Marker sequence for extended long-range wireless communication

Abstract

To provide a system and method for using marker sequences in extended long range (ELR) communications.SOLUTION: A method for a marker sequence for ELR wireless communication, the method comprising: generating, by a sender, a preamble of a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) frame in an ELR format to be transmitted to a receiver; Select, from a plurality of rows of the orthogonal matrix, a row corresponding to a basic service set (BSS) color of a plurality of BSS colors, encode, into a first symbol of the preamble, a column of values from a first column set of the row, insert, into a second symbol of the preamble, a second column of values from a second column set of the row, and transmit, to a receiver, a preamble including the first symbol and the second symbol. Accordingly, the reception side can identify the BSS color of the transmission side among the plurality of BSS colors.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 15

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Cross-reference to related patent applications This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 661,994, filed June 20, 2024, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 680,313, filed August 7, 2024, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0002] Field of Disclosure FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for using marker sequences in extended long-range wireless communications. [Background technology]

[0003] Background to the disclosure The market for wireless communication devices continues to grow due to the increasing use of mobile devices and the increased connectivity and data transfer between all types of devices. Digital switching technologies have facilitated the large-scale deployment of affordable and easy-to-use wireless communication networks. Wireless communication can operate according to various standards, such as IEEE 802.11x (e.g., Wi-Fi technology), Bluetooth, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). These technologies enable wireless communication devices to connect to local area networks and the Internet without physical cables and to communicate via radio frequencies over various spaces and ranges.

[0004] overview The technical solution of the present disclosure relates to a system and method for marker sequences for extended long-range wireless communications. When transmitting data over a wireless channel, it can be challenging to manage the link budget imbalance between the uplink and downlink and extend the uplink range while allowing the receiving device to operate energy efficiently. In such a situation, if the received data is within the noise range and the signal has a low peak-to-average power ratio, the receiving device may have difficulty detecting and decoding the received data. In such a situation, it may be beneficial for the receiving device to detect the device's basic service set (BSS) color early in the transmission to implement early packet termination and save energy. The technical solution overcomes these challenges by introducing an extended long-range (ELR) mark symbol generated using an orthogonal matrix into the preamble. This makes the two ELR symbol sequences mirror images of each other, improving the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) at the receiving end and thereby improving detectability.

[0005] At least one aspect of the technical solution relates to a system. The system may include a transmitting device. The transmitting device may generate a preamble for a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) frame in an extended long range (ELR) format to be wirelessly transmitted to a receiving device. The transmitting device may select a row from multiple rows of an orthogonal matrix, the row corresponding to one of multiple basic service set (BSS) colors. The transmitting device may encode a string of values ​​from a first set of columns of the row into a first symbol of the preamble. The transmitting device may insert a string of second values ​​from a second set of columns of the row into a second symbol of the preamble. The string of second values ​​may include the string of values ​​encoded in the first symbol in reverse order. The transmitting device may transmit the preamble including the first symbol and the second symbol to the receiving device, allowing the receiving device to identify the BSS color of the transmitting device from the multiple BSS colors.

[0006] The orthogonal matrix may be a matrix that may include multiple rows and multiple columns. The dot product of any two different rows results in zero. The column of values ​​in the first symbol may include a first plurality of values ​​in a first portion of a first row of the multiple rows, and the second symbol may include a second plurality of values ​​in a second portion of the first row. The orthogonal matrix may be constructed from a second orthogonal matrix. The second orthogonal matrix may include half the number of rows and half the number of columns of the orthogonal matrix. The dot product of any two different rows of the second orthogonal matrix results in zero.

[0007] The orthogonal matrix may include at least 64 rows and 96 columns, and the second orthogonal matrix may include at least 32 rows and 48 columns. The value columns and the second value columns may be configured to reduce a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) for the first symbol and the second symbol at the receiving side, causing an early packet termination. The value columns correspond to the first half of the rows, and the second columns correspond to the second half of the rows and the columns. The second column may be configured to inform the receiving side of the BSS color of the transmitting side.

[0008] The transmitting device may use the sequence of values ​​in the first sequence set to map 48 data tones indicating the BSS indicated by the first symbol and the second sequence of values ​​in the second sequence set to map a second 48 tones indicating the BSS indicated by the second symbol. The second 48 tones may include the 48 tones in reverse order. The first symbol may include 48 data tones plus four pilot tones, and the second symbol may include the second 48 data tones plus four second pilot tones. The sequence of values ​​in the first symbol and the second sequence of values ​​in the second symbol correspond to data tones modulated using at least one of quadrature binary phase shift keying (Q-BPSK), binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK), offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK), or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

[0009] The first symbol and the second symbol of the preamble may be preceded by at least one of a legacy short training field (L-STF) field, a legacy long training field (L-LTF) field, a legacy signal field (L-SIG) field, a repeating legacy signal field (RL-SIG) field, and a universal signal field (U-SIG2) field. The ELR format is configured for wireless communication using a bandwidth of at least 20 MHz in at least one of 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz Wi-Fi communication bands.

[0010] At least one aspect of the technical solution relates to a method. The method may include generating, by one or more processors coupled to a memory, a preamble for a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) frame in an extended long range (ELR) format to be wirelessly transmitted to a receiver. The method may include selecting, by the one or more processors, a row from multiple rows of an orthogonal matrix corresponding to one basic service set (BSS) color among multiple BSS colors. The method may include encoding, by the one or more processors, a string of values ​​from a first set of columns of the row in a first symbol of the preamble. The method may include inserting, by the one or more processors, a string of second values ​​from a second set of columns of the row in a second symbol of the preamble. The string of second values ​​may include the string of values ​​encoded in the first symbol in reverse order. The method may include transmitting, by the one or more processors, the preamble including the first symbol and the second symbol to the receiver, causing the receiver to identify the BSS color of the transmitter from among the multiple BSS colors.

[0011] At least one aspect of the technical solution relates to a non-transitory computer-readable medium including processor-readable instructions. The processor-readable instructions, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to generate a preamble for a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) frame in an extended long range (ELR) format to be wirelessly transmitted to a receiver. The instructions cause the one or more processors to select a row from multiple rows of an orthogonal matrix corresponding to one basic service set (BSS) color among multiple BSS colors. The instructions cause the one or more processors to encode a string of values ​​from a first set of columns of the row into a first symbol of the preamble. The instructions cause the one or more processors to insert a string of values ​​from a second set of columns of the row into a second symbol of the preamble. The second string of values ​​may include a reversed version of the string of values ​​encoded in the first symbol. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to transmit the preamble including the first symbol and the second symbol to the receiver and cause the receiver to identify the BSS color of the transmitter from among the plurality of BSS colors. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0012] Various objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent and will be better understood by reference to the detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate corresponding elements throughout and generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and / or structurally similar elements.

[0013] [Figure 1A] 1 is a block diagram illustrating a network environment including one or more access points that communicate with one or more devices or stations, according to some embodiments.

[0014] [Figure 1B]FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a computing device useful in connection with the methods and systems described herein, according to some embodiments. [Figure 1C] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a computing device useful in connection with the methods and systems described herein, according to some embodiments.

[0015] [Figure 2] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of an Extended Long Range (ELR) packet.

[0016] [Figure 3] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system for marker sequences for ELR wireless communications.

[0017] [Figure 4A] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a marker sequence in an Extended Long Range (ELR) packet. [Figure 4B] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a marker sequence in an Extended Long Range (ELR) packet. [Figure 4C] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a marker sequence in an Extended Long Range (ELR) packet. [Figure 4D] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a marker sequence in an Extended Long Range (ELR) packet. [Figure 4E] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a marker sequence in an Extended Long Range (ELR) packet. [Figure 4F] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a marker sequence in an Extended Long Range (ELR) packet. [Figure 4G] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a marker sequence in an Extended Long Range (ELR) packet. [Figure 4H] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a marker sequence in an Extended Long Range (ELR) packet.

[0018] [Figure 5A] 3A-3H illustrate embodiments of detection statistics for the various embodiments of FIGS. 3A-3H. [Figure 5B] 3A-3H illustrate embodiments of detection statistics for the various embodiments of FIGS. 3A-3H.

[0019] [Figure 6A] FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a marker sequence in HEX format. [Figure 6B] FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a marker sequence in HEX format. [Figure 6C] FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a marker sequence in HEX format. [Figure 6D] FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a marker sequence in HEX format.

[0020] [Figure 7A] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the design and execution of a marker sequence. [Figure 7B] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the design and execution of a marker sequence. [Figure 7C] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the design and execution of a marker sequence. [Figure 7D] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the design and execution of a marker sequence. [Figure 7E] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the design and execution of a marker sequence. [Figure 7F] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the design and execution of a marker sequence. [Figure 7G] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the design and execution of a marker sequence.

[0021] [Figure 8] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of orthogonality of flat channels.

[0022] [Figure 9A] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of the effect of channel response on the orthogonality of a flat channel. [Figure 9B] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of the effect of channel response on the orthogonality of a flat channel. [Figure 9C] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of the effect of channel response on the orthogonality of a flat channel.

[0023] [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a tone plan for a marker sequence.

[0024] [Figure 11] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of an orthogonal matrix with 32 rows and 48 columns.

[0025] [Figure 12] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a marker sequence for a marker in an ELR packet.

[0026] [Figure 13A] FIG. 13 shows various detection statistics for the ELR marker sequences of FIG. 12. [Figure 13B] FIG. 13 shows various detection statistics for the ELR marker sequences of FIG. 12. [Figure 13C] FIG. 13 shows various detection statistics for the ELR marker sequences of FIG. 12.

[0027] [Figure 14] 13 is a graph of the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the ELR marker sequence of FIG. 12.

[0028] [Figure 15] FIG. 1 is a flowchart diagram of a method for marker sequences for ELR wireless communications.

[0029] The details of various embodiments of the methods and systems are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0030] Detailed Description The following disclosure provides many different embodiments or examples for implementing different features of the provided subject matter. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the disclosure. These are merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, in the following description, a first feature in communication with or communicatively coupled to a second feature may include embodiments in which the first feature is in direct communication with or directly coupled to the second feature, as well as embodiments in which additional features intervene between the first and second features such that the first feature is in indirect communication with or indirectly coupled to the second feature. Furthermore, the disclosure may repeat reference numerals and / or characters in various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of brevity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and / or configurations described.

[0031] The following IEEE standards (including draft versions of such standards) are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made a part of this disclosure for all purposes: Wi-Fi Appliance Standards and IEEE 802.11 Standards (including, but not limited to, IEEE 802.11a™, IEEE 802.11b™, IEEE 802.11g™, IEEE P802.11n™, IEEE P802.11ac™; and IEEE P802.11be™ through IEEE P802.11bn™). While this disclosure may reference aspects of these standards, this disclosure is in no way limited by these standards.

[0032] In reading the following description of the various embodiments, the following sections of this specification and the following descriptions of their respective contents may be helpful. a. Section A describes network and computing environments useful for implementing the embodiments described herein. b. Section B describes embodiments of systems and methods for using marking sequences in enhanced long-range wireless communications, such as Wi-Fi.

[0033] A. Computing and Network Environment Before describing specific embodiments of the present solution, it may be helpful to describe aspects of an operating environment relevant to the methods and systems described herein, as well as associated system components (e.g., hardware elements, etc.). Referring to FIG. 1A, one embodiment of a network environment is shown. Briefly, the network environment includes a wireless communication system including one or more access points (APs) or network devices 106, one or more stations or wireless communication devices 102, and network hardware components or network hardware 192. The wireless communication devices 102 may include, for example, laptop computers, tablets, personal computers, and / or mobile phones. Details of embodiments of each station or wireless communication device 102 and AP or network device 106 are described in further detail with reference to FIGS. 1B and 1C. In one embodiment, the network environment may be an ad-hoc network environment, an infrastructure wireless network environment, a subnet environment, etc. The network device 106 or AP may be operably coupled to the network hardware 192 via a local area network connection. In some embodiments, the network device 106 may be a 5G base station. The network hardware 192 may include a router, a gateway, a switch, a bridge, a modem, a system controller, an appliance, etc. The network hardware 192 may provide a local area network connection to the communication system. Each of the network devices 106 or APs may have an associated antenna or antenna array for communicating with wireless communication devices within its area. The wireless communication device 102 may register with a particular network device 106 or AP to receive service from the communication system (e.g., via a SU-MIMO or MU-MIMO configuration). In the case of a direct connection (e.g., point-to-point communication), some wireless communication devices may communicate directly via an assigned channel and communication protocol.Some of the wireless communication devices 102 may be mobile or relatively static relative to the network devices 106 or APs.

[0034] In some embodiments, the network device 106 or AP may include a device or module (including a combination of hardware and software) that enables the wireless communication device 102 to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi (Wireless-Fidelity) or other standards. The network device 106 or AP may also be referred to as a wireless access point (WAP). The network device 106 or AP may be implemented (e.g., configured, designed, and / or built) to operate in a wireless local area network (WLAN). In some embodiments, the network device 106 or AP may be connected to a router (e.g., via a wired network) as a standalone device. In other embodiments, the network device 106 or AP may be a component of a router. The network device 106 or AP may provide access to a network for multiple devices. For example, the network device 106 or AP may connect to a wired Ethernet connection and also provide wireless connectivity using a radio frequency link so that other devices 102 can utilize the wired connection. The network device 106 or AP may be implemented to support standards for transmitting and receiving data using one or more radio frequencies. These standards and the frequencies they use may be defined by the IEEE (e.g., the IEEE 802.11 standard, etc.) The network device 106 or AP may be configured and / or used to support public internet hotspots and / or may be configured and / or used on a network to extend the Wi-Fi signal range of the network.

[0035] In some embodiments, the access points or network devices 106 may be used in a wireless network (e.g., in a home, car, or building) (e.g., IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, ZigBee, any other radio frequency-based network protocol and / or variations thereof). Each wireless communication device 102 may include and / or be coupled to a built-in radio. Such wireless communication devices 102 and / or access points or network devices 106 may operate in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure presented herein to improve performance, reduce cost and / or size, and / or enhance broadband applications. Each wireless communication device 102 may be capable of functioning as a client node seeking access to resources (e.g., data, connections to network nodes such as servers, etc.) via one or more access points or network devices 106.

[0036] The network connection may include any type and / or format of network. For example, it may include any of a point-to-point network, a broadcast network, a telecommunications network, a data communication network, and a computer network. The topology of the network may be bus, star, or ring. The network may be any such network topology known to those skilled in the art that can support the operations described herein. In some embodiments, different types of data may be transmitted using different protocols. In other embodiments, the same type of data may be transmitted using different protocols.

[0037] The communication device 102 and the access point or network device 106 may be arranged and / or implemented as any type and form of computing device, such as a computer, network device, or appliance, capable of communicating over any type and form of network and performing the operations described herein. FIGS. 1B and 1C are block diagrams illustrating computing devices 100 useful for implementing an embodiment of the wireless communication device 102 or the network device 106. As shown in FIGS. 1B and 1C, each computing device 100 includes one or more processors 121 (e.g., central processing units) and one or more main memory units 122. As shown in FIG. 1B, the computing device 100 may include a storage device 128, an installation device 116, a network interface 118, an I / O controller 123, display devices 124a-124n, a keyboard 126, and a pointing device 127, such as a mouse. The storage device 128 may include an operating system and / or software. As shown in FIG. 1C, each computing device 100 may further include additional optional elements. Optional components may include, for example, memory port 103, bridge 170, one or more input / output devices 130a-130n, and cache memory 140 in communication with central processing unit or processor 121.

[0038] Central processing unit or processor 121 is any logic circuitry that responds to and processes instructions fetched from main memory unit 122. In many embodiments, central processing unit or processor 121 is provided by a microprocessor unit, which may include, for example, those manufactured by Intel® Corporation of Santa Clara, California, IBM® (International Business Machines) of White Plains, New York, or AMD® (Advanced Micro Devices) of Sunnyvale, California. Computing device 100 may be based on any of these processors or any other processor capable of operating as described herein.

[0039] Main memory unit 122 is one or more memory chips that store data and allow the microprocessor or processor 121 to directly access any storage location. Main memory unit 122 can be any type or variety of static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FRAM), NAND flash, NOR flash, solid-state drive (SSD), etc. Main memory unit 122 can be based on any of the memory chips described above or any other available memory chip capable of operating as described herein. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1B, processor 121 communicates with main memory unit 122 via system bus 150 (described in more detail below). FIG. 1C illustrates an embodiment of computing device 100 in which the processor communicates directly with main memory unit 122 via memory port 103. For example, in FIG. 1C, main memory unit 122 can be DRAM.

[0040] FIG. 1C illustrates an embodiment in which main processor 121 communicates directly with cache memory 140 through a secondary bus, sometimes referred to as a backside bus. In other embodiments, main processor 121 communicates with cache memory 140 using system bus 150. Cache memory 140 typically has a faster response time than main memory unit 122 and is provided, for example, by SRAM, BSRAM, or EDRAM. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1C, processor 121 communicates with various I / O devices 130 through local system bus 150. Various buses can be used to connect central processing unit or processor 121 to any of I / O devices 130. Examples of buses that can be used include a VESAVL bus, an ISA bus, an EISA bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, a PCI bus, a PCI-X bus, a PCI-Express bus, or a NuBus. In an embodiment in which the I / O device is a video display 124, processor 121 can communicate with display 124 using an Advanced Graphics Port (AGP). 1C illustrates an embodiment of computer or computer system 100 in which main processor 121 can communicate directly with I / O device 130b using communications technologies such as HYPER TRANSPORT, RAPID IO, or INFINI BAND. FIG. 1C also illustrates an embodiment in which local bus and direct communication are mixed: processor 121 communicates with I / O device 130a using a local interconnect bus, but communicates directly with I / O device 130b.

[0041] A wide variety of I / O devices 130a-130n may be present on computing device 100. Input devices include keyboards, mice, trackpads, trackballs, microphones, dials, touchpads, touchscreens, and drawing tablets. Output devices include video displays, speakers, inkjet printers, laser printers, projectors, and dye-sublimation printers. As shown in FIG. 1B, the I / O devices may be controlled by I / O controller 123. The I / O controller may control one or more I / O devices, such as keyboard 126 and pointing device 127, such as a mouse or optical pen. Additionally, the I / O devices may provide storage or installation media for computing device 100. In yet another embodiment, computing device 100 may include a USB connection (not shown) for accepting handheld USB storage devices, such as devices from the USB flash drive line manufactured by TwinTec Industries, Inc. of Los Alamitos, California.

[0042] Referring again to FIG. 1B , computing device 100 may support any suitable installation device 116, such as a disk drive, CD-ROM drive, CD-R / RW drive, DVD-ROM drive, flash memory drive, various types of tape drives, USB devices, hard drives, network interfaces, or other devices suitable for installing software or programs. Computing device 100 may also include a storage device, such as one or more hard disk drives or a redundant array of independent disks, for storing an operating system and other related software, as well as application software programs, such as any programs and software 120 for implementing (e.g., configured and / or designed for) the systems and methods described herein. Optionally, any of installation devices 116 may be used as a storage device. Additionally, the operating system and software may be executed from bootable media.

[0043] Additionally, computing device 100 may include a network interface 118 that connects to a network via a variety of connections, including, but not limited to, standard telephone lines, LAN or WAN links (e.g., 802.11, T1, T3, 56 kb, X.25, SNA, DECNET), broadband connections (e.g., ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, Ethernet-over-SONET), wireless connections, or any or all combinations thereof. Connections can be established using a variety of communication protocols (e.g., TCP / IP, IPX, SPX, NetBIOS, Ethernet, ARCNET, SONET, SDH, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), RS232, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ad, CDMA, GSM, WiMax, and direct asynchronous connections). In one embodiment, computing device 100 communicates with other computing devices 100' via any type and / or form of gateway or tunneling protocol, such as Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS). Network interface 118 may include an internal network adapter, a network interface card, a PCMCIA network card, a card bus network adapter, a wireless network adapter, a USB network adapter, or a modem, or any other device suitable for connecting computing device 100 to any type of network with the capabilities to communicate and perform the various operations described herein.

[0044] In some embodiments, computing device 100 may include or be connected to one or more display devices 124a-124n. Accordingly, any of I / O devices 130a-130n and / or I / O controller 123 may include any type and / or form of suitable hardware, software, or combination of hardware and software to support, enable, or provide for the connection and use of display devices 124a-124n by computing device 100. For example, computing device 100 may include any type and / or form of video adapter, video card, driver, and / or library for coupling with, communicating with, connecting to, or otherwise using display devices 124a-124n. In one embodiment, a video adapter may include multiple connectors for connecting with display devices 124a-124n. In other embodiments, computing device 100 may include multiple video adapters, each connected to display device(s) 124a-124n. In some embodiments, any portion of the operating system of computing device 100 may be configured to use multiple display devices 124a-124n. In yet another embodiment, I / O device 130 may be a bridge between system bus 150 and an external communications bus, such as a USB bus, an Apple Desktop Bus, an RS-232 serial connection, a SCSI bus, a FireWire® bus, a FireWire 800 bus, an Ethernet bus, an AppleTalk® bus, a Gigabit Ethernet bus, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode bus, a Fibre Channel bus, a Fiber Optic bus, a serially connected Small Computer System Interface bus, a USB connection, or an HDMI bus.

[0045] 1B and 1C may operate under the control of an operating system that controls task scheduling and access to system resources. Any operating system may be executed on the computing device 100, such as any version of the MICROSOFT® WINDOWS® operating system, various releases of the Unix® and Linux® operating systems, any version of MACOS® for Macintosh® computers, any embedded operating system, any real-time operating system, any open source operating system, any proprietary operating system, any operating system for mobile computing devices, or any other operating system capable of running on a computing device and performing the various operations described herein. Common operating systems include, but are not limited to, Android®, manufactured by Google®, Inc.; WINDOWS 7, 8, and 10, manufactured by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Washington; MACOS, manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc. of Cupertino, California; WebOS®, manufactured by Research In Motion (RIM), Inc.; OS / 2, manufactured by IBM (International Business Machines), Inc. of Armonk, New York; and Linux, a freely available operating system distributed by Caldera Corp. of Salt Lake City, Utah; or any type and / or form of Unix operating system.

[0046] Computer system or computing device 100 may be any workstation, telephone, desktop computer, laptop or notebook computer, server, handheld computer, or mobile phone, or other portable telecommunications device, media playback device, gaming system, or mobile computing device, or any other type and / or form of computing device, telecommunications device, or media device capable of communications. In some embodiments, computing device 100 may have a variety of processors, operating systems, and input devices appropriate for the device. For example, in one embodiment, computing device 100 is a smartphone, mobile device, tablet, or personal digital assistant (PDA). Furthermore, computing device 100 may be any workstation, desktop computer, laptop or notebook computer, server, handheld computer, or mobile phone, or other form of computing or telecommunications device with communications capabilities and sufficient processor power and memory capacity to perform the various operations described herein.

[0047] Aspects of the above operating environment and components will become apparent in the context of the systems and methods disclosed herein.

[0048] B. Systems and methods for marker sequences in ELR communications. When transmitting data over a wireless channel, it can be challenging to manage link budget imbalances between the uplink and downlink while allowing the receiving device to operate energy efficiently and extend the uplink range. When link budget imbalances occur, the link between the transmitting and receiving devices may become asymmetric, potentially resulting in poor transmission performance for the transmitting device. In such a situation, if the received data is within the noise range and the signal has a low peak-to-average power ratio, the receiving device may struggle to detect and decode the received data. If the receiving device cannot decode the received data, it may not only encounter communication and routing issues, but also waste energy while attempting to process the received signal.

[0049] To overcome these challenges, it is beneficial to improve the detectability of the received signal so that the receiving device can quickly distinguish between various BSSs, thereby enabling early packet termination and saving energy consumption of the device. The technical solution of the present disclosure can improve the detectability of the received signal by introducing extended long range (ELR) mark symbols into the preamble of a data packet. These ELR mark symbols may include a pair of sequences generated using an orthogonal matrix, which may include values ​​that are mirror images of each other. When transmitting such a preamble, the receiving device can use the ELR mark symbols to distinguish between the target BSS and other BSSs that the receiving device does not process, thereby more accurately detecting the received preamble. This allows the receiving device to more quickly and efficiently distinguish between different BSSs and implement early packet termination to save energy.

[0050] Aspects of the technical solution include improved sequences with high orthogonality and low PAPR for ELR markers. These sequences have a lower PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) than Hadamard sequences. The orthogonality among the 64 sequences improves resistance to misclassification (e.g., misinterpretation of BSS color). The use of the improved sequences allows a receiving device to terminate a packet early if a misclassification occurs, reducing the link budget, saving computational resources, reducing overhead, and minimizing utilization of the receiving device.

[0051] Extended Long Range (ELR) communication may be a feature of Wi-Fi standards, such as the Wi-Fi 8 / UHR 802.11bn standard. The preamble of an ELR packet can include a marker called an ELR marker, which can be used for packet classification. The ELR marker can be used to identify one of 64 basic service set (BSS) colors. The ELR marker allows early termination if the destination does not match the BSS of the access point (AP) with which the receiver is configured to communicate.

[0052] The ELR markers of this solution can be detected with a false alarm rate even at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) as low as -12 dB. The solution can include improved sequences for the ELR markers that are orthogonal and can reduce the PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio). These sequences for the ELR markers can reduce the PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) compared to sequences from other systems, such as Hadamard sequences. The orthogonality between the ELR marker sequences improves resistance to misclassification and misinterpretation of the BSS color in the received transmission signal.

[0053] An embodiment of the present solution may include ELR packets and sequences designed and constructed based on at least one or more of the following goals, such as communications in the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz Wi-Fi bands: These communications can be configured to have a maximum bandwidth of 20 MHz, a minimum data rate of 1 Mbps, and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of approximately -10 dB, eliminating power imbalances and coverage gaps between stations (STAs) and access points (APs). APs can have more antennas than STAs and transmit at higher powers within regulatory limits. APs can also transmit at higher data rates in the 2.4 GHz band with improved BBS range similar to 802.11b.

[0054] Referring to FIG. 2, one embodiment of an ELR or ultra-high reliability (UHR) / ELR packet 200 is shown. The ELR packet 200 may include a preamble 202 configured or arranged to include one or more orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols 204 (e.g., ELR-Mark 1 and ELR-Mark 2). These symbols 204 are also referred to herein as symbols 204, ELR symbols 204, or markers 204. The preamble 202 may include any bit sequence that signals the start of a data transmission, such as a network packet, a data frame, a block of data frames, or a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) frame in ELR format. The preamble 202 may also include legacy symbols 206, such as L-STF, L-LTF, L-SIG, R-SIG, and U-SIG. The OFDM symbols 204 may also be used to classify packet formats.

[0055] Two OFDM symbols 204 or markers 204 can be used for detection in low or negative signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environments. Because the ELR marker 204 may rely on channel estimation, it may be limited to 52 of the 64 tones used in L-LTF. The ELR marker 204 can map a 6-bit BSS color to one of 64 sequences and can be used to terminate the packet 200 early if the BSS color of the packet 200 does not match the access point's (AP's) own BSS color. Applying a 90-degree rotation between the first and next symbols can reduce the false detection probability in BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying) modulation system configurations. This rotation may not affect the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). By using the ELR marker 204, the systems and methods described herein can reduce the link budget and improve the detectability of the symbols 204 in the preamble 202 by receiving devices.

[0056] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a system 300 for marker sequences for ELR wireless communications. The illustrated example system 300 may include a communication environment with communication systems (or communication devices), such as a transmitting device 302 and a receiving device 304. The transmitting device 302 and the receiving device 304 may be configured to communicate with each other via one or more communication links 322. The transmitting device 302 may include one or more components for initiating transmission of data packets over a network. The transmitting device 302 may include, for example, at least one system processor 306, a preamble generator 308, a matrix handler 310, a row selector 312, a sequence encoder 314, and a transmit circuit 316. The sequence encoder 314 may include or provide a value 330. The preamble generator 308 may construct, generate, or provide at least one preamble 202 including the ELR symbol 204. The matrix handler 310 can generate, provide, or manage one or more matrices 324, which can have any number of columns 328 and rows 326. The matrix 324 can include values ​​indicative of a basic service set (BSS) color 327. The receiving device 304, which is further along via the link 322, can include at least one of a receiver circuit 318 and a sequence decoder 320. The transmitting device 302 and the receiving device 304 can include one or more processors (e.g., 121) coupled to a memory (e.g., 122). The memory can include, store, and provide access to instructions, commands, or data for configuring the one or more processors (e.g., 121) to perform various functions of these devices described herein.

[0057] The transmitting device 302 may include any combination of hardware and software for providing a signal transmittable over one or more links 322. The transmitting device 302 may include any computing device, such as a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point, a wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi) router or access point, a smartphone, a computer, or any other computing device configured for wireless communication and capable of transmitting wireless signals. The transmitting device 302 may also be configured to function as the receiving device 304 and may include any functionality of the receiving device 304.

[0058] For example, the transmitting device 302 can include a transmitting communication system, and the receiving device 304 can include a receiving communication system (sometimes referred to herein as a “communication system”). These components can work in conjunction to exchange data over a wired or wireless medium (e.g., link 322). In one or more embodiments, the transmitting device 302 and the receiving device 304 can include an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or any combination thereof. The transmitting and receiving devices can include any network communication devices. The transmitting and receiving devices can include, for example, a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (e.g., a Wi-Fi router), a smartphone device, a personal computer, a smartwatch, or any other device configured for wireless or network communication. For example, the communication systems may include transceiver circuitry that enables bidirectional communication between communication systems or with other communication systems. The transmitting device 302 may include a system processor 306 , a preamble generator 308 , a matrix handler 310 , a row selector 312 , a sequence encoder 314 , and a transmit circuit 316 .

[0059] The receiving device 304 may include any combination of hardware and software for receiving and processing transmissions from the transmitting device 302 via link 322. The receiving device 304 may include one or more hardware components for receiving data packets over a network, such as a receiver circuit 318 and at least one sequence decoder 320. The receiving device 304 may include a WLAN access point device, a computer, a smartphone, or other computing device capable of wireless communication. The receiving device 304 may be configured for any wireless communication, including WLAN communication, Bluetooth communication, cellular network communication, or other radio frequency communication. The receiving device 304 may be configured to function as the transmitting device 302 and may include any functionality of the receiving device 304.

[0060] The communication link 322 between the sending device 302 and the receiving device 304 may include any connection or function that provides connectivity between the devices. The link 322 may include any combination of wired and wireless connections between the sending device 302 and the receiving device 304, or communication using any network technology or any data transmission between them that enables communication and information exchange between the entities. For example, the link 322 may be established through a Universal Serial Bus (USB) cable, an Ethernet cable, a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) cable, a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) function (e.g., a Wi-Fi access point, a Bluetooth device, a cellular network, etc.), etc. The efficiency of the link 322 may vary depending on the signal transmission distance, signal strength, and interference. By using various aspects of the technical solutions described herein, an improvement in the OBSS false alarm rate and an improvement in the PAPR may be achieved.

[0061] The system processor 306 of the transmitting device 302 may function as a central processing unit (CPU) that executes instructions, processes data, and controls the operation of the transmitting device 302. The system processor 306 may manage the flow of data transmitted to the transmit circuit 108 in accordance with one or more protocols and standards described herein. The system processor 306 may generate packets using a packet format, such as any of the packet formats described herein. In some embodiments, the system processor 306 may generate, form, create, or modify packets to comply with any IEEE 802.11 standard for WLAN communications.

[0062] The system processor 306 may include a packet assembly unit for generating and encapsulating data according to a packet format (e.g., the packet format of FIG. 2 ) and identifying the data to pass to the transmit circuitry 316 for transmission. The system processor 306 identifies the data based on a number of tasks associated with the transmitting device 302 (e.g., end-user input, sensor data, application logic, event-based triggers, etc.). For example, an end-user interacting with the transmitting device 302 provides input data via a user interface. In this manner, the system processor 306 may identify the input data to be transmitted wirelessly. Once the data is identified, the system processor 306 may pass the input data to the transmit circuitry 316 for transmission to the receiving device 304.

[0063] The preamble generator 308 may include any combination of hardware and software for generating and using a preamble. The preamble 202 may include any portion of a communication packet or frame and may include data (e.g., a synchronization sequence, training symbols, or other signals) that a receiver can use to synchronize communications. The preamble generator 308 may establish synchronization between the transmitting device 302 and the receiving device 304. The preamble generator 308 may be integrated into a network interface card (NIC), a baseband processor within the transmitting device 302, an FPGA, or the like. The preamble generator 308 may generate a sequence or bit pattern of symbols 204 at the beginning of a data frame. The preamble generator 308 may include various data formats and frames.

[0064] The matrix handler 310 may include any combination of hardware and software for managing, storing, or generating the matrix 324, as described herein. The matrix 324 may be any square matrix with values ​​arranged in rows and columns, where the rows and columns may be orthogonal vectors. The matrix 324 may correspond to error correction codes, modulation and signal processing, data encoding, data decoding, or transmission optimization, or may correspond to any other purpose for the matrix.

[0065] The matrix 324 may include multiple rows 326 and multiple columns 328. The rows 326 of the matrix 324 may include or correspond to orthogonal vectors that are orthogonal to all other rows in the matrix. The columns of values ​​in each row 326 may be arranged such that a dot or inner product with any other row of the same matrix 324 results in an output of zero. A receiving device may include and utilize the matrix 324 to monitor, verify, or detect the BSS color 327 of the received preamble 202 to determine whether the received preamble is for a particular BSS or another BSS.

[0066] The matrix 324 of the receiving device 304 can be constructed or generated by the sequence decoder 320, which can construct or generate the matrix 324 from a second orthogonal matrix. Here, the second orthogonal matrix can include half the number of rows and half the number of columns of the orthogonal matrix 324. The dot product of any two different rows of the second orthogonal matrix can result in zero. The second orthogonal matrix can include, for example, one of the four quadrants of the matrix 324. The sequence decoder 320 can regenerate the matrix 324 by copying or inverting (e.g., mirroring) the second matrix (which can be any of the four quadrants of the matrix 324). This allows the sequence decoder 320 to conserve memory by storing only one quadrant of the matrix 324 and regenerating the matrix 324 from a quarter-sized second matrix stored in the receiving device 304. For example, orthogonal matrix 324 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 12) may include at least 64 rows and 96 columns, while a second orthogonal matrix (e.g., one quadrant of matrix 324) may include at least 32 rows and 48 columns (e.g., 1 / 4 the size of matrix 324).

[0067] Each row 326 of the multiple rows 326 may correspond to, indicate, or include multiple basic service set (BSS) colors 327. The BSS color 327 may include a numerical identifier assigned to each BSS in a Wi-Fi network. A BSS may include a group of stations communicating over a shared wireless medium, and these stations may be managed by an AP device that facilitates their connection. The BSS color 327 may provide an identifier for distinguishing different station devices corresponding to different BSSs. The BSS color 327 allows the receiving device 304 to distinguish its own BSS from other BSSs (OBSS devices with which the receiving device 302 has not established communication) and to perform early packet termination processing of the received data packet if the preamble 202 of the received data packet identifies an OBSS rather than the BSS of the receiving device 304.

[0068] The BSS color 327 may identify values ​​corresponding to the row 326 and column 328. The matrix handler 310 may receive an indication of the data transmitted and received between the transmitting device 302 and the receiving device 304. The matrix handler 310 may adjust the size of the matrix 324 based on the ELR mark symbol 204 specified in the packet 200, as shown in FIG.

[0069] The row selector 312 may include any combination of hardware and software for selecting, determining, or identifying rows 326 from the matrix 324. The rows 326 of the matrix 324 may correspond to BSS colors 327. The BSS colors 327 may be infrastructure BSS colors 327 or independent BSS colors 327. Each BSS color 327 may be identified by a service set identifier (SSID). The BSS colors 327 may include components such as access points, stations, and channels. The row selector 312 is electrically connected to the matrix handler 310 and can retrieve a matrix and select a row of the matrix to encode. The row selector 312 can select or identify a column 328 in the matrix corresponding to each row 326.

[0070] The sequence encoder 314 may include any combination of hardware and software for encoding or decoding the sequence of values ​​330 within the symbols 204 of the preamble 202. The sequence encoder 314 may include functionality (e.g., instructions, computer code, or data) for encoding a string of values ​​from a first set of columns of a row 326 into the first symbol 204 of the preamble 202. For example, the sequence encoder 314 may insert a first portion (e.g., first half) of a row 326 of the matrix 324 (e.g., corresponding to the string of values ​​in columns 1-48 of a particular row) into ELR mark 1 (e.g., the first symbol 204 of the preamble 202) as shown in FIG. 12. For example, the sequence encoder 314 may insert a second portion (e.g., second half) of a same row 326 of the same matrix 324 (e.g., corresponding to the string of values ​​in columns 49-96 of the same row) into ELR mark 2 (e.g., the second symbol 204 of the preamble 202).

[0071] The transmit circuitry 316 may include any combination of hardware and software for conditioning and communicating signals over the link 322. The transmit circuitry 316 may include a transceiver with one or more signal processing circuit chains for conditioning and processing signals for transmission and for conditioning and processing received signals. The transmit circuitry 316 may include, for example, an RF signal processing chain configured for Wi-Fi wireless communication, cellular network communication, Bluetooth communication, or any other type and form of wireless communication.

[0072] The transmitting circuitry 316 of the transmitting device 302 may include or correspond to circuitry for receiving data from the system processor 306 and transmitting a wireless signal 125 in accordance with the data (e.g., a preamble). The transmitting circuitry 316 may transmit a preamble 202 including a first symbol 204 (e.g., ELR mark 1) and a second symbol 204 (e.g., ELR mark 2) to the receiving device 304. This allows the receiving device to identify the BSS color 327 of the transmitting device 302 and distinguish it from multiple BSS colors 327 of other BSSs. In one configuration, the transmitting circuitry 316 may be connected between the system processor 306 and an antenna (not shown). In this configuration, the transmitting circuitry 316 converts data received from the system processor 306 into a carrier signal, generates a wireless signal at an RF frequency (e.g., 10 MHz to 60 GHz), and transmits the wireless signal via the antenna. The receiving circuitry 318 of the receiving device 304 may be circuitry that receives wireless signals from the transmitting device 302 via the link 322 and obtains data from the received wireless signals.

[0073] The sequence embodiments shown in Figures 4A-4H (e.g., sequence 410, sequence 430, sequence 450, etc.) are orthogonal and have low PAPR. The orthogonality of these sequences minimizes the probability of misclassification and provides headroom for power boosting of the ELR marker if additional robustness in low SNR environments is desired. To a designated receiver, the sequences are known in advance and all tones can be considered pilot tones.

[0074] For the sequences shown in Figures 4A-4H and 5A-5B, there may be multiple examples of matrix 324 (e.g., matrix 400, matrix 420, matrix 440). These may include 64 sequences of 104 bits (e.g., 52 bits for the 52 tones of the first symbol and 52 bits for the tones of the second symbol), 64 sequences of 96 bits (e.g., 48 bits for the 48 tones of the first symbol and 48 bits for the second symbol), and 32 sequences of 52 bits (e.g., 26 bits for half the tones of the first symbol and 26 bits for half the tones of the second symbol). In an encoder for 64 BSS colors, the 32 sequences may be reused and set for the remaining half of the symbol tones. There may be 32 sequences of 48 bits, with 24 bits for half the tones of the first symbol and 24 bits for half the tones of the second symbol, and the first half of the tones may be orthogonal to the second half. For 64 BSS colors, the 32 sequences can be reused to set the other half of the symbol tones, with the first half tones being orthogonal to the second half.

[0075] For 48-bit and 96-bit sequences, these sequences occupy less bandwidth (BW) than 52-bit and 104-bit sequences, allowing for more room for power boosting if needed. The 64 or 32 ELR marker sequences may be a subset of a larger set of orthogonal sequences. These sequences can be selected to minimize the PAPR for a given OFDM tone index allocation. The PAPR of the ELR marker sequences can be lower than the PAPR of ELR data QPSK, which is 8.98 dB (90% CDF) for four replicated RU52s.

[0076] Referring to Figures 5A and 4B, detection statistics are shown for various embodiments of the ELR marker sequences of Figures 4A-4H. Figure 5A shows the detection statistics for the embodiment of Figures 4A-4C, and Figure 5B shows the detection statistics for the embodiment of Figures 4D-4H.

[0077] 6A-6D, a string 330 of various values ​​of the present solution is shown in hexadecimal (HEX) format. To convert from HEX format to a string of +1, -1, the HEX values ​​are first converted to binary and then 0 is replaced with -1 and 1 with +1. In this manner, encoding the marker sequences described herein in HEX format can conserve memory in the sending device 302. FIGS. 7A-7G illustrate various embodiments of the design and implementation of the present solution for ELR marker sequences.

[0078] FIG. 8 is an example of orthogonality in a flat channel 800. In some cases, as a signal passes through the channel 800, an ELR marker may lose orthogonality to other ELR markers (e.g., 63 other ELR markers in a 64×96 orthogonal matrix). An example of an orthogonal matrix 802 may include 8 rows and 12 columns (8×12). Using the orthogonal matrix 802, a receiving device 304 or a transmitting device 302 can generate a larger matrix (e.g., an ELR mark matrix) based on the systems and methods described herein. In this manner, the systems and methods described herein can reduce memory, utilization, and bandwidth by storing a smaller matrix (e.g., the 8×12 matrix 800) and calculating a larger matrix (e.g., a 64×96 matrix) from the matrix 800. Furthermore, the systems and methods described herein can reduce the occurrence of spurious correlation peaks in a wireless channel by using the submatrix 802. The matrix product 804 is obtained by multiplying the orthogonal matrix 802 by the conjugate transpose of the orthogonal matrix 802. In accordance with the systems and methods described herein, the orthogonal matrix 802 can be used to minimize false alarms from overlapping basic service sets (OBSSs). Spurious correlation peaks can occur at the same location in the matrix, and accumulation can result in a high false alarm rate for the OBSSs.

[0079] 9A-9C illustrate examples of the effect of channel response on the orthogonality of a flat channel. FIG. 9A shows an example channel response 900 of a flat channel measured in decibels (dB). FIG. 9B shows an example Hadamard matrix 910 including multiple spurious peaks 912. As shown in FIG. 9B, Hadamard matrix 910 may include spurious peaks of approximately -17.9 dB located at distances of + / -12 and + / -24 from the diagonal of the corresponding matrix. Hadamard matrix 910 may be the Kronecker product of a Hadamard-4 matrix and a Hadamard-12 matrix.

[0080] FIG. 9C illustrates an example Hadamard matrix 920 using the systems and methods described herein. Similar to Hadamard matrix 910, Hadamard matrix 920 can include a maximum peak of −25.0 dB, even without any distance from the matrix diagonal. For a 64×96 matrix, Hadamard matrix 920 can achieve peak-to-peak distances of + / −12 or less and + / −24 or less. However, if the peaks of the first and second ELR markers are aligned, the color false alarm rate is high. Reversing the sequence order of the second symbol (e.g., from left to right) can reduce the color false alarm rate by eliminating the alignment of the peaks of the first and second symbols.

[0081] 10 shows an example ELR marker tone plan 1000 for a marker sequence. The ELR marker tone plan may be two orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols (e.g., 48 data tones and 4 pilots). For the data tones, the data tones may be mapped to quadrature binary phase shift keying (Q-BPSK) and the pilots may be modulated using BPSK.

[0082] Figure 11 shows an example of an orthogonal matrix 1100 with 32 rows and 48 columns. Matrix 1102 shows a formula that can be used to generate each of the four quadrants of an ELR mark matrix using a single matrix. For example, formula 1102 may include four quadrants of a larger orthogonal matrix generated using two copies of the original orthogonal matrix on the left side (e.g., the upper left and lower left quadrants) and two mirror images of those orthogonal matrices on the right side (e.g., the upper right and lower right quadrants). This generates a larger orthogonal matrix from a smaller matrix. Formulas 1102 and 1104 are also shown below.

[0083] Equation 1102 shows how a smaller orthogonal matrix can be used to create the four quadrants of a larger orthogonal matrix as follows:

[0084]

number

[0085] Equation 1104 shows a special matrix that can be used to multiply with an H matrix (eg, matrix 1100) to generate the upper right and lower right quadrants of the larger matrix, as follows:

number

[0086] Equation 1104 may represent a matrix calculation that can be used to multiply orthogonal matrix 1100 by special matrix 1104. This calculation may reflect or mirror orthogonal matrix 1100 across the y-axis to generate a second orthogonal matrix 1202. To reflect orthogonal matrix 1100, the matrix calculation may rearrange the column values ​​330 of values ​​330 in each column 328 within rows 326 and insert them into their respective quadrants of the ELR mark matrix.

[0087] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a marker sequence 1200 in an ELR mark matrix 324. This sequence can be extracted or copied from the matrix 324 and encoded or inserted into the ELR symbol 204 of an ELR packet. The ELR mark matrix 324 may include 64 rows and 96 columns storing columns of values. Each value in the column of values ​​may be a value of +1 or −1 randomly or selectively distributed across the rows. The ELR mark matrix may be an orthogonal matrix such that the transposed ELR mark matrix is ​​equal to the identity ELR mark matrix. According to the systems and methods described herein, the orthogonal matrix 1100 may be used to perform one or more matrix calculations to generate the ELR mark matrix, thereby reducing storage requirements and improving detection of symbols in the preamble. For example, one of the four quadrants of the ELR mark matrix may be used to generate the remaining four quadrants. Orthogonalizing a matrix means that the column of values ​​from any of the 64 rows of the matrix is ​​such that the first 48 values ​​in that row (e.g., 1 through 48) are mirror images of the remaining 48 values ​​in that row (e.g., 49 through 96).

[0088] More specifically, the transmitting device 302 or the receiving device processor 304 can generate the marker sequence 1200 of the ELR mark matrix 324 by performing one or more matrix operations using the orthogonal matrix 1100. The one or more matrix operations may include at least one of inversion about the y-axis, sign reversal, or matrix multiplication. The transmitting device 302 and the receiving device 304 can each perform one or more matrix operations to generate one or more orthogonal matrices (e.g., matrix 1202, matrix 1204) to form the ELR mark matrix 324. For example, the receiving device 304 can perform a matrix operation to multiply the orthogonal matrix 1100 by the special matrix 1104. Once the multiplication is complete, the receiving device 304 can invert the orthogonal matrix 1100 about the y-axis to generate the second orthogonal matrix 1202. To invert the orthogonal matrix 1100, the matrix operation can rearrange the values ​​330 in each column 328 in the rows 326. Once the inversion is complete, the receiving device 104 can insert the orthogonal matrix 1202 into each quadrant of the ELR mark matrix. In another example, the receiving device 304 may perform a matrix calculation to multiply the orthogonal matrix 1100 by the special matrix 1104. After the multiplication, the receiving device 304 may perform a matrix calculation to invert the orthogonal matrix 1100 to generate a third orthogonal matrix 1204. To invert the orthogonal matrix 1100, the matrix calculation may multiply each value 330 in a column of values ​​330 by (−1). After the inversion, the receiving device 104 may insert the orthogonal matrix 1202 into each quadrant of the ELR mark matrix. After calculating the second orthogonal matrix 1202 and the third orthogonal matrix 1204, the receiving device 304 may replicate the orthogonal matrix 1100 into each quadrant to generate or construct an ELR mark matrix having a column of respective values ​​330, as shown in FIG. 12 . In some cases, the third orthogonal matrix 1204 includes elements or values ​​330 that are the additive inverse of corresponding elements / values ​​of the second orthogonal matrix 1202 .

[0089] FIGS. 13A-13C illustrate various detection statistics for the ELR marker sequence of FIG. 11. These plots show CDF plots of detection performance based on known and unknown data transmitted with and without RF impairments and with and without phase tracking. Detection performance can indicate the probability of misclassification or false alarm of the ELR preamble. As shown in FIGS. 12A-12C, the missed rate of non-ELR transmissions can inform the optimal threshold 1304 for the ELR preamble. Missed probability 1302 may indicate the probability of missing an ELR preamble using a conventional solution. FIG. 12A is a graph showing all probabilities of missed ELR 1306. Using the systems and methods described herein, the missed probability 1306 deviates less from the threshold 1304 than the conventional solution. FIG. 14 is a graph of the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) for the ELR marker sequence of FIG. 11.

[0090] Referring again to FIG. 3 , the preamble generator 308 may generate, create, or determine a preamble 202 for a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) frame in an extended long range (ELR) format to be wirelessly transmitted to the receiving device 304. The ELR format may be configured for wireless communication using a bandwidth of at least 20 MHz in at least one of the Wi-Fi communication bands of 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz. To generate the preamble 202, the preamble generator 308 may determine the structure of the preamble according to a data format (e.g., ELR) and a format (e.g., PPDU). As a technical solution, the ELR PPDU may fit within the 20 MHz bandwidth. Based on the determined structure, the preamble generator 308 may generate multiple symbols 204, such as an ELR symbol, a synchronization symbol, a channel estimation signal, and an access control symbol. As shown in FIG. 2 , the ELR mark symbol 204 may include a predetermined tone pattern. The receiving device 304 can use this predetermined tone pattern to generate an ELR mark matrix (e.g., a 64x96 matrix). The predetermined tone pattern can include a sequence of values ​​330 (e.g., + / - 1) to define a marker sequence for the ELR mark matrix. By using this predetermined tone pattern, the preamble 202 can optimize detection performance by the receiving device 304. The receiving device 304 can also use the ELR mark symbol 204 to minimize false positive and false negative detection rates.

[0091] Furthermore, the ELR mark symbol 204 may include multiple OFDM symbols (e.g., ELR-mark1 and ELR-mark2). Each ELR mark symbol 204 can classify the ELR-PPDU format upon reception of the data packet by the receiving device 304. Each OFDM symbol 204 can include 52 tone blocks containing BSS color 327 information (64 BSS colors corresponding to at least 64 orthogonal sequences), 4 pilots, and 48 data tones, and uses a duration of 4 microseconds (e.g., 3.2 microseconds + GI = 0.8 microseconds). The 48 data tones can carry or include the ELR mark sequence described herein. A 48-element duobinary sequence block defines the ELR mark. Each of the 48 elements can be mapped to a Q-BPSK symbol (e.g., + / -j) to form the ELR mark. The pilots within the ELR symbol 204 may be BPSK modulated (e.g., + / -1) to maintain the orthogonality of the ELR mark.

[0092] The matrix handler 310 can generate an ELR mark matrix 1200 as shown in Figure 12. The ELR mark matrix 1200 (e.g., a 64x96 orthogonal matrix) can be formed using a submatrix 1302 (e.g., a 32x48 orthogonal matrix) according to the following equation (1.1):

number

[0093] More specifically, the row selector 312 can select, identify, or determine a row 326 from a plurality of rows 326 in a 64x96 orthogonal submatrix 1200 (e.g., ELR mark matrix 1200). The ELR mark matrix 1200 can include a plurality of rows corresponding to BSS colors 1-64, with columns 1-48 transmitted along a data portion of a first symbol 204 (e.g., the first 48 tones) and columns 49-96 transmitted along a data portion of a second symbol (e.g., the second 48 tones). The first symbol 204 corresponds to the ELR mark-1 symbol 204, and the second symbol corresponds to the ELR mark-2 symbol 204. The row selector 312 can identify, from the selected row 326, respective values ​​330 in the columns 328 of each row 326. Once the row selector 312 identifies the values ​​330, the row selector 312 can extract and store the values ​​330. The row selector 312 may iteratively identify, extract, and store each value 330 for each selected row 326 in the ELR mark matrix 1200. However, performing this process at both the sending device 302 and the receiving device 304 may use significant computational resources. Therefore, using Equation 1.1 in combination with various components described herein may reduce wasted computational resources at the receiving device 304 and the sending device 302.

[0094] As each row of the ELR mark matrix 1200 is completed, the sequence encoder 314 can encode, insert, or decode a column of values ​​330 from a first set of columns 328 of the selected row 326. For example, the ELR mark matrix 1200 can include a value of either 1 or −1. In the first row 324, the row selector 312 can select row “1” from the ELR mark matrix 1200. Along row “1,” the row selector 312 can extract a value “1” from column 1, a value “−1” from column 2, a value “1” from column 3, and so on. Once the values ​​330 associated with each column are extracted, the sequence encoder 314 can encode a column of values ​​330 from the first set of columns 328. The first set of columns may correspond to the first 48 data tones of the ELR mark matrix 1200. The sequence encoder 314 can encode the column of values ​​into a first symbol (e.g., ELR-mark 1) of the preamble. The first symbol may include 48 data tones plus 4 pilot tones. Because the transmitting device 302 can also function as the receiving device 304, the sequence encoder 33 can decode the sequence of values ​​330 received from the receiving device 304.

[0095] Next, the sequence encoder 314 may generate a sequence of second values ​​330 from a second set of columns 328 of the row 326. The second set of columns 328 of the row 326 may correspond to the second 48 data tones of the ELR mark matrix 1200. The second symbol may include the second 48 data tones along with four pilot tones. The sequence of second values ​​330 may include the sequence of values ​​330 encoded in the first symbol 204 in reverse order. For example, for the first symbol 204, the sequence of first values ​​330 may be −1, −1, −1, 1, −1, −1, 1. Thus, the sequence encoder 314 may generate the sequence of second values ​​330 as 1, −1, −1, 1, −1, −1, −1 by reversing the order of the sequence of first values ​​330. Once the column of second values ​​330 is generated, the sequence encoder 314 can insert the column of second values ​​330 into a second symbol (e.g., ELR-mark 2) of preamble 02. In some cases, the column of values ​​330 may correspond to the first half of row 326. In some cases, the column of second values ​​330 may correspond to the second half of row 326. The sequence encoder 33 can then configure the column of values ​​330 and the column of second values ​​330 to inform the receiving device 304 of the BSS color 327 of the transmitting device 302. Furthermore, the sequence encoder 33 can configure the column of values ​​330 and the column of second values ​​330 to reduce a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) for the first symbol 204 and the second symbol 204 at the receiving device 304 and cause an early packet termination. To reduce the PAPR, the receiving device 304 can recognize the tone pattern of the column of first values ​​330 that form the submatrix 110. This is because the ELR mark matrix 1200 can be formed from the sub-matrix 1000 using equation 1.1.

[0096] The sequence of values ​​300 of the first symbol 204 and the sequence of second values ​​330 of the second symbol 204 may correspond to data tones that can be modulated using at least one of quadrature binary phase shift keying (Q-BPSK), binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK), offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK), or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The first symbol and the second symbol may be preceded by at least one of a legacy short training field (L-STF) field, a legacy long training field (L-LTF) field, a legacy signal field (L-SIG) field, a repeated legacy signal field (RL-SIG) field, and a universal signal field (U-SIG2) field. In some cases, the sequence encoder 33 may use a sequence of values ​​330 in a first sequence set 328 to map 48 data tones that indicate the BSS color 327 indicated by the first symbol 204, and may use a sequence of second values ​​330 in a second sequence set 328 to map a second 48 tones that indicate the BSS 327 indicated by the second symbol 204.

[0097] The transmit circuitry 316 can transmit the preamble 202 to the receiving device 304 via the link 322. The transmit circuitry 316 can transmit the preamble 202 to the receiving device 304 as a wireless signal. The wireless signal can be any transmission signal or data sent between devices. The wireless signal can include multiple electromagnetic waves or electrical impulses, such as radio frequency (RF) transmissions for WLAN (e.g., Wi-Fi), Bluetooth, or cellular, or any other transmission. The signal can include a PPDU frame transmitted with the preamble 202 in ELR format. The signal can be in the form of radio waves, microwaves, infrared signals, light pulses, etc. These signals can carry encoded information, such as audio, video, or digital data, and travel through a medium (e.g., air or cable) to reach the intended receiving device 304. The use of advanced modulation techniques and signal processing methods enables efficient and reliable transmission and reduces noise and interference for clear communication.

[0098] The receiving circuit 318 of the receiving device 304 may be circuitry that receives wireless signals from the transmitting device 302 via a link 322 and obtains data from the received wireless signals. In one configuration, the receiving circuit 318 may be connected between the sequence decoder 320 and an antenna. In this configuration, the receiving circuit 318 can receive the wireless signals via the antenna and obtain data from the wireless signals by converting the RF frequency wireless signals according to the carrier signal. The receiving circuit 318 can provide the preamble 202 to the sequence decoder 320.

[0099] The sequence decoder 320 of the receiving device 304 may function similarly to the sequence encoder 33 of the transmitting device 102. The sequence decoder 320 may decode, encode, or otherwise extract a sequence of values ​​330 from the first symbol 204 or the second symbol 204 of the preamble 202. To conserve computational resources, conserve storage, and reduce overhead, the sequence decoder 320 may generate a sequence of second values ​​330 for the second symbol 204 by decoding the sequence of values ​​330 in the first symbol and performing Equation 1.1. In this manner, the sequence decoder 320 does not need to decode both the sequence of first values ​​330 for the first symbol 204 and the sequence of second values ​​330 for the second symbol 204. For example, the sequence decoder 320 can construct an ELR mark matrix 1200 from a column of first values ​​330 in a first symbol (e.g., ELR-mark1, 32x48 submatrix 1100). The submatrix 1100 can include half the number of rows 326 of the orthogonal matrix (e.g., ELR mark matrix 1200) and half the number of columns 328 of the orthogonal matrix.

[0100] 15 is a flowchart of a method 1500 for marker sequencing for ELR wireless communications. For example, exemplary method 1500 may be implemented using exemplary system 300 or using any features of the techniques described in connection with FIGS. 3-3. For example, method 1500 may be implemented using exemplary system 300 deployed in conjunction with a WLAN access point device or other computing device capable of operating in accordance with an 802.11 wireless standard (e.g., 802.11bn).

[0101] In step 1505, the transmitting device may generate a preamble for a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) frame in an extended long range (ELR) format to be wirelessly transmitted to the receiving device. For example, the transmitting device may identify any type of data to be transmitted to the receiving device according to the ELR format and generate a preamble for the PPDU frame in the ELR format. The ELR format may be configured for wireless communication using a bandwidth of at least 20 MHz in at least one of the Wi-Fi communication bands of 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz. For example, the ELR may be configured for wireless communication using a bandwidth of 10 to 20 MHz in the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi communication band.

[0102] In step 1510, the transmitting device may select a row from multiple rows of an orthogonal matrix that corresponds to one BSS (Basic Service Set) color among multiple BSS colors. For example, the transmitting device may select row 12 of the orthogonal matrix, which includes BSS colors 1 through 64. The orthogonal matrix may be a matrix including multiple rows and multiple columns. The dot product of any two distinct rows may result in zero. For example, the dot product of row 1 and row 14 may result in zero. An orthogonal matrix (e.g., a 64×96 matrix) may be constructed from a second orthogonal matrix (e.g., a 32×48 matrix). For example, the orthogonal matrix may be constructed from the second orthogonal matrix by performing a determinant. The second orthogonal matrix may include half the number of rows of the orthogonal matrix and half the number of columns of the orthogonal matrix. The dot product of any two distinct rows of the second orthogonal matrix may result in zero. The orthogonal matrix may include at least 64 rows and 96 columns, and the second orthogonal matrix may include at least 32 rows and 48 columns.

[0103] In step 1515, the transmitting device may encode a column of values ​​from a first set of columns of the row into a first symbol of the preamble. For example, the transmitting device may encode the column of values ​​into the symbol ELR-mark1. The column of values ​​in the first symbol includes a first plurality of values ​​in a first portion of a first row of a plurality of rows. The first portion of the first row may correspond to one or more columns of the orthogonal matrix. The column of values ​​corresponds to a first half of the row of the orthogonal matrix. For example, the column of values ​​may be rows 1 through 32 of the orthogonal matrix, which includes 64 rows. The first symbol may include at least four pilot tones along with 48 data tones.

[0104] In step 1520, the transmitting device may insert a second string of values ​​from a second set of columns of the row into a second symbol of the preamble. For example, the transmitting device may encode the string of values ​​into the symbol ELR Mark 2. The second symbol may include a second four pilot tones along with a second 48 data tones. The string of values ​​of the first symbol and the second string of values ​​of the second symbol may correspond to data tones modulated using at least one of quadrature binary phase shift keying (Q-BPSK), binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK), offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK), or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

[0105] The second column of values ​​may include the column of values ​​encoded in the first symbol in reverse order. The second symbol may include a second plurality of values ​​in a second portion of the first row. The second portion of the second row may correspond to one or more columns of the orthogonal matrix. The second column may correspond to a second half of the row. For example, the column of values ​​may be rows 33 through 64 of the orthogonal matrix, which includes 64 rows. The column and the second column may be configured to inform a receiver of a transmitter's BSS color.

[0106] The transmitting device may use the sequence of values ​​in the first sequence set to map 48 data tones indicating the BSS indicated by the first symbol. The transmitting device may use the sequence of values ​​in the second sequence set to map second 48 tones indicating the BSS indicated by the second symbol. The second 48 tones may include the 48 tones in reverse order.

[0107] In step 1525, the transmitting device transmits the preamble including the first symbol and the second symbol to a receiving device, allowing the receiving device to identify the transmitting device's BSS color from among the plurality of BSS colors. The first symbol and the second symbol of the preamble may be preceded by at least one of a legacy short training field (L-STF) field, a legacy long training field (L-LTF) field, a legacy signal field (L-SIG) field, a repeated legacy signal field (RL-SIG) field, and a universal signal field (U-SIG2) field. The sequence of values ​​and the sequence of second values ​​are configured to reduce a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) for the first symbol and the second symbol at the receiving device, causing an early packet termination.

[0108] If the preamble is rejected, the receiving device can use receiver circuitry to extract the sequence of values ​​in the first symbol without extracting the values ​​of the second symbol. Rather, the receiving device can use a matrix to calculate the sequence of values ​​in the second symbol, since the sequence of second values ​​is in the reverse order of the sequence of first values. By using this reversed sequence of second values, the systems and methods described herein can reduce the incidence of false BSS color alarms. Furthermore, the reversed sequence of second values ​​and the submatrices formed in the orthogonal matrix can reduce the occurrence of spurious peaks during data transmission.

[0109] The term "or" may be construed as inclusive, such that terms listed using "or" may refer to one, more than one, or all of the listed terms. Reference to at least one of a linked list of terms may be construed as an inclusive OR, and may refer to one, more than one, or all of the listed terms. For example, the term "at least one of 'A' and 'B'" may include only 'A', only 'B', or both 'A' and 'B'. When used in conjunction with "comprises' or other open terminology, these terms may include other items.

[0110] At certain locations in this disclosure, terms such as "first" and "second" may be used in connection with devices, modes of operation, transmission chains, etc., to identify or distinguish one thing from another or the other. These terms are not intended to relate objects (e.g., a first device and a second device) merely in time or sequence, although in some cases such a relationship may exist between the objects. Nor are these terms intended to limit the number of objects (e.g., devices) that may operate in a system or environment. The term coupled or connected includes indirect and direct couplings or connections.

[0111] It should be understood that the above-described systems may include multiple instances of any or each of their components, and that these components may be located on a standalone machine or on multiple machines in a distributed system, depending on the embodiment. Furthermore, the above-described systems and methods may be provided as one or more computer-readable programs or executable instructions embodied on or within one or more articles of manufacture. The articles of manufacture may be a floppy disk, hard disk, CD-ROM, flash memory card, PROM, RAM, ROM, or magnetic tape. In general, computer-readable programs may be implemented in any programming language, such as LISP, PERL, C, C++, C#, PROLOG, or any byte-code language, such as JAVA. The software programs or executable instructions may be stored on or within one or more articles of manufacture as object code.

[0112] While the above description of the present methods and systems will enable one skilled in the art to make and use what is presently believed to be the best mode, those skilled in the art will understand and recognize that there are variations, combinations, and equivalents of the specific embodiments, methods, and examples described herein. Accordingly, the methods and systems of the present invention are not limited to the above-described embodiments, methods, and examples, but rather should be limited to any embodiments and methods within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. The headings provided in this document are not limiting.

Claims

1. one or more processors at the sending side coupled to a memory; the one or more processors: generating a preamble for an extended long range (ELR) format physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) frame to be wirelessly transmitted to a receiver; selecting a row from a plurality of rows of the orthogonal matrix corresponding to one basic service set (BSS) color among a plurality of BSS colors; encoding a column of values ​​from a first set of columns of said row in a first symbol of said preamble; inserting into a second symbol of the preamble a sequence of second values ​​from a second set of columns of the row, the sequence of values ​​being the reverse of the sequence of values ​​encoded in the first symbol; Transmitting the preamble including the first symbol and the second symbol to the receiving side, causing the receiving side to identify the BSS color of the transmitting side from among the plurality of BSS colors. The system is configured as follows:

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the orthogonal matrix is ​​a matrix containing multiple rows and multiple columns, such that the dot product of any two distinct rows results in zero.

3. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the column of values ​​in the first symbol includes a first plurality of values ​​in a first portion of a first row of the plurality of rows, and the second symbol includes a second plurality of values ​​in a second portion of the first row.

4. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the orthogonal matrix is ​​constructed from a second orthogonal matrix, the second orthogonal matrix having half the number of rows and half the number of columns of the orthogonal matrix, and wherein a dot product of any two different rows of the second orthogonal matrix results in zero.

5. The one or more processors:

5. The system of claim 4, configured to generate a third orthogonal matrix that is a mirror image of the second orthogonal matrix across a vertical axis that divides the orthogonal matrix into two halves, the first half of the two halves including an upper-left quadrant containing the second orthogonal matrix and a lower-left quadrant containing the second orthogonal matrix, and the second half of the two halves including an upper-right quadrant containing the third orthogonal matrix and a lower-right quadrant containing a fourth orthogonal matrix whose elements are additive inverses of corresponding elements of the third orthogonal matrix.

6. The system of claim 4 , wherein the orthogonal matrix comprises at least 64 rows and 96 columns, and the second orthogonal matrix comprises at least 32 rows and 48 columns.

7. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the sequence of values ​​and the second sequence of values ​​are configured to reduce a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) for the first symbol and the second symbol at the receiving side to cause early packet termination.

8. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the column of values ​​corresponds to a first half of the row and the second column corresponds to a second half of the row, the column and the second column configured to inform the receiver of the BSS color of the transmitter.

9. The one or more processors: using the sequence of values ​​in the first sequence set to map 48 data tones indicating the BSS indicated by the first symbol; 2. The system of claim 1, configured to map second 48 tones indicative of the BSS indicated by the second symbol using the second sequence set of values, the second 48 tones comprising the 48 tones in reverse order.

10. 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the first symbol includes four pilot tones along with the 48 data tones, and the second symbol includes four second pilot tones along with the second 48 data tones.

11. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the sequence of values ​​of the first symbol and the sequence of second values ​​of the second symbol correspond to data tones modulated with at least one of quadrature binary phase shift keying (Q-BPSK), binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK), offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK), or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).

12. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first symbol and the second symbol of the preamble are preceded by at least one of a legacy short training field (L-STF) field, a legacy long training field (L-LTF) field, a legacy signal field (L-SIG) field, a repeated legacy signal field (RL-SIG) field, and a universal signal field (U-SIG2) field.

13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ELR format is configured for wireless communication using a bandwidth of at least 20 MHz in at least one of the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz Wi-Fi communication bands.

14. generating, by one or more processors coupled to the memory, a preamble for a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) frame in an extended long range (ELR) format to be wirelessly transmitted to a receiver; selecting, by the one or more processors, a row from a plurality of rows of the orthogonal matrix that corresponds to one basic service set (BSS) color among a plurality of BSS colors; encoding, by the one or more processors, a column of values ​​from a first set of columns of the row into a first symbol of the preamble; inserting, by the one or more processors, into a second symbol of the preamble a sequence of second values ​​from a second set of columns of the row, the sequence of values ​​comprising a reversed version of the sequence of values ​​encoded in the first symbol; transmitting, by the one or more processors, the preamble including the first symbol and the second symbol to the receiver, causing the receiver to identify the BSS color of the transmitter from among the plurality of BSS colors. A method comprising:

15. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the orthogonal matrix is ​​a matrix including a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns, such that a dot product of any two different rows results in zero, and the column of values ​​in the first symbol includes a first plurality of values ​​of a first portion of a first row of the plurality of rows, and the second symbol includes a second plurality of values ​​of a second portion of the first row.

16. constructing, by the one or more processors, the orthogonal matrix from a second orthogonal matrix that includes half the number of rows and half the number of columns of the orthogonal matrix. wherein a dot product of any two different rows of the second orthogonal matrix results in zero.

17. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the orthogonal matrix comprises at least 64 rows and 96 columns, and the second orthogonal matrix comprises at least 32 rows and 48 columns.

18. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the column of values ​​corresponds to the first half of the row and the second column corresponds to the second half of the row, the column and the second column configured to inform the receiver of the BSS color of the transmitter.

19. mapping, by the one or more processors, 48 ​​data tones indicating the BSS indicated by the first symbol using the sequence of values ​​in the first sequence set; mapping, by the one or more processors, a second sequence of values ​​in the second sequence set to a second 48 tones indicative of the BSS indicated by the second symbol, the second 48 tones comprising the 48 tones in reverse order; inserting, by the one or more processors, four pilot tones into the first symbol along with the 48 data tones; inserting, by the one or more processors, four second pilot tones into the second symbol along with the second 48 data tones.

15. The method of claim 14, comprising:

20. 1. A non-transitory computer-readable medium containing processor-readable instructions, the processor-readable instructions, when executed by one or more processors, causing the one or more processors to: generating a preamble for a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) frame in an extended long range (ELR) format to be wirelessly transmitted to a receiver; selecting a row from a plurality of rows of the orthogonal matrix corresponding to one basic service set (BSS) color among a plurality of BSS colors; causing a first symbol of the preamble to encode a sequence of values ​​from a first set of columns of the row; inserting into a second symbol of the preamble a sequence of values ​​from a second set of columns of the row, the sequence of values ​​comprising the sequence of values ​​encoded in the first symbol in reverse order; a first symbol and a second symbol; a second symbol; a first symbol; a second symbol; a second symbol; a first symbol; a second symbol; a second symbol; a first symbol; a second symbol; a second symbol; a first symbol; a second symbol; a second symbol; a second symbol; a first symbol; a second symbol; a second symbol; a second symbol; a second symbol; a second symbol; a second symbol; a second symbol; a second symbol; a first ... first symbol; a second symbol

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