a UE, a first set of RSs via a first set of beams to initiate the UE to predict one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams; and receive, from the UE, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements on the first set of beams. The component 199 may be further configured to perform any of the aspects described in connection with the flowcharts in FIG. 13 and FIG. 14, and / or performed by the base station 1004 in FIG. 10. The component 199 may be within one or more processors of one or more of the CU 1610, DU 1630, and the RU 1640. The component 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the stated processes / algorithm individually or in combination. The network entity 1602 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the network entity 1602 includes means for transmitting, to a UE, a first set of RSs via a first set of beams to initiate the UE to predict one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams, and means for receiving, from the UE, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements on the first set of beams. The network entity 1602 may further include means for performing any of the aspects described in connection with the flowcharts in FIG. 13 and FIG. 14, and / or aspects performed by the base station 1004 in FIG. 10. The means may be the component 199 of the network entity 1602 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described supra, the network entity 1602 may include the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and / or the controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0175] This disclosure provides a method for wireless communication at a UE. The method may include predicting one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams; performing first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams; and transmitting, to a network node, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements. The methods enhance the reliability and verifiability of beam selection predictions made by AI / ML models. By calculating the differential in metrics, such as L1-RSRP, between the predicted and the actual best beams, these methods provide a concrete metric for gauging prediction accuracy. Hence, these methods improve the precision of beam predictions, thereby enhancing the efficiency and reliability of wireless communication.
[0176] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of example approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0177] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims. Reference to an element in the singular does not mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” Terms such as “if, ” “when, ” and “while” do not imply an immediate temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases, e.g., “when, ” do not imply an immediate action in response to or during the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that if a condition is met then an action will occur, but without requiring a specific or immediate time constraint for the action to occur. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. Sets should be interpreted as a set of elements where the elements number one or more. Accordingly, for a set of X, X would include one or more elements. When at least one processor is configured to perform a set of functions, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to perform the set of functions. Accordingly, each processor of the at least one processor may be configured to perform a particular subset of the set of functions, where the subset is the full set, a proper subset of the set, or an empty subset of the set. If a first apparatus receives data from or transmits data to a second apparatus, the data may be received / transmitted directly between the first and second apparatuses, or indirectly between the first and second apparatuses through a set of apparatuses. A device configured to “output” data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may transmit the data, for example with a transceiver, or may send the data to a device that transmits the data. A device configured to “obtain” data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may receive, for example with a transceiver, or may obtain the data from a device that receives the data. Information stored in a memory includes instructions and / or data. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
[0178] As used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) shall be construed as “based at least on A” unless specifically recited differently.
[0179] The following aspects are illustrative only and may be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein, without limitation.
[0180] Aspect 1 is a method of wireless communication at a UE. The method may include predicting one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams; performing first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams; and transmitting, to a network node, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements.
[0181] Aspect 2 is the method of aspect 1, where the first signal measurement is a first maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more predicted beams, and the second signal measurement is a second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams.
[0182] Aspect 3 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 2, where the method may further include performing, prior to predicting the one or more predicted beams, preliminary beam measurements respectively on a preliminary set of beams. The first set of beams may be based on the preliminary beam measurements.
[0183] Aspect 4 is the method of aspect 3, where predicting the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams may include: predicting, based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) model and the preliminary beam measurements, the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams.
[0184] Aspect 5 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 4, where the method may further include requesting for a set of reference signals (RSs) ; and receiving the first set of RSs via the first set of beams. Performing the first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams may include performing, based on the first set of RSs, the first beam measurements for the first set of beams.
[0185] Aspect 6 is the method of any of aspects 1to 4, wherein the one or more predicted beams include one predicted beam, and wherein the performance information indicates the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the one predicted beam and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams.
[0186] Aspect 7 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 4, where the one or more predicted beams may include multiple predicted beams, and the performance information may indicate the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the multiple predicted beams and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams.
[0187] Aspect 8 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 4, where transmitting the performance information indicating the difference may include transmitting, to the network node in response to a trigger condition being met, the performance information indicating the difference.
[0188] Aspect 9 is the method of aspect 8, where the trigger condition may be the difference being larger than a deviation threshold.
[0189] Aspect 10 is the method of aspect 9, where the method may further include receiving, from the network node, a threshold configuration that indicates the deviation threshold.
[0190] Aspect 11 is the method of aspect 8, where the trigger condition may be the difference being larger than a deviation threshold for a first number of times within a first duration, and the first number may be larger than a counter threshold.
[0191] Aspect 12 is the method of aspect 11, where the information may further include statistics data related to the difference within the first duration.
[0192] Aspect 13 is the method of aspect 8, where the method may further include performing, in response to the trigger condition being met, a LCM operation on the AI / ML model.
[0193] Aspect 14 is the method of aspect 13, where the AI / ML model may be a first AI / ML model, and the LCM operation may include one or more of: activating the first AI / ML model, deactivating the first AI / ML model, switching to a second AI / ML model different from the first AI / ML model, or performing a fallback operation on the first AI / ML model.
[0194] Aspect 15 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 4, where transmitting the performance information indicating the difference may include transmitting the performance information indicating the difference following a periodical pattern or a semi-persistent pattern.
[0195] Aspect 16 is the method of aspect 15, where the method may further include receiving, from the network node, a report configuration indicating one or more of the periodical pattern or the semi-persistent pattern.
[0196] Aspect 17 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a UE, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to perform the method of any of aspects 1-16.
[0197] Aspect 18 is the apparatus for wireless communication at a UE, comprising means for performing each step in the method of any of aspects 1-16.
[0198] Aspect 19 is an apparatus of any of aspects 17-18, further comprising a transceiver configured to receive or to transmit in association with the method of any of aspects 1-16.
[0199] Aspect 20 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code at a UE, the code when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to, individually or in any combination, cause the UE to perform the method of any of aspects 1-16.
[0200] Aspect 21 is a method of wireless communication at a network entity. The method may include transmitting, to a UE, a first set of RSs via a first set of beams to initiate the UE to predict one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams; and receiving, from the UE, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements on the first set of beams.
[0201] Aspect 22 is the method of aspect 21, where the first signal measurement is a first maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more predicted beams, and the second signal measurement is a second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams.
[0202] Aspect 23 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 22, where the method may further include transmitting, to the UE prior to transmitting the first set of RSs via the first set of beams, the preliminary set of RSs via the preliminary set of beams to initiate the UE to perform preliminary beam measurements on the preliminary set of beams. The first set of beams may be based on the preliminary beam measurements.
[0203] Aspect 24 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 23, where the method may further include receiving, from the UE, a request that requests for the set of RSs, and transmitting the first set of RSs via a first set of beams may include transmitting, in response to the request, the first set of RSs via a first set of beams.
[0204] Aspect 25 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 22, where the one or more predicted beams may include one predicted beam, and the performance information may indicate the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the one predicted beam and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams.
[0205] Aspect 26 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 22, where the one or more predicted beams may include multiple predicted beams, and the performance information may indicate the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the multiple predicted beams and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams.
[0206] Aspect 27 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 22, where receiving the performance information indicating the difference may include receiving, in response to a trigger condition being met, the performance information indicating the difference.
[0207] Aspect 28 is the method of aspect 27, where the trigger condition may be the difference being larger than a deviation threshold.
[0208] Aspect 29 is the method of aspect 28, where the method may further include transmitting, to the UE, a threshold configuration that indicates the deviation threshold.
[0209] Aspect 30 is the method of any of aspects 27 to 29, where the trigger condition may be the difference being larger than a deviation threshold for a first number of times within a first duration, and the first number may be larger than a counter threshold.
[0210] Aspect 31 is the method of aspect 30, where the information may further include statistics data related to the difference within the first duration.
[0211] Aspect 32 is the method of any of aspects 21 to 22, where receiving the performance information indicating the difference may include receiving the performance information indicating the difference following a periodical pattern or a semi-persistent pattern.
[0212] Aspect 33 is the method of aspect 32, where the method may further include transmitting, to the UE, a report configuration indicating one or more of the periodical pattern or the semi-persistent pattern.
[0213] Aspect 34 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the network entity to perform the method of any of aspects 21-33.
[0214] Aspect 35 is the apparatus for wireless communication at a network entity, comprising means for performing each step in the method of any of aspects 21-33.
[0215] Aspect 36 is an apparatus of any of aspects 34-35, further comprising a transceiver configured to receive or to transmit in association with the method of any of aspects 21-33.
[0216] Aspect 37 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code at a network entity, the code when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to, individually or in any combination, cause the network entity to perform the method of any of aspects 21-33.
Claims
1.An apparatus of wireless communication at a user equipment (UE) , comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:predict one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams;perform first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams; andtransmit, to a network node, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements.2.The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor, wherein, to transmit the performance information indicating the difference, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to transmit the performance information indicating the difference via the transceiver, and the first signal measurement is a first maximum layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) on the one or more predicted beams, and the second signal measurement is a second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams.3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:perform, prior to predicting the one or more predicted beams, preliminary beam measurements respectively on a preliminary set of beams, wherein the first set of beams is based on the preliminary beam measurements.4.The apparatus of claim 3, wherein, to predict the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:predict, based on an artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) model and the preliminary beam measurements, the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams.5.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:request for a set of reference signals (RSs) ; andreceive a first set of RSs via the first set of beams, and wherein, to perform the first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to:perform, based on the first set of RSs, the first beam measurements for the first set of beams.6.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the one or more predicted beams include one predicted beam, and wherein the performance information indicates the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the one predicted beam and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams.7.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the one or more predicted beams include multiple predicted beams, and wherein the performance information indicates the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the multiple predicted beams and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams.8.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein, to transmit the performance information indicating the difference, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the UE to:transmit, to the network node in response to a trigger condition being met, the performance information indicating the difference.9.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the trigger condition is the difference being larger than a deviation threshold.10.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:receive, from the network node, a threshold configuration that indicates the deviation threshold.11.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the trigger condition is the difference being larger than a deviation threshold for a first number of times within a first duration, wherein the first number of times is larger than a counter threshold.12.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the performance information further includes statistics data related to the difference within the first duration.13.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:perform, in response to the trigger condition being met, a life cycle management (LCM) operation on the AI / ML model.14.The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the AI / ML model is a first AI / ML model, and the LCM operation include one or more:activating the first AI / ML model,deactivating the first AI / ML model,switching to a second AI / ML model different from the first AI / ML model, orperforming a fallback operation on the first AI / ML model.15.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein, to transmit the performance information indicating the difference, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:transmit the performance information indicating the difference following a periodical pattern or a semi-persistent pattern.16.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the UE to:receive, from the network node, a report configuration indicating one or more of the periodical pattern or the semi-persistent pattern.17.An apparatus of wireless communication at a network node, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the network node to:transmit, to a user equipment (UE) , a first set of reference signals (RSs) via a first set of beams to initiate the UE to predict one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams; andreceive, from the UE, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on a first beam measurements on the first set of beams.18.The apparatus of claim 17, further comprising a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor, wherein, to receive the performance information indicating the difference, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the network node to receive the performance information indicating the difference via the transceiver, and the first signal measurement is a first maximum layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) on the one or more predicted beams, and the second signal measurement is a second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams.19.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the network node to:transmit, to the UE prior to transmitting the first set of RSs via the first set of beams, a preliminary set of RSs via a preliminary set of beams to initiate the UE to perform preliminary beam measurements on the preliminary set of beams, wherein the first set of beams is based on the preliminary beam measurements.20.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the network node to:receive, from the UE, a request that requests for the set of RSs, and wherein, to transmit the first set of RSs via the first set of beams, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to:transmit, in response to the request, the first set of RSs via the first set of beams.21.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the one or more predicted beams include one predicted beam, and wherein the performance information indicates the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the one predicted beam and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams.22.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the one or more predicted beams include multiple predicted beams, and wherein the performance information indicates the difference between the first maximum L1-RSRP on the multiple predicted beams and the second maximum L1-RSRP on the one or more beams of the first set of beams.23.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein, to receive the performance information indicating the difference, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the network node to:receive, in response to a trigger condition being met, the performance information indicating the difference.24.The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the trigger condition is the difference being larger than a deviation threshold.25.The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the network node to:transmit, to the UE, a threshold configuration that indicates the deviation threshold.26.The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the trigger condition is the difference being larger than a deviation threshold for a first number of times within a first duration, wherein the first number of times is larger than a counter threshold.27.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the performance information further includes statistics data related to the difference within the first duration.28.The apparatus of claim 18, wherein, to receive the performance information indicating the difference, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the network node to:receive the performance information indicating the difference following a periodical pattern or a semi-persistent pattern.29.The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the network node to:transmit, to the UE, a report configuration indicating one or more of the periodical pattern or the semi-persistent pattern.30.A method of wireless communication at a user equipment (UE) , comprising:predicting one or more predicted beams from a first set of beams;performing first beam measurements respectively for the first set of beams including the one or more predicted beams; andtransmitting, to a network node, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on the first beam measurements.31.A method of wireless communication at a network node, comprising:transmitting, to a user equipment (UE) , a first set of reference signals (RSs) via a first set of beams to initiate the UE to predict one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams; andreceiving, from the UE, performance information indicating a difference between a first signal measurement associated with the one or more predicted beams from the first set of beams and a second signal measurement associated with one or more beams of the first set of beams based on a first beam measurements on the first set of beams.