Solid electrolyte, ion conductor, sheet, electrode, separator and power storage device

Abstract

To provide a solid electrolyte, an ion conductor, a sheet, an electrode, a separator and a power storage device capable of reducing interfacial resistance.SOLUTION: There is provided a solid electrolyte which has a garnet-type crystal structure containing Li, La, Zr and O, wherein in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, when the area intensity of a first peak corresponding to the Li-O bond in the O1s spectrum detected by irradiating monochromatized AlKα radiation is defined as a first intensity, the area intensity of a peak existing at a position having a bond energy larger than the bond energy of the first peak is defined as a second intensity, the area intensity of a third peak corresponding to the Li-O bond in the O1s spectrum detected by irradiating with monochromatized CrKα radiation is defined as a third intensity and the area intensity of a peak existing at a position having a bond energy larger than the bond energy of the third peak is defined as a fourth intensity, the second intensity of is larger than the first intensity and the fourth intensity is smaller than the third intensity.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a solid electrolyte, an ion conductor, a sheet, an electrode, a separator, and an electricity storage device. [Background technology]

[0002] Oxide-based solid electrolytes with a garnet-type crystal structure containing Li, La, and Zr react with moisture and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to form heterogeneous phases on the surface of the solid electrolyte. The heterogeneous phases increase the interfacial resistance of the solid electrolyte and reduce its ionic conductivity. The prior art disclosed in Patent Document 1 recovers the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte by heat treatment at a temperature of 650°C or higher in an inert gas atmosphere. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2013-219017 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] There is a need for a technology that reduces the interfacial resistance of the solid electrolyte, as in the prior art.

[0005] The present invention has been made to meet this demand, and an object of the present invention is to provide a solid electrolyte, an ion conductor, a sheet, an electrode, a separator, and an electricity storage device that can reduce the interfacial resistance. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] A first aspect for achieving this object is a solid electrolyte having a garnet-type crystal structure containing Li, La, Zr, and O, wherein, in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, when the integrated intensity of a first peak corresponding to a Li-O bond in an O1s spectrum detected by irradiating the solid electrolyte with monochromated AlKα radiation is defined as the first intensity, the integrated intensity of a peak located at a position with a higher binding energy than that of the first peak is defined as the second intensity, the integrated intensity of a third peak corresponding to a Li-O bond in an O1s spectrum detected by irradiating the solid electrolyte with monochromated CrKα radiation is defined as the third intensity, and the integrated intensity of a peak located at a position with a higher binding energy than that of the third peak is defined as the fourth intensity, the second intensity is greater than the first intensity, and the fourth intensity is smaller than the third intensity.

[0007] In the second aspect, in the first aspect, the second intensity and the fourth intensity correspond to one or more chemical bonds of OH, CO, C—O 2 , C—O 3 , and SO.

[0008] In a third embodiment, the composition of the first or second embodiment further contains Mg and Sr.

[0009] A fourth embodiment is an ion conductor, which includes the solid electrolyte according to any one of the first to third embodiments and an electrolytic solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent.

[0010] A fifth embodiment is a sheet, which includes the solid electrolyte according to any one of the first to third embodiments or the ion conductor according to the fourth embodiment, and a binder that binds the solid electrolyte.

[0011] A sixth aspect is an electrode, which includes the solid electrolyte according to any one of the first to third aspects, or the ion conductor according to the fourth aspect.

[0012] The seventh embodiment is an electrode that is in contact with a protective layer containing the solid electrolyte of any of the first to third embodiments, or in contact with a protective layer containing the ion conductor of the fourth embodiment.

[0013] An eighth embodiment is a separator, which includes the solid electrolyte according to any one of the first to third embodiments, or the ion conductor according to the fourth embodiment.

[0014] A ninth embodiment is a separator that is in contact with a protective layer containing the solid electrolyte of any of the first to third embodiments, or in contact with a protective layer containing the ion conductor of the fourth embodiment.

[0015] A tenth aspect is an electricity storage device, which includes the electrode according to the sixth or seventh aspect, or the separator according to the eighth or ninth aspect. [Effects of the Invention]

[0016] According to the present invention, CrKα rays have a deeper surface analysis depth than AlKα rays, and films (heterogeneous phases) containing chemical bonds corresponding to the second intensity and the fourth intensity can be thinned to the same analysis depth as AlKα rays, thereby reducing the interfacial resistance of the solid electrolyte. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0017] [Figure 1] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an electricity storage device including an ion conductor according to a first embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically illustrating a garnet-type crystal structure. [Figure 3] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a separator. [Figure 4] (a) is the O1s XPS spectrum of the solid electrolyte measured using AlKα radiation, and (b) is the O1s XPS spectrum of the solid electrolyte measured using CrKα radiation. [Figure 5] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an electricity accumulation device according to a second embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an electricity accumulation device according to a third embodiment. [Figure 7] 10(a) is a cross-sectional view of an insulator in the fourth embodiment, (b) is a cross-sectional view of an electrode in the fifth embodiment, and (c) is a cross-sectional view of an electrode in the sixth embodiment. [Figure 8]10A shows O1s XPS spectra of the example and comparative example using AlKα radiation, and FIG. 10B shows O1s XPS spectra of the example and comparative example using CrKα radiation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0018] Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electricity storage device 11 including an ion conductor 10 according to a first embodiment. The electricity storage device 11 in this embodiment is a secondary battery that uses lithium ions as charge carriers. The electricity storage device 11 includes, in order, a positive electrode layer 12, a separator 15, and a negative electrode layer 16. The positive electrode layer 12, the separator 15, and the negative electrode layer 16 are housed in a case (not shown).

[0019] The positive electrode layer 12 is formed by stacking a current collecting layer 13 and an active material layer 14. The current collecting layer 13 is a conductive member. Examples of materials for the current collecting layer 13 include metals selected from Ni, Ti, Fe, and Al, alloys containing two or more of these elements, stainless steel, and carbon materials.

[0020] The active material layer 14 includes an ion conductor 10 and an active material 20. The ion conductor 10 includes a solid electrolyte 19. The active material layer 14 may contain a conductive additive to reduce the resistance of the active material layer 14. Examples of conductive additives include carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon fiber, Ni, Pt, and Ag.

[0021] The active material 20 is exemplified by a metal oxide containing a transition metal, a sulfur-based active material, and an organic active material. The metal oxide containing a transition metal is exemplified by a metal oxide containing Li and one or more elements selected from Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Cr, and V. The metal oxide containing a transition metal is exemplified by LiCoO2, LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O2, LiMn2O4, LiNiVO4, LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O4,LiNi 1 / 3 Mn 1 / 3 Co1 / 3 Examples include O2 and LiFePO4.

[0022] In order to suppress the reaction between the active material 20 and the solid electrolyte 19, a coating layer can be provided on the surface of the active material 20. The coating layer can be made of Al2O3, ZrO2, LiNbO3, Li4Ti5O 12 , LiTaO3, LiNbO3, LiAlO2, Li2ZrO3, Li2WO4, Li2TiO3, Li2B4O7, Li3PO4 and Li2MoO4 are examples.

[0023] Examples of sulfur-based active materials include S, TiS2, NiS, FeS2, Li2S, MoS3, and sulfur-carbon composites. Examples of organic active materials include radical compounds such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinoxyl-4-yl methacrylate and polytetramethylpiperidinoxyl vinyl ether, quinone compounds, radialene compounds, tetraciaquinodimethane, and phenazine oxide.

[0024] The separator 15 separates the positive electrode layer 12 and the negative electrode layer 16, electrically insulating them from each other. The separator 15 is made of an ion conductor 10. The ion conductor 10 includes a solid electrolyte 19 and an electrolytic solution (described below). The ion conductor 10 may further include a binder.

[0025] The negative electrode layer 16 is formed by stacking a current collecting layer 17 and an active material layer 18. The current collecting layer 17 is a conductive member. Examples of materials for the current collecting layer 17 include metals selected from Ni, Ti, Fe, Cu, and Si, alloys containing two or more of these elements, stainless steel, and carbon materials.

[0026] The active material layer 18 includes an ion conductor 10 and an active material 21. To reduce the resistance of the active material layer 18, the active material layer 18 may contain a conductive additive. Examples of the conductive additive include carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon fiber, Ni, Pt, and Ag. The active material 21 may be Li, a Li-Al alloy, Li4Ti5O 12Examples of the binder include graphite, In, Si, a Si—Li alloy, and SiO. As with the separator 15, the active material layers 14 and 18 may contain a binder.

[0027] The electricity storage device 11 is manufactured, for example, as follows: A solution in which a binder is dissolved in a solvent is mixed with a mixture of an electrolyte solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent and a solid electrolyte 19 to form a slurry. The slurry is formed into a sheet and then dried to obtain a green sheet (electrolyte sheet) for the separator 15.

[0028] An active material 20 is mixed with a mixture of an electrolyte solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent and a solid electrolyte 19, and a solution in which a binder is dissolved in a solvent is further mixed to form a slurry. The slurry is applied onto the current collecting layer 13 and then dried to obtain a green sheet (positive electrode sheet) for the positive electrode layer 12.

[0029] An active material 21 is mixed with a mixture of an electrolyte solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent and a solid electrolyte 19, and a solution in which a binder is dissolved in a solvent is further mixed to form a slurry. The slurry is applied onto the current collecting layer 17 and then dried to obtain a green sheet (negative electrode sheet) for the negative electrode layer 16.

[0030] The electrolyte sheet, positive electrode sheet, and negative electrode sheet are each cut to a predetermined shape, and then stacked in this order: positive electrode sheet, electrolyte sheet, negative electrode sheet, and then pressed together to form a single sheet. Terminals (not shown) are connected to the current collecting layers 13 and 17, respectively, and the device is sealed in a case (not shown), resulting in an electricity storage device 11 including a positive electrode layer 12, a separator 15, and a negative electrode layer 16. In this way, a sheet including a solid electrolyte 19 can become an electrolyte sheet, a positive electrode sheet, and a negative electrode sheet by the ion conductor 10.

[0031] The solid electrolyte 19 is a composite oxide containing Li, La, and Zr and having a garnet-type crystal structure. This type of garnet-type crystal structure has the general formula C3A2B3O 12 It is expressed as:

[0032] FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically illustrating a garnet-type crystal structure. In the garnet-type crystal structure, Sc at the C site is dodecahedrally coordinated with an oxygen atom Oa, Sa at the A site is octahedrally coordinated with an oxygen atom Oa, and Sb at the B site is tetrahedrally coordinated with an oxygen atom Oa. In the solid electrolyte 19, Li can exist in a vacancy V, which would otherwise be octahedrally coordinated with an oxygen atom Oa in a typical garnet-type crystal structure. The vacancy V is, for example, a location sandwiched between the B site Sb1 and the B site Sb2. The Li present in the vacancy V is octahedrally coordinated with an oxygen atom Oa that constitutes an octahedron including the tetrahedral face Fb1 forming the B site Sb1 and the tetrahedral face Fb2 forming the B site Sb2. For example, in the case of Li7La3Zr2O having a garnet-type crystal structure, 12 In the formula, La can occupy the C-site Sc, Zr can occupy the A-site Sa, and Li can occupy the B-site Sb and the vacant V.

[0033] The garnet-type crystal structure is X-ray diffraction file No. 422259 (Li7La3Zr2O) in the CSD (Cambridge Structural Database). 12 ) has an XRD pattern similar to that of No. 422259. Compared to No. 422259, solid electrolyte 19 may differ in the type of constituent elements and Li concentration, resulting in different diffraction angles and intensity ratios. A typical crystal structure of this type is a cubic system (space group Ia-3d (- indicates an overline indicating a reversal operation), JCPDS: 84-1753).

[0034] Returning to FIG. 1, the solid electrolyte 19 is typically Li7La3Zr2O 12 The solid electrolyte 19 may have some of its constituent elements substituted with other elements, or may have a small amount of other elements added without substituting the constituent elements. Examples of the other elements include at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Ga, Sr, Y, Nb, Sn, Sb, Ba, Hf, Ta, W, Bi, Rb, and lanthanides (excluding La).

[0035] The solid electrolyte 19 is, for example, Li6La3Zr 1.5 W0.5 O 12 , Li 6.15 La3Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Al 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.15 La3Zr 1.75 Ta 0.25 Ga 0.2 O 12 , Li 6.25 La3Zr2Ga 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.4 La3Zr 1.4 Ta 0.6 O 12 , Li 6.5 La3Zr 1.75 Te 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.75 La3Zr 1.75 Nb 0.25 O 12 , Li 6.9 La3Zr 1.675 Ta 0.289 Bi 0.036 O 12 , Li 6.46 Ga 0.23 La3Zr 1.85 Y 0.15 O 12 , Li 6.8 La 2.95 Ca 0.05 Zr 1.75 Nb 0.25 O 12 , Li<00​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​The solid electrolyte 19 preferably contains at least one of Mg and element A (A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, and Ba) in which the molar ratio of each element satisfies all of the following (1) to (3), or contains both Mg and element A in which the molar ratio of each element satisfies all of the following (4) to (6). The element A is preferably Sr, as this increases the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte 19. (1) 1.33≦Li / (La+A)≦3 (2) 0≦Mg / (La+A)≦0.5 (3) 0≦A / (La+A)≦0.67 (4) 2.0≦Li / (La+A)≦2.6 (5) 0.01≦Mg / (La+A)≦0.14 (6) 0.04≦A / (La+A)≦0.17

[0037] The median diameter of the circle-equivalent diameter of the solid electrolyte 19 appearing in the cross section of the separator 15 is preferably 0.5 to 10 μm, and more preferably 0.5 to 6 μm, in order to ensure that the surface area of ​​the solid electrolyte 19 is of an appropriate size and to ensure the amount of Li ions that can move between the solid electrolyte 19 and the electrolytic solution present on the surface of the solid electrolyte 19.

[0038] To determine the median diameter of the solid electrolyte 19, first, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the solid electrolyte 19 appearing on the cross section of the separator 15 (a polished surface, a surface obtained by irradiating with a focused ion beam (FIB), or a surface obtained by ion milling) is analyzed, and the circle-equivalent diameter is calculated from the area of ​​each particle of the solid electrolyte 19, and the volume-based particle size distribution is determined. The median diameter is the circle-equivalent diameter at which the cumulative frequency in the particle size distribution is 50%. To ensure accuracy, the image for determining the particle size distribution is taken from a 400 μm area of ​​the separator 15. 2 The area shall be equal to or greater than this.

[0039] The ionic conductor 10 may contain one or more other solid electrolytes in addition to the solid electrolyte 19 having a garnet-type crystal structure containing Li, La, Zr, and O. Examples of other solid electrolytes include crystalline or amorphous oxide-based solid electrolytes such as perovskite-type, NASICON-type, and LISICON-type, and hydride-based solid electrolytes.

[0040] The perovskite-type solid electrolyte is an oxide containing at least Li, Ti, and La, for example, La 2 / 3-X Li 3X Examples of the NASICON-type solid electrolyte include oxides containing at least Li, M (where M is one or more elements selected from Ti, Zr, and Ge), and P, such as Li(Al,Ti)2(PO4)3 and Li(Al,Ge)2(PO4)3. Examples of the LISICON-type solid electrolyte include oxides containing Li 14 An example of a hydride-based solid electrolyte is Zn(GeO4). Examples of hydride-based solid electrolytes include hydrides of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals containing at least one element from Group 13 of the Periodic Table of Elements (e.g., B, Al, Ga, In, Ta). Examples include LiBH4 and LiAlH4.

[0041] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the separator 15 (see FIG. 1). The ionic conductor 10 contains an electrolyte solution 23 (nonaqueous electrolyte solution) in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent. The lithium salt is a compound used for exchanging cations between the positive electrode layer 12 and the negative electrode layer 16. The anion of the lithium salt is a halide ion (I - ,Cl - ,Br - etc.),SCN - ,BF4 - ,BF3(CF3) - ,BF3(C2F5) - ,PF6 - ,ClO4 - ,SbF6 - ,N(SO2F)2 - ,N(SO2CF3)2 - ,N(SO2C2F5)2 - ,B(C6H5)4 - ,B(O2C2H4)2- ,C(SO2F)3 - ,C(SO2CF3)3 - ,CF3COO - ,CF3SO2O - ,C6F5SO2O - ,B(O2C2O2)2 - ,RCOO - (R is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, or a naphthyl group).

[0042] The anion of the lithium salt is N(SO2F)2, which has a sulfonyl group -S(=O)2-. - ,N(SO2CF3)2 - ,N(SO2C2F5)2 - Sulfonylimides such as PF6 - The halophosphate ions, such as sulfonylimide anions, are preferably used. This is because sulfonylimide anions are less susceptible to increases in electrolyte viscosity and decreases in ionic conductivity even when the salt concentration is high, while halophosphate ions have a high degree of dissociation. Both are preferred because they can form a highly stable and low-resistance coating (SEI), which reduces the reductive decomposition of the non-aqueous solvent and widens the reduction-side potential window.

[0043] Non-aqueous solvents are broadly classified into molecular solvents, which are mostly composed of molecules, and ionic liquids, which are composed of cations and anions. Among molecular solvents, aprotic solvents are preferred because they broaden the potential window of non-aqueous electrolytes. Examples of aprotic solvents include cyclic esters, chain esters, aliphatic carboxylic acid esters, phosphate esters, nitriles, amides, sulfur compounds, ketones, ethers, nitro compounds, fluorous solvents, and sulfone-based solvents. Mixtures of these solvents are also acceptable.

[0044] Examples of cyclic esters include carbonate esters such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate, and fluoroethylene carbonate, and lactones such as β-propiolactone, γ-butyrolactone, δ-valerolactone, α-pyrone, and coumarin. Examples of chain esters include carbonate esters such as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate. Examples of aliphatic carboxylic acid esters include methyl formate, methyl acetate, and ethyl propionate. Examples of phosphate esters include trimethyl phosphate. Examples of nitriles include acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, and benzonitrile.

[0045] Examples of amides include formamide, N-methylformamide, dimethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpropioamide, hexamethylphosphoramide, and N-methylpyrrolidone. Examples of sulfur compounds include dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, dimethylthioformamide, and N-methylthiopyrrolidone. Examples of ketones include acetone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, and acetylacetone. Examples of ethers include tetrahydrofuran and monoglyme. Examples of nitro compounds include nitromethane and nitrobenzene. Fluorous solvents are compounds in which the hydrogen atoms of hydrocarbons are replaced with fluorine atoms, and their derivatives.

[0046] Examples of sulfone solvents include trimethylene sulfone, sulfolane, difluorosulfolane, dimethyl sulfolane, monofluorosulfolane, 3-methyl sulfolane, ethyl methyl sulfone, and ethyl isopropyl sulfone. Sulfone solvents are preferred because of their high thermal stability.

[0047] The reaction in which an electrolyte dissolves in a molecular solvent and dissociates into free ions proceeds more easily the higher the relative dielectric constant of the solvent and the easier it is for ions to solvate, so a solvent with a relatively high relative dielectric constant εr (εr>20) is preferred. Examples of molecular solvents with a relative dielectric constant greater than 20 include cyclic esters, nitriles, amides, sulfur compounds, acetone, acetylacetone, and nitro compounds. Of course, it is possible to mix a solvent with a relative dielectric constant greater than 20 with a solvent with a relative dielectric constant of 20 or less to adjust the viscosity of the solvent, etc.

[0048] Ionic liquids are compounds consisting of cations and anions, and are liquid at room temperature and normal pressure. If the solvent of a non-aqueous electrolyte is an ionic liquid, the flame retardancy of the non-aqueous electrolyte can be improved. The ionic liquid is preferably one having one or more cation species selected from the group consisting of ammonium, imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, and piperidinium.

[0049] The anion component of the ionic liquid is not particularly limited. The anion component is BF4 - ,N(SO2F)2 - Inorganic anions such as B(C6H5)4 - ,CH3SO3 - ,CF3SO3 - ,N(SO2CF3)2 - ,N(SO2C4F9)2 - Examples of organic anions include:

[0050] The ionic liquid may be a solvated ionic liquid, such as a sulfone-based solvent such as sulfolane or a sulfolane derivative, or a glyme-based solvent such as tetraglyme, in which a lithium salt is dissolved.

[0051] The ionic conductor 10 may contain a binder that binds the solid electrolyte 19. Examples of binders include fluorinated resins, polyolefins, polyimides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose ethers, and rubber-like polymers such as styrene-butadiene rubber. Examples of fluorinated resins include vinylidene fluoride polymers, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymers, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymers, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers, and ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymers.

[0052] Examples of vinylidene fluoride polymers include homopolymers of vinylidene fluoride and copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and copolymerizable monomers. Examples of copolymerizable monomers include halogen-containing monomers (excluding vinylidene fluoride) and non-halogen copolymerizable monomers. Examples of halogen-containing monomers include chlorine-containing monomers such as vinyl chloride; and fluorine-containing monomers such as trifluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether. Examples of non-halogen copolymerizable monomers include olefins such as ethylene and propylene; acrylic monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and esters or salts thereof; and vinyl monomers such as acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, and styrene. One or more copolymerizable monomers are polymerized with vinylidene fluoride to form the copolymer.

[0053] Because solid electrolyte 19 is highly reactive, even when solid electrolyte 19 is handled in an inert gas atmosphere, it reacts with the moisture and carbon dioxide present in small amounts in the inert gas, resulting in the formation of heterogeneous phases such as lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate on the surface of solid electrolyte 19. Therefore, it is effective to subject solid electrolyte 19 to a surface treatment process before the heterogeneous phases form, by providing the surface of solid electrolyte 19 with a component effective in reducing resistance. Examples of surface treatment processes include vapor deposition and plating.

[0054] In this embodiment, the solid electrolyte 19 is wet-polished (wet-pulverized) in the presence of a nonaqueous solvent or nonaqueous electrolyte in an inert gas atmosphere. The nonaqueous solvent or nonaqueous electrolyte immediately comes into contact with the surface of the solid electrolyte 19 from which foreign phases have been removed by polishing, and the components of the nonaqueous solvent or nonaqueous electrolyte react with the solid electrolyte 19 to form a surface layer 22. Immediately after polishing, the nonaqueous solvent or nonaqueous electrolyte used in the wet polishing remains attached to the surface layer 22 of the solid electrolyte 19. When the attached nonaqueous solvent or nonaqueous electrolyte is removed, the surface layer 22 of the solid electrolyte 19 appears.

[0055] The surface layer 22 can be analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS irradiates the surface layer 22 of the solid electrolyte 19 with X-rays in a vacuum and measures the kinetic energy spectrum of the electrons emitted by photoionization, thereby obtaining information about the abundance ratio of elements constituting the surface layer 22. When X-rays from an AlKα radiation source are used, the mean free path in a solid of photoelectrons with energy equivalent to the kinetic energy of the electrons emitted from the surface layer 22 is 2 nm or less, so the thickness of the surface layer 22 analyzed by XPS is estimated to be approximately 10 nm. When X-rays from a CrKα radiation source are used, the mean free path in a solid of photoelectrons with energy equivalent to the kinetic energy of the electrons emitted from the surface layer 22 is approximately 5-10 nm, so the thickness of the surface layer 22 analyzed by XPS is estimated to be approximately 20-30 nm.

[0056] 4(a) shows an O1s XPS spectrum detected by irradiating the solid electrolyte 19 (surface layer 22) with monochromated AlKα radiation. The first peak P1, which appears near a binding energy of 529 eV, corresponds to a Li-O bond. The second peak P2, which exists at a position with a binding energy higher than that of the first peak P1, corresponds to one or more chemical bonds of OH, CO, C-O2, C-O3, and SO. In this embodiment, the second peak P2 appears near 531 eV. The area intensity (second intensity) of the second peak P2 is greater than the area intensity (first intensity) of the first peak P1.

[0057] FIG. 4(b) shows an O1s XPS spectrum detected by irradiating the solid electrolyte 19 (surface layer 22) with monochromated CrKα radiation. The third peak P3, which appears near a binding energy of 529 eV, corresponds to a Li-O bond. The fourth peak P4, which exists at a position with a higher binding energy than that of the third peak P3, corresponds to one or more chemical bonds of OH, CO, C-O2, C-O3, and SO. In this embodiment, the fourth peak P4 appears near 531 eV. The area intensity of the third peak P3 (third intensity) is greater than the area intensity of the fourth peak P4 (fourth intensity).

[0058] Since the energy of AlKα radiation is approximately 1.49 keV and the energy of CrKα radiation is approximately 5.42 keV, the analysis depth of CrKα radiation is deeper than that of AlKα radiation. Therefore, the third peak P3 and fourth peak P4 associated with CrKα radiation represent the chemical bond state of a deeper portion from the surface of the surface layer 22 compared to the first peak P1 and second peak P2 associated with AlKα radiation. The area intensity of each peak is proportional to the abundance ratio of the same element, and therefore indicates that the film (heterogeneous phase) containing the chemical bonds corresponding to the second peak P2 or fourth peak P4 is thin, approximately the same as the analysis depth using AlKα radiation. Since the thickness of the heterogeneous phase, which affects the interfacial resistance of the solid electrolyte 19, can be reduced, the interfacial resistance of the solid electrolyte 19 can be reduced.

[0059] The lithium salt concentration of the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably 4.0 mol / kg or less. This is because if the salt concentration of the non-aqueous electrolyte exceeds 4.0 mol / kg, the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte increases, which significantly reduces the lithium ion conductivity. The salt concentration of the non-aqueous electrolyte is determined, for example, as follows. Here, the ion conductor 10 constituting the separator 15 will be described, but the ion conductor 10 constituting the active material layers 14 and 18 can also be determined in the same way.

[0060] First, the separator 15 is crushed and immersed in a solvent to dissolve the non-aqueous electrolyte contained in the separator 15 in the solvent, and then the separator 15 is separated into a solid component and a liquid component using a centrifuge. The Li content of the separated liquid component is determined using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP).

[0061] The type of nonaqueous solvent contained in separator 15 is identified by, for example, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The identified type of nonaqueous solvent (hereinafter referred to as a "standard material") and separator 15 are analyzed by thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The analysis results of the standard material and separator 15 are compared to identify the content of nonaqueous solvent contained in separator 15. Based on the Li content in the liquid component and the content of nonaqueous solvent in separator 15, the molar concentration (mol / kg) of the lithium salt in the nonaqueous electrolyte is calculated.

[0062] In the ion conductor 10, the ratio of the volume of the solid electrolyte 19 to the total volume of the solid electrolyte 19 and the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is preferably 52% or more and less than 100%, and more preferably 61% or more and less than 100%. The combination of the solid electrolyte 19 and the non-aqueous electrolyte solution can reduce the interfacial resistance of the solid electrolyte 19, thereby increasing the operational stability of the electricity storage device 11 in which the ion conductor 10 is disposed.

[0063] The contents (volume %) of the solid electrolyte 19 and the non-aqueous electrolyte solution are determined by freezing the separator 15 or embedding the separator 15 in a tetrafunctional epoxy resin or the like and then analyzing a randomly selected cross section of the separator 15 at a magnification of 5000 times using an SEM equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The analysis involves identifying the distribution of La, Zr, and S and performing image analysis of the contrast of the backscattered electron image to identify the areas of the solid electrolyte 19 and the non-aqueous electrolyte solution, and the proportions of these areas in the cross section of the separator 15 are regarded as the proportions of the volume of the ion conductor 10 in the separator 15 to obtain the contents (volume %) of the solid electrolyte 19 and the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.

[0064] The Li ion conductivity of the ionic conductor 10 is determined by the type and salt concentration of the solid electrolyte 19 and the non-aqueous electrolyte. The lithium ion conductivity of the ionic conductor 10 at 25° C. is 1.0×10 -5 The ionic conductivity is preferably S / cm or more in order to ensure the output density of the electricity storage device 11 including the ionic conductor 10.

[0065] A second embodiment will be described with reference to Fig. 5. In the first embodiment, an electricity storage device 11 using a solid electrolyte 19 as the electrolyte was described. In the second embodiment, a case where an ion conductor 10 is used in a liquid-based lithium ion battery using a nonaqueous electrolyte solution as the electrolyte will be described. The same parts as those described in the first embodiment are given the same reference numerals, and the following description will be omitted. Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an electricity storage device 24 in the second embodiment.

[0066] The electricity storage device 24 includes, in this order, a positive electrode layer 12, a separator 25, and a negative electrode layer 16. These are housed in a case (not shown). The separator 25 is made of a porous material that is durable against the active materials 20, 21 and the electrolyte solution contained in the positive electrode layer 12 and the negative electrode layer 16, and that allows lithium ions to pass through but does not have electronic conductivity. Examples of the separator 25 include nonwoven fabrics and porous membranes made of cellulose, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide, alumina, etc. The nonaqueous electrolyte solution is the same as that described in the first embodiment, so its description will be omitted.

[0067] In the electricity storage device 24 of the second embodiment, the positive electrode layer 12 and the negative electrode layer 16 contain the ion conductor 10, and therefore, like the electricity storage device 11 of the first embodiment, the stability of operation is increased.

[0068] A third embodiment will be described with reference to Fig. 6. In the first and second embodiments, the positive electrode layer 12, separator 15, and negative electrode layer 16 contain the ion conductor 10. In the third embodiment, the protective layers 29 and 32 contain the ion conductor 10. The same parts as those described in the first and second embodiments are designated by the same reference numerals, and the following description will be omitted. Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an electricity storage device 26 in the third embodiment.

[0069] The power storage device 26 includes, in order, a positive electrode layer 27, a separator 25, and a negative electrode layer 30. These are housed in a case (not shown). The power storage device 26 is a liquid-based lithium-ion battery that uses a non-aqueous electrolyte solution as the electrolyte.

[0070] The positive electrode layer 27 is formed by stacking the current collecting layer 13 and an active material layer 28. The active material layer 28 contains an active material 20. In order to reduce the resistance of the active material layer 28, the active material layer 28 may contain a conductive additive such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon fiber, Ni, Pt, or Ag.

[0071] A protective layer 29 is disposed between the separator 25 and the negative electrode layer 30. The protective layer 29 includes an ion conductor 10.

[0072] The negative electrode layer 30 is formed by stacking an active material layer 31, a protective layer 32, and a current collecting layer 17 in this order. The active material layer 31 is made of, for example, Li, a Li-Al alloy, a Li-Sn alloy, a Li-Si alloy, a Li-Mg alloy, a Li-Si alloy, or a Si-Li alloy. The protective layer 32 contains an ion conductor 10. The protective layers 29 and 32 are arranged by stacking sheet-like compacts made of a slurry containing the ion conductor 10, or by applying a slurry containing the ion conductor 10 to the separator 25 or the current collecting layer 17, or the like.

[0073] The solid electrolyte 19 contained in the ion conductor 10 has a garnet-type crystal structure containing Li, La, Zr, and O. It is resistant to reduction by the metallic lithium of the active material layer 31, and therefore the protective layer 29 increases the operational stability of the electricity storage device 26. Furthermore, the protective layer 29 suppresses short circuits caused by dendrite growth of metallic lithium. The protective layer 32 interposed between the active material layer 31 and the current collecting layer 17 suppresses deterioration of the current collecting layer 17.

[0074] Fourth to sixth embodiments will be described with reference to Fig. 7. Note that the same parts as those described in the first to third embodiments are given the same reference numerals, and the description thereof will be omitted. Fig. 7(a) is a cross-sectional view of an insulator 33 in the fourth embodiment.

[0075] The insulator 33 includes a separator 25 and a protective layer 29 in contact with the separator 25. The separator 25 includes a first interface 34 and a second interface 35 opposite the first interface 34, and the protective layer 29 is disposed at the first interface 34 and the second interface 35. The protective layer 29 disposed on the separator 25 can reduce short circuits caused by dendritic growth of metallic lithium contained in the electricity storage device. Even if a short circuit occurs in the electricity storage device and the separator 25 attempts to thermally deform, the presence of the protective layer 29 allows the shape of the separator 25 to be maintained, thereby suppressing the occurrence of thermal runaway in the electricity storage device.

[0076] 7(b) is a cross-sectional view of an electrode 36 according to a fifth embodiment. The electrode 36 includes a positive electrode layer 12 and a protective layer 29 in contact with the active material layer 14 of the positive electrode layer 12. The electrode 36 has the protective layer 29 disposed at an interface 37 of the active material layer 14 opposite the surface on which the current collecting layer 13 is disposed. The protective layer 29 disposed at the interface 37 of the active material layer 14 can reduce dendrite growth from the negative electrode layer 16 of the electricity storage device.

[0077] 7(c) is a cross-sectional view of an electrode 38 according to a sixth embodiment. The electrode 38 includes a negative electrode layer 16 and a protective layer 29 in contact with the active material layer 18 of the negative electrode layer 16. The electrode 38 has the protective layer 29 disposed at an interface 39 opposite the surface of the active material layer 18 on which the current collecting layer 17 is disposed. The protective layer 29 disposed at the interface 39 of the active material layer 18 can reduce dendrite growth from the negative electrode layer 16 of the electricity storage device.

[0078] The insulator 33 is disposed in the electricity storage device in place of the separator 25 of the electricity storage device 24 of the second embodiment or the electricity storage device 26 of the third embodiment. The insulator 33 may omit one of the two protective layers 29 disposed at the interfaces 34, 35 of the separator 25.

[0079] The electrode 36 is disposed in the electricity storage device in place of the positive electrode layers 12, 27 of the electricity storage device 24 of the second embodiment or the electricity storage device 26 of the third embodiment. The electrode 38 is disposed in the electricity storage device in place of the negative electrode layers 16, 30 of the electricity storage device 24 of the second embodiment or the electricity storage device 26 of the third embodiment. [Example]

[0080] The present invention will be explained in more detail with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

[0081] (Preparation of solid electrolyte) Li 6.95 Mg 0.15 La 2.75 Sr 0.25 Zr 2.0 O 12 Li2CO3, MgO, La(OH)3, SrCO3, and ZrO2 were weighed out so that the composition satisfies the following formula. Li2CO3 was used in excess of approximately 15 mol% in elemental terms, taking into account the volatilization of Li during firing. The weighed raw materials and ethanol were placed in a nylon pot along with zirconia balls, and ground and mixed for 15 hours in a ball mill. The slurry removed from the pot was dried, then placed on an MgO plate and pre-fired at 1200°C for 10 hours. A binder was added to the pre-fired material, and it was ground and mixed in an inert solvent for 60 hours. The slurry removed from the pot was dried to obtain raw material powder for the solid electrolyte.

[0082] The raw material powder was placed in a mold with an inner diameter of 32.5 mm and pressed to obtain a disk with a diameter of 32.5 mm and a thickness of approximately 2.5 mm. The disk was then pressed using a cold isostatic press at a pressure of 1.5 t / cm. 2 The compact was covered with the raw material powder and sintered in the air at 1100°C for 4 hours to obtain a sintered body of the solid electrolyte.

[0083] (Example) A non-aqueous electrolyte solution was prepared by dissolving lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in sulfolane to a lithium salt concentration of 2.7 mol / L. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution was dropped onto waterproof abrasive paper with silicon carbide abrasive (JIS R6010:2000 grain size 320) attached, and each circular surface of the sintered body was wet-polished under an argon atmosphere. This produced the solid electrolyte of the example.

[0084] (Comparative Example) A solid electrolyte in a comparative example was obtained in the same manner as in the example, except that each circular surface of the sintered body was dry-polished under an argon atmosphere using waterproof abrasive paper to which silicon carbide abrasive was fixed.

[0085] (Interface resistance measurement) The solid electrolyte, polished on both sides, was sandwiched between insulating cylinders with a gasket between them. The same type of nonaqueous electrolyte as used for polishing was placed in the cylinders on both sides of the solid electrolyte, and a working electrode and a reference electrode made of metallic lithium were immersed in the nonaqueous electrolyte, followed by AC impedance measurement using a four-terminal method. The nonaqueous electrolyte used in the examples was poured into the dry-polished solid electrolyte of the comparative example, and AC impedance measurement was performed. The AC impedance measurement conditions were a temperature of 25°C, a voltage of 10 mV, and a frequency of 1 MHz to 10 mHz. The impedance of the solid electrolyte / nonaqueous electrolyte interface was separated using a Nyquist plot, and the interfacial resistance was determined.

[0086] (XPS spectrum measurement) The solid electrolyte for which the interfacial resistance was measured was washed by shaking in dimethyl carbonate and then placed in a transfer vessel under an argon atmosphere. After being introduced into an XPS analyzer, the circular surface of the solid electrolyte was analyzed. The first XPS conditions were: X-ray: monochromated AlKα radiation, pass energy: 112 eV, analysis area: 100 μmφ. The second XPS conditions were: X-ray: monochromated CrKα radiation, pass energy: 112 eV, analysis area: 100 μmφ.

[0087] The background was removed from the O1s spectrum measured by XPS, and the first and third peaks at 528.5 eV, which are due to Li-O bonds, and the second and fourth peaks at 531 eV, which are due to Li-O bonds, were determined. The area intensity of each peak was then calculated through fitting. The background was removed by subtracting a baseline created using the Shirley method in the range of 562-536 eV. Fitting was performed using the Voigt function.

[0088] The O1s XPS spectra of the solid electrolytes in the examples and comparative examples are shown in Figure 8. Figure 8(a) shows the O1s XPS spectra using AlKα radiation for the examples and comparative examples. Figure 8(b) shows the O1s XPS spectra using CrKα radiation for the examples and comparative examples. Because the analysis depth for CrKα radiation is deeper than that for AlKα radiation, the O1s spectrum using CrKα radiation shows the chemical bonding state deeper from the surface of the solid electrolyte than the O1s spectrum using AlKα radiation. The area intensity of each peak and the interfacial resistance of the solid electrolytes in the examples and comparative examples are shown in Table 1.

[0089] [Table 1]

[0090] As shown in Table 1, the interface resistance is 18 Ωcm in the example. 2 The comparative example was 79 Ωcm 2 It was clear that the solid electrolyte in the example that was wet polished with a nonaqueous electrolyte in an argon atmosphere had a reduced interfacial resistance compared to the solid electrolyte in the comparative example that was dry polished in an argon atmosphere.

[0091] 8(a) and Table 1, in both the Example and the Comparative Example, the integrated intensity (first intensity) of the first peak derived from the Li-O bond in the O1s spectrum by AlKα radiation was smaller than the integrated intensity (second intensity) of the second peak present at 531 eV. Since the ratio of the first intensity to the second intensity was larger in the Example than in the Comparative Example, it can be said that the ratio of Li-O bonds in the analysis range was higher in the Example than in the Comparative Example.

[0092] 8(b) and Table 1, in the comparative example, the integrated intensity of the third peak (third intensity) derived from the Li-O bond in the O1s spectrum by CrKα radiation was smaller than the integrated intensity of the fourth peak (fourth intensity) present at 531 eV, whereas in the example, the third intensity was larger than the fourth intensity.

[0093] In the examples, in the analysis using AlKα radiation, the area intensity of the peak corresponding to the Li-O bond is smaller than the area intensity of the peak present at a position with a higher bond energy than the Li-O bond, and in the analysis using CrKα radiation, the area intensity of the peak corresponding to the Li-O bond is larger than the area intensity of the peak present at a position with a higher bond energy than the Li-O bond. Therefore, it is believed that the film (heterogeneous phase) containing chemical bonds with a higher bond energy than the Li-O bond is thin, approximately the same as the analysis depth using AlKα radiation. It is believed that the interfacial resistance of the solid electrolyte could be reduced because the thickness of the heterogeneous phase, which affects the interfacial resistance of the solid electrolyte, could be reduced.

[0094] In the examples, a case where a sintered body of a solid electrolyte is wet-polished in an argon atmosphere in the presence of a nonaqueous electrolyte solution to form a low-resistance surface layer on the surface of the solid electrolyte is described, but the present invention is not limited to this. It is clear that a low-resistance surface layer can also be formed on the surface of a solid electrolyte (particle) by wet-pulverizing particles of a solid electrolyte in an argon atmosphere in the presence of a nonaqueous electrolyte solution.

[0095] Oxide-based solid electrolytes with a garnet-type crystal structure containing Li, La, and Zr have the excellent characteristics of having bulk conductivity comparable to that of nonaqueous electrolytes and being electrochemically stable against metallic lithium. However, because oxide-based solid electrolytes have high interfacial resistance, it is difficult for energy storage devices that use compacts formed by pressing solid electrolyte particles to achieve battery characteristics that are practically usable. In contrast, the examples demonstrate that solid electrolytes that can reduce interfacial resistance can be obtained. Therefore, energy storage devices that use compacts formed by pressing solid electrolyte particles can be obtained that achieve battery characteristics that are practically usable, without having to form and sinter the solid electrolyte particles into a high-density sintered body.

[0096] The present invention has been described above based on the embodiments, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and it can be easily inferred that various improvements and modifications are possible within the scope of the present invention.

[0097] In the embodiment, the electricity storage device 11 has been described as including a positive electrode layer 12 in which an active material layer 14 is provided on one side of a current collecting layer 13, and an negative electrode layer 16 in which an active material layer 18 is provided on one side of a current collecting layer 17, but the present invention is not necessarily limited to this. For example, it is of course possible to apply each element in the embodiment to an electricity storage device including electrode layers in which an active material layer 14 and an active material layer 18 are provided on both sides of a current collecting layer 13 (so-called bipolar electrodes). If bipolar electrodes and separators 15 are alternately stacked and housed in a case (not shown), an electricity storage device with a so-called bipolar structure can be obtained.

[0098] In the embodiment, the active material layers 14, 18 and the separator 15 all contain the ion conductor 10, but this is not necessarily limited to this. The power storage device may be configured such that at least one of the active material layers 14, 18 and the separator 15 contains the ion conductor 10.

[0099] In the embodiments, the power storage devices 11, 24, and 26 are described as being composed of lithium-ion batteries, but the present invention is not necessarily limited to this. It is clear that other power storage devices may include the solid electrolyte 19. Examples of other power storage devices include electrochemical capacitors. Examples of electrochemical capacitors include redox capacitors that utilize redox reactions and hybrid capacitors that are asymmetric cells that combine an electric double layer capacitor with the solid electrolyte 19.

[0100] Although not described in the embodiment, it is of course possible to dispose a protective layer 29 between the active material layer 18 and the separators 15, 25, or between the current collecting layer 17 and the active material layer 18. Disposing a protective layer 29 between the active material layer 18 and the separators 15, 25 can reduce short circuits caused by dendrites. Disposing a protective layer 29 between the current collecting layer 17 and the active material layer 18 can reduce deterioration of the current collecting layer 17. [Explanation of symbols]

[0101] 10 Ionic conductors 11,24,26 Energy storage devices 12 Positive electrode layer (sheet, electrode) 15 Separator (sheet) 16 Negative electrode layer (sheet, electrode) 19 Solid electrolyte 23 Nonaqueous electrolyte (electrolyte) 25 Separator 29,32 Protective layer P1 First peak P3 Third peak

Claims

1. A solid electrolyte having a garnet-type crystal structure containing Li, La, Zr, and O, In X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the integrated intensity of a first peak corresponding to a Li—O bond in an O1s spectrum detected by irradiating with monochromated AlKα rays is defined as a first intensity, and the integrated intensity of a peak present at a position where the binding energy is larger than the binding energy of the first peak is defined as a second intensity; When the integrated intensity of a third peak corresponding to a Li—O bond in an O1s spectrum detected by irradiating a sample with monochromated CrKα rays is defined as a third intensity, and the integrated intensity of a peak present at a position where the binding energy is greater than the binding energy of the third peak is defined as a fourth intensity, The solid electrolyte, wherein the second strength is greater than the first strength and the fourth strength is less than the third strength.

2. The second intensity and the fourth intensity are O—H, C—O, C—O ２ , C-O ３ The solid electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the chemical bonds correspond to one or more of S—O.

3. 3. The solid electrolyte according to claim 1, further comprising Mg and Sr.

4. The solid electrolyte according to claim 1 or 2; an electrolyte solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent; and

5. The ionic conductor according to claim 4; and a binder that binds the solid electrolyte.

6. An electrode comprising the solid electrolyte according to claim 1 or 2.

7. 3. An electrode in contact with a protective layer, the protective layer comprising the solid electrolyte according to claim 1.

8. An electricity storage device comprising the electrode according to claim 6.

9. An electricity storage device comprising the electrode according to claim 7.

10. A separator comprising the solid electrolyte according to claim 1 or 2.

11. A separator in contact with a protective layer, the protective layer comprising the solid electrolyte according to claim 1 or 2.

12. An electricity storage device comprising the separator according to claim 10.

13. An electricity storage device comprising the separator according to claim 11.

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