Carbon black based on renewable carbon black feedstocks

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for producing carbon black, and to the carbon black obtained by such a method, as well as uses of such carbon black. The present invention further relates to a composition comprising the carbon black and uses of the composition.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for producing carbon black, and to the carbon black obtained by such a method, as well as uses of such carbon black. The present invention further relates to a composition comprising the carbon black and uses of the composition. [Background technology]

[0002] Carbon black is used in many applications, e.g., as a filler or pigment, due to its unique properties. However, carbon black is traditionally produced using fossil raw materials, such as coal and crude oil. Fossil raw materials are limited and are being depleted at a fast rate. Furthermore, fossil raw materials have a negative impact on the environment, mainly due to the high environmental impact of their extraction and transportation. For example, oil spills have occurred in the past, leading to the contamination of water bodies and the death of aquatic animals, including those living offshore. Furthermore, the combustion of fossil raw materials, and thus the production of carbon dioxide, is known to be one of the main causative factors of global warming. The reasons for pursuing alternatives to fossil raw materials are the unstable prices and the dependency on politically unstable regions for the transportation of fossil raw materials.

[0003] It is desirable to avoid the disadvantages that come from the use of fossil raw materials. Renewable materials are more environmentally friendly as raw materials for the production of carbon black. Since the combustion of renewable raw materials, such as plant-based renewable raw materials, releases only as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as was absorbed by the plant during its life cycle, plant-based renewable raw materials are carbon dioxide neutral. The use of renewable raw materials contributes to the conservation of limited fossil resources and creates opportunities for the realization of a circular economy.

[0004] Depending on the various applications, it is desirable for carbon black materials produced from renewable raw materials to exhibit certain properties comparable to known carbon blacks. However, this can be difficult when renewable carbon black raw materials are used.

[0005] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method for the production of carbon black, which creates opportunities for the realization of a circular economy and provides carbon black with properties comparable to known established carbon blacks. Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a rubber composition that improves the CO2 balance and still provides comparable mechanical properties, suitable for example for the production of tires and mechanical rubber products. The rubber composition should furthermore be well processable and efficiently achievable at low cost from readily available materials. Summary of the Invention

[0006] It has surprisingly been shown that this object can be achieved by the process disclosed in the independent claims and the carbon black obtained by this process. Particular or preferred variants of the invention are set out in the dependent claims.

[0007] The following section summarizes certain aspects of the present invention.

[0008] A first aspect of the present invention relates to a method for producing carbon black by thermal oxidative pyrolysis or thermal splitting of a carbon black feedstock, wherein the carbon black feedstock comprises (A) a renewable carbon black feedstock and (b) a rubber-derived pyrolysis oil.

[0009] A second aspect of the present invention relates to the method according to the first aspect, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) comprises tire-derived pyrolysis oil (TPO).

[0010] A third aspect of the present invention relates to the method according to the first or second aspect, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) comprises tire-derived pyrolysis oil (TPO).

[0011] A fourth aspect of the present invention relates to a method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) is - a total carbon content in the range of 80.0 to 90.0% by mass, - a total amount of hydrogen in the range of 8.0 to 15.0% by mass, and - C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.60 to 1.0, wherein the mass % is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash, and the total carbon and total hydrogen are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0012] A fifth aspect of the present invention relates to a method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) is - a total carbon content in the range of 85.0 to 90.0% by mass, - a total amount of hydrogen in the range of 8.0 to 11.0% by mass, and - C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.65 to 1.0, wherein the mass % is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash, and the total carbon and total hydrogen are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0013] A sixth aspect of the present invention relates to a method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) is - a total carbon content in the range of 86.0 to 90.0% by mass, - a total amount of hydrogen in the range of 8.5 to 10.5% by mass, and - C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.70 to 0.90, wherein the mass % is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash, and the total carbon and total hydrogen are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0014] A seventh aspect of the present invention relates to the method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) comprises - a total carbon content in the range of 87.0 to 90.0% by mass, - a total amount of hydrogen in the range of 9.0 to 10.0% by mass, and - C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.70 to 0.85, wherein the mass % is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash, and the total carbon and total hydrogen are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0015] An eighth aspect of the present invention relates to the method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) comprises: - Maximum total nitrogen content of 1.00% by weight, and / or - maximum total sulfur content of 1.35% by weight; wherein the mass % is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash, and the total nitrogen and total sulfur are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0016] A ninth aspect of the present invention relates to the method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) comprises - Maximum 0.80% total nitrogen by weight, and / or - maximum total sulfur content of 1.25% by weight; wherein the mass % is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash, and the total nitrogen and total sulfur are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0017] A tenth aspect of the present invention relates to the method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) comprises: - maximum total nitrogen content of 0.65% by weight, and / or - maximum total sulfur content of 1.20% by weight; wherein the mass % is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash, and the total nitrogen and total sulfur are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0018] An eleventh aspect of the present invention relates to the method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) comprises: - an ash content of less than 0.04% by weight, wherein the weight percent is based on the total weight of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil and the ash content is measured according to ASTM D2415-20.

[0019] A twelfth aspect of the present invention relates to the method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) comprises: - an ash content of less than 0.03% by weight, wherein the weight percent is based on the total weight of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil and the ash content is measured according to ASTM D2415-20.

[0020] A thirteenth aspect of the present invention relates to the method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) comprises: - having a sieve residue of maximum 250 mg / kg, measured according to ASTM D4870-18 (25 μm mesh size), based on the total weight of rubber-derived pyrolysis oil.

[0021] A fourteenth aspect of the present invention relates to the method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) comprises - having a sieve residue of maximum 230 mg / kg, measured according to ASTM D4870-18 (25 μm mesh size), based on the total weight of rubber-derived pyrolysis oil.

[0022] A fifteenth aspect of the present invention is the method according to any one of the second to fourteenth aspects, wherein the tire-derived pyrolysis oil (TPO) is - a total carbon content in the range of 85.0 to 90.0% by mass, - a total amount of hydrogen in the range of 8.0 to 11.0% by mass, and - C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.65 to 1.0, where weight percent is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash, and total carbon and total hydrogen are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0023] A sixteenth aspect of the present invention is the method according to any one of the second to fifteenth aspects, wherein the TPO is - a total carbon content in the range of 86.0 to 90.0% by mass, - a total amount of hydrogen in the range of 8.5 to 10.5% by mass, and - C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.70 to 0.90, where weight percent is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash, and total carbon and total hydrogen are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0024] A seventeenth aspect of the present invention is a method according to any one of the second to sixteenth aspects, wherein the TPO is - a total carbon content in the range of 87.0 to 90.0% by mass, - a total amount of hydrogen in the range of 9.0 to 10.0% by mass, and - C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.70 to 0.85, where weight percent is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash, and total carbon and total hydrogen are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0025] An 18th aspect of the present invention is a method according to any one of the 2nd to 17th aspects, wherein the TPO is - a total nitrogen content of 0.40 to 0.65% by weight, and / or - maximum total sulfur content of 1.35% by weight; where weight percent is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash, and total nitrogen and total sulfur are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0026] A nineteenth aspect of the present invention is a method according to any one of the second to seventeenth aspects, wherein the TPO is - a total nitrogen content of 0.45 to 0.65% by weight, and / or - maximum total sulfur content of 1.25% by weight; where weight percent is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash, and total nitrogen and total sulfur are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0027] A twentieth aspect of the present invention is a method according to any one of the second to nineteenth aspects, wherein the TPO is - a total nitrogen content of 0.45 to 0.60% by weight, and / or - maximum total sulfur content of 1.20% by weight; where weight percent is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash, and total nitrogen and total sulfur are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0028] A 21st aspect of the present invention is a method according to any one of the 2nd to 20th aspects, wherein the TPO is - an ash content of less than 0.04% by weight, where the weight percent is based on the total weight of the TPO and the ash content is measured according to ASTM D2415-20.

[0029] A 22nd aspect of the present invention is a method according to any one of the 2nd to 21st aspects, wherein the TPO is - an ash content of less than 0.03% by weight, where the weight percent is based on the total weight of the TPO and the ash content is measured according to ASTM D2415-20.

[0030] A 23rd aspect of the present invention is a method according to any one of the 2nd to 22nd aspects, wherein the TPO is - having a sieve residue of up to 250 mg / kg, based on the total weight of the TPO, measured according to ASTM D4870-18 (25 μm mesh size).

[0031] A 24th aspect of the present invention is a method according to any one of the 2nd to 23rd aspects, wherein the TPO is - having a sieve residue of up to 230 mg / kg, based on the total weight of the TPO, measured according to ASTM D4870-18 (25 μm mesh size).

[0032] A twenty-fifth aspect of the present invention relates to a method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the renewable carbon feedstock (a) comprises a plant-based feedstock.

[0033] A twenty-sixth aspect of the present invention relates to the method of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the renewable carbon black feedstock (A) comprises wood, grass, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, black liquor, tall oil, rubber seed oil, tobacco seed oil, castor oil, pongamia oil, crambe oil, neem oil, apricot kernel oil, rice bran oil, cashew nut shell oil, Cyperus esculentus oil, rice bran oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, coconut oil, canola oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, pine seed oil, olive oil, corn oil, grapeseed oil, safflower oil, acai palm oil, jambu oil, sesame oil, chia seed oil, hemp oil, perilla oil, peanut oil, stillingia oil, cashew nut oil, Brazil nut oil, macadamia nut oil, walnut oil, almond oil, hazelnut oil, beech nut oil, candlenut oil, chestnut oil, or any mixture or combination thereof.

[0034] A twenty-seventh aspect of the present invention relates to the method of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the renewable carbon black feedstock (a) comprises soybean oil, rapeseed oil, or any mixture or combination thereof.

[0035] A twenty-eighth aspect of the present invention relates to the method of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the renewable carbon black feedstock (a) comprises rapeseed oil.

[0036] A 29th aspect of the present invention relates to the method of any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil comprises at least 10 wt.%, preferably at least 30 wt.%, more preferably at least 50 wt.%, even more preferably at least 70 wt.%, and most preferably at least 90 wt.% tire-derived pyrolysis oil (TPO), based on the total weight of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil.

[0037] A thirtieth aspect of the present invention relates to the method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein for the carbon black feedstock, the ratio of renewable carbon black feedstock (a) to rubber-derived pyrolysis oil is from 0.1:1 to 1:0.1, preferably from 0.3:1 to 1:0.3.

[0038] A thirty-first aspect of the present invention relates to the method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein for the carbon black feedstock, the ratio of renewable carbon black feedstock (a) to rubber-derived pyrolysis oil is from 0.5:1 to 1:0.5.

[0039] A thirty-second aspect of the present invention relates to a method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the carbon black raw material comprises: (a) 10 to 90% by weight, preferably 20 to 80% by weight, more preferably 40 to 60% by weight, and most preferably 45 to 55% by weight, of renewable carbon black raw material, based on the total weight of the carbon black raw material.

[0040] A thirty-third aspect of the present invention relates to a method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the carbon black raw material comprises: (b) 10 to 90% by weight, preferably 20 to 80% by weight, more preferably 40 to 60% by weight, and most preferably 45 to 55% by weight of rubber-derived pyrolysis oil, based on the total weight of the carbon black raw material.

[0041] A thirty-fourth aspect of the invention relates to a method according to any one of the preceding aspects, comprising: supplying an O2-containing gas stream and a fuel stream comprising combustible material to a reactor; combusting the combustible material in a combustion step to provide a combustion gas stream; contacting a carbon black feedstock with the combustion gas stream in a reacting step to form carbon black; and terminating the carbon black production reaction in a terminating step, wherein the O2-containing gas stream and the fuel stream comprising combustible material are provided to the combustion step in amounts corresponding to a k-value in the range of 0.5 to 1.0, the k-value being the ratio of the amount of O2 theoretically required for stoichiometric combustion of all the combustible materials in the combustion step to the total amount of O2 provided to the combustion step.

[0042] A thirty-fifth aspect of the present invention relates to a method according to the thirty-fourth aspect, wherein the k value is in the range of 0.6 to 1.0, preferably 0.7 to 1.0, more preferably 0.75 to 1.0, and even more preferably 0.8 to 1.0.

[0043] A thirty-sixth aspect of the present invention relates to a method according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the reaction is carried out in a furnace black reactor.

[0044] A thirty-seventh aspect of the present invention relates to a carbon black obtained by a method according to any one of the preceding aspects.

[0045] A thirty-eighth aspect of the present invention relates to the carbon black according to the thirty-seventh aspect, wherein the carbon black has an oil absorption number (OAN) of 70 mL / 100 g or more; Here, OAN is measured according to ASTM D2414-21.

[0046] A 39th aspect of the present invention relates to the carbon black according to the 37th or 38th aspect, wherein a difference (gap) between OAN and COAN is 10 to 45 mL / 100 g; Here, OAN is measured according to ASTM D2414-21 and COAN is measured according to ASTM D21.

[0047] The fortieth aspect of the present invention is a 90m 2 The carbon black according to any one of the thirty-seventh to thirty-ninth aspects, having a statistical thickness surface area (STSA) of less than or equal to 1 / g; Here, STSA is measured according to ASTM D6556-19a.

[0048] A 41st aspect of the present invention relates to the carbon black according to any one of the 37th to 40th aspects, wherein the carbon black has an OAN in the range of 70 to 145 mL / 100 g; Here, OAN is measured according to ASTM D2414-21.

[0049] A 42nd aspect of the present invention relates to the carbon black according to any one of the 37th to 41st aspects, wherein a difference (gap) between OAN and COAN is in the range of 10 to 40 mL / 100 g, preferably 12 to 35 mL / 100 g, and more preferably 12 to 30 mL / 100 g; Here, OAN is measured according to ASTM D2414-21 and COAN is measured according to ASTM D3493-21.

[0050] In the forty-third aspect of the present invention, carbon black is 20 to 90 m 2 / g, preferably 23 to 90m 2 / g, more preferably 25 to 85m 2 The carbon black according to any one of the thirty-seventh to forty-second aspects, having an STSA of 1 / g; Here, STSA is measured according to ASTM D6556-19a.

[0051] In the forty-fourth aspect of the present invention, the carbon black is 20 to 120 m 2 / g, preferably 23 to 110m 2 / g, more preferably 25 to 100m 2 The carbon black according to any one of the thirty-seventh to forty-third aspects, having a BET surface area of ​​about 1 / g; Here, the BET surface area is measured according to ASTM D6556-19a.

[0052] A 45th aspect of the present invention relates to the carbon black according to any one of the 37th to 44th aspects, wherein the carbon black has a sulfur content of 2.5% or less, preferably 2.0% or less, more preferably 1.5% or less; Here, the sulfur content is measured according to ASTM D1619-20.

[0053] A 46th aspect of the present invention relates to a carbon black according to any one of the 37th to 45th aspects, wherein the carbon black has a pMC (percent modern carbon) of 30% or more, preferably 40% or more, more preferably 50% or more, even more preferably 75% or more, and most preferably 90% or more; Here, pMC is measured according to ASTM D6866-20B method (AMS).

[0054] A 47th aspect of the present invention relates to the carbon black according to any one of the 37th to 46th aspects, in which the carbon black is furnace black.

[0055] A 48th aspect of the present invention relates to the carbon black according to any one of the 37th to 47th aspects, wherein the carbon black is oxidized and / or functionalized.

[0056] A forty-ninth aspect of the present invention relates to the use of the carbon black according to any one of the thirty-seventh to forty-eighth aspects as a reinforcing filler or additive, a UV stabilizer, a conductive carbon black or pigment, preferably as a reinforcing filler or additive.

[0057] A 50th aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a carbon black according to any one of the 37th to 48th aspects in rubber and rubber mixes, plastics, inks, such as printing inks, inkjet inks or other inks, toners, lacquers, coatings, paper, adhesives or in battery or black matrix applications, preferably in rubber and rubber mixes or plastics.

[0058] A fifty-first aspect of the present invention relates to a rubber composition comprising at least one kind of rubber material and at least one kind of carbon black according to any one of the thirty-seventh to forty-eighth aspects.

[0059] A 52nd aspect of the present invention relates to the rubber composition according to the 51st aspect, wherein the at least one rubber material comprises natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, such as emulsion-styrene-butadiene rubber and solution-styrene-butadiene rubber, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, butyl rubber, halogenated butyl rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, polychloroprene, acrylate rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber, ethylene-acrylic rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, silicone rubber, fluorosilicone rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, or any mixture or combination thereof.

[0060] A 53rd aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a rubber composition according to the 51st or 52nd aspect for producing a tire, preferably a pneumatic tire, a tire tread, a belt, a belt reinforcement, a carcass, a carcass reinforcement, a sidewall, an inner liner, an apex, a shoulder, a hump strip, a chafer, a bead filler, a cable sheath, a tube, a drive belt, a conveyor belt, a roll cover, a shoe sole, a hose, a sealing member, a profile, a damping element, a coating, or a coloured or printed article.

[0061] A fifty-fourth aspect of the present invention relates to a tire made from the rubber composition according to the fifty-first or fifty-second aspect.

[0062] A 55th aspect of the present invention relates to the tire according to the 54th aspect, wherein the tire comprises a tire tread, a belt, a belt reinforcement, a carcass, a carcass reinforcement, a sidewall, an innerliner, an apex, a shoulder, a hump strip, a chafer, and a bead filler, at least one of which is made from the rubber composition according to the 51st or 52nd aspect.

[0063] A 56th aspect of the present invention relates to a tire according to the 54th or 55th aspect, wherein the tire has a circumferential tread in a cap / base configuration including a tread cap rubber layer on an outer circumferential side including the running surface of the tire and a tread base rubber layer underlying at least a portion of the tread cap rubber layer, and at least one of the tread cap rubber layer and the tread base rubber layer is made from a rubber composition according to the 51st or 52nd aspect.

[0064] A 57th aspect of the present invention relates to an article made from the rubber composition according to the 51st or 52nd aspect, which is a cable sheath, a tube, a drive belt, a conveyor belt, a roll cover, a shoe sole, a hose, a sealing member, a profile, a damping element, a coating, or a coloured or printed article.

[0065] A 58th aspect of the present invention relates to a plastic composition comprising at least one plastic material and at least one carbon black according to any one of the 37th to 48th aspects.

[0066] A 59th aspect of the present invention relates to a plastic composition according to the 58th aspect, wherein the at least one plastic material comprises a thermoplastic polymer, a thermosetting polymer, a thermoplastic elastomer, preferably low and high density polyethylene and polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, melamine-formaldehyde resins, phenolic resins, epoxy resins, polyamides, polyesters, polyoxymethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyurethanes, polyphenylene oxide, polysiloxanes, polyacrylamide, polyaryletherketone, polysulfone, polyetherimide, acrylonitrile styrene acrylate or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymers, and mixtures or copolymers of any of these. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0067] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 (not to scale) shows a schematic cross-section of a furnace carbon black reactor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0068] The present invention relates to a process for producing carbon black by thermal oxidative pyrolysis or thermal splitting of a carbon black feedstock comprising (a) a renewable carbon black feedstock and (b) a rubber-derived pyrolysis oil.

[0069] As used herein, the term "carbon black" refers to a material that is substantially composed, for example, of more than 80% by weight, or more than 90% by weight, or more than 95% by weight, based on the total weight of carbon. The manufacture of carbon black is well known per se in the art and is outlined, for example, in J.-B. Donet et al., "Carbon Black: Science and Technology", 2nd Edition, as well as H. Felch, "Pigments", 1st Edition, Kurt R. Vinzenz Publishers, Hannover (1995), and will be further described below.

[0070] As used herein, the term "rubber-derived pyrolysis oil" refers to the liquid fraction obtained from the pyrolysis of rubber articles. Rubber-derived pyrolysis oil typically contains a mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and may contain polar compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen.

[0071] Pyrolysis of rubber articles generally involves heating the rubber article to a temperature of, for example, at least 300° C. in the absence of oxygen to volatilize and decompose the rubber article to produce oil, gas, and char. As used herein, the term "rubber article" refers to an article comprised of rubber, for example, an article comprised of at least 50% by weight of rubber based on the total weight of the rubber article. Examples of rubber articles include, but are not limited to, tires, conveyor belts, gaskets such as door gaskets, drive belts, floor mats, shoe soles, belts, cable sheaths, hoses, and the like. A preferred rubber article includes tires. The term "rubber" includes both natural and synthetic rubber, or mixtures thereof. Natural rubber can be obtained from rubber trees (Helvea brasiliensis), guairu, and dandelion. Synthetic rubbers can include styrene-butadiene rubbers, such as emulsion-styrene-butadiene rubber and solution-styrene-butadiene rubber, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, butyl rubber, halogenated butyl rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, polychloroprene, acrylate rubber, ethylene-vinyl acetate rubber, ethylene-acrylic rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, silicone rubber, fluorosilicone rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, or a mixture of any combination of the foregoing.

[0072] According to the present invention, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil can include tire-derived pyrolysis oil (TPO). As used herein, the term "tire-derived pyrolysis oil" ("TPO") refers to a liquid fraction obtained in the pyrolysis of tires in the absence of oxygen. TPO generally contains a mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and can contain polar compounds including sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen. Typically, waste tires, also known as "used" tires (ELT), are used in pyrolysis to obtain TPO. As used herein, "waste tires" or "used tires" refers to tires that are not suitable for use in vehicles due to irreparable damage such as wear or punctures, for example, truck tires, passenger tires, off-road tires, aircraft tires, agricultural tires, and earthmover tires.

[0073] The pyrolysis method of rubber articles such as tires is well known in the art and involves heating tires in the absence of oxygen. Suitable processes for obtaining rubber-derived pyrolysis oil, especially TPO, include, but are not limited to, those described in US 2002 / 0072641 A1, US 2002 / 0072640 A1, US 2005 / 0101812 A1 and EP 2427533 A1.

[0074] The rubber-derived pyrolysis oil may comprise at least 5% by weight, for example at least 10% by weight, or at least 10% by weight, or at least 15% by weight, or at least 20% by weight, or at least 25% by weight, or at least 30% by weight, or at least 35% by weight, or at least 40% by weight, or at least 45% by weight, or at least 50% by weight, or at least 55% by weight, or at least 60% by weight, or at least 65% by weight, or at least 70% by weight, or at least 75% by weight, or at least 80% by weight, or at least 85% by weight, or at least 90% by weight, or at least 95% by weight, or at least 99% by weight of tire-derived pyrolysis oil (TPO), based on the total weight of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil. According to the present invention, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil may comprise at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 30% by weight, more preferably at least 50% by weight, even more preferably at least 70% by weight, and most preferably at least 90% by weight of TPO, based on the total weight of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil. The rubber-derived pyrolysis oil of the present invention can consist of TPO.

[0075] Suitable examples of rubber-derived pyrolysis oils, particularly TPO, include, but are not limited to, ThermoTireOil RR manufactured by Pyram Innovations (Germany).

[0076] According to the present invention, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil may have a flash point of at least 3° C., preferably at least 5° C., more preferably at least 50° C., and most preferably at least 65° C. As used herein, the term "flash point" refers to the minimum temperature at which volatile materials vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. Flash point may be measured according to ASTM D93 D. The rubber-derived pyrolysis oil may be processed, for example, by distillation, such as fractional distillation at atmospheric pressure, thin film distillation, etc., to obtain a fraction with a higher flash point, such as at least 65° C.

[0077] According to the present invention, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) can have a total carbon content of at least 80.0 mass%, for example at least 81.0 mass%, or at least 82.0 mass%, or at least 83.0 mass%, or at least 84.0 mass%, or at least 85.0 mass%, or at least 85.5 mass%, or at least 86.0 mass%, or at least 86.5 mass%, or at least 87.0 mass%, or at least 87.5 mass%, where the mass% is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. The rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) can have a total carbon content of 90.0 mass% or less, for example, 89.5 mass% or less, or 89.0 mass% or less, where the mass% is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. Moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18 and ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550°C). One skilled in the art would understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Thus, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) can have a total carbon content ranging from 80.0 to 90.0 mass%, preferably 85.0 to 90.0 mass%, more preferably 86.0 to 90.0 mass%, and most preferably 87.0 to 90.0 mass%, where mass% is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. The total carbon content is measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0078] According to the present invention, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) can have a total hydrogen content of at least 8.0 mass%, for example at least 8.5 mass%, or at least 9.0 mass%, or at least 9.5 mass%, where mass% is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. Moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18, and ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550°C). The rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) can have a total hydrogen content of 15.0 mass% or less, for example, 14.0 mass% or less, or 13.0 mass% or less, or 12.0 mass% or less, or 11.0 mass% or less, or 10.5 mass% or less, or 10.0 mass% or less, where mass% is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. A person skilled in the art would understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Therefore, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) may have a total hydrogen content in the range of 8.0 to 15.0 mass%, preferably 8.0 to 11.0 mass%, more preferably 8.5 to 10.5 mass%, and most preferably 9.0 to 10.0 mass%, where mass% is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. The total hydrogen content is measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0079] According to the present invention, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) can have a C / H atomic ratio of at least 0.60, such as at least 0.65, or at least 0.70, or at least 0.75. The rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) can have a C / H atomic ratio of 1.0 or less, such as 0.95 or less, or 0.90 or less, or 0.85 or less, or 0.80 or less. A person skilled in the art will understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Thus, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) can have a C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.60 to 1.0, preferably 0.65 to 1.0, preferably 0.70 to 0.90, more preferably 0.70 to 0.85. The C / H atomic ratio is calculated from the total carbon and total hydrogen determined as described above according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0080] Rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) a total carbon content in the range of 80.0 to 90.0% by mass, preferably 85.0 to 90.0% by mass, more preferably 86.0 to 90.0% by mass, most preferably 87.0 to 90.0% by mass, a total amount of hydrogen in the range of 8.0 to 15.0% by mass, preferably 8.0 to 11.0% by mass, more preferably 8.5 to 10.5% by mass, most preferably 9.0 to 10.0% by mass, and a C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.60 to 1, preferably 0.65 to 1.0, more preferably 0.70 to 0.90, most preferably 0.70 to 0.85, where the weight percent is based on the total weight of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. The total carbon and total hydrogen are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21. The C / H atomic ratio is calculated from the total carbon and total hydrogen. The moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18 and the ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550° C.).

[0081] According to the present invention, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) can have a total nitrogen content of at least 0.01% by mass, for example at least 0.02% by mass, where the mass% is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. The moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18, and the ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550°C). The rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) can have a total nitrogen content of up to 1.00% by mass, for example up to 0.90% by mass, or up to 0.80% by mass, or up to 0.70% by mass, or up to 0.65% by mass, where the mass% is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. A person skilled in the art will understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Thus, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) may have a total nitrogen content in the range of 0.01 to 1.00 mass%, for example, 0.01 to 0.80 mass%, or 0.01 to 0.65 mass%, where the mass% is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. The total nitrogen content is measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0082] According to the present invention, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) may have a total sulfur content of up to 1.35% by mass, for example up to 1.30% by mass, or up to 1.25% by mass, or up to 1.20% by mass, or up to 1.15% by mass, or up to 1.10% by mass, where the mass percentage is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. The moisture content may be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18, and the ash content may be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550° C.). The total sulfur content is measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0083] Rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) a total nitrogen content of at most 1.00% by weight, preferably at most 0.80% by weight, more preferably at most 0.65% by weight, and a total amount of sulfur of at most 1.35% by weight, preferably at most 1.25% by weight, more preferably at most 1.20% by weight, where the weight percent is based on the total weight of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. Total nitrogen and total sulfur are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21. Moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18 and ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550° C.).

[0084] According to the present invention, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) is a total carbon content in the range of 80.0 to 90.0% by mass, preferably 85.0 to 90.0% by mass, more preferably 86.0 to 90.0% by mass, most preferably 87.0 to 90.0% by mass, a total amount of hydrogen in the range of 8.0 to 15.0% by mass, preferably 8.0 to 11.0% by mass, more preferably 8.5 to 10.5% by mass, most preferably 9.0 to 10.0% by mass, a C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.60 to 1.0, preferably 0.65 to 1.0, more preferably 0.70 to 0.90, most preferably 0.70 to 0.85, a total nitrogen content of at most 1.00% by weight, preferably at most 0.80% by weight, more preferably at most 0.65% by weight, and a total amount of sulfur of at most 1.35% by weight, preferably at most 1.25% by weight, more preferably at most 1.20% by weight, where the weight percent is based on the total weight of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding moisture and ash. The total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21. The C / H atomic ratio is calculated from the total carbon and hydrogen. The moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18 and the ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550° C.).

[0085] According to the present invention, the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) may have an ash content of less than 0.04 mass %, for example, less than 0.03 mass %, or less than 0.02 mass %, or less than 0.01 mass %, where mass % is based on the total mass of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil. The ash content is measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550° C.).

[0086] The rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) may have a sieve residue of 250 mg / kg or less, for example 230 mg / kg or less, based on the total weight of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil. The sieve residue is measured according to ASTM D4870-18 (25 μm mesh size).

[0087] According to the present invention, the TPO can have a total carbon content of at least 85.0 wt%, e.g., at least 85.5 wt%, or at least 86.0 wt%, or at least 86.5 wt%, or at least 87.0 wt%, or at least 87.5 wt%, where the wt% is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. The moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18, and the ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550°C). The TPO can have a total carbon content of 90.0 wt% or less, e.g., 89.5 wt% or less, or 89.0 wt% or less, where the wt% is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Thus, the TPO may have a total carbon content ranging from 85.0 to 90.0 mass %, preferably 86.0 to 90.0 mass %, more preferably 87.0 to 90.0 mass %, where mass % is based on the total mass of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. The total carbon content is measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0088] According to the present invention, the TPO can have a total hydrogen content of at least 8.0 wt%, for example at least 8.5 wt%, or at least 9.0 wt%, or at least 9.5 wt%, where the wt% is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. The moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18, and the ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550°C). The TPO can have a total hydrogen content of 11.0 wt% or less, for example, 10.5 wt% or less, or 10.0 wt% or less, where the wt% is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Thus, the TPO may have a total hydrogen content ranging from 8.0 to 11.0 wt%, preferably 8.5 to 10.5 wt%, more preferably 9.0 to 10.0 wt%, where the wt% is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. The total hydrogen content is measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0089] According to the present invention, the TPO can have a C / H atomic ratio of at least 0.65, such as at least 0.70, or at least 0.75. The TPO can have a C / H atomic ratio of 1.0 or less, such as 0.95 or less, or 0.90 or less, or 0.85 or less, or 0.80 or less. A person skilled in the art will understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Thus, the TPO can have a C / H atomic ratio ranging from 0.65 to 1.0, preferably 0.70 to 0.90, more preferably 0.70 to 0.85. The C / H atomic ratio is calculated from the total carbon and total hydrogen determined as described above according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0090] TPO is a total carbon content ranging from 85.0 to 90.0% by mass, preferably from 86.0 to 90.0% by mass, more preferably from 87.0 to 90.0% by mass, a total amount of hydrogen ranging from 8.0 to 11.0% by mass, preferably from 8.5 to 10.5% by mass, more preferably from 9.0 to 10.0% by mass, and a C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.65 to 1.0, preferably 0.70 to 0.90, more preferably 0.70 to 0.85, where the weight percent is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. Moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18 and ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550° C.). Total carbon and total hydrogen are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21. The C / H atomic ratio is calculated from the total carbon and total hydrogen.

[0091] According to the present invention, the TPO can have a total nitrogen content of at least 0.40 wt%, e.g., at least 0.45 wt%, or at least 0.50 wt%, where the wt% is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. The moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18, and the ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550°C). The TPO can have a total nitrogen content of 0.65 wt% or less, e.g., 0.60 wt% or less, or 0.55 wt% or less, where the wt% is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Thus, the TPO may have a total nitrogen content ranging from 0.40 to 0.65 wt%, preferably 0.45 to 0.65 wt%, more preferably 0.45 to 0.60 wt%, where the wt% is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. The total nitrogen content is measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0092] According to the present invention, the TPO can have a total sulfur content of up to 1.35 wt%, for example up to 1.30 wt%, or up to 1.25 wt%, or up to 1.20 wt%, or up to 1.15 wt%, or up to 1.10 wt%, where the wt% is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. Moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18, and ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550°C). Total sulfur is measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0093] TPO is a total nitrogen content of 0.40 to 0.65% by weight, preferably 0.45 to 0.65% by weight, more preferably 0.45 to 0.60% by weight, and a total amount of sulfur of at most 1.35% by weight, preferably at most 1.25% by weight, more preferably at most 1.20% by weight, where the weight percent is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. Moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18, and ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550° C.). Total nitrogen and total sulfur are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

[0094] According to the present invention, the TPO is a total carbon content ranging from 85.0 to 90.0% by mass, preferably from 86.0 to 90.0% by mass, more preferably from 87.0 to 90.0% by mass, a total amount of hydrogen ranging from 8.0 to 11.0% by mass, preferably from 8.5 to 10.5% by mass, more preferably from 9.0 to 10.0% by mass, a C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.65 to 1.0, preferably 0.70 to 0.90, more preferably 0.70 to 0.85, a total nitrogen content of 0.40 to 0.65% by weight, preferably 0.45 to 0.65% by weight, more preferably 0.45 to 0.60% by weight, and a total amount of sulfur of at most 1.35% by weight, preferably at most 1.25% by weight, more preferably from 0.90 to 1.20% by weight, where the weight percent is based on the total weight of the TPO excluding moisture and ash. Moisture can be measured according to ASTM D4928-12R18 and ash can be measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550° C.). Total carbon, total hydrogen, total nitrogen and total sulfur are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21. The C / H atomic ratio is calculated from the total carbon and total hydrogen.

[0095] According to the present invention, the TPO can have an ash content of less than 0.04 wt%, e.g., less than 0.03 wt%, or less than 0.02 wt%, or less than 0.01 wt%, where wt% is based on the total weight of the TPO. Ash content is measured according to ASTM D2415-20 (at 550° C.).

[0096] The TPO may have a sieve residue of 250 mg / kg or less, such as 230 mg / kg or less, based on the total weight of the TPO, measured according to ASTM D4870-18 (25 μm mesh size).

[0097] According to the present invention, the renewable carbon feedstock (a) may comprise a plant-based feedstock. The plant-based feedstock may be a waste plant-based feedstock. The term "waste" refers to materials that are discarded or disposed of, for example after use, as unsuitable or no longer useful for their intended purpose.

[0098] The renewable carbon black feedstock may comprise a solid component and / or a liquid component. Preferably, the renewable carbon black feedstock may comprise a liquid component.

[0099] The renewable carbon black feedstock may preferably comprise vegetable-based oil, more preferably waste vegetable-based oil.

[0100] Renewable carbon black feedstocks (a) may include wood, grass, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, black liquor, tall oil, rubber seed oil, tobacco seed oil, castor oil, pongamia oil, crambe oil, neem oil, apricot kernel oil, rice bran oil, cashew nut shell oil, cyperus esculentus oil, rice bran oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, coconut oil, canola oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, pine seed oil, olive oil, corn oil, grapeseed oil, safflower oil, acai palm oil, jambu oil, sesame oil, chia seed oil, hemp oil, perilla oil, peanut oil, stillingia oil, cashew nut oil, Brazil nut oil, macadamia nut oil, walnut oil, almond oil, hazelnut oil, beech nut oil, candlenut oil, chestnut oil, or any mixture or combination thereof.

[0101] Preferably, the renewable carbon black feedstock (a) comprises soybean oil, rapeseed oil, or any mixture or combination thereof. According to the present invention, the renewable carbon black feedstock (a) can comprise rapeseed oil.

[0102] As used herein, the term "wood" refers to the porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. Suitable examples of wood include, but are not limited to, pine, spruce, larch, juniper, ash, hornbeam, birch, alder, beech, oak, pin, horse chestnut, mulberry, or mixtures thereof. Suitable examples of grass include, but are not limited to, cereal grasses such as corn, wheat, rice, barley, or millet; bamboo and grasses in natural grasslands, and species cultivated in turf and pasture. Suitable examples of lignin include, but are not limited to, lignin and lignosulfonates removed by the Kraft process.

[0103] For the carbon black raw material, the ratio of the renewable carbon black raw material (a) to the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) may be 0.1:1 to 1:0.1, preferably 0.3:1 to 1:0.3. According to the present invention, for the carbon black raw material, the ratio of the renewable carbon black raw material (a) to the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) may be 0.5:1 to 1:0.5.

[0104] According to the present invention, the carbon black raw material can comprise at least 10% by weight, for example at least 15% by weight, or at least 20% by weight, or at least 25% by weight, or at least 30% by weight, or at least 35% by weight, or at least 40% by weight, or at least 45% by weight of renewable carbon black raw material (a) based on the total weight of the carbon black raw material. The carbon black raw material of the present invention can comprise 90% by weight or less, for example 85% by weight or less, or 80% by weight or less, or 75% by weight or less, or 70% by weight or less, or 65% by weight or less, or 60% by weight or less, or 55% by weight or less of renewable carbon black raw material (a) based on the total weight of the carbon black raw material. A person skilled in the art will understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Thus, the carbon black raw material can comprise 10-90% by weight, preferably 20-80% by weight, more preferably 40-60% by weight, and most preferably 45-55% by weight of renewable carbon black raw material (a) based on the total weight of the carbon black raw material.

[0105] According to the present invention, the carbon black feedstock can comprise at least 10% by weight, for example at least 15% by weight, or at least 20% by weight, or at least 25% by weight, or at least 30% by weight, or at least 35% by weight, or at least 40% by weight, or at least 45% by weight of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) based on the total weight of the carbon black feedstock. The carbon black feedstock of the present invention can comprise 90% by weight or less, for example 85% by weight or less, or 80% by weight or less, or 75% by weight or less, or 70% by weight or less, or 65% by weight or less, or 60% by weight or less, or 55% by weight or less of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) based on the total weight of the carbon black feedstock. A person skilled in the art will understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Thus, the carbon black feedstock can comprise 10-90% by weight, preferably 20-80% by weight, more preferably 40-60% by weight, and most preferably 45-55% by weight of the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) based on the total weight of the carbon black feedstock.

[0106] The carbon black raw material may contain 20 to 80% by weight, preferably 25 to 75% by weight, more preferably 40 to 60% by weight of renewable carbon black raw material (a) and 20 to 80% by weight, preferably 25 to 75% by weight, more preferably 40 to 60% by weight of rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) based on the total weight of the carbon black raw material. Preferably, the carbon black raw material may contain 45 to 55% by weight of renewable carbon black raw material (a) and 45 to 55% by weight of rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) based on the total weight of the carbon black raw material.

[0107] The method may include providing an O2-containing gas stream and a fuel stream comprising combustible material to a reactor; combusting the combustible material in a combustion step to provide a combustion gas stream; contacting a carbon black feedstock with the combustion gas stream in a reaction step to form carbon black; and terminating the carbon black-forming reaction in a termination step, wherein the O2-containing gas stream and the fuel stream comprising combustible material are provided to the combustion step in amounts corresponding to a k value in the range of 0.5 to 1.0, the k value being the ratio of the amount of O2 theoretically required for stoichiometric combustion of all the combustible materials in the combustion step to the total amount of O2 provided to the combustion step.

[0108] The k value is the ratio of O2 theoretically required for stoichiometric combustion of all combustible materials in a combustion step to the total O2 provided for the combustion step. Thus, a k value of 1 means stoichiometric combustion. In the case of excess O2, the k value is less than 1.

[0109] The fuel stream according to the present invention can be any material that is combustible. Preferably, the fuel stream comprises liquid and / or gaseous hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide or mixtures thereof. The fuel stream may comprise at least 50% by weight, such as at least 70% by weight, at least 90% by weight, or at least 95% by weight of hydrocarbons. Suitable examples of fuel streams include, but are not limited to, petroleum-based liquid fuels such as natural gas, coal gas, petroleum gas, heavy oil, or coil-derived liquid fuels such as creosote oil, fuel oil, washing oil, anthracene oil, crude coal tar, etc. Preferably, the fuel stream comprises natural gas. Alternatively, the fuel stream may comprise plasma gas. The fuel stream is subjected to combustion in a combustion step to provide a combustion gas stream.

[0110] Any gas stream containing oxygen gas can be used as the O2-containing gas stream. Suitable examples of O2-containing gas streams include, but are not limited to, air, oxygen-reduced air, and oxygen-enriched air.

[0111] The combustion can be carried out at a temperature in the range of 1,000 to 2,700°C, preferably 1,200 to 2,400°C, and more preferably 1,300 to 2,300°C.

[0112] According to the present invention, the k value may further range from 0.6 to 1.0, preferably from 0.7 to 1.0, more preferably from 0.75 to 1.0, and even more preferably from 0.8 to 1.0. Those skilled in the art will understand that the k value may be readily calculated from the content and type of combustible material and the O2 content in the feed stream and their respective flow rates.

[0113] In the process of the present invention, the combustion gases produced in the combustion step can be contacted with the carbon black feedstock of the present invention in a reaction step, in which pyrolysis or cleavage of the carbon black feedstock occurs to produce carbon black as well as exhaust gases.

[0114] The production of carbon black can be carried out at a temperature in the range of 1,000 to 2,000°C, preferably 1,100 to 1,900°C, more preferably 1,300 to 1,900°C, and most preferably 1,300 to 1,800°C.

[0115] According to the present invention, carbon black production can be terminated with a stop step. Stopping of carbon black production can be achieved by any means known to those skilled in the art, such as cooling by direct or indirect heat exchange, for example cooling and / or quenching by using a quench boiler. Typically, quenching is achieved by injecting a suitable quench liquid, such as water. Preferably, carbon black production is stopped by water quenching.

[0116] According to the invention, the method can be carried out in a furnace black reactor and includes generating a combustion gas flow in a combustion zone, passing the combustion gas from the combustion zone through a reaction zone to a stop zone, injecting a carbon black feedstock into the combustion gas in the reaction zone to generate carbon black, and stopping the carbon black generation in the stop zone by reducing the temperature by quenching and / or by using a quench boiler. The furnace black reactor of the invention can have a combustion zone, a reaction zone and a stop zone along the reactor axis. Suitable furnace black reactors are described, for example, in EP 2 479 223 A1 or EP 1 233 042 A2.

[0117] The present invention further relates to carbon black obtainable by the above-described inventive process.

[0118] According to the present invention, the carbon black of the present invention can have an oil absorption (OAN) of 70 mL / 100 g or more, for example 80 mL / 100 g or more. The carbon black of the present invention can have an oil absorption (OAN) of 150 mL / 100 g or less, for example 145 mL / 100 g or less, or 140 mL / 100 g or less, or 135 mL / 100 g or less, or 130 mL / 100 g or less. The carbon black according to the present invention can have an OAN in the range between any of the recited lower and upper limits. The carbon black can have an oil absorption in the range of 70 to 145 mL / 100 g, preferably 80 to 130 mL / 100 g. OAN is measured according to ASTM D2414-21.

[0119] According to the present invention, in carbon black, the difference (gap) between OAN and COAN (OAN-COAN) may be at least 10 mL / 100g, such as at least 12 mL / 100g, or at least 15 mL / 100g, or at least 20 mL / 100g. In carbon black, the difference (gap) between OAN and COAN (OAN-COAN) may be 50 mL / 100g or less, such as 45 mL / 100g or less, or 40 mL / 100g or less, or 35 mL / 100g or less, or 30 mL / 100g or less. A person skilled in the art will understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Thus, in carbon black, the difference (gap) between OAN and COAN (OAN-COAN) may be in the range of 10-45 mL / 100g, preferably 12-35 mL / 100g, more preferably 12-30 mL / 100g. OAN is measured according to ASTM D2414-21 and COAN is measured according to ASTM D3493-21. The gaps in the stated ranges can provide good dispersibility of the carbon black in compositions, especially rubber and / or plastic compositions.

[0120] In addition, the carbon black of the present invention has a viscosity of 90 m 2 / g or less, e.g. 85m 2 The carbon black may have a statistical thickness surface area (STSA) of at least 20 m / g. 2 / g, e.g., at least 23m 2 / g, or at least 25m 2 A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Thus, the carbon black may have an STSA of 20 to 90 m / g. 2 / g, preferably 23 to 90m 2 / g, more preferably 25 to 85m 2 / g. STSA is measured according to ASTM D6556-19a. Low STSA can provide low rolling resistance and low heat build-up.

[0121] The carbon black of the present invention has a viscosity of at least 20 mm 2 / g, e.g. at least 23m 2 / g, or at least 25m 2 The carbon black can have a BET surface area of ​​120 m 2 / g or less, e.g. 110m 2 / g or less, or 100m 2 A person of ordinary skill in the art would understand that any range between any of the explicitly disclosed lower and upper limits is disclosed herein. Thus, the carbon black may have a BET surface area of ​​20 to 120 m 2 / g, preferably 23 to 110m 2 / g, more preferably 25 to 100m 2 / g. BET surface area is measured in accordance with ASTM D6556-19a.

[0122] According to the present invention, the carbon black may have a sulfur content of less than or equal to 2.5%, preferably less than or equal to 2.0%, and more preferably less than or equal to 1.5%, as measured according to ASTM D1619-20.

[0123] The carbon black of the present invention can have a pMC (percent modern carbon) of 30% or more, e.g., 32% or more, 35% or more, 37% or more, 40% or more, 42% or more, 45% or more, 47% or more, 50% or more, 52% or more, 55% or more, 57% or more, 60% or more, 62% or more, 65% or more, 67% or more, 70% or more, 72% or more, 75% or more, 77% or more, 80% or more, 82% or more, 85% or more, 87% or more, 90% or more, 92% or more, 95% or more, 97% or more, or 99% or more. pMC is measured according to ASTM D6866-20B method (AMS). For each sample, 14 C / 13The percentage of C is calculated and compared to measurements made with an oxalic acid II standard (NIST-4990C). The measured values ​​(pMC) are corrected by dC measured using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The carbon black of the present invention can have a pMC (percent modern carbon) of 30% or more, preferably 40% or more, more preferably 50% or more, even more preferably 75% or more, and most preferably 90% or more.

[0124] According to the present invention, the carbon black may be furnace black.

[0125] According to the present invention, the carbon black can be oxidized. In this specification, the term "oxidized" means that the carbon black has been subjected to an oxidation process and thus contains oxygen-containing functional groups. Thus, oxidized carbon black, unlike non-oxidized carbon black, generally has a significant oxygen content and has oxygen-containing functional groups, examples of which include, but are not limited to, quinone, carboxy, phenol, lactol, lactone, anhydride and ketone groups. For example, the oxidized carbon black can have an oxygen content of 0.5% or more, such as 1% or more, or 2% or more, by weight, based on the total weight of the oxidized carbon black material. Typically, the oxygen content does not exceed 20% by weight, based on the total weight of the oxidized carbon black material. For example, the oxidized carbon black can contain 0.5% to 20% by weight, 1% to 15% by weight, 2% to 10% by weight, or 2% to 5% by weight of oxygen, based on the total weight of the oxidized carbon black material.

[0126] Oxidized carbon black can be prepared by various methods known in the art, such as those disclosed in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 6,120,594 and 6,471,933. Suitable methods include the oxidation of the carbon black material with oxidizing agents such as peroxides, such as hydrogen peroxide, persulfates, such as sodium persulfate and potassium persulfate, hypohalites, such as sodium hypochlorite, ozone or oxygen gas, permanganates, transition metal-containing oxidizing agents, such as osmium tetroxide, chromium oxide, ammonium cerium nitrate, or oxidizing acids, such as nitric acid or perchloric acid, as well as mixtures or combinations thereof.

[0127] According to the present invention, the carbon black can be further functionalized. The carbon black can be functionalized by treatment with a functionalizing agent. The functionalized carbon black can be obtained, for example, by treating the oxidized carbon black with a sulfur-containing primary or secondary amine or a salt thereof, as described in WO 2021 / 001156 A1. Thus, this treatment results in a chemical change of the oxidized carbon black, with the sulfur-containing amine imparting functional groups from the treating agent, such as sulfur-containing moieties and / or amine groups, to the oxidized carbon black.

[0128] The present invention further relates to the use of the carbon black according to the invention as a reinforcing filler or additive, a UV stabilizer, a conductive carbon black or pigment, preferably as a reinforcing filler or additive.

[0129] Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of the carbon black according to the invention in rubber and rubber mixtures, plastics, inks, such as printing inks, inkjet inks or other inks, toners, lacquers, coatings, paper, adhesives or in battery or black matrix applications, preferably in rubber and rubber mixtures or plastics.

[0130] The present invention also relates to a rubber composition. The rubber composition of the present invention comprises at least one rubber material and at least one carbon black of the present invention. The terms "rubber", "rubber material" and "elastomer" may be used interchangeably throughout the present specification unless otherwise specified. Rubbers that can be used according to the present invention include those containing olefinic unsaturation, i.e., diene-based rubber materials, as well as non-diene-based rubber materials. The term "diene-based rubber material" is intended to include both natural and synthetic rubbers, or mixtures thereof.

[0131] Natural rubber can be used in its raw form and in various processed forms conventionally known in the art of rubber processing. Natural rubber can be obtained, for example, from the rubber tree (Herbia brasiliensis), guayule, and dandelion.

[0132] Synthetic rubbers may include styrene-butadiene rubbers, such as emulsion-styrene-butadiene rubbers and solution-styrene-butadiene rubbers, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, ethylene-propylene-diene rubbers, ethylene-propylene rubbers, butyl rubbers, halogenated butyl rubbers, chlorinated polyethylenes, chlorosulfonated polyethylenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers, hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers, polychloroprene, acrylate rubbers, ethylene-vinyl acetate rubbers, ethylene-acrylic rubbers, epichlorohydrin rubbers, silicone rubbers, fluorosilicone rubbers, fluorocarbon rubbers, or mixtures of any of the foregoing. According to the present invention, synthetic rubbers may also be obtained from renewable materials. For example, polybutadiene may be produced from alcohols obtained by fermentation of plant biomass.

[0133] Suitable rubbers may also include functionalized rubbers and rubbers bonded to silicon or tin. For example, the rubber may be functionalized with functional groups such as amine, alkoxy, silyl, thiol, thioester, thioether, sulfanyl, mercapto, sulfide, or combinations thereof. The one or more functional groups may be primary, secondary, or tertiary, and may be located at one or both chain ends (e.g., α, ω-functionalized), pendant from the polymer backbone, and / or provided within the chain of the polymer backbone. The rubber according to the present invention may also be partially crosslinked. Thus, prior to use in the composition of the present invention, a portion of the polymer chains of the rubber material may be crosslinked by means of a coupling agent or without a coupling agent.

[0134] The composition according to the invention may in particular be a curable composition, for example a vulcanizable rubber composition. The term "vulcanizable rubber composition" refers to a composition of rubber components, optionally including various additional components conventionally used in the art of rubber compounding, that can be cured by vulcanization under the formation of a vulcanizate. The terms "curable" and "vulcanizable" are used interchangeably throughout the present specification, unless otherwise stated, and refer to a chemical reaction that links polymer chains together by a crosslinking or vulcanizing agent. The curing reaction can be induced by any means known in the art, such as the addition of light, moisture, heat and / or a crosslinking agent.

[0135] The rubber material can contain 5 phr or more, e.g., 10 phr or more, or 15 phr or more, or 20 phr or more, or 30 phr or more, or 40 phr or more, or 50 phr or more, or 60 phr or more, or 70 phr or more, or 80 phr or more of natural rubber. As used herein, the term "phr" refers to the parts by weight of the listed individual material per 100 parts by weight of rubber or elastomer. The rubber material can contain 100 phr or less, e.g., 95 phr or less, or 90 phr or less, or 85 phr or less, or 80 phr or less, or 75 phr or less, or 70 phr or less, or 65 phr or less, or 60 phr or less of natural rubber. The rubber material can contain natural rubber in a range between any of the above lower and upper limits. For example, the rubber material may contain natural rubber in the range of 5 to 95 phr, for example in the range of 10 to 90 phr, or in the range of 20 to 80 phr, or in the range of 30 to 70 phr, or in the range of 40 to 60 phr. According to the present invention, the rubber material may consist of natural rubber.

[0136] The rubber material may contain synthetic rubber of 5 phr or more, for example 10 phr or more, or 15 phr or more, or 20 phr or more, or 30 phr or more, or 40 phr or more, or 50 phr or more, or 60 phr or more, or 70 phr or more, or 80 phr or more. The rubber material may contain synthetic rubber of 100 phr or less, for example 95 phr or less, or 90 phr or less, or 85 phr or less, or 80 phr or less, or 75 phr or less, or 70 phr or less, or 65 phr or less, or 60 phr or less. The rubber material may contain synthetic rubber in a range between any of the above lower and upper limits. For example, the rubber material may contain synthetic rubber in a range of 5 to 95 phr, for example 10 to 90 phr, or 20 to 80 phr, or 30 to 70 phr, or 40 to 60 phr. According to the present invention, the rubber material may be made of synthetic rubber.

[0137] The rubber material may include 5-100 phr of natural rubber and 5-100 phr of synthetic rubber, for example 10-90 phr of natural rubber and 10-90 phr of synthetic rubber, or 20-80 phr of natural rubber and 20-80 phr of synthetic rubber, or 30-70 phr of natural rubber and 30-70 phr of synthetic rubber, or 40-60 phr of natural rubber and 40-60 phr of synthetic rubber, or 40-100 phr of natural rubber and 5-60 phr of synthetic rubber, or 50-95 phr of natural rubber and 5-50 phr of synthetic rubber, or 60-90 phr of natural rubber and 10-50 phr of synthetic rubber, or 5-40 phr of natural rubber and 60-100 phr of synthetic rubber, or 10-20 phr of natural rubber and 80-90 phr.

[0138] The rubber composition of the present invention can contain the carbon black of the present invention in an amount of 3 phr or more, for example 5 phr or more, 10 phr or more, 15 phr or more, 20 phr or more, 25 phr or more, 30 phr or more, 40 phr or more, or 50 phr or more. The term "phr" as used herein refers to the parts by weight of the recited individual material per 100 parts by weight of rubber or elastomer. The rubber composition of the present invention can contain the carbon black of the present invention in an amount of 200 phr or less, for example 190 phr or less, or 180 phr or less, or 150 phr or less, or 130 phr or less, or 110 phr or less, or 100 phr or less. The rubber composition of the present invention can contain the carbon black of the present invention in an amount between any of the lower and upper limits described above. For example, the rubber composition of the present invention can contain the carbon black of the present invention in an amount of 3 to 200 phr, for example 5 to 190 phr, or 10 to 150 phr, or 20 to 130 phr, or 30 to 100 phr.

[0139] The rubber composition according to the invention may also contain at least one vulcanizing agent. Possible vulcanizing agents include any vulcanizing agent known in the art, such as sulfur and sulfur donors. Sulfur donors suitable for the practice of the invention include, for example, dithioalkanes, dicaprolactam sulfides, polysulfide polymers, sulfur olefin adducts, thiurams, and sulfonamides having at least two sulfur atoms in the sulfur bridge. Preferably, elemental sulfur can be used. Vulcanizing agents can typically be used in the rubber composition according to the invention in an amount ranging from 0.5 to 10 phr, for example from 1 to 5 phr.

[0140] The rubber composition according to the present invention may further comprise one or more other additives commonly used in the technical field of compounding. Such additives include, for example, primary and secondary vulcanization accelerators, curing aids such as activators and pre-vulcanization inhibitors, processing additives such as oils, waxes, resins, plasticizers, softeners and rheology modifiers, as well as pigments, deflocculants, coupling agents, surfactants, biocides, and antidegradants such as heat or light stabilizers, antioxidants and antiozonants. Those skilled in the art will select such optional additives and their respective amounts according to the desired properties and / or applications of the rubber composition. Useful primary and secondary vulcanization accelerators are, for example, guanidines, dicarbamates, dithiocarbamates, thiurams, thioureas, 2-mercaptobenzothiazoles, benzothiazole sulfonamides, aldehyde amines, amines, disulfides, thiazoles, xanthates, and sulfenamides. As a specific example, reference may be made to N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazylsulfenamide, available under the trade name Rhenogran TBBS-80 from Rhein Chemie Additives. Suitable vulcanization activators that may be used in the rubber composition according to the invention include, for example, a combination of zinc oxide and a fatty acid, such as stearic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid or naphthenic acid. When used, such activators are typically used in an amount of 1 to 10 phr, for example 2 to 5 phr.

[0141] Further additives may include metal oxides, metal hydroxides and filler materials such as silica, preferably precipitated silica and fumed silica, organosilicas, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, graphite and metal fibers, and organosilanes such as bis(trialkoxysilylalkyl) oligosulfides or polysulfides.

[0142] The rubber composition of the present invention can be obtained and processed by common rubber processing techniques. The rubber composition according to the present invention can be obtained, for example, by combining the carbon black of the present invention and optional ingredients (if used) with a rubber material and mixing it to, for example, disperse the carbon black and optional ingredients (if used) in the rubber material. Dispersion can be achieved by any means known in the art, such as mixing, stirring, grinding, kneading, ultrasonic, dissolver, shaker mixer, rotor stirring dispersion assembly or high pressure homogenizer or combinations thereof. For example, a lab mixer with intermeshing rotor geometry can be used. Dispersion can be performed, for example, until the carbon black is uniformly dispersed in the rubber material and the dispersion coefficient determined according to the surface topography, including the Medalia correction determined according to the procedure described in A. Wehmeier, "Filler Dispersion Analysis by Topography Measurements", Technical Report TR820, Degussa, and A. Wehmeier, "Development of a Method for the Evaluation of the State of Filler Dispersion in Rubber Mixes Using Surface Topography", Thesis, 1998, University of Applied Sciences Münster, as well as in DE 19917975 A2, is 8% or less, preferably 5% or less. The dispersion coefficient obtained by this method generally correlates well with the dispersion coefficient determined by optical methods, such as those determined according to ASTM D2663-14, test method B (e.g., coefficient of determination >0.95).

[0143] The preparation of the rubber composition according to the invention can be carried out, for example, in a multi-step process: first, the carbon black and any non-curing additives (if used) can be added simultaneously or sequentially to the rubber material. The rubber material, the carbon black and the additives (if used) can then be mixed at a temperature typically in the range of 40°C to 160°C for a total mixing time of less than 10 minutes, for example in the range of 2 to 8 minutes. The resulting mixture can then be blended with one or more curing additives at a temperature of less than 115°C for less than 5 minutes, typically less than 3 minutes, preferably about 2.5 minutes.

[0144] The method may include further steps such as extruding the product or cooling it to room temperature and storing it for further processing. The method may further include a curing step, which may be carried out, for example, by subjecting the rubber composition to thermosetting conditions, for example, a temperature of 120-200° C. for 5 minutes to 3 hours. Curing may be carried out, for example, in a curing press, at a temperature of, for example, 140-180° C. for 5-60 minutes and a pressure of 100-150 bar.

[0145] As can be seen, the rubber composition according to the invention can be utilized in various technical applications requiring polymer-based materials containing carbon black fillers, for example to impart antistatic or conductive properties, color, mechanical reinforcement and / or low hysteresis properties. Mechanical properties of interest, particularly in the manufacture of tires, include tear resistance, rebound and hysteresis. The rubber composition according to the invention provides a cured composition with good and beneficial mechanical properties, particularly for the manufacture of tires. Beneficial mechanical properties according to the invention are, for example, high tensile strength, high rebound and low hysteresis. The rubber composition according to the invention provides a cured composition with mechanical properties comparable to those of conventional rubber compositions containing carbon black.

[0146] The present invention relates to the use of the rubber composition according to the invention for producing a tire, preferably a pneumatic tire, a tire tread, a belt, a belt reinforcement, a carcass, a carcass reinforcement, a sidewall, an inner liner, an apex, a shoulder, a hump strip, a chafer, a bead filler, a cable sheath, a tube, a drive belt, a conveyor belt, a roll cover, a shoe sole, a hose, a sealing element, a profile, a damping element, a coating, or a colored or printed article.

[0147] Therefore, the present invention also relates to a tire made from or containing the aforementioned rubber composition according to the present invention. The tire according to the present invention can include a tire tread, a belt, a belt reinforcement, a carcass, a carcass reinforcement, a sidewall, an inner liner, an apex, a shoulder, a hump strip, a chafer, and a bead filler, at least one of which is made from or contains the rubber composition according to the present invention. Such tires include, for example, but are not limited to, truck tires, passenger tires, off-road tires, aircraft tires, agricultural tires, and earthmoving tires.

[0148] Preferably, the tire has a circumferential tread in a cap / base configuration including a tread cap rubber layer on the outer periphery including the running surface of the tire, and a tread base rubber layer underlying at least a portion of the tread cap rubber layer, and at least one of the tread cap rubber layer and the tread base rubber layer is made from or comprises a rubber composition according to the present invention.

[0149] The present invention further relates to an article made from or comprising the rubber composition according to the invention, which is a cable sheath, a tube, a drive belt, a conveyor belt, a roll cover, a shoe sole, a hose, a sealing element, a profile, a damping element, a coating or a coloured or printed article.

[0150] The present invention further relates to a plastic composition comprising at least one plastic material and at least one carbon black according to the present invention.

[0151] The at least one plastic material may include thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers, thermoplastic elastomers, preferably low and high density polyethylene and polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, melamine-formaldehyde resins, phenolic resins, epoxy resins, polyamides, polyesters, polyoxymethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyurethanes, polyphenylene oxides, polysiloxanes, polyacrylamide, polyaryletherketone, polysulfone, polyetherimide, acrylonitrile styrene acrylate or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymers, and mixtures or copolymers of any of these. EXAMPLES

[0152] The invention is further illustrated by the following examples. All parts and percentages referred to herein are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

[0153] Carbon Black Manufacturing The carbon black according to the invention was produced using a furnace carbon black reactor. Rapeseed oil commercially available from UCY Energy Group (Germany) was used as the renewable carbon black raw material. ThermoTireOil RR (Pyram Innovations (Germany)) was used as the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil. ThermoTireOil RR was subjected to fractional distillation. The fraction of the distilled ThermoTireOil RR having a flash point of at least 65°C was used. The flash point was measured according to ASTM D93B.

[0154] The carbon black raw materials in Table 1 were used in the production of the carbon black.

[0155] [Table 1]

[0156] The carbon black feedstocks of Examples 2-4 were circulated for 8 hours by using a centrifugal pump to achieve a uniform blend.

[0157] A series of carbon blacks were produced using the carbon black reactor shown in FIG.

[0158] Figure 1 shows a longitudinal section of a furnace black reactor. The reactor has a combustion chamber in which the hot process gases for the pyrolysis of the carbon black raw material are generated by the combustion of natural gas with the introduction of atmospheric oxygen at a temperature of about 2,000 °C.

[0159] Combustion air and fuel are introduced through an opening 1 at the end of the combustion chamber. The combustion chamber narrows conically towards the narrowest part. Carbon black feedstock is introduced into the narrowest part through a nozzle via a radial lance 3 and / or axially via a lance 2. After passing through the narrowest part, the reaction gas mixture expands into the reaction chamber.

[0160] In the stopping zone, water is sprayed into the system via a quench water lance 4.

[0161] The table below shows the dimensions of the reactor used (Table 2).

[0162] [Table 2]

[0163] Table 3 lists the reactor parameters for producing carbon black according to the present invention.

[0164] [Table 3]

[0165] The carbon blacks of Examples 1 to 4 were wet-beaded according to the method described in paragraph

[0064] of EP 3960491 A1. Each carbon black powder was introduced into a static batch mixer (so-called "Papenmeier", type GRP625 / 1.0 from Geppert Mixing Technology, Germany). Deionized water was then added slowly under stirring (300 rpm) in a typically weight ratio of about 1:1 until the carbon black began to granulate, followed by increasing the stirring speed to 600-800 rpm. The mixture thus obtained was then homogenized for 10 minutes at 28 rpm on a roller block with a plastic drum 600 mm long and 350 mm in diameter. The bead material was then dried in an oven at 120°C until the residual moisture was less than 1%. The moisture can be measured according to ASTM D1509-18.

[0166] The properties of the beaded carbon blacks of Examples 1-4 were measured and are listed in Table 4.

[0167] [Table 4]

[0168] Rubber compositions were prepared using the carbon blacks of Examples 1-4 and the following commercially available carbon blacks obtained using conventional raw materials. ·Corax (registered trademark) N326: Approx. 77m 2 Furnace black (Orion Engineered Carbons) with an STSA of 100000 / g, an OAN of approximately 72 mL / 100 g, and a COAN of approximately 69 mL / 100 g ·Corax (registered trademark) N330: Approx. 76m 2 Furnace black (Orion Engineered Carbons) with an STSA of 1.01 mg / g, an OAN of approximately 102 mL / 100 g, and a COAN of approximately 88 mL / 100 g

[0169] The STSA, OAN, and COAN of commercial carbon blacks are measured as set forth in Table 4.

[0170] Preparation of Rubber Composition Using the above carbon black, rubber compositions having the compounding shown in Table 5 were prepared according to the following procedure.

[0171] [Table 5]

[0172] The ESBR Buna SB1500 was introduced into a Harburg-Freudenberger GK4N lab mixer with tangential rotor geometry and milled for 30 seconds at a chamber temperature of 40 °C and a rotor speed of 33 rpm. Subsequently, half of the carbon black, ZnO, stearic acid, and Vulkanox4020 / LG were added in the indicated amounts while stirring and mixed for 9β seconds. The remaining half of the carbon black and Vulkanox4020 / LG were then given to the mixer. After another 90 seconds, the ram was lifted, washed, and the batch was mixed again for 90 seconds. After a total of 5 minutes, the batch was dropped onto an open mill to cool and further distributively mixed. The batch temperature did not exceed 160 °C in the first mixing step. Then, in a second mixing step, sulfur and accelerator (Vulkacit CZ / EG-Z) were added in the indicated amounts to the master batch obtained in the first mixing step. The resulting mixture was milled in a GK4N mixer at a chamber temperature of 40° C. for 2 minutes. The rotor speed was 23 rpm, ensuring that the batch temperature did not exceed 105° C. The mixture was then processed again in an open mill. The resulting vulcanizable rubber composition (green compound) was cured at a temperature of 160° C. for approximately 13 minutes.

[0173] The physical properties of the rubber compositions thus prepared were analyzed according to the following methods in Table 6.

[0174] [Table 6]

[0175] The results are summarized in Table 7 below.

[0176] [Table 7] [Explanation of symbols]

[0177] 1. Opening at the end of the combustion chamber 2 Axial Lance 3 Radial Lance 4 Quenching water lance

Claims

1. A method for producing carbon black by thermal oxidation, thermal decomposition, or thermal fission of carbon black raw materials, wherein the carbon black raw materials include (a) renewable carbon black raw materials and (b) rubber-derived thermal decomposition oil.

2. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) includes tire-derived pyrolysis oil (TPO).

3. Rubber-derived pyrolysis oil (b) - Total carbon content in the range of 80.0 to 90.0% by mass, - Total amount of hydrogen in the range of 8.0 to 15.0 mass%, and - Having a C / H atomic ratio in the range of 0.60 to 1.0, Here, the mass percentage is based on the total mass of rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding water and ash, and the total carbon and total hydrogen content are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21 and / or Rubber-derived pyrolysis oil, - A maximum total nitrogen content of 1.00% by mass, and - Contains a maximum total sulfur content of 1.35% by mass, Here, the mass % is based on the total mass of rubber-derived pyrolysis oil excluding water and ash, and the total nitrogen and sulfur content are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21 and / or Tire-derived pyrolysis oil (TPO) - Total carbon content in the range of 85.0 to 90.0% by mass, - Total amount of hydrogen in the range of 8.0 to 11.0 mass%, and - Has a C / H ratio in the range of 0.65 to 1.0, The manufacturing method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the mass percent is based on the total mass of TPO excluding water and ash, and the total carbon and total hydrogen are measured according to ASTM D5291C-21.

4. The manufacturing method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the renewable carbon raw material (a) includes a plant-based raw material.

5. The manufacturing method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the renewable carbon black raw material (a) comprises wood, grass, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, black liquor, tall oil, rubber seed oil, tobacco seed oil, castor oil, pongamia oil, cranbe oil, neem oil, apricot kernel oil, rice bran oil, cashew nut shell oil, Cyperus esculentus oil, rice bran oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, coconut oil, canola oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, pine seed oil, olive oil, corn oil, grape seed oil, safflower oil, acai palm oil, jambu oil, sesame oil, chia seed oil, cannabis oil, perilla oil, peanut oil, Stylingia oil, cashew nut oil, Brazil nut oil, macadamia nut oil, walnut oil, almond oil, hazelnut oil, beech nut oil, candlenut oil, chestnut oil, or a mixture or combination of any of these.

6. In the carbon black raw material, the ratio of renewable carbon black raw material (a) to rubber-derived pyrolysis oil is 0.1:1 to 1:0.1, and / or The carbon black raw material is (a) 10 to 90% by weight of renewable carbon black raw materials, and / or based on the total weight of the carbon black raw materials. (b) Based on the total weight of the carbon black raw materials, containing 10 to 90% by weight of rubber-derived pyrolysis oil, The manufacturing method according to claim 1 or 2.

7. O ２ The process involves supplying a gas stream containing flammable materials and a fuel stream containing flammable materials to the reactor. To burn flammable materials in a combustion step to provide a combustion gas flow, In the reaction step, carbon black raw materials are brought into contact with a combustion gas stream to form carbon black, and, The manufacturing method according to claim 1 or 2, comprising terminating the carbon black production reaction in a final step: Here, O ２ The contained gas flow and the fuel flow containing the combustible material are supplied to the combustion step in amounts corresponding to a k value in the range of 0.5 to 1.0, and the k value is the amount supplied to the combustion step. ２ The total amount of O, which is theoretically required for the stoichiometric combustion of all combustible materials in the combustion step. ２ The ratio of quantities, and / or The reaction takes place in a Furnace Black reactor.

8. Carbon black obtained by the manufacturing method described in claim 1.

9. The carbon black according to claim 8, wherein the carbon black comprises at least one, a plurality, or all of the following: - Oil absorption capacity of 70 mL / 100 g or more (OAN), - The difference (gap) between OAN and COAN in the range of 10-45 mL / 100 g, - 90m ２ Statistical thickness surface area (STSA) of less than or equal to / g, - 20-120m ２ BET surface area per g, - More than 30% pMC (percentage of modern carbon), Here, OAN is measured according to ASTM D2414-21, COAN is measured according to ASTM D3493-21, STSA is measured according to ASTM D6556-19a, BET surface area is measured according to ASTM D6556-19a, and pMC is measured according to the ASTM D6866-20B method (AMS).

10. Use of the carbon black according to claim 8 or 9 as a reinforcing filler or additive, a UV stabilizer, conductive carbon black, or pigment.

11. Use of carbon black according to claim 8 or 9 in rubber and rubber mixtures, plastics, inks, inkjet inks or other inks, toners, lacquers, coatings, paper, adhesives, or in applications of batteries or black matrices.

12. A rubber composition comprising at least one rubber material and at least one carbon black as described in claim 8 or 9.

13. Use of the rubber composition according to claim 12 for manufacturing tires, tire treads, belts, belt reinforcements, carcasses, carcass reinforcements, sidewalls, inner liners, apex, shoulders, hump strips, chafers, bead fillers, cable sheaths, tubes, drive belts, conveyor belts, roll covers, shoe soles, hoses, sealing members, profiles, damping elements, coatings, or colored or printed articles.

14. A tire made of the rubber composition according to claim 12.

15. A plastic composition comprising at least one plastic material and at least one carbon black as described in claim 8 or 9.

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