Economical manufacturing methods for metal parts

Abstract

This invention relates to an economical method for manufacturing metal parts that exhibit high adaptability to feasible shapes. Furthermore, it relates to the materials required for the manufacture of these parts. [Solution] The method of the present invention enables the rapid manufacturing of parts. It can also be used in conjunction with several molding techniques that utilize polymers. This method allows for the rapid and economical manufacturing of metal parts with complex shapes.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This invention relates to an economical additive manufacturing method for metal parts and the materials required in manufacturing those parts. The method of this invention enables the rapid production of parts. It also relates to several molding techniques that can be applied to polymers. [Background technology]

[0002] The properties of materials are undoubtedly one of the major factors that can limit the progress of engineering. Therefore, materials with high mechanical resistance and other properties are often in demand. Progress in this field is mainly achieved through an understanding of the effects of alloys, improvements in microstructure obtained through thermomachining, and, more recently, improvements in manufacturing processes. Other major factors include design and the feasibility of its realization. In recent years, there has been significant effort to research structures with superior properties that replicate existing evolutionary optimizations. So-called bioengineering, or replicating existing structures, is often very complex, making it difficult to manufacture using conventional manufacturing systems. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a series of techniques that are rapidly increasing in precision, enabling the replication of a wide range of structures. Unfortunately, due to the systems used and production speed, AM manufacturing of metals remains an expensive method.

[0003] In industries such as aerospace, nuclear affairs, defense, and machinery, where high-quality products are required, great attention must be paid to the quality of materials. These applications often involve complex and cost-intensive manufacturing processes, and the materials used are frequently expensive.

[0004] Recently, efforts have been focused on reducing the cost of AM (Additive Manufacturing) materials, primarily powders and wires, by increasing the production speed of AM equipment and lowering its manufacturing costs. Unfortunately, many of the materials used in AM have very high melting points, requiring extremely high power density for melting. Furthermore, most metals have significant thermal expansion coefficients, making thermal management difficult. A key advantage of the materials used in AM is that they do not require post-processing in the form of heat treatment after the AM process. However, heat treatment after the AM process is often necessary when the upper limit of engineering properties is reached. Currently, the precision and roughness that can be economically achieved through metal AM manufacturing are insufficient for some applications that require post-processing.

[0005] AM methods suitable for metallic materials that involve melting and ultimately sintering tend to have limitations in manufacturing speed due to the high energy involved in melting and the difficulty in handling thermal stress. The entire product is kept at a high temperature in the melting pool to reduce temperature gradients, and thermal stress is further reduced for better control of sintering strain. However, this method is quite energy-intensive and has limited efficiency. Furthermore, in systems using colored adhesives or binders, processing similar to sintering is required, and for large or complex shapes, shape retention is often not guaranteed unless a very laborious process is followed. Isotropy is a major challenge for AM of metal parts.

[0006] AM (Additive Manufacturing) methods for polymeric materials are considered more advanced and economical. However, several significant limitations still exist regarding the materials that can be used. Different technologies have advanced to the point where each component can be manufactured, finally making them economically viable. Often, the low flexibility and melting point of polymers, or the bonding and curing power through specific wavelength chemical reactions in some resins, allows for considerably faster deposition rates than those for metals. In most cases, inhibitors have also been developed to further increase the complexity of the manufacturable parts. Furthermore, many systems are relatively inexpensive to manufacture compared to those required for metal AM.

[0007] Furthermore, some AM systems are rather useful for manufacturing very complex shapes or small, hollow parts. However, for the manufacture of large structures or large objects where the majority of the body is enclosed by an external shape, no system is efficient unless AM is used in all existing processes, and the method of cutting and shaping materials is also not practical.

[0008] In addition to AM using various materials according to the present invention, other manufacturing processes can also be used as a forming step, and in any case, a fast manufacturing process is required. Most polymer molding methodologies can be one option (e.g., injection molding, hollow molding, thermoforming, casting, compression molding, press molding, extrusion molding, rotational molding, dip molding, foam molding). For example, in the case of injection molding, an existing method called metal powder injection molding (MIM) is used. With this method, it is possible to obtain metal components, but there is a limitation of up to several hundred grams. By using the methods and materials of the present invention, it becomes possible to manufacture larger components with enhanced functionality more economically. [Overview of the Initiative]

[0009] The method of the present invention advances the production of more cost-effective parts by AM or other faster molding methods. The method is often effective for all kinds of parts, regardless of the ratio of substance to gas or their size and shape.

[0010] Additive manufacturing using curable resins is known for ceramics such as silica, alumina, and hydroxyapatite. The main limitations are the limited selection of ceramics and the fact that only parts of a storable size can be manufactured due to their small size.

[0011] Furthermore, AM (Accelerated Amplifier) ​​curable resins are known to use fillers of other metals, ceramics, or even very low particle sizes in the resin, which then penetrate into the metal or other liquid. In this case, the volume fraction of the particles is of little importance.

[0012] This method yields unique discoveries depending on the individual component being manufactured.

[0013] For parts with a low gas / substance ratio, removal-based systems can be used. Conversely, when the gas / substance ratio is high, flocculation or three-dimensional structure forming systems are often preferred. Different forming systems are used simultaneously or sequentially in the manufacture of parts. The method of the present invention can be used directly for metal flocculation, but in many cases, the use of polymeric metallic mixtures is considered very advantageous.

[0014] The method of the present invention often involves at least one step in creating a three-dimensional structure using a basic particulate material that contains at least one polymeric substance and a metallic substance simultaneously. Subsequently, curing for pre-molding is carried out mainly using the polymeric substance. In most cases, post-treatment is performed to cure the metallic substance. Through numerous examples and AM (Amplification and Manufacturing), the inventors have found that having at least two different metallic substances in the raw materials is highly advantageous for many cases and AM systems. Furthermore, it is even more advantageous if the at least two substances have significantly different melting points, and it is also advantageous for many systems if at least one metallic substance begins to dissolve before the polymer matrix completely loses its shape. In some cases, the ability of a low-melting-point metallic substance to diffuse into the underlying metallic substance without causing severe embrittlement is also highly advantageous. In some applications, it is interesting if at least one metallic substance is an alloy with a wide range of melting points. This is particularly interesting when the alloy is a low-melting-point alloy and is used in complex shapes. Further advantages can be gained if the liquid phase becomes as desired by selecting a system that raises the melting point during diffusion, allowing control of the liquid phase volume fraction throughout the entire process.

[0015] The present invention is particularly advantageous for lightweight structures. Complex shapes make deformation of the metallic substrate difficult. Metallic materials with high mechanical resistance for lightweight structures often have tight formability. Complex shapes allow for the replication of existing optimized designs for maximum performance in minimal volume. Alloys of lightweight materials such as titanium, aluminum, magnesium, and lithium can also be used. Furthermore, materials based on heavy materials such as nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, and tantalum, which have extremely high mechanical properties, can be used even in harsh environments.

[0016] State-of-the-art technology Rapid prototyping (RP), commonly known as 3D printing, is the automated manufacturing of physical entities using additive manufacturing technology. This technology builds parts and components by instantly adding material layer by layer based on a digitized 3D model. As many proponents consider, 3D printing technology will enable the on-demand production and design optimization of customized parts as part of the Third Industrial Revolution. (ASTM International, Document F2792-12) aAs shown above, AM technology can be classified into the following seven categories: i) Binder spraying, ii) Directed energy deposition, iii) Material discharge volume deposition, iv) Material spray volume deposition, v) Powder bed fusion bonding, vi) Sheet lamination, vii) Liquid bath photopolymerization. Each technology classification includes different material classifications and individual manufacturing techniques. Therefore, AM includes numerous other technologies such as fused deposition modeling, laser sintering, laser melting, laser direct deposition, 3D printing, direct ink writing, thin film lamination, digital light processing, and stereolithography. A wide range of ceramics, polymers, and metallic materials can all be used in AM manufacturing. Furthermore, each technology classification is developed for individual types of materials, and among them, polymers, which have attracted attention since the early days, are the most widely studied materials. Waxes and epoxy resins, as well as many common plastics and polymers (ABS resin, polycarbonate, polylactide, polyamide, etc.) can be used. Technologies such as binder spraying, material discharge deposition, material spray deposition, sheet lamination, and liquid bath photopolymerization enable the creation of polymer 3D materials. The most commonly used additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for ceramics are fused deposition modeling (FDM), laser sintering (SLS), laser melting (SLM), 3D printing, direct ink writing, thin-film deposition modeling, stereolithography, and digital light processing. For metal components, their insufficient mechanical properties and high cost have always been major drawbacks, posing significant challenges to AM technology. In 3D printing of metals, the most widely studied techniques are laser sintering and laser melting. The raw materials used in these techniques are primarily in powder form, although some systems utilize metal wires. Like other AM techniques, laser sintering and laser melting obtain geometric information from 3D CAD models. Variations in each process are due to other substances that may be mixed in, such as multi-component metal polymer powder mixtures, and subsequent post-processing. Processes using powder raw materials are carried out layer by layer by selective melting of adjacent metal particles until the desired shape is achieved. These processes can be carried out directly or indirectly. In the indirect case, polymer technology processes intended for the manufacture of metal parts are used.In this process, the metal powder is coated with a polymer. The low melting rate of each polymer coated with the metal material helps in bonding with the metal particles after solidification. Direct laser processes involve the use of special multi-component powder systems. Laser melting (SLM) is an enhanced version of laser sintering (SLS), where sintering is carried out at high temperatures to achieve densification. However, the melting and remelting processes create large temperature gradients between the powder layers, which consequently affect the quality of the metal parts. This effect is particularly significant for high-melting-point metals, which require expensive systems. These drawbacks have been addressed in several publications. Bampton et al. published an invention relating to the free-form molding of metal components using laser bonding by transient liquid-phase sintering (US5745834). The powder mixture used in this invention consists of a metal matrix alloy or base metal alloy (75-85%), a low-melting-point metal alloy (5-15%), and a polymer binder (5-15%). The base metals considered include metallic elements such as nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium, titanium, and aluminum. For low-melting-point metal alloys, base metals that lower the melting point, such as boron, silicon, carbon, and phosphorus, were selected to reduce the melting point of the base metal alloy by approximately 300-400°C. The SLS method and other powder-based AM techniques in this invention rely heavily on the properties of the powder. According to an invention published by Pfeifer & Shen in US2006 / 0251535 A1, plastic, metal, and ceramic particles can be coated with adhesive and easily sinterable fine-grained glass-formed materials. This study suggests that fine-grained materials such as submicron or nanoparticles of plastic, metal, or ceramic can be coated with organic or organometallic polymeric compounds. In the case of metal powders, fine-grained metals formed from copper, tin, zinc, aluminum, bismuth, iron, and lead are preferred. The activation of the adhesive is brought about by laser irradiation through sintering, or by at least partial dissolution to form bridges between adjacent powder particles.If the heat treatment is carried out below the glass forming or sintering temperature of the powder material, there is substantially no overall sintering shrinkage or a green compact is produced. According to the research of Walter Lengauer in DE102013004182, green compacts are also produced in other 3D printing technologies where a printing paste is used for the fused deposition modeling process. The printing paste is composed of an organic binder component of one or more polymers and an inorganic powder component composed of a metal or ceramic material. The formed green compact can then be subjected to a sintering process to obtain the final component. During the FDM process, the resolution and size of the component are limited, similar to other 3D printing manufacturing methods such as direct metal production. Direct metal production is a manufacturing method for forming metal parts with a relative density of at least 96% as published by Canzona et al. in US2005 / 0191200 A. The powder mixture in this research is composed of a master alloy, a powdered low-melting alloy, and two organic polymer binders of a thermoplastic and a thermosetting organic polymer. These powder mixtures can also be used in other powder-based methods such as laser sintering where super-solidus liquid phase sintering occurs. As in the research of Bampton, the low-melting alloy is made by mixing a small amount of boron and scandium, which are eutectic-forming molecules, into the alloy. Since the above-mentioned invention aims to improve the properties of metal components created by AM technology, it has not provided an economical method for 3D printing of metals, especially for large components. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide an innovative method for the economical production of large components by AM or other shaping methods described in state-of-the-art technologies.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0017] [Figure 1] Binary phase diagram of aluminum-gallium [Figure 2] Binary phase diagram of aluminum-magnesium [Figure 3] Types of voids in sphere packing / Octahedral void formed by six spheres / Tetrahedral void formed by four spheres [Figure 4] Types of coatings for metal particles [Figure 5] Cooling / heating path of the temperature control system [Figure 6] Formation of drops of sweating component 6A - Cross-sectional view of the drop formation / lower surface flow path system 6B - Distribution diagram of drain pipes 6C - Mold manufactured by AM [Figure 7] Implementation of heating-cooling technology [Figure 8] Comparison of the lightweight structure of the central column between the conventional method and the method of the present invention [Figure 9] Large hollow mold parts or molds and pipe conduction of fluid in the hollow region [Figure 10] Injection of a polymerizable resin containing the target floating particles into the mold made by AM. Empty the mold. [Figure 11] Large hollow mold parts or molds and pipe conduction of fluid in the hollow region. Display of the working surface.

Mode for carrying out the invention

[0018] The present invention relates to new alloys of Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, W, Mo, Al, and Ti. In embodiments, these new alloys are used for the rapid and economical production of metal parts. The present invention is particularly suitable for manufacturing parts from aluminum or aluminum alloys. In particular, it is particularly suitable for building parts having the composition represented above in weight percent.

[0019] In embodiments, it refers to aluminum-based alloys having the following composition, and all percentages are in weight percent. %Si: 0 - 50 (commonly referred to as 0 - 20); %Cu: 0 - 20; %Mn: 0 - 20; %Zn: 0 - 15; %Li: 0 - 10; %Sc: 0 - 10; %Fe: 0 - 30; %Pb: 0 - 20; %Zr: 0 - 10; %Cr: 0 - 20; %V: 0 - 10; %Ti: 0 - 30; %Bi: 0 - 20; %Ga: 0 - 60; %N: 0 - 8; %B: 0 - 5; %Mg: 0 - 50 (commonly known as 0 - 20); %Ni: 0 - 50; %W: 0 - 10; %Ta: 0 - 5; %Hf: 0 - 5; %Nb: 0 - 10; %Co:0 - 30; %Ce: 0 - 20; %Ge: 0 - 20; %Ca: 0 - 10; %In: 0 - 20; %Cd: 0 - 10; %Sn: 0 - 40; %Cs: 0 - 20; %Se: 0 - 10; %Te: 0 - 10; %As: 0 - 10; %Sb: 0 - 20; %Rb: 0 - 20; %La: 0 - 10; %Be: 0 - 15; %Mo: 0 - 10; %C: 0-5 %O: 0-15 The rest is composed of aluminum and trace elements. The nominal composition referred to here may refer to the particle with the highest volume fraction, and / or the general final composition. If immiscible particles such as ceramic reinforcements, graphene, or nanotubes are present, they are not counted in the nominal composition.

[0020] In this context, trace elements refer to several elements, unless otherwise clearly stated in the context, including but not limited to H, He, Xe, F, Ne, Na, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Br, Kr, Sr, Tc, Ru, and Rh. Pd, Ag, I, Ba, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt. The inventors have found that in some applications of the present invention, it is important to limit the content of trace elements, individually and / or in combination, to less than 1.8%, preferably less than 0.8%, more preferably less than 0.1%, and even less than 0.03% by weight.

[0021] Trace elements may be intentionally added to alloys to achieve specific functions, such as lowering the production cost of the alloy, and / or their presence may be unintentional and primarily related to the presence of alloying elements and impurities in the scrap used in the production of the alloy.

[0022] There are several applications where the presence of trace elements can negatively affect the overall properties of aluminum-based alloys. In some embodiments, the total content of all trace elements is less than 2.0%, in other embodiments less than 1.4%, in other embodiments less than 0.8%, in other embodiments less than 0.2%, in other embodiments less than 0.1%, and even less than 0.06%. In some applications, it is even preferable that the aluminum-based alloy does not contain trace elements.

[0023] While there are applications where a high aluminum (%Al) content is advantageous for aluminum-based alloys, aluminum does not need to be the majority component of the alloy. In one embodiment, %Al is 1.3% or more; in another embodiment, 6% or more; in yet another embodiment, 13% or more; in yet another embodiment, 27% or more; in yet another embodiment, 39% or more; in yet another embodiment, 53% or more; in yet another embodiment, 69% or more; and in yet another embodiment, 87% or more. In one embodiment, %Al is less than 99%; in another embodiment, less than 83%; in yet another embodiment, less than 69%; in yet another embodiment, less than 54%; in yet another embodiment, less than 48%; in yet another embodiment, less than 41%; in yet another embodiment, less than 38%; and in yet another embodiment, less than 25%. In another embodiment, %Al is not the majority element in the aluminum-based alloy.

[0024] For certain applications, it is particularly interesting to use alloys containing %Ga, %Bi, %Rb, %Cd, %Cs, %Sn, %Pb, %Zn, and / or %In. Of particular interest is the use of these low-melting-point promoting elements where %Ga is present in 2.2% or more, preferably 12% or more, more preferably 21% or more, and even more preferably 54% or more. Aluminum alloys, in some embodiments, have 32 ppm or more of the element (in this case, %Ga) in the alloy, 0.0001% or more, 0.015% or more, 0.1% or more, and generally 0.8% or more, preferably 2.2% or more, more preferably 5.2% or more, and even more preferably 12% or more. However, there are other applications where a %Ga content of 30% or less is desired, depending on the desired properties of the aluminum-based alloy. In some embodiments, the %Ga content in the aluminum-based alloy is less than 29%, less than 22%, less than 16%, less than 9%, less than 6.4%, less than 4.1%, less than 3.2%, less than 2.4%, and less than 1.2%. In some applications, %Ga may be detrimental or suboptimal for some reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that the aluminum-based alloy does not contain %Ga. In some applications, it has been found that %Ga + %Bi can be replaced in whole or in part with Bi% (up to a maximum of 20 wt% %Bi content; if %Ga exceeds 20%) in the amounts described in this section. In some applications, total substitution without Ga% may be advantageous. Depending on the application, it has been found interesting to substitute some of %Ga and / or %Bi with the amounts of %Cd, %Cs, %Sn, %Pb, %Zn, %Rb, or %In mentioned in this paragraph (in which case it becomes %Ga + %Bi + %Cd + %Cs + %Sn + %Pb + %Zn + %Rb + %In). Here, depending on the application, it may be interesting to omit any of them (i.e., the total matches the given value, but one of the elements is missing, resulting in a nominal content of 0%, which is advantageous for a given application where the item in question is harmful or unsuitable for some reason).These elements do not necessarily need to be blended in high purity, but if the alloy in question has a sufficiently low melting point, using alloys of these elements is often economically interesting.

[0025] Depending on the application, it may be more interesting to alloy these elements directly rather than incorporating them as separate particles. In some applications, it is even more interesting to use particles formed primarily from these elements, with a desirable content of %Ga + %Bi + %Cd + %Cs + %Sn + %Pb + Zn% + %Rb + %In being 52% or higher, preferably 76% or higher, more preferably 86% or higher, and even more preferably 98% or higher. The final content of these elements in the composition depends on the volume fractions adopted, but in some applications, it often falls within the ranges described above in this paragraph. A typical case is using an alloy of %Sn and %Ga to perform liquid-phase sintering at low temperatures where there is a high probability of breaking the oxide film, which may contain other particles (usually the majority of particles). The Sn and Ga content is adjusted in an equilibrium diagram to control the desired liquid-phase volume content and the volume fraction of particles in this alloy at different post-processing temperatures. In certain applications, Sn% and / or Ga% can be partially or completely replaced by other elements on the list (i.e., alloys without Sn% or Ga% can be made). It is also possible to do so with significant content of elements not present on this list, as in the case of %Mg, and for specific applications, any of the preferred alloying elements for the target alloy can be used.

[0026] In the case of scandium (Sc), very interesting mechanical properties can be achieved, but its high cost makes it economically interesting to use only the amount required for the application of interest. Also, its high deoxidizing power is interesting during alloy processing, but it is also a challenge to maximize performance. Therefore, depending on the application, it can be moved from a situation where the element is not desired, and in these applications, a low concentration of %Sc is preferred, less than 0.9% in one embodiment, less than 0.6% in another embodiment, less than 0.3% in another embodiment, less than 0.1% in another embodiment, and less than 0% in yet another embodiment. In situations where a high content of this element is desired, such as 0.6% by weight or more in one embodiment, preferably 1.1% by weight or more in another embodiment, more preferably 1.6% by weight or more in another embodiment, and up to 4.2% by weight or more in yet another embodiment.

[0027] In some applications of aluminum alloys, the presence of silicon (%Si) is desirable, typically at a content of 0.2% by weight or more in one embodiment, preferably 1.2% or more in another embodiment, preferably 2.1% or more in another embodiment, more preferably 6% or more in another embodiment, or 11% or more in another embodiment. In contrast, in some applications, the presence of this element is rather detrimental, in which case a content of less than 0.2% by weight, preferably less than 0.08%, more preferably less than 0.02%, and even less than 0.004% is desired. Clearly, as with all elements for a particular application, the desired nominal content may be 0% or nominal absence of the element. For other applications, a content of less than 39.8% by weight is desired in one embodiment, less than 23.6% by weight in another embodiment, less than 14.4% by weight in another embodiment, less than 9.7% by weight in another embodiment, less than 4.2% by weight in another embodiment, less than 3.4% by weight in another embodiment, and even less than 1.4% by weight in another embodiment.

[0028] In some applications of aluminum alloys, the presence of iron (%Fe) is desirable, typically at 0.3% by weight or more in one embodiment, preferably at 0.6% by weight or more in another embodiment, more preferably at 1.2% by weight or more in yet another embodiment, and 6% or more in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in some applications, the presence of this element is rather detrimental, in which case a content of less than 19.8% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, less than 13.6% by weight is desirable in another embodiment, less than 9.4% by weight is desirable in another embodiment, less than 6.3% by weight is desirable in yet another embodiment, and less than 4.0% is desirable in yet another embodiment. A content of less than % by weight is desirable, less than 2.3% by weight is desired in another embodiment, less than 1.8% by weight is desired in another embodiment, less than 0.2% by weight is desired in another embodiment, less than 0.08% in another embodiment, less than 0.02% in yet another embodiment, and even less than 0.004% in yet another embodiment is considered preferable. Obviously, as occurs with all elements for a particular application, the desired nominal content may be 0% or nominal deficiency.

[0029] In some applications of aluminum alloys, the presence of copper (%Cu) is desirable, typically in one embodiment at 0.06% by weight or more, in another embodiment preferably at 0.2% or more, in yet another embodiment more preferably at 1.2% or more, and in yet another embodiment at 6% or more. In contrast, in some applications, the presence of this element is rather detrimental, in which case a content of less than 14.8% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, less than 12.6% by weight in another embodiment, less than 9.4% by weight in another embodiment, less than 6.3% by weight in another embodiment, and less than 4.3% by weight in yet another embodiment. A content of less than % by weight is desired, in another embodiment less than 2.3% by weight in another embodiment, less than 1.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 0.2% by weight in one embodiment, less than 0.08% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.02% in another embodiment, and even less than 0.004% in yet another embodiment. Obviously, as occurs for all elements for specific applications, the desired nominal content may be 0% or the nominal absence of the element.

[0030] In some applications of aluminum alloys, the presence of manganese (%Mn) is desirable, typically in embodiments at a content of 0.1% by weight or more, preferably 0.6% or more in other embodiments, more preferably 1.2% or more in other embodiments, and 6% or more in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in some applications, the presence of this element is rather detrimental, in which case a content of less than 14.8% by weight is desirable in some embodiments, less than 12.6% by weight in other embodiments, less than 9.4% by weight in other embodiments, less than 6.3% by weight in other embodiments, and less than 4.0% by weight in other embodiments. A content of less than % by weight is desired, less than 2.3% by weight in other embodiments, less than 1.8% by weight in other embodiments, less than 0.2% by weight in some embodiments, less than 0.08% in other embodiments, less than 0.02% in other embodiments, and even less than 0.004% in yet another embodiment. Obviously, as occurs with all elements for a particular application, the desired nominal content may be 0% or nominal deficiency.

[0031] In some applications of aluminum alloys, the presence of magnesium (%Mg) is desirable, typically at a content of 0.2% by weight or more in one embodiment, preferably 1.2% or more in another embodiment, more preferably 6% or more in another embodiment, or 11% or more in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in some applications, the presence of this element is rather detrimental, in which case a content of less than 34.8% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, less than 22.6% by weight in another embodiment, less than 14.4% by weight in another embodiment, less than 9.2% by weight in another embodiment, and less than 4.2% in yet another embodiment is undesirable. A content of less than % by weight is desired, less than 2.3% by weight in another embodiment, less than 1.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 0.2% by weight in one embodiment, less than 0.08% in another embodiment, less than 0.02% in another embodiment, and even less than 0.004% in yet another embodiment. Clearly, as occurs with all elements for specific applications, the desired nominal content may be 0% or nominal deficiency. When magnesium is used primarily to break up alumina films on aluminum particles or aluminum alloys (sometimes introduced as another magnesium powder or magnesium alloy, and sometimes directly alloyed with other particles such as aluminum particles or alloy aluminum, and sometimes low-melting-point particles), the final %Mg content can be quite small, and in these applications, it is often greater than 0.001%, preferably greater than 0.02%, more preferably greater than 0.12% and even greater than 3.6%.

[0032] Depending on the application of the aluminum alloy, the presence of nitrogen (%N) is desirable, and it has been found that the content is usually 0.2% by weight or more, preferably 1.2% or more, more preferably 3.2% or more, and even 6.2% or more. It is interesting that in some applications, the compaction and / or densification of aluminum particles is carried out in an atmosphere with a high nitrogen content, and especially when compaction and / or densification (e.g., sintering with or without a liquid phase) occurs at high temperatures, reactions often occur, and nitrogen reacts with aluminum and / or other elements that form nitrides, so it appears as an element in the final composition. In such cases, it is often useful to have a nitrogen content of 0.002% or more, preferably 0.02% or more, more preferably 0.4% or more, and even 2.2% or more in the final composition.

[0033] Furthermore, when using aluminum alloys or aluminum as a low-melting-point element, the preceding two paragraphs also apply to alloys of other basic elements (Ti, Fe, Ni, Mo, W, Li, Co, ...) described later. The applications shown in the preceding two paragraphs refer to aluminum alloys or aluminum particles alone, while the other applications shown in the preceding two paragraphs refer to the final composition, but the weight percentage values ​​must be corrected by the weight fraction of aluminum particles or aluminum alloy relative to the total particles. Also, when using magnesium alloys, magnesium, or other particles that oxidize rapidly upon contact with air as low-melting-point particles, this may not apply depending on the application.

[0034] In some applications of aluminum alloys, the presence of Sn (%Sn) is desirable, typically in embodiments at a content of 0.2% by weight or more, preferably 1.2% or more in other embodiments, more preferably 6% or more in other embodiments, or 11% or more in other embodiments. In contrast, in some applications, the presence of this element is rather detrimental, in which case a content of less than 14.4% by weight is desirable in some embodiments, less than 9.2% by weight in other embodiments, less than 4.2% by weight in other embodiments, or less than 2.2% in other embodiments. A content of less than % by weight is desired, less than 1.8% by weight in other embodiments, less than 0.2% by weight in some embodiments, preferably less than 0.08% in other embodiments, more preferably less than 0.02% in other embodiments, and even less than 0.004% in other embodiments. Obviously, as occurs with all elements for specific applications, the desired nominal content may be 0% or the nominal absence of the element. In some applications of aluminum alloys, the presence of zinc (%Zn) is desirable, typically found to be 0.1% by weight or more in one embodiment, preferably 1.2% by weight or more in another embodiment, more preferably 6% by another embodiment, and 11% or more in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in some applications, the presence of this element is rather detrimental, in which case a content of less than 14.4% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, less than 9.2% by weight in another embodiment, less than 4.2% by weight in another embodiment, and less than 2.2% by weight in yet another embodiment. A content of less than % by weight is desired, less than 1.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 0.2% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 0.08% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.02% in another embodiment, and even less than 0.004% in yet another embodiment. Obviously, as occurs for all elements for specific applications, the desired nominal content may be 0% or the nominal absence of the element. Depending on the application of the aluminum alloy, the presence of chromium (%Cr) is desirable, and it has been found that in some embodiments, the presence is 0.2% by weight or more, in other embodiments preferably 1.2% or more, in yet another embodiment more preferably 6% or more, and in yet another embodiment 11% or more. In contrast, in some applications, the presence of this element is rather detrimental, and in those cases, an content of less than 4.2% by weight is desirable in some embodiments, less than 2.3% by weight is desirable in other embodiments, less than 1.8% by weight is desirable in other embodiments, less than 0.2% by weight in some embodiments, preferably less than 0.08% in other embodiments, more preferably 0.02% in other embodiments, and even less than 0.004% in yet another embodiment. Obviously, as occurs with all elements for a particular application, the desired nominal content may be 0% or nominal deficient.

[0035] In some applications of aluminum alloys, the presence of titanium (%Ti) is desirable, typically at a content of 0.05% by weight or more in one embodiment, preferably 0.2% or more in another embodiment, more preferably 1.2% or more in yet another embodiment, and even 4% or more in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in some applications, the presence of this element is rather detrimental, in which case a content of less than 23.8% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, less than 17.4% by weight in another embodiment, less than 13.6% by weight in yet another embodiment, less than 9% by weight in yet another embodiment, less than 4.3% by weight in yet another embodiment, less than 1.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, less than 0.2% by weight in one embodiment, less than 0.08% in another embodiment, less than 0.02% in yet another embodiment, and even less than 0.004% in yet another embodiment. Obviously, as occurs with all elements for specific applications, the desired nominal content may be 0% or the nominal absence of the element.

[0036] In some applications of aluminum alloys, the presence of zirconium (%Zr) is desirable, typically at 0.05% by weight or more in one embodiment, preferably 0.2% or more in another embodiment, more preferably 1.2% or more in yet another embodiment, and more than 4% in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in some applications, the presence of this element is rather detrimental, in which case a content of less than 9.2% by weight is desired in one embodiment, less than 7.1% by weight in another embodiment, less than 4.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 3.3% by weight in another embodiment, less than 1.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 0.2% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 0.08% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.02% in another embodiment, and less than 0.004% in yet another embodiment. Obviously, as occurs with all elements for specific applications, there are cases where the desired nominal content is 0% or nominally deficient.

[0037] In some applications of aluminum alloys, the presence of boron (%B) is desirable, typically in one embodiment at a content of 0.05% by weight or more, in another embodiment preferably at 0.2% or more, in yet another embodiment more preferably at 0.42% or more, and in yet another embodiment at 1.2% or more. In contrast, in some applications, the presence of this element is rather detrimental, in those cases, in one embodiment a content of less than 4.8% by weight is desired, in another embodiment less than 3.3% by weight is desired, and in yet another embodiment less than 1.2% is desired. When a content of less than 8% by weight is desired, in one embodiment less than 0.08% by weight is desired, in another embodiment preferably less than 0.02%, in yet another embodiment more preferably less than 0.004%, and in yet another embodiment less than 0.0002%. Obviously, as occurs with all elements for a particular application, the desired nominal content may be 0% or the nominal absence of the element.

[0038] In some applications, the presence of excess molybdenum (%Mo) and / or tungsten (%W) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, lower %Mo + 1 / 2%W content is desirable, less than 14% by weight in one embodiment, less than 9% in another embodiment, less than 4.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, and less than 1.8% in yet another embodiment. There are also some applications for which %Mo is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons in one embodiment, and in these applications, it is preferable in one embodiment that %Mo is not present in the aluminum-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of molybdenum and tungsten is desirable, and in these applications, an amount of Mo + %W greater than 1.2% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, preferably greater than 3.2% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 5.2% in yet another embodiment, and greater than 12% in yet another embodiment.

[0039] In some applications, an excess of nickel (%Ni) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, the %Ni content is less than 28% in one embodiment, preferably less than 19.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 18% in another embodiment, preferably less than 14.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 11.6% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 8% in another embodiment, and less than 0.8% in yet another embodiment. In some embodiments, %Ni is detrimental or suboptimal for some reason, and in some applications, it is even preferable that the aluminum-based alloy has no %Ni. In contrast, there are applications where a higher level of nickel is desirable, particularly when improved ductility and toughness are desired, and / or when improved strength and / or weldability are required, and in these applications, the amount is higher than 0.1% by weight in one embodiment and higher than 0.1% by weight in another embodiment. Amounts higher than 65% by weight, 1.2% by weight in other embodiments are preferred, higher than 2.2% by weight in other embodiments, more preferably 6% by weight in other embodiments, more preferably 8.3% by weight in other embodiments, more preferably 12% in other embodiments, more preferably 16.2% in other embodiments, and even more preferably 22% in other embodiments.

[0040] There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %As is desirable. In some embodiments, an As content of 0.0001% or more is desired; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6%; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2% or more. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %As has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, an As content of less than 7.4% in some embodiments, less than 4.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.6% in other embodiments, and less than 1.3% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %As is harmful or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %As is not present in the aluminum-based alloy.

[0041] There are applications where a higher amount of %Li is desirable. In these applications, a %Li content of 0.0001% or more in one embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, 1.3% or more in another embodiment, 2.6% or more in another embodiment, and even 3.2% or more in yet another embodiment is desired. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Li has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Li content of less than 7.4% in one embodiment, less than 4.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.6% in another embodiment, and less than 1.3% in yet another embodiment is desired. In some embodiments, %Li is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Li is not present in the aluminum-based alloy.

[0042] There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %V is desirable. In some embodiments, a %V amount of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 2.6% or more is desirable; and in yet other embodiments, 3.2% or more is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %V has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %V amount of less than 7.4% is desirable; in other embodiments, less than 4.1% is desirable; in other embodiments, less than 2.6% is desirable; and in other embodiments, less than 1.3% is desirable. In some embodiments, %V is harmful or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %V is not present in the aluminum-based alloy.

[0043] There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Te is desirable. In some embodiments, a Te content of 0.0001% or more is desired; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6%; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2% or more. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Te has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Te content of less than 7.4% in some embodiments, less than 4.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.6% in other embodiments, and less than 1.3% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %Te is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Te is not present in the aluminum-based alloy.

[0044] There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %La is desirable. In these applications, a % La content of 0.0001% or more in one embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, 1.3% or more in another embodiment, 2.6% in another embodiment, and even 3.2% or more in yet another embodiment is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %La has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %La content of less than 7.4% in one embodiment, less than 4.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.6% in another embodiment, and less than 1.3% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, %La is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %La is not present in the aluminum-based alloy.

[0045] There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %Se is desirable. In some embodiments, a % Se content of 0.0001% or more is desired; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6% or more; and in even other embodiments, 3.2% or more is desired. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Se has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %Se content of less than 7.4% in some embodiments, less than 4.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.6% in other embodiments, and less than 1.3% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %Se is harmful or, for some reason, suboptimal. In these applications, it is preferable that %Se is not present in the aluminum-based alloy.

[0046] In some applications, the presence of excess tantalum (%Ta) and / or niobium (%Nb) can be detrimental, and in these applications, it has been found that the %Ta+%Nb content is preferably less than 14.3% by weight in one embodiment, less than 7.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 4.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, less than 1.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, and even less than 0.8% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, %Ta and / or %Nb may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, in one embodiment, it is preferable that %Ta and / or %Nb are not present in the aluminum-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where higher amounts of %Ta and / or %Nb are desirable, particularly when improved resistance to intergranular corrosion and / or improved mechanical properties at high temperatures are desired. In these applications, in one embodiment, a greater than 0 amount of %Nb+%Ta is desired. The amount is preferably greater than 0.6% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 1.2% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 2.1% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 6% in another embodiment, and preferably greater than 12% in yet another embodiment.

[0047] There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Ca is desirable. In some embodiments, a % Ca content of 0.0001% or more, in other embodiments 0.15% or more, in other embodiments 0.9% or more, in other embodiments 1.3% or more, in other embodiments 2.6% or more, and in yet other embodiments 3.2% or more is desirable for these applications. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Ca has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Ca content of less than 7.4% in some embodiments, less than 4.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.6% in other embodiments, and less than 1.3% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %Ca is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Ca is not present in the aluminum-based alloy.

[0048] In some applications, the presence of excess cobalt (%Co) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Co content of less than 28% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 26.3% in another embodiment, preferably less than 23.4% in another embodiment, and more preferably less than 19.0%. 9%, preferably 18% or less in another embodiment, preferably 13.4% or less in another embodiment, more preferably 8.8% by weight or less in another embodiment, more preferably 6.1% or less, more preferably 4.2% or less, more preferably 2.7% or less in another embodiment, and even more preferably 1.8% or less in another embodiment. There are even some applications for a given application where %Co is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reason in one embodiment, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Co is not present in the aluminum-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of cobalt is desirable, particularly when improved hardness and / or temper resistance is required. In these applications, an amount greater than 2.2% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, and more than 5% in another embodiment. 9%, preferably higher than 7.6% in another embodiment, preferably higher than 9.6% in another embodiment, preferably higher than 12% by weight in another embodiment, preferably higher than 15.4% in another embodiment, preferably higher than 18.9% in another embodiment, and still higher than 22% in yet another embodiment. Other desirable uses include %Co in embodiments of 0.0001% or more, %Co in other embodiments of 0.15% or more, %Co in other embodiments of 0.9% or more, and %Co in other embodiments of 1.6% or more.

[0049] There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %Hf is desirable. In these applications, a %Hf amount of 0.0001% or more is desired in some embodiments, 0.15% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, 1.3% or more in other embodiments, 2.6% in other embodiments, and 3.2% in yet other embodiments. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Hf has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %Hf amount of less than 4.4% in some embodiments, less than 3.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.7% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %Hf is harmful or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Hf is not present in the aluminum-based alloy.

[0050] In some applications, the presence of germanium (%Ge) is desirable. In one embodiment, %Ge is 0.0001% or more; in other embodiments, 0.09% or more; in other embodiments, 0.4% or more; in other embodiments, 0.91% or more; in other embodiments, 1.39% or more; in other embodiments, 2.15% or more; in other embodiments, 3.4% or more; in other embodiments, 4.6% or more; in other embodiments, 6.3%; and in yet another embodiment, more than 7.1%. However, there are other applications where %Ge is limited. In other embodiments, %Ge is less than 9.3%; in other embodiments, less than 7.4%; in other embodiments, less than 6.3%; in other embodiments, less than 4.1%; in other embodiments, less than 3.1%; in other embodiments, less than 2.45%; and in other embodiments, less than 1.1%. Herein, for certain applications where %Ge is harmful or unoptimal for some reason in a particular embodiment, it is preferable that %Ge is not present in the aluminum-based alloy in those applications.

[0051] There are applications where the presence of antimony (%Sb) is desirable. In one embodiment, the %Sb is 0.0001% or more; in another embodiment, 0.09% or more; in another embodiment, 0.4% or more; in another embodiment, 0.91% or more; in another embodiment, 1.39%; in another embodiment, 2.15% or more; in another embodiment, 3.4%; in another embodiment, 4.6%; in another embodiment, 6.3%; and in yet another embodiment, 7.1% or more. However, there are other applications where the %Sb is limited. In another embodiment, the %Sb is less than 9.3%; in another embodiment, less than 7.4%; in another embodiment, less than 6.3%; in another embodiment, less than 4.1%; in another embodiment, less than 3.1%; in another embodiment, less than 2.45%; and in another embodiment, less than 1.1%. In some embodiments, if %Sb is harmful or for any reason suboptimal, it is preferable that the aluminum-based alloy is free of %Sb in these applications.

[0052] In some applications, the presence of cerium (%Ce) is desirable. In one embodiment, %Ce is 0.0001% or more; in other embodiments, 0.09% or more; in other embodiments, 0.4% or more; in other embodiments, 0.91% or more; in other embodiments, 1.39% or more; in other embodiments, 2.15% or more; in other embodiments, 3.4% or more; in other embodiments, 4.6% or more; in other embodiments, 6.3%; and in yet another embodiment, more than 7.1%. However, there are other applications where %Ce is limited. In other embodiments, %Ce is less than 9.3%; in other embodiments, less than 7.4%; in other embodiments, less than 6.3%; in other embodiments, less than 4.1%; in other embodiments, less than 3.1%; in other embodiments, less than 2.45%; and in other embodiments, less than 1.1%. In some embodiments, %Ce is harmful or suboptimal for some reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Ce is not included in the aluminum-based alloy.

[0053] There are applications where the presence of beryllium (%Be) is desirable. In one embodiment, %Mo is 0.0001% or more; in another embodiment, 0.09% or more; in another embodiment, 0.4% or more; in another embodiment, 0.91% or more; in another embodiment, 1.39% or more; in another embodiment, 2.15% or more; in another embodiment, 3.4% or more; in another embodiment, 4.6% or more; in another embodiment, 6.3%; and in yet another embodiment, more than 7.1%. However, there are other applications where %Be is limited. In another embodiment, %Be is less than 9.3%; in another embodiment, less than 7.4%; in another embodiment, less than 6.3%; in another embodiment, less than 4.1%; in another embodiment, less than 3.1%; in another embodiment, less than 2.45%; and in yet another embodiment, less than 1.3%. There are several further applications where %Be is detrimental or undesirable for some reason in one embodiment, and in these applications, it is desirable that there be no %Be from the aluminum-based alloy.

[0054] The elements described in the previous paragraph may, as expected, be desired separately, in some combinations, or in all combinations. In certain applications, excessive amounts of cesium, tantalum, and thallium are harmful, and in these applications, the sum of %Cs + %Ta + %Tl should be 0.29% or less, preferably 0.18% or less, more preferably 0.8% or less, and even more preferably 0.08% or less (in all examples where the amount is mentioned as an upper limit in this document, nominal content or absence of the element is not only possible but often preferred and is therefore not mentioned).

[0055] In certain applications, excessive amounts of gold and silver have been found to be harmful, and in these applications, the total of %Au + %Ag is preferably less than 0.09% in one embodiment, preferably less than 0.04% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.008% in yet another embodiment, and preferably less than 0.002% in yet another embodiment.

[0056] In applications where the %Ga and %Mg content is high (both 0.5% or more), it has been found that it is often desirable to have hardening elements for solid solution, precipitation, or hard second-phase forming particles. In this sense, for these applications, the total %Mn + %Si + %Fe + %Cu + %Cr + %Zn + %V + %Ti + %Zr is preferably greater than 0.02% by weight in one embodiment, more preferably 0.3% in another embodiment, and even more preferably greater than 1.2% by weight in yet another embodiment.

[0057] In some applications where the %Ga content is lower than 0.1%, it has often been desirable to have some degree of restriction on the hardening elements for solid solutions, precipitates, or hard second-phase forming particles. In this sense, in embodiments, for these applications, the total %Cu + %Si + %Zn is preferably less than 21% by weight, in another embodiment preferably less than 18%, in yet another embodiment more preferably less than 9%, or in yet another embodiment even less than 3.8%.

[0058] When there is a significant presence of less than 1% %Ga and %Cr (between 3% and 5%), it has been found that for some applications, it is often desirable to have hardening elements for a second stage of solid solution or precipitation or formation of hard particles. In this sense, the total %Mg+%Cu in embodiments is preferably higher than 0.52% by weight for these applications, preferably higher than 0.82% in another embodiment, more preferably higher than 1.2%, and even more preferably higher than 3.2%. And / or the total %Ti+%Zr is preferably greater than 0.012% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 0.055% in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 0.12% by weight in yet another embodiment, and even more preferably higher than 0.55% in yet another embodiment.

[0059] For certain applications, particularly those requiring high mechanical strength, high resistance to high temperatures, and / or high corrosion resistance, the combination of gallium (% Ga) and scandium (% Sc) has proven to be very beneficial. In these applications, it is often desirable in embodiments to have a Sc content of 0.12% wt% or more, preferably 0.52% or more, more preferably 0.82% or more, and even more preferably 1.2% or more. For these applications, it is often desirable to simultaneously have an excess of Ga of 0.12% wt%, preferably 0.52% or more, more preferably 0.8% or more, more preferably 2.2% or more, and even higher, 3.5%. For some of these applications, it is also interesting to have magnesium (Mg%), in another embodiment it is often desirable to have a %Mg of more than 0.6% by weight, preferably greater than 1.2%, more preferably greater than 4.2% in another embodiment, and even greater than 6% in yet another embodiment. For some of these applications, particularly where improved corrosion resistance is required, the presence of more than 0.06 wt% zirconium (%Zr) in another embodiment is often of interest, preferably more than 0.22% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 0.52% in another embodiment, and even more than 1.2% in yet another embodiment. Obviously, as with all other paragraphs herein, any other elements may be present in the amounts described in the preceding and following paragraphs.

[0060] There are certain elements, such as Sr, that are detrimental to specific applications, particularly certain Si and / or Mg and / or Cu content. For these applications, in embodiments where %Si is between 9.3% and 11.8% and / or %Mg is between 0.098% and 0.53%, %Sr is 28.9 ppm or less, while in other embodiments where %Si is between 9.3% and 11.8% and / or %Mg is between 0.098% and 0.53%, Sr is absent from the composition. In another embodiment with %Si between 9.3% and 11.8% and / or %Mg between 0.098% and 0.53%, %Sr is 303 ppm or more. In another embodiment having %Cu between 0.98% and 2.8% and / or %Mg between 0.098% and 3.16%, %Sr is 48.9 ppm or less, and may even be absent from the composition. In another embodiment having %Cu between 0.98% and 2.8% and / or %Mg between 0.098% and 3.16%, %Sr is 0.51% or more.

[0061] There are several applications where the presence of Na and Li in the composition is detrimental to the overall properties of the aluminum-based alloy, particularly in relation to the content of certain Si and / or Ga and / or Mg. In embodiments having %Si between 9.8% and 15.8% and / or %Mg greater than 0.157% and / or %Ga greater than 0.157%, %Na is 29.7 ppm or less or even absent from the composition, and / or %Li is 29.7 ppm or less or even absent from the composition. Even in another embodiment having %Si between 9.8% and 15.8% and / or %Mg greater than 0.157% and / or %Ga greater than 0.157%, %Na is 42 ppm or more, and / or %Li is 42 ppm or more.

[0062] Depending on the application, certain content of elements such as Hg may be detrimental to certain content of Ga in particular. For these applications, in embodiments where %Ga is between 0.0098% and 2.3%, %Hg is lower than 0.00098%, or Hg is not even present in the composition. In another embodiment with %Ga between 0.0098% and 2.3%, %Hg is higher than 0.11%.

[0063] Some elements, such as Pb, are harmful for certain applications, particularly for specific Si content. For these applications, in embodiments where %Si is between 0.98% and 12.3%, %Pb may be 2.8% or less, or even absent from the composition. In other embodiments, even with %Si between 0.98% and 12.3%, %Pb may be 15.3% or more.

[0064] In certain applications, certain content of elements such as Co has been found to be detrimental, particularly to the content of certain Si and / or Mg. For these applications, in embodiments where %Si is between 0.017% and 1.65% and / or %Mg is between 0.24% and 6.65%, %Co is less than 0.24%, or Co is not included in the composition. In another embodiment having %Si between 0.017% and 1.65% and / or %Mg between 0.24% and 6.65%, %Co is greater than 2.11%.

[0065] There are several elements, such as Ag, that are detrimental to specific applications, particularly to certain Si and / or Mg and / or Cu content. In embodiments having %Si between 7.3% and 11.6%, %Mg between 0.47% and 0.73%, and / or %Cu between 3.57% and 4.92%, %Ag may be 0.098% or less, or even absent from the composition. In another embodiment, even with %Si between 7.3% and 11.6%, and / or %Mg between 0.47% and 0.73%, and / or %Cu between 3.57% and 4.92%, %Ag is 0.33% or more.

[0066] There are certain elements, particularly rare earth (RE) elements, that are detrimental to specific applications, especially for certain Si and / or Mg and / or Ga content. In these applications, in embodiments where %Si is between 3.97% and 15.6% and / or %Mg is between 0.097% and 5.23%, %RE may be less than 0.097% or even absent from the composition. In another embodiment, with %Si between 0.37% and 11.6%, and / or %Mg between 0.37% and 11.23%, and / or %Ga between 0.00085% and 0.87%, %RE may be less than 0.00087%, or even absent from the composition. In yet another embodiment, with %Si between 0.37% and 11.6%, and / or %Mg between 0.37% and 11.23%, and / or %Ga between 0.00085% and 0.87%, %RE is 0.087% or greater.

[0067] It has been found that, depending on the application, the content of elements such as Ga can be unfavorable, particularly due to the Si content. In these applications, in embodiments where %Si is between 3.98% and 14.3%, %Ga is lower than 0.098%. In another embodiment containing Si between 3.98% and 14.3%, %Ga is 2.33% or higher.

[0068] Depending on the application, the content of elements such as Sn can be unfavorable, particularly due to the Si content. In these applications, in embodiments where %Si is between 3.98% and 14.3%, %Sn may be less than 0.098% or absent from the composition. In another embodiment with %Si between 3.98% and 14.3%, %Sn exceeds 2.33%.

[0069] There are several elements that are detrimental to specific applications, particularly to certain Si and / or Mg and / or Cu and / or Fe and / or Ga content, such as Pb, Sn, In, Sb, and Bi. In embodiments where Si and / or Mg and / or Cu and / or Fe and / or Ga are present, elements such as Pb and / or Sn and / or In and / or Sb and / or Bi are omitted from the composition. There are some applications where the presence of Ce and Er in the composition is detrimental to the overall properties of the aluminum-based alloy, particularly at certain Si and / or Mg content. In embodiments having %Si between 6.77% and 7.52% and / or %Mg between 0.246% and 0.356%, %Ce is 0.017% or less or not present in the composition, and / or %Er is 0.0098% or less or not present in the composition. Even in another embodiment having %Si between 6.77% and 7.52% and / or %Mg between 0.246% and 0.356%, %Ce is 0.047% or more, and / or %Er is 0.033% or more.

[0070] Depending on the application, the content of elements such as Te can be unfavorable, particularly due to the Si content. For these applications, in embodiments where %Si is between 7.87% and 12.7%, %Te may be less than 0.043% or even absent in the composition. Even in another embodiment with %Si between 7.87% and 12.7%, %Te exceeds 3.33%.

[0071] Depending on the application, certain content of elements such as In and Zn may be detrimental to certain Fe content. In embodiments with %Fe between 0.48% and 3.33%, for these applications, %In may be less than 0.0098% or absent from the composition, and / or %Zn may be less than 1.09% or even absent from the composition. In another embodiment, even when %Fe is between 0.48% and 3.33%, %In is 2.33% or more, and / or %Zn is 4.33% or more.

[0072] In some applications, certain content of elements such as Fe and Ni can be detrimental to certain content of Si and / or Mg and / or Fe. In these applications, in embodiments where %Si is between 0.018% and 2.63% and / or %Mg is between 0.58% and 2.33%, %Ni is 0.47% or less or greater than 3.53%. In other embodiments, where %Si is between 0.018% and 1.33% and / or %Mg is between 2.58% and 10.33%, %Ni is less than 1.98% or greater than 6.03%. In another embodiment, %Si is between 5.97% and 19.63%, and / or %Mg is between 0.18% and 6.33%, and %Fe is 0.087% or less, or 1.73% or more. Even in another embodiment having %Si between 0.0087% and 2.73% and / or %Mg between 0.58% and 3.83%, %Fe is 0.0098% or less, or 2.93% or more. In yet another embodiment, %Fe is between 0.27% and 3.63%, and %Ni is 0.078% or less, or higher than 3.93%.

[0073] In some applications, the presence of the compound phase in the aluminum-based alloy is detrimental. In one embodiment, the percentage of the compound phase in the composition is 79% or less; in another embodiment, 49% or less; in yet another embodiment, 19% or less; in yet another embodiment, 9% or less; in yet another embodiment, 0.9% or less; and in yet another embodiment, the compound phase is absent from the aluminum-based alloy. In other applications, the presence of the compound in the aluminum-based alloy is beneficial. In one embodiment, the percentage of the compound phase in the aluminum-based alloy is greater than 0.0001%; ​​in yet another embodiment, greater than 0.3%; in yet another embodiment, greater than 3%; in yet another embodiment, greater than 13%; in yet another embodiment, greater than 43%; and in yet another embodiment, greater than 73%.

[0074] For some applications, it is desirable that the above alloy has a melting point of 890°C or lower, preferably 640°C or lower, more preferably 180°C or lower, or 46°C or lower.

[0075] The above Al alloys can be optionally combined with any of the other embodiments described herein, provided that their respective characteristics are not incompatible. The use of terms such as "less than or equal to," "greater than or equal to," "from," "up to," "at least," "greater than," and "less than" implies a range that includes the repeated number and can then be broken down into subranges. In one embodiment, the present invention refers to the use of an aluminum alloy for manufacturing metal or at least partially metal parts.

[0076] The present invention is particularly suitable for the manufacture of parts that can benefit from the properties of certain light elements and alloys, especially Mg, Li, Cu, Zn, and Sn. (Although copper and tin are not considered light alloys by their density, they are considered to belong to this group in the present invention given their diffusive capabilities). In this case, all of the above for aluminum alloys applies to both the comments made in all paragraphs referring to aluminum-based alloys for special applications regarding range levels and the maximum and / or minimum desired and / or preferred levels of these elements. The rest is no longer Al and minority elements, but rather the elements in question (Mg / Li / Cu / Zn / Sn) and minority elements are treated equally in the case of % Al. It is merely that % Al and the basic elements (Mg / Li / Cu / Zn / Sn) exchange values.

[0077] This invention is particularly suitable for manufacturing parts that can take advantage of the properties of nickel and its alloys, especially for applications requiring high mechanical resistance in high-temperature and aggressive environments. In this sense, by applying specific rules of alloy design and thermomechanical treatment, it is possible to obtain features that are of great interest for applications such as the chemical industry, energy conversion, transportation, tools, and other machinery and mechanisms.

[0078] In one embodiment, the present invention refers to a nickel-based alloy having the following composition, where all percentages are by weight. %Ceq= 0-1.5 % C = 0 - 0.5 %N =0-0.45 %B =0-1.8 %Cr= 0 - 50 %Co= 0 - 40 %Si= 0 - 2 %Mn= 0 -3 %Al= 0 - 15 %Mo= 0 - 20 %W= 0 - 25 %Ti= 0 - 14 %Ta = 0 - 5 %Zr = 0 - 8 %Hf = 0 - 6, %V= 0 - 8 %Nb = 0 - 15 %Cu = 0 - 20 %Fe = 0 - 70 %S= 0 - 3 %Se = 0 - 5 %Te = 0 - 5 %Re= 0 - 50 %As= 0 - 5 %Sb = 0 - 5 %Ca = 0 - 5, %P = 0 - 6 %Ga = 0 - 30 %Bi = 0 - 10 %Rb = 0 - 10 %Cd = 0 - 10 %Cs = 0 - 10 %Sn = 0 - 10 %Pb = 0 - 10 %Zn = 0 - 10 %In = 0 - 10 %Ge = 0 - 5 %Y = 0 - 5 %Ce = 0 - 5 %La = 0 - 5 The remainder consists of nickel (Ni) and trace elements. Here, %Ceq=%C + 0.86 * %N + 1.2 *%B Nickel-based alloys have applications where a high nickel content (%Ni) is advantageous, but nickel does not necessarily have to be the main component of the alloy. In one embodiment, %Ni is 1.3% or more; in another embodiment, 6% or more; in yet another embodiment, 13% or more; in yet another embodiment, 27% or more; in yet another embodiment, 39% or more; in yet another embodiment, 53% or more; in yet another embodiment, 69% or more; and in yet another embodiment, 87% or more. In one embodiment, %Ni is less than 99%; in yet another embodiment, less than 83%; in yet another embodiment, less than 69%; in yet another embodiment, less than 54%; in yet another embodiment, less than 48%; in yet another embodiment, less than 41%; in yet another embodiment, less than 38%; and in yet another embodiment, less than 25%. In yet another embodiment, %Ni is not the majority element in the nickel-based alloy.

[0079] In this context, trace elements refer to, but are not limited to, several elements unless the context explicitly indicates otherwise. They are used individually and / or in combination with H, He, Xe, Be, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Cl, Ar, K, Sc, Br, Kr, Sr, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, I, Xe, Ba, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Re, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt. The inventors have found that in some applications of the present invention, it is important to limit the presence of trace elements, individually and / or in combination, to less than 1.8% by weight, preferably less than 0.8%, more preferably less than 0.1%, and even less than 0.03%.

[0080] Trace elements may be intentionally added to achieve specific functions of steel, such as reducing the cost of steel, and / or their presence may be unintentional and primarily related to the presence of alloying elements and impurities in the scrap used in the manufacture of steel.

[0081] There are several applications where the presence of trace elements adversely affects the overall properties of nickel-based alloys. In one embodiment, the total content of all trace elements is less than 2.0%, in another embodiment less than 1.4%, in yet another less than 0.8%, in yet another less than 0.2%, in yet another less than 0.1%, and even less than 0.06%. In some applications, it is preferable that trace elements are not present in the nickel-based alloy. Furthermore, the presence of trace elements can reduce the cost of the alloy or provide other beneficial effects without affecting the desired properties of the nickel-based alloy. In some embodiments, the content of individual trace elements is 2.0% or less, in other embodiments 1.4% or less, in other embodiments 0.8% or less, in other embodiments 0.2% or less, in other embodiments 0.1% or less, and in further embodiments 0.06% or less.In some applications, the use of alloys containing Ga, Bi, Rb, Cd, Cs, Sn, Pb, Zn, and In is particularly effective. Of particular interest is the use of %Ga containing 2.2% or more, preferably 12% or more, and even more than 21% or more, of these low-melting-point promoting elements by weight. When the overall composition, once incorporated and measured as shown in this application, is evaluated, nickel-resulting alloys in embodiments of 0.0001% or more, another embodiment of 0.015% or more, another embodiment of 0.03% or more, and even another embodiment of 0.1% or more, generally contain 0.2% or more of the element (in this case, %Ga), preferably 1.2% or more in another embodiment, more preferably 6% or more in another embodiment, and 12% or more in another embodiment. For certain applications, it is particularly interesting to use particles that have Ga only in the tetrahedral gaps, and it is not necessary to use it in all gaps. In these applications, it is desirable that the %Ga content be 0.02% by weight or more, preferably 0.06% or more, more preferably 0.12% by weight or more, and even more preferably 0.16% or more. However, depending on the desired properties of the nickel-based alloy, there are also applications where a %Ga content of 30% or less is desired. In some embodiments, the %Ga content in the nickel-based alloy is 29% or less, in other embodiments 22% or less, in other embodiments 16% or less, in other embodiments 9% or less, in other embodiments 6.4% or less, in other embodiments 4.1% or less, in other embodiments 3.2% or less, in other embodiments 2.4% or less, and in other embodiments 1.2% or less. In some applications, if %Ga is harmful or suboptimal for some reason, it is preferable that %Ga is not included in the nickel-based alloy in these applications. In some applications, %Ga can be completely or partially replaced with %Bi (with a maximum %Bi content of up to 10 wt%, and partial substitution with %Bi if %Ga exceeds 10%), resulting in %Ga+Bi% in the quantities described in this section. Depending on the application, total substitution without Ga% may be advantageous. In some applications, it has also been found interesting to partially replace %Ga and / or %Bi with %Cd, %Cs, %Sn, %Pb, %Zn, %Rb, or % (for %Ga + %Bi + %Cd + %Cs + %Sn + %Pb + %Zn + %Rb + %In, the quantities are the same as those described in this paragraph).Here, depending on the application, it may also be interesting to omit any of them (i.e., the total may match the given value, but one of the elements may be missing, resulting in a nominal content of 0%, which is advantageous for a given application where the element in question is harmful or unsuitable for some reason). These elements do not necessarily need to be of high purity, and it is often more economically interesting to use alloys of these elements, provided that the alloy in question has a sufficiently low melting point.

[0082] Depending on the application, it may be more interesting to alloy these elements directly rather than incorporating them into other particles. It is desirable that the content of Ga +% Bi +% Cd +% Cs +% Sn +% Pb + Zn% +% Rb +% In be 52% or more, preferably 76% or more, more preferably 86% or more, and even more preferably 98% or more. The final content of these elements in the composition depends on the volume fraction adopted, but for some applications, it often hovers within the ranges described above in this paragraph. A typical case is using an alloy of %Sn and %Ga to perform liquid-phase sintering at low temperatures where there is a high probability of breaking the oxide film, which may contain other particles (usually the majority of particles). The Sn and Ga content is adjusted in an equilibrium diagram to control the desired liquid-phase volume content and the volume fraction of particles in this alloy at different post-processing temperatures. In certain applications, Sn% and / or Ga% can be partially or completely replaced by other elements on the list (i.e., alloys without Sn% or Ga% can be made). Furthermore, as in the case of %Mg, it is possible to use significant content of elements not present in this list, and for specific applications, any of the preferred alloying elements for the target alloy can be used.

[0083] In some applications, the presence of excess chromium (%Cr) is detrimental, and in these applications, a %Cr content of less than 39% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 18% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 8% by weight in yet another embodiment, and less than 1% by weight in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, the %Cr in the nickel-based alloy is less than 1.6%, in other embodiments less than 1.2%, in other embodiments less than 0.8%, and in other embodiments less than 0.4%. In some embodiments, the absence of %Cr in the nickel-based alloy is preferred for certain reasons, and there are other applications where even lower percentages are desired. In these applications, the % in the nickel-based alloy is undesirable. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of chromium is desired, particularly in applications where high corrosion resistance and / or oxidation resistance at high temperatures are required. A weight percentage is desirable, preferably more than 3.6% in another embodiment, preferably more than 5.5% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably more than 6.1%, more preferably more than 8.9%, more preferably more than 10.1%, more preferably more than 13.8%, more preferably more than 16.1%, more preferably more than 18.9%, more preferably more than 22% or more in another embodiment, more preferably more than 26.4%, and still more than 32%. But there are other applications where a lower preferred minimum content is desired. In one embodiment, the %Cr in the nickel-based alloy is 0.0001% or more, in another embodiment 0.045% or more, in another embodiment 0.1% or more, in another embodiment 0.8% or more, and still more than 1.3% or more. There are other applications where a high Cr content is desired. In another embodiment of the present invention, the %Cr in the alloy is 42.2% or more, more preferably 46.1% or more.

[0084] In certain applications, the presence of excess aluminum (%Al) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %Al content be less than 12.9% in one embodiment, preferably less than 10.4% in another embodiment, preferably less than 8% in yet another embodiment. It is also desirable that the content be less than 7.8% by weight in another embodiment, preferably less than 6.1% in another embodiment, preferably less than 4.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 3.4% in another embodiment, preferably less than 2.7% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, and still less than 0.8% in yet another embodiment. In certain applications, for which %Al is detrimental or unoptimal for one or another reasons, it is preferable that %Al is not present in the molybdenum-based alloy in these applications. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of high levels of aluminum is desirable, particularly when high hardness and / or environmental resistance is required, and in these applications, the amount is desirable in one embodiment and greater than 1 in another embodiment. The amount is by weight%, preferably greater than 2.4% and preferably greater than 3.2% in another embodiment, preferably greater than 4.8% in another embodiment, preferably greater than 6.1% in another embodiment, preferably greater than 7.3% in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 8.2% in another embodiment, and even more preferably greater than 12% in yet another embodiment. Depending on the application, aluminum is used mainly to integrate particles in the form of a low-melting-point alloy, in which case it is desirable to have at least 0.2% aluminum in the final alloy, preferably greater than 0.52%, more preferably greater than 1.02%, and even more preferably greater than 3.2%.

[0085] Depending on the application, it may be interesting to establish a certain relationship between the aluminum content (% Al) and the gallium content (% Ga). If the output parameter is % Al = S * % Ga, then depending on the application, it is desirable that S be 0.72 or higher, preferably 1.1 or higher, more preferably 2.2 or higher, and even more preferably 4.2 or higher. If the parameter obtained from Ga = T * % Al is called T, then depending on the application, it is desirable that the T value be 0.25 or higher, preferably 0.42 or higher, more preferably 1.6 or higher, and even more preferably 4.2 or higher. Furthermore, replacing some of the Ga with Bi, Cd, Cs, Sn, Pb, Zn, Rb, or In may also be interesting depending on the application. Ga +% Bi +% Cd +% Cs +% Sn +% Pb + Zn% +% Rb +% In, where, depending on the application, it may be interesting if any of these are absent (i.e., the total matches the given value, but any of the items is absent, resulting in a nominal content of 0%, which is advantageous for a given application where the item in question is harmful or unsuitable for some reason).

[0086] In some applications, the presence of excess cobalt (Co) is detrimental, and in these applications, it has been found that a Co content of less than 28% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 26.3% in another embodiment, preferably less than 23.4% in another embodiment, and preferably less than 19.4% is desirable. It is desirable to have 9%, preferably less than 18% in another embodiment, preferably less than 13.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 8.8% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 6.1% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 4.2% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and even more preferably less than 1.8% in another embodiment. For certain applications where %Co is detrimental or unoptimal for one or another reason in one embodiment, it is preferable that %Co is not present in the molybdenum-based alloy in these applications. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of cobalt is desirable, particularly when improved hardness and / or temper resistance is required. In these applications, an amount greater than 2% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, and preferably higher than 5.7% in another embodiment. 9%, preferably higher than 7.6% in another embodiment, preferably higher than 9.6% in another embodiment, preferably higher than 12% by weight in another embodiment, preferably higher than 15.4% in another embodiment, preferably higher than 18.2% in another embodiment. 9%, more preferably greater than 22% in another embodiment, and greater than 32% in yet another embodiment. Other applications where %Co of 0.0001% or more in an embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, and 1.6% or more in yet another embodiment are preferred.

[0087] In some applications, the presence of excess carbon equivalents (%Ceq) can be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Ceq content of less than 1.4% by weight in one embodiment, less than 1.1% in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.8% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably 0.46% by weight in yet another embodiment, and less than 0.08% in yet another embodiment is desirable. There are also some applications for which %Ceq is detrimental or suboptimal for one or more reasons in one embodiment, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Ceq is not present in the nickel-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of a higher amount of carbon equivalents is desirable. In these applications, an amount greater than 0.12% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, preferably greater than 0.52% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 0.82% in yet another embodiment, and may even exceed 1.2% in yet another embodiment.

[0088] In some applications, the presence of excess carbon (%C) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %C content be less than 0.38% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 0.26% in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.18% in another embodiment, more preferably 0.09% by weight in another embodiment, and even less than 0.009% in another embodiment. For certain applications where %C is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons in one embodiment, it is preferable that %C is not present in the nickel-based alloy in these applications. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of carbon is desirable, particularly when improved mechanical strength and / or hardness is desired. In these applications, an amount greater than 0.02% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, preferably greater than 0.12% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 0.22% by weight in another embodiment, and even greater than 0.32% by weight in yet another embodiment.

[0089] In some applications, an excess of boron (%B) can be harmful, and in these applications, it has been found that %B content of less than 0.9% by weight in one embodiment, less than 0.65% in another embodiment, less than 0.4% in another embodiment, less than 0.16% in another embodiment, and less than 0.006% in another embodiment is desirable. There are also some applications for which %B is harmful or unoptimal for one or another reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that %B is not present in the nickel-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications for which a higher amount of boron is desirable, with amounts exceeding 60 ppm by weight being desirable in one embodiment, preferably exceeding 200 ppm in another embodiment, preferably exceeding 0.1% in another embodiment, preferably exceeding 0.35% in another embodiment, more preferably exceeding 0.52% in another embodiment, and may exceed 1.2% in yet another embodiment. The presence of boron (%B) can be harmful, and its absence is preferred in some applications (it may be economically impractical to remove boron beyond a content of less than 0.1% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 0.008% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.0008% in yet another embodiment, and less than 0.00008% in yet another embodiment).

[0090] In some applications, the presence of excess nitrogen (%N) can be harmful, and in these applications, the %N content is preferably less than 0.4% in one embodiment, less than 0.16% in another embodiment, and more preferably less than 0.006% in yet another embodiment. There are also some applications for which %N is harmful or unoptimal for one or another purpose, and in these applications, it is preferable in embodiments that %N is not present in the nickel-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher amounts of nitrogen is desirable, particularly when high resistance to localized corrosion is desired. In these applications, an amount of 60 ppm by weight or more is desirable in one embodiment, preferably 200 ppm or more in another embodiment, preferably 0.1% or more in yet another embodiment, and preferably 0.35% or more in yet another embodiment. The presence of nitrogen (%N) can be harmful, and in some embodiments, its absence is preferable (it may not be economically feasible to remove it beyond its content as an impurity, and in another embodiment, less than 0.1% by weight, in yet another embodiment, less than 0.008%, in yet yet another embodiment, less than 0.0008%, and in yet yet another embodiment, less than 0.00008%) in some applications.

[0091] In some applications, the presence of excess zirconium (%Zr) and / or hafnium (%Hf) can be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Zr + %Hf content of less than 12.4% by weight in one embodiment, less than 9.8% in another embodiment, less than 7.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 6.3% in another embodiment, and preferably less than 4 in another embodiment is desirable. There are several more applications for which Zr and / or %Hf are detrimental or suboptimal for some reason, and in these applications, in embodiments, it is preferable that %Zr and / or %Hf are not present in the nickel-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of some of these elements at higher levels is desirable, particularly in applications where high hardenability and / or environmental resistance is required, and in these applications, in one embodiment, it is desirable that the amount of %Zr + %Hf be greater than 0.1% by weight, and in another embodiment, it is desirable that it be greater than 1. The amount may be by weight%, preferably greater than 2.6% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 4.1% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably 6% or more in another embodiment, more preferably 7.9% or more in another embodiment, or 12% or more in another embodiment.

[0092] In some applications, the presence of excess molybdenum (%Mo) and / or tungsten (%W) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a low %Mo + 1 / 2%W content is desired, in embodiments less than 14% by weight, in another embodiment preferably less than 9%, in yet another embodiment more preferably less than 4.8% by weight, and in yet another embodiment less than 1.8%. There are also some applications for which %Mo and / or %W are detrimental or unoptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable in embodiments that %Mo and / or W are not present in the nickel-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of molybdenum and tungsten is desirable, and in these applications, an amount of Mo + %W greater than 1.2% by weight is desired in embodiments, in another embodiment preferably greater than 3.2% by weight, in yet another embodiment more preferably greater than 5.2%, and in yet another embodiment greater than 12%.

[0093] In some applications, an excess of rhenium (%Re) can be harmful, and in these applications, a %Re content of less than 41.8% by weight, preferably less than 24.8%, more preferably less than 11.78% by weight, and even less than 1.45% is desirable. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of rhenium is desirable, and in these applications, an amount greater than 0.6% by weight, preferably more than 1.2% by weight, more preferably more than 13.2% by weight, and even more preferably more than 22.2% is desirable. In one embodiment, there are even applications where %Re is harmful or undesirable for any reason, and in these applications, it is desirable that %Re is absent from the alloy.

[0094] In some applications, the presence of excess vanadium (%V) has been found to be harmful, and in these applications, the %V content is preferably less than 6.3% in one embodiment, less than 4.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 3.2% in yet another embodiment. It can be 9%, 2.7% or less in another embodiment, 2.1% or less in another embodiment, preferably 1.8% or less in another embodiment, more preferably 0.78% by weight or less in another embodiment, and 0.45% or less in yet another embodiment. In some applications, %V may be harmful or suboptimal for some reason, and in these applications, it is preferably the absence of %V in the nickel-based alloy in one embodiment. In contrast, there are also applications where the presence of a higher amount of vanadium is desirable, and in these applications, an amount greater than 0.7% is desirable in one embodiment. It can be greater than 0.01% by weight, greater than 0.2% by weight in another embodiment, greater than 0.6% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 1.2% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 2.2% in another embodiment, and greater than 4.2% in yet another embodiment.

[0095] In some applications, an excess of copper (%Cu) can be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Cu content of less than 14% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 12.7% in another embodiment, preferably less than 9% in another embodiment, preferably less than 7% in yet another embodiment is desirable. A content of 1%, preferably less than 5.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 4.5% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 3.3% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 2.6% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.4% by weight in yet another embodiment, and more preferably less than 0.9% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some applications where %Cu is detrimental or suboptimal for any reason, in these applications, it is even preferable in embodiments for %Cu to be absent from the nickel-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where a higher level of copper is desirable, particularly when improved corrosion resistance and / or workability and / or reduced work hardening to certain acids are desired. For these applications, the amount is preferably more than 0.1% by weight in one embodiment, more than 1.3% by weight in another embodiment, more than 2.55% by weight in another embodiment, more than 3.6% by weight in another embodiment, more than 4.7% by weight in another embodiment, more than 6% by weight in another embodiment, more than 8% by weight in another embodiment, 12% or more in yet another embodiment, and 16% or more in yet another embodiment. In some applications, the presence of excess iron (%Fe) can be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Fe content of less than 58% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 36% in another embodiment, preferably less than 24% in another embodiment, preferably less than 18% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 12% by weight in another embodiment, and more preferably less than 10% by weight in yet another embodiment. This may be less than 7.5% in yet another embodiment, less than 5.9% in yet another embodiment, less than 3.7% in another embodiment, less than 2.1% in yet another embodiment, or less than 1.3% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, if %Fe is detrimental or suboptimal for some reason, in these applications, it is preferable in embodiments that %Fe is not present in the nickel-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of iron is desirable, in which case the desired amount is preferably more than 0.1% by weight in one embodiment, more than 1.3% by weight in another embodiment, more than 2.7% by weight in another embodiment, more than 4.1% by weight in another embodiment, more than 6% by weight in another embodiment, more than 8% by weight in another embodiment, more than 22% in yet another embodiment, and more than 42% in yet another embodiment...

[0096] In some applications, an excess of titanium (%Ti) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Ti content of less than 9% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 7.6% in another embodiment, preferably less than 6% in yet another embodiment, is desirable. 1%, preferably less than 4.5% in another embodiment, preferably less than 3.3% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 2.9% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.8% in yet another embodiment, and even less than 0.9% in yet another embodiment. In some applications where %Ti is detrimental or suboptimal for some reason, in these applications, it is preferable in one embodiment that %Ti is not present in the nickel-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of titanium is desirable, particularly when improved mechanical properties at high temperatures are desired, in these applications, an amount greater than 0.01% in one embodiment, preferably greater than 0.2% in another embodiment, is desirable. 2%, greater than 0.7% in another embodiment, greater than 1.2% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 3.2% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 4.1% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 6% in another embodiment, and still greater than 12% in yet another embodiment.

[0097] In some applications, the presence of excess tantalum (%Ta) and / or niobium (%Nb) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, the %Ta+%Nb content is less than 17.3% in one embodiment, less than 7.8% in another embodiment, and preferably 4% in yet another embodiment. Also, in some applications, %Ta and / or %Nb may be detrimental or suboptimal for any reason, and in these applications, in one embodiment, it is preferable that %Ta and / or %Nb are not present in the nickel-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where higher amounts of %Ta and / or %Nb are desirable, and Nb is added particularly when improved resistance to intergranular corrosion and / or improved mechanical properties at high temperatures are desired. The amount can be greater than % by weight, preferably greater than 0.6% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 1.2% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 2.1% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 6% in another embodiment, and greater than 12% in yet another embodiment.

[0098] In some applications, the presence of excess yttrium (%Y), cerium (%Ce), and / or lanthanides (%La) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %Y+%Ce+%La content in embodiments be less than 12.3% by weight, less than 7.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 4.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, less than 1.8% by weight in a more preferred embodiment, and even less than 0.8% by weight in yet another embodiment. In some applications, %Y and / or %Ce and / or %La may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Y and / or %Ce and / or %La are absent from the nickel-based alloy in embodiments. In contrast, there are applications where higher amounts are desired, particularly when high hardness is required. In these applications, in one embodiment, an amount of %Y+%Ce+%La exceeding 0.1% by weight is desired; in another embodiment, preferably an amount exceeding 1.2% by weight; in yet another embodiment, preferably an amount exceeding 2.1% by weight; in yet another embodiment, more preferably an amount exceeding 6%; and in yet another embodiment, an amount exceeding 12%.

[0099] There are applications where a higher amount of %As is desirable. In some embodiments, a % As content of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6% or more; and in yet other embodiments, 3.2% or more is desirable. On the other hand, in some applications, an excess of %As has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %As content of less than 4.4% in some embodiments, less than 3.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.7% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desirable. In embodiments where %As is detrimental or unoptimal for some reason or another, it is desirable that %As be absent from the nickel-based alloy in these applications. In some applications, a %Te content of 0.0001% or more, 0.15% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, 1.3% or more in other embodiments, 2.6% or more in other embodiments, and 3.2% or more in yet other embodiments is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Te has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %Te content of less than 4.4% in some embodiments, less than 3.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.7% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %Te is harmful or unoptimal for some reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that the nickel-based alloy does not contain %Te.

[0100] There are applications where it is desirable to have %Se of 0.0001% or more, 0.15% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, 1.3% or more in other embodiments, 2.6% or more in other embodiments, and 3.2% or more in yet other embodiments. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Se has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %Se amount of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, %Se is harmful or not optimal for any reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Se is not present in the nickel-based alloy.

[0101] There are applications where a higher amount of %Sb is desirable. In some embodiments, a %Sb amount of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6%; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2%. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Sb has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %Sb amount of less than 4.4% in some embodiments, less than 3.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.7% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %Sb is harmful or, for some reason, not optimal, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Sb is not present in the nickel-based alloy.

[0102] In some applications, a higher amount of %Ca is desirable. In these applications, a % Ca content of 0.0001% or more in one embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, 1.3% or more in another embodiment, 2.6% in another embodiment, and even 3.2% or more in yet another embodiment is desired. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Ca has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Ca content of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in another embodiment is desired. In some embodiments, %Ca is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Ca is not present in the nickel-based alloy.

[0103] In some applications, a higher amount of %Ge is desirable. In these applications, a Ge content of 0.0001% or more is desired in one embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, 1.3% or more in another embodiment, 2.6% or more in another embodiment, and 3.2% or more in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Ge has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a Ge content of less than 4.4% is desired in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in another embodiment. In some embodiments, %Ge is harmful or suboptimal for some reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Ge is not included in the nickel-based alloy.

[0104] In some applications, a higher amount of %P is desirable. In some embodiments, a %P amount of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6% or more; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2% or more. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %P has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %P amount of less than 4.9% in some embodiments, less than 3.4% in other embodiments, less than 2.8% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %P is harmful or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, the absence of %Sb in the nickel-based alloy is preferable.

[0105] In some applications, particularly when improved strength and / or oxidation resistance is desired, a higher amount of %Si is desirable. In these applications, a %Si amount of 0.0001% or more is desired in some embodiments, 0.15% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, and 1.3% or more in yet other embodiments. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Si has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a desirable %Si amount is less than 1.4% in some embodiments, less than 0.8% in other embodiments, less than 0.4% in other embodiments, and less than 0.2% in other embodiments. In some embodiments, %Si is detrimental or suboptimal for one or more reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Si is not present in the nickel-based alloy.

[0106] In particular, in applications where improved hot ductility, strength, toughness, hardenability, and nitrogen solubility are desired, a higher amount of %Mn is desirable. In these applications, a %Mn amount of 0.0001% or more is desirable in some embodiments, 0.15% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, 1.3% or more in other embodiments, and 1.9% or more in yet other embodiments. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Mn has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Mn amount of less than 2.7% in some embodiments, less than 1.4% in other embodiments, less than 0.6% in other embodiments, and less than 0.2% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %Mn is detrimental or suboptimal for one or more reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Mn is not present in the nickel-based alloy.

[0107] There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %S is desirable. In some embodiments, amounts of 0.0001% or more are desired; in other embodiments, amounts of 0.15% or more are desired; in other embodiments, amounts of 0.9% or more are desired; in other embodiments, amounts of 1.3% or more are desired; and in yet other embodiments, amounts of 1.9% or more are desired. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %S can be detrimental, and in these applications, amounts of %S less than 2.7% in some embodiments, less than 1.4% in other embodiments, less than 0.6% in other embodiments, and less than 0.2% in other embodiments are desired. In some embodiments, %S is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %S is not present in the nickel-based alloy.

[0108] When aluminum is used as a low-melting-point element, or when other types of particles that oxidize rapidly upon contact with air, such as magnesium, are used as low-melting-point elements, it is used in several applications. When magnesium is used primarily to break up an alumina film on aluminum particles or aluminum alloys (sometimes it is introduced as another powdered magnesium or magnesium alloy, sometimes it is alloyed directly with aluminum particles or alloy aluminum, and sometimes it is other particles such as low-melting-point particles), the final %Mg content can be quite small, and in these applications, a content of 0.001% or more is often preferred, more preferably greater than 0.12% and even 3.6%.

[0109] For some applications, it is interesting that the compaction and / or densification of aluminum and particles is often carried out in air with a high nitrogen content, especially when the compaction and / or densification phase (e.g., sintering in or without liquid) occurs at high temperatures, as nitrogen reacts with aluminum and / or other elements to form nitrides, thus appearing as an element in the final composition. In such cases, it is often useful to have a nitrogen content of 0.002% or more, preferably 0.02% or more, more preferably 0.4% or more, and even 2.2% or more in the final composition.

[0110] In some applications, the presence of the compound phase in the nickel-based alloy is detrimental. In one embodiment, the percentage of the compound phase in the alloy is 79% or less; in another embodiment, it is 49% or less; in yet another embodiment, it is 19% or less; in yet another embodiment, it is 9% or less; in yet another embodiment, it is 0.9% or less; and in yet another embodiment, the compound is not present in the composition. In other applications, the presence of the compound in the nickel-based alloy is beneficial. In one embodiment, the percentage of the compound phase in the alloy is greater than 0.0001%; ​​in yet another embodiment, it is greater than 0.3%; in yet another embodiment, it is greater than 3%; in yet another embodiment, it is greater than 13%; in yet another embodiment, it is greater than 43%; and in yet another embodiment, it is greater than 73%.

[0111] For several applications, the use of nickel-based alloys for coating materials such as alloys and / or other ceramic, concrete, and plastic components is of particular interest, providing specific functionalities to the coating material, such as cathode and / or corrosion protection, for example. In some applications, it is desirable to have a coating layer with a thickness in the micrometer or millimeter range. In embodiments, a nickel-based alloy is used as the coating layer. In one embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of more than 1.1 micrometers; in another embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of more than 21 micrometers; in yet another embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of more than 10 micrometers; in yet another embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of more than 510 micrometers; in yet another embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of more than 1 mm; and in yet another embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of more than 11 mm. In another embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of 27 mm or less; in yet another embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of 17 mm or less; in yet another embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of 7 mm or less; in yet another embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of 537 micrometers or less; in yet another embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of 117 micrometers or less; in yet another embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of 27 micrometers or less; and in yet another embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of 7.7 micrometers or less.

[0112] For some applications, the use of nickel-based alloys with high mechanical resistance is of particular interest. For those applications, in one embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the nickel-based alloy is 52 MPa or more; in another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 72 MPa or more; in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 82 MPa or more; in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 102 MPa or more; in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 112 MPa or more; and in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 122 MPa or more. In yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 147 MPa or less; in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 127 MPa or less; in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 117 MPa or less; and in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 107 MPa or less. In yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 87 MPa or less; in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 77 MPa or less; and in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 57 MPa or less.

[0113] Several techniques are useful for depositing nickel-based alloys as thin films. In one embodiment, the thin film is deposited using sputtering; in another embodiment, thermal spraying is used; in yet another embodiment, galvanic technology is used; in yet another embodiment, cold spraying is used; in yet another embodiment, sol-gel technology is used; and in yet another embodiment, wet chemistry is used. These include another embodiment using physical vapor deposition (PVD), another embodiment using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), another embodiment using additive manufacturing, another embodiment using direct energy deposition, and yet another embodiment using lens cladding.

[0114] There are several applications where the powder form of nickel-based alloys can be advantageous. In one embodiment, the nickel-based alloy is manufactured in powder form. In another embodiment, the powder is spherical. In the embodiment, this refers to spherical powder having a particle size distribution that may be unimodal, bimodal, trimodal, or even multimodal depending on the specific application requirements.

[0115] Nickel-based alloys are particularly useful in the manufacture of casting tools and ingots such as large castings or ingots, alloys in powder form, large cross-sectional pieces, hot-working tool materials, cold-working materials, dies, molds for plastic injection molding, high-speed materials, supercarbides, high-strength materials, high-conductivity materials, or low-conductivity materials. For some applications, it is desirable that the above alloy has a melting point of 890°C or lower, preferably 640°C or lower, more preferably 180°C or lower, or 46°C or lower.

[0116] In these applications, in embodiments where %Ga is between 5.2% and 13.8%, the total content of Cr and / or V is less than 17%, and in another embodiment where %Ga is between 5.2% and 13.8%, the total content of Cr and / or V is 25% or more. In another embodiment with %Ga between 18at.% and 34at.%, %Fe is 14at.% or less. Furthermore, in another embodiment where %Ga is between 18at.% and 34at.%, %Fe is 47at.% or more.

[0117] There are several applications where the presence of Mo, Fe, Y, Ce, Mn, and Re in the composition is detrimental to the overall properties of the nickel-based alloy, particularly with respect to the content of certain Cr and / or Ga. In embodiments having %Cr between 11% and 17% and / or %Ga between 4% and 9%, %Mo is less than 4% or not present in the composition, and / or %Fe is less than 2.3% or not present in the composition. Even in another embodiment having %Cr between 11% and 17% and / or %Ga between 4% and 9%, %Mo exceeds 8.7% and / or %Fe exceeds 11.6%. In another embodiment having %Cr between 5.2% and 15.7% and / or %Ga between 3.6% and 7.2%, %Y is less than 0.1% or not present in the composition, and / or %Ce is less than 0.03% or not present in the composition. In another embodiment, %Cr is between 5.2% and 15.7%, and / or %Ga is between 3.6% and 7.2%, %Y is 0.74% or more, and / or %Ce is 0.33% or more. In another embodiment having %Cr between 9.7% and 23.7% and / or %Ga between 0.6% and 8.2%, %Mn is 0.36% or less, or may not even be present in the composition. In another embodiment having %Cr between 9.7% and 23.7% and / or %Ga between 0.6% and 8.2%, %Mn is 2.6% or more. In another embodiment having %Cr between 6.2% and 8.7% and / or %Ga between 6.2% and 8.7%, %Mo may be 0.6% or less, or even absent from the composition, and / or %Re may be 2.03% or less, or even present from the composition. In another embodiment, %Cr is between 6.2% and 8.7%, and / or %Ga is between 6.2% and 8.7%, %Mo is 2.74% or more, and / or %Re is 4.33% or more.

[0118] In certain applications, specific content of elements such as Sc, Al, Ge, Y, W, Si, Pd, and rare earth elements (RE) has been found to be particularly detrimental to specific Cr content. For these applications, in embodiments where %Cr is between 11.1% and 16.6%, the total content of %Sc and / or %RE is less than 0.087%, or in other embodiments, Sc and RE are not present in the composition. In another embodiment with %Cr between 11.1% and 16.6%, the total content of %Sc and / or %RE is less than 0.87%. In another embodiment with %Cr between 17.1% and 26.1%, %Al is less than 4.3% of the composition or not present at all. In another embodiment with %Cr between 17.1% and 26.1%, %Al is 11.3% or more. In another embodiment where Cr is present, it is preferable that Pd is not present in the composition. In another embodiment with a %Cr between 9 at.% and 51 at.% the total content of Al and / or Si is 4 at.% or less. In another embodiment with a %Cr between 9 at.% and 51 at.% the total content of Al and / or Si is 26 at.% or more. In another embodiment with a %Cr between 9% and 23% the total content of Al and / or Si is 0.87% or less or absent from the composition, and / or Si is 0.37% or less or even absent from the composition. In another embodiment with a %Cr between 6.8% and 22.3% the total content of Al and / or Si is 0.37% or less or even absent from the composition. In another embodiment with a %Cr between 14.1% and 32.1% the total content of Al and / or Si is 1.37% or more. In another embodiment with a %Cr between 0.087% and 8.1%, %W may be less than 3.3% or even absent from the composition. In another embodiment with a %Cr between 0.087% and 8.1%, %W may exceed 11.3%. There are several applications where the presence of Ca, In, Y, and rare earth elements (RE) in the composition is detrimental to the overall properties of the nickel-based alloy. For these applications, in one embodiment, %Ca and / or %RE are absent from the composition. In another embodiment, %Y may be less than 0.0087 at.% or even absent from the composition. In yet another embodiment, %Y is greater than or equal to 0.37 at.%. In yet another embodiment, %In may be less than 0.8% or even absent from the composition.

[0119] Several elements, such as In, Sn, and Sb, are harmful for certain applications, particularly for specific Co and Fe content. For these applications, in embodiments where %Co and / or %Fe are between 0.0087 at.% and 17.8 at.%, the total content of In, Sn, and Sb is less than 4.1 at.%. In another embodiment with %Co and / or %Fe between 0.0087 at.% and 17.8 at.%, the total content of In and / or Sn and / or Sb is 19.2 at.% or greater.

[0120] Depending on the application, certain content levels of elements such as Ta and Hf can be detrimental to certain content levels of Cr and Al. For these applications, in embodiments where %Cr is 1.1% to 16.6% and / or %Al is 2.1% to 7.6%, %Ta is 0.87% or less of the composition, or absent, and / or %Hf is 0.13% or less of the composition, or absent. In another embodiment where Cr is 1.1% or more and less than 16.6% and / or %Al is 2.1% or more and less than 7.6%, %Hf is greater than 4.1%. Any of the nickel alloys described above can be optionally combined with other embodiments described herein, provided that their respective characteristics are not incompatible. The use of terms such as "less than or equal to," "greaterfrom," "up to," "at least," "greater than," and "less than" implies a range that includes the number stated and can then be broken down into subranges. In one embodiment, the present invention refers to the use of any nickel alloy for manufacturing metal or at least partially metal parts.

[0121] This invention is particularly suitable for applications that can benefit from iron-based alloys with high mechanical strength. There are many applications that can benefit from iron-based alloys with high mechanical strength, some of which include structural elements (transportation industry, construction, energy conversion, etc.), tools (molds, dies, etc.), drives, or elemental machinery. By applying specific rules for the design and processing of these iron-based alloys, high environmental resistance (resistance to oxidation, corrosion, etc.) can be provided. In particular, it is especially suitable for constructing components having the compositions shown below. In one embodiment, the present invention refers to an iron-based alloy having the following composition, where all percentages are by weight. %Ceq= 0.15-4.5 % C = 0.15-2.5 %N =0-2 %B =0-3.7 %Cr= 0.1-20 %Ni= 3 - 30 %Si= 0.001-6 %Mn= 0.008-3 %Al= 0.2 - 15 %Mo= 0 - 10 %W= 0 - 15 %Ti= 0 - 8 %Ta = 0 - 5 %Zr = 0 - 12 %Hf = 0 - 6, %V= 0 - 12 %Nb = 0 - 10 %Cu = 0 - 10 %Co = 0 - 20 %S= 0 - 3 %Se = 0 - 5 %Te = 0 - 5 %Bi = 0 - 10 %As= 0 - 5 %Sb = 0 - 5 %Ca = 0 - 5, %P = 0 - 6 %Ga = 0 - 20 %Sn = 0 - 10 %Rb = 0 - 10 %Cd = 0 - 10 %Cs = 0 - 10 %La = 0 - 5 %Pb = 0 - 10 %Zn = 0 - 10 %In = 0 - 10 %Ge = 0 - 5 %Y = 0 - 5 %Ce = 0 - 5 The remainder consists of iron (Fe) and trace elements. Here, %Ceq=%C + 0.86 * %N + 1.2 *%B Features Cr + %V + %Mo + %W + %Ga > 3 and Al + %Mo + %Ti + %Ga > 1.5 There is a caveat that states this. When Ceq = 0.45 - 2.5, %V = 0.6 - 12; or When Ceq = 0.15 - 0.45, %V = 0.85 - 4; or When Ceq = 0.15 - 0.45, %Ti + %Hf + %Zr + %Ta = 0.1 - 4; or Ga = 0.01 to 15.

[0122] Embodiments: This invention refers to an iron-based alloy having the following composition, all percentages being weight percentages. While iron-based alloys have applications where a high iron (%Fe) content is advantageous, iron does not need to be the majority component of the alloy. In one embodiment, %Fe is greater than 1.3%, in another embodiment greater than 6%, in yet another greater than 13%, in yet another greater than 27%, in yet another greater than 39%, in yet another greater than 53%, in yet another greater than 69%, and in yet another greater than 87%. In one embodiment, %Fe is less than 99%, in another embodiment less than 83%, in yet another less than 69%, in yet another less than 54%, in yet another less than 48%, in yet another less than 41%, in yet another less than 38%, and in yet another less than 25%. In another embodiment, %Fe is not the majority element in the iron-based alloy.

[0123] In this context, trace elements refer to, but are not limited to, several elements unless the context explicitly indicates otherwise. They are used individually and / or in combination with H, He, Xe, Be, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Cl, Ar, K, Sc, Br, Kr, Sr, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, I, Ba, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt. The inventors have found that in some applications of the present invention, it is important to limit the presence of trace elements, individually and / or in combination, to less than 1.8% by weight, preferably less than 0.8%, more preferably less than 0.1%, and even less than 0.03%.

[0124] Trace elements may be intentionally added to achieve specific functions of steel, such as reducing the cost of steel, and / or their presence may be unintentional and primarily related to the presence of alloying elements and impurities in the scrap used in the manufacture of steel.

[0125] There are several applications where the presence of trace elements negatively affects the overall properties of iron-based alloys. In some embodiments, the total content of all trace elements is 2.0% or less; in other embodiments, 1.4% or less; in other embodiments, 0.8% or less; in other embodiments, 0.2% or less; in other embodiments, 0.1% or less; or 0.06% or less. There are also certain applications where it is preferable for the iron-based alloy to be free of trace elements.

[0126] The presence of trace elements has other applications, such as reducing the cost of the alloy or achieving any other additional beneficial effects without affecting the desired properties of the iron-based alloy. In some embodiments, the content of individual trace elements is 2.0% or less, in other embodiments 1.4% or less, in other embodiments 0.8% or less, in other embodiments 0.2% or less, in other embodiments 0.1% or less, and in further embodiments 0.06% or less.

[0127] In particular, for applications where sintering in the liquid phase is desired, or where at least high mobility is required, the use of alloys containing %Ga, %Bi, %Rb, %Cd, %Cs, %Sn, %Pb, %Zn, and %In is of interest. Of particular interest is the use of alloys containing 2.2% or more, preferably 12% or more, and more preferably 15.3% or more, of these low-melting-point promoting elements by weight. When the overall composition, once incorporated and measured as shown in this application, is evaluated, examples include iron-resulting alloys in which the %Ga in the alloy exceeds 0.0001% in one embodiment, exceeds 0.015% in another embodiment, exceeds 0.1% in yet another embodiment, generally has 0.2% or more of the element (in this case %Ga) in another embodiment, preferably 1.2% or more in another embodiment, more preferably 6% or more in yet another embodiment, and 12% or more in yet another embodiment. For certain applications, it is particularly interesting to use particles having Ga only in the tetrahedral gaps, not in all gaps, and for these applications, it is desirable that the %Ga content be 0.02 wt% or more, preferably 0.06% or more, more preferably 0.12 wt% or more, and even more preferably 0.16% or more. However, other applications exist depending on the desired properties of the iron-based alloy with a %Ga content of less than 16%, less than 9% in other embodiments, less than 6.4% in other embodiments, less than 4.1% in other embodiments, less than 3.2% in other embodiments, less than 2.4% in other embodiments, and 1.2% in other embodiments. There are even some applications for a given application where %Ga is detrimental in some embodiments or not optimal for one or another reasons, and for these applications, it is preferable that %Ga is not present in the iron-based alloy. In some applications, it has been found that %Ga can be completely or partially replaced with %Bi (up to a maximum %Bi content of 10 wt%, and if %Ga exceeds 10%, substitution with %Bi is partial) in the amounts of %Ga+Bi% described in this paragraph. Depending on the application, a total substitution without Ga% may be advantageous.Furthermore, depending on the application, it has been found interesting to partially substitute %Ga and / or %Bi with %Cd, %Cs, %Sn, %Pb, %Zn, %Rb, or In% (in which case the amounts are the same as those described as %Ga + %Bi + %Cd + %Cs + %Sn + %Pb + %Zn + %Rb + %In). Here, depending on the application, it may also be interesting to omit any of them (i.e., the total matches the given value, but one of the elements may be missing, resulting in a nominal content of 0%). These elements do not necessarily need to be blended in high purity, but if the alloy in question has a sufficiently low melting point, it is often more economically interesting to use alloys of these elements. Depending on the application, it may be more interesting to directly alloy these elements rather than separating them into individual particles.

[0128] For some applications, it is more interesting to alloy these elements directly rather than incorporating them into separate particles. For some applications, the use of particles formed primarily of these elements is even more interesting, with desired content being 52% or more, preferably 76% or more, more preferably 86% or more, and even more than 98% or more of % Ga + % Bi + % Cd + % Cs + % Sn + % Pb + Zn% + % Rb + % In. The final content of these elements in the composition depends on the volume fraction adopted, but for some applications, it often hovers within the ranges described above in this paragraph. A typical case is when using an alloy of % Sn and % Ga to perform liquid-phase sintering at low temperatures that are likely to break down the oxide film, which may contain other particles (usually the majority of particles). The Sn and Ga content is adjusted in an equilibrium diagram to control the desired liquid-phase volume content and the volume fraction of particles in this alloy at different post-processing temperatures. For certain applications, Sn% and / or Ga% can be partially or completely replaced by other elements on the list (i.e., alloys without Sn% or Ga% can be made). It is also possible to do so with significant content of elements not present on this list, as in the case of %Mg, and for specific applications, any of the preferred alloying elements for the target alloy can be used.

[0129] In some applications, an excess of nickel (%Ni) can be detrimental, and in these applications, it has been found that a %Ni content of less than 24% in embodiments, preferably less than 19.8% in other embodiments, preferably less than 16% in other embodiments, preferably less than 14.8% in other embodiments, more preferably less than 12% in other embodiments, and even more preferably less than 7.5% in other embodiments. In contrast, there are applications where a higher level of nickel is desired, particularly when improved ductility and toughness are desired, and / or when improved strength and / or weldability are required, and in those applications, amounts higher than 3% are required in embodiments. It can be higher than 6% by weight in other embodiments, preferably higher than 8.3% by weight in other embodiments, more preferably higher than 8% in other embodiments, higher than 16.2% in other embodiments, and even higher than 16% in yet other embodiments.

[0130] There are applications where a higher amount of %Si is desirable, particularly when improved strength and / or oxidation resistance is desired. In these applications, a %Si content of 0.01% or more is desired in some embodiments, 0.15% or more in others, 0.9% or more in others, 1.6% or more in others, 2.6% or more in others, and 3.2% or more in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Si has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Si content of less than 3.4% is desired in some embodiments, less than 1.8% in others, less than 0.8% in others, and less than 0.4% in others. In particular, there are applications where a higher amount of %Mn is desired, such as when improved hot ductility, strength, toughness, hardenability, and nitrogen solubility are required. For these applications, a %Mn amount of 0.01% or more is desirable in some embodiments, 0.3% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, 1.3% or more in other embodiments, and 1.9% or more in yet other embodiments. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Mn has been found to be detrimental, and for these applications, a %Mn amount of less than 2.7% is preferred in some embodiments, less than 1.4% in other embodiments, less than 0.6% in other embodiments, and less than 0.2% in other embodiments. In some applications, the presence of excess chromium (%Cr) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Cr amount of less than 14 wt% is desirable in some embodiments, less than 9.8% in other embodiments, more preferably less than 8.8% in other embodiments, and less than 6% in yet another embodiment. There are other applications where even lower %Cr content is desired, with %Cr in the iron-based alloy being less than 4.6% in one embodiment, less than 3.2% in other embodiments, less than 2.7% in other embodiments, and less than 1.9% in yet another embodiment. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of chromium is desirable, particularly when high corrosion resistance and / or oxidation resistance at high temperatures are required for these applications, with an amount greater than 1.2 wt% in one embodiment, more preferably more than 2.6% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 5.5 wt% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 6.1% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 7% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 10.4% in another embodiment, and even more preferably more than 16% in yet another embodiment.

[0131] In some applications, the presence of excess aluminum (%Al) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %Al content be less than 12.9% in one embodiment, preferably less than 10.4% in another embodiment, and preferably less than 8% in yet another embodiment. It is desirable that the content be 4%, less than 7.8% by weight in another embodiment, preferably less than 6.1% in another embodiment, preferably less than 4.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 3.4% in another embodiment, preferably less than 2.7% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.8% by weight in another embodiment, and still less than 0.8% in yet another embodiment. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of aluminum is desirable, particularly when high hardening and / or environmental resistance is required, and for these applications, it is desirable that the content be 4%, preferably greater than 3.2% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 4.8% in another embodiment, preferably greater than 6.1% in another embodiment, preferably greater than 7.3% in another embodiment, preferably greater than 8.2% in another embodiment, and still greater than 12% in yet another embodiment. Depending on the application, aluminum is mainly used to integrate particles in the form of a low-melting-point alloy, in which case it is desirable to have at least 0.2% aluminum in the final alloy, preferably more than 0.52%, more preferably more than 1.02%, and even more preferably more than 3.2%.

[0132] Depending on the application, it is interesting to establish a certain relationship between the aluminum content (% Al) and the gallium content (% Ga). If the output parameter is % Al = S * % Ga, then depending on the application, it is desirable that S be 0.72 or higher, preferably 1.1 or higher, more preferably 2.2 or higher, and even more preferably 4.2 or higher. If the parameter obtained from Ga = T * % Al is called T, then depending on the application, it is desirable that the T value be 0.25 or higher, preferably 0.42 or higher, more preferably 1.6 or higher, and even more preferably 4.2 or higher. Furthermore, it has been found that substituting a portion of Ga with the amounts of Bi, Cd, Cs, Sn, Pb, Zn, Rb, and In described in this section, and substituting the total % Ga for the definitions of s and T, is even more interesting depending on the application. Ga + % Bi + % Cd + % Cs + % Sn + % Pb + % Zn + % Rb + % In, where, depending on the application, it may be interesting if any of these are absent (i.e., the total matches the given value, but any of the items may be absent, resulting in a nominal content of 0%, which is advantageous for a given application where the item in question is harmful or unsuitable for some reason). In some applications, an excess of cobalt (Co%) is detrimental, and in these applications, a %Co content of less than 9.8 wt% in one embodiment, less than 6.8 wt% in another embodiment, preferably less than 4%, preferably less than 5.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 4.6% in another embodiment, preferably less than 3.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 2.8 wt%, more preferably less than 1.4%, and even less than 0.8% in another embodiment. For given applications where %Co is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reason in some embodiment, it may even be preferable for %Co not to be present in the iron-based alloy in these applications. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of cobalt is desirable, particularly when improved hardness and / or temper resistance is required. In these applications, an amount greater than 2.2 wt% is desirable in one embodiment, preferably more than 4% in another embodiment, preferably more than 5.6% in another embodiment, preferably more than 6.4% in another embodiment, more than 8% in yet another embodiment, and even more than 12% in yet another embodiment. Other applications where %Co is preferable include 0.0001% or more in embodiments, 0.15% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, and 1.6% or more in other embodiments.

[0133] In some applications, the presence of excess carbon equivalents (%Ceq) can be detrimental, and in these applications, the %Ceq content is preferably less than 2.4% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 2.1% in another embodiment, preferably less than 1.95% in another embodiment, preferably less than 1.8% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.9% by weight in another embodiment, and even more preferably less than 0.58% in yet another embodiment. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of carbon equivalents is desirable. In one embodiment, an amount exceeding 0.27% by weight is desirable, in another embodiment, preferably more than 0.52% by weight, in yet another embodiment, more preferably more than 0.82%, and in yet another embodiment, even more than 1.2%. In some applications, the presence of excess carbon (%C) can be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %C content be less than 1.8% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 1.4% in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.9% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.58% by weight in another embodiment, and less than 0.44% in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in applications where the presence of higher levels of carbon is desirable, particularly for increased mechanical strength and / or hardness, an increase may be desired. In these applications, an amount greater than 0.27% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, preferably greater than 0.52% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 0.82% by weight in yet another embodiment, and more than 1.2% by weight in yet another embodiment. In some applications, the presence of excess boron (%B) is detrimental, and in these applications, it has been found that a %B content of less than 1.8% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 1.4% in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.9% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.06% by weight in another embodiment, and less than 0.006% in another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, there are even some applications for which %B is detrimental or unsuitable for one or more reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %B is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications for which the presence of a higher amount of boron is desirable, with amounts of 60 ppm by weight or more being desirable in one embodiment, 200 ppm or more being preferred in another embodiment, 0.1% or more being preferred in another embodiment, 0.35% or more being preferred in another embodiment, more preferably in another embodiment, and greater than 0.52%, and even 1.2% or more being preferred in yet another embodiment. The presence of boron (%B) can be harmful, and its absence is preferred in some applications (removing it beyond a content of less than 0.1% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 0.008% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.0008% in yet another embodiment, and even less than 0.00008% in yet another embodiment may be economically unfeasible). In some applications, an excess of nitrogen (%N) can be harmful, and in these applications, a %N content of less than 0.4% is preferred in some embodiments, more preferably less than 0.16% in other embodiments, and less than 0.006% in yet another embodiment. In some embodiments, for certain applications where %N is harmful or unsuitable for one or more reasons, it is even preferable in embodiments that %N is not present in the iron-based alloy in these applications. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of nitrogen is desirable, particularly when high resistance to localized corrosion is desired. For these applications, an amount of 60 ppm by weight or more is preferred in some embodiments, preferably 200 ppm or more in other embodiments, preferably 0.1% or more in yet another embodiment, and preferably 0.35% or more in yet another embodiment. It has been found that there are applications where the presence of nitrogen (%N) may be harmful, and in embodiments, its absence is preferred (it may not be economically feasible to remove it beyond its content as an impurity, and in another embodiment, it is preferred to have less than 0.1% by weight, in yet another embodiment, less than 0.008%, in yet another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.00800%, and in yet another embodiment, less than 0.00800%). In some applications, the presence of excess titanium (%Ti), zirconium (%Zr), and / or hafnium (%Hf) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, in one embodiment, the content of %Ti + %Zr + %Hf is preferably less than 12.4% by weight, in another embodiment, less than 9.4% by weight, 8%, in another embodiment less than 7.8% by weight, in another embodiment less than 6.3%, in another embodiment preferably less than 4.8%, preferably less than 3.2%, preferably less than 2.6%, in another embodiment more preferably less than 1.8% by weight, and in yet another embodiment even less than 0.8%. In some applications, %Ti and / or %Zr and / or %Hf may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, in embodiments, it is preferable that %Ti and / or %Zr and / or %Hf are not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where it is desirable for some of these elements to be present at higher levels, particularly when high curability and / or environmental resistance is required. In these applications, in one embodiment, it is desirable for the amount of %Ti+%Zr+%Hf to be greater than 0.1% by weight, and in another embodiment, preferably greater than 1% by weight, preferably greater than 2.6% by weight, in another embodiment, preferably greater than 4.1% by weight, in another embodiment, more preferably 6% or more, in another embodiment, more preferably 7.9% or more, or in another embodiment, 12% or more. In some applications, the presence of excess molybdenum (%Mo) and / or tungsten (%W) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a low %Mo+1 / 2%W content is preferred, less than 14% by weight, preferably less than 9% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 4.8% by weight in another embodiment, and even less than 1.8% in another embodiment. There are also some applications for which %Mo is detrimental or unoptimal for one or another reasons in a given embodiment, and in these applications, it is preferred in embodiments that %Mo is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of molybdenum and tungsten is desirable, and in these applications, it is preferred in embodiments that the amount of %Mo+1 / 2%W is greater than 1.2% by weight, preferably greater than 3.2% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 5.2% in another embodiment, and still more preferably greater than 12% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, an excess of vanadium (%V) has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %V content be less than 11.3% in one embodiment, less than 9.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 6.2% by weight in yet another embodiment, 9%, 2.7% or less in another embodiment, 2.1% or less in another embodiment, preferably 1.8% or less in another embodiment, more preferably 0.78% by weight or less in yet another embodiment, and 0.45% or less in yet another embodiment. For some applications, %V may be harmful or even suboptimal for one or another reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that %V is absent from the iron-based alloy in an embodiment. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of a higher amount of vanadium is desirable. In these applications, it is desirable that the amount be greater than 0.01% by weight in one embodiment, greater than 0.2% by weight in another embodiment, greater than 0.6% by weight in another embodiment, greater than 2.2% by weight in another embodiment, greater than 4.2% in another embodiment, and more preferably greater than 10.2% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, the presence of excess tantalum (%Ta) and / or niobium (%Nb) can be detrimental. In these applications, it has been found that the %Ta+%Nb content is preferably less than 14.3% by weight in one embodiment, less than 7.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 4.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, less than 1.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, and even less than 0.8% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, %Ta and / or %Nb may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or another reasons. In these applications, it is preferable, in embodiments, that %Ta and / or %Nb are not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where higher amounts of %Ta and / or %Nb are desirable, particularly when Nb is added to improve resistance to intergranular corrosion and / or improve mechanical properties at high temperatures. In these applications, in one embodiment, an amount of %Nb+%Ta greater than 0 is desired. The amount is preferably greater than 0.6% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 1.2% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 2.1% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 6% in another embodiment, and preferably greater than 12% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, the presence of excess copper (%Cu) can be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Cu content of less than 8.2% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 7.1% in another embodiment, preferably less than 5% in yet another embodiment, 4%, more preferably 4.5% by weight or less in another embodiment, more preferably 3.3% by weight or less in another embodiment, more preferably 2.6% by weight or less in another embodiment, more preferably 1.4% by weight or less in yet another embodiment, and 0.9% or less in yet another embodiment. For some applications, %Cu may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or another reason, and in embodiments, in these applications, it is preferable that %Cu is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of copper is desirable, particularly when improved corrosion resistance and / or workability and / or reduced work hardening to certain acids are desired. For these applications, the amount may be greater than 0.1% by weight in one embodiment, greater than 1.3% by weight in another embodiment, greater than 3.6% by weight in yet another embodiment, greater than 6% by weight in yet another embodiment, and greater than 7.6% in yet another embodiment. There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %S is desirable. In some embodiments, an amount of %S greater than 0.0001% is desirable, in other embodiments greater than 0.15%, in other embodiments greater than 0.9%, in other embodiments greater than 1.3%, and in yet other embodiments greater than 1.9%. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %S has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, an amount of %S less than 2.7% in some embodiments, less than 1.4% in other embodiments, less than 0.6% in other embodiments, and less than 0.2% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %S is detrimental or not optimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %S is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Se is desirable. In one embodiment, a % Se content of 0.0001% or more is desired; in another embodiment, 0.15% or more; in yet another embodiment, 0.9% or more; in yet another embodiment, 1.3% or more; in yet another embodiment, 2.6%; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2% or more is desired. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Se has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Se content of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in another embodiment is desired. In some embodiments, %Se is detrimental or, for some reason, suboptimal, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Se is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Te is desirable. In some embodiments, a Te content of 0.0001% or more is desired; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6%; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2% or more. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Te has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Te content of less than 4.4% in some embodiments, less than 3.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.7% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %Te is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Te is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where a higher amount of %As is desirable. In one embodiment, amounts of 0.0001% or more are desirable; in other embodiments, amounts of 0.15% or more are desirable; in other embodiments, amounts of 0.9% or more are desirable; in other embodiments, amounts of 1.3% or more are desirable; in other embodiments, amounts of 2.6% are desirable; and in even other embodiments, amounts of 3.2% or more are desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %As has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, amounts of %As less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in another embodiment are considered desirable. In some embodiments, %As is harmful or, for some reason, not optimal, and in these applications, it is preferable that %As is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Sb is desirable. In these applications, the presence of %Sb is desirable as follows: 0.0001% or more in one embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, 1.3% or more in another embodiment, 2.6% in another embodiment, and even 3.2% in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Sb has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %Sb amount of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in another embodiment is desirable. If Sb is harmful or suboptimal for any reason, it is preferable that the iron-based alloy does not contain Sb in these applications. There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Ca is desirable. In some embodiments, a % Ca content of 0.0001% or more is desired; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6% or more; and in yet other embodiments, 3.2% or more is desired. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Ca has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Ca content of less than 4.4% in some embodiments, less than 3.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.7% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desired. In some embodiments, %Ca is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Ca is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %P is desirable. In some embodiments, a P content of 0.0001% or more is desired; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6%; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2% or more. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %P has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %P content of less than 4.9% in some embodiments, less than 3.4% in other embodiments, less than 2.8% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %P is harmful or, for one or another reason, is suboptimal; in these applications, it is preferable that %P is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %Ge is desirable. In these applications, a %Ge amount of 0.0001% or more in one embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, 1.3% or more in another embodiment, 2.6% or more in another embodiment, and even 3.2% or more in yet another embodiment is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Ge has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %Ge amount of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, %Ge is harmful or not optimal for one or another reasons; in these applications, it is preferable that %Ge is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Y is desirable. In some embodiments, a Y content of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6% or more; and in yet other embodiments, 3.2% or more is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Y has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Y content of less than 4.9% in some embodiments, less than 3.4% in other embodiments, less than 2.8% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %Y is detrimental or not optimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Y is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %Ce is desirable. In these applications, a %Ce amount greater than 0.0001% in one embodiment, 0.15% in another embodiment, 0.9% in another embodiment, 1.3% in another embodiment, 2.6% in another embodiment, and even 3.2% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Ce has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Ce amount of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, %Ce is detrimental or, for some reason, suboptimal, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Ce is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where a higher amount of %La is desirable. In one embodiment, a %La amount of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in another embodiment, 0.15% or more; in yet another embodiment, 0.9% or more; in yet another embodiment, 1.3% or more; in yet another embodiment, 2.6%; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2%. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %La has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %La amount of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, %La is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %La is not present in the iron-based alloy. For applications where aluminum is used as a low-melting-point element, or where other types of particles that oxidize rapidly upon contact with air, such as magnesium, are used as low-melting-point elements, the %La content is less than 1.4%. When magnesium is used primarily to break down alumina films on aluminum particles or aluminum alloys (sometimes it is introduced as another powdered magnesium or magnesium alloy, sometimes it is directly alloyed with aluminum particles or alloy aluminum, and sometimes other particles such as low-melting-point particles), the final %Mg content may be quite small, and in these applications, a content greater than 0.001% is often desired, preferably greater than 0.02%, and more preferably greater than 0.12% and even greater than 3.6%.

[0134] For some applications, it is interesting that the compaction and / or densification of aluminum and particles is often carried out in air with a high nitrogen content, especially when the compaction and / or densification phase (e.g., sintering in or without liquid) occurs at high temperatures, as nitrogen reacts with aluminum and / or other elements to form nitrides, thus appearing as an element in the final composition. In such cases, it is often useful to have a nitrogen content of 0.002% or more, preferably 0.02% or more, more preferably 0.4% or more, and even 2.2% or more in the final composition. There are certain elements, such as Sn, that are detrimental to specific applications, particularly certain Cr and / or C content. For these applications, in embodiments where %Cr is between 0.47% and 5.8% and / or C is between 0.7% and 2.74%, %Sn is 0.087% or less or not present in the composition; in yet another embodiment, where %Cr is between 0.47% and 5.8% and / or C is between 0.7% and 2.74%, %Sn is 0.92% or more. There are several applications where the presence of Si and B in the composition is detrimental to the overall properties of the steel, particularly with respect to specific Cu and / or B content. For these applications, in embodiments where %Cu is between 0.097 atomic% (at.%) and 3.33 at.%, the total content of %B and / or %Si is 4.77 at.% or less, and in other embodiments where %Cu is between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, the total content of %B and / or %Si is 1 or less. In another embodiment where %Cu is between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 2.4 at.% or less and / or %Si is 5.77 at.% or less, and %Cu is between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%. In another embodiment where %Cu is between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 16.2 at.% or more and / or %Si is 27.2 at.% or more. In another embodiment having %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, the total content of %B and %Si is 31 at.% or more. In another embodiment, %Cu is between 0.3 at.% and 1.7 at.%, %B is 4.2 at.% or less, and / or %Si is 8.77 at.% or less. In yet another embodiment, %Cu is between 0.3 at.% and 1.7 at.%, %B is 9.2 at.% or more, and / or %Si is 17.2 at.% or more. In yet another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 9.77 at.% or less. In yet another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 22.2% or more. In yet another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 32.2 at.% or more. In another embodiment having %Cu between 0.97 at.% and 3.33 at.% %B is less than or equal to 9.77 at.% and in another embodiment having %Cu between 0.97 at.% and 3.33 at.% %B is greater than 22.2 at.%.In another embodiment having a %B between 0.97 at.% and 33.33 at.% the total content of %B and / or %Si is less than 1.33 at.% and in another embodiment having a %B between 0.97 at.% and 33.33 at.% the total content of %B and / or %Si is greater than 33.33 at.%. Depending on the application, it has been found that the content of elements such as Si and B can be unfavorable, particularly due to the content of Al and Ga. In such applications, %Al is between 1.87 at. and 16.6 at.%, and %B is lower than 3.87%. In another embodiment, %Al is between 1.87 at.%. In another embodiment where %Al is between 0.43 at.% and 16.6 at.%, %B is higher than 23.87%. Even in another embodiment with %Al between 1.87 at.%, %B is higher than 23.87%. In another embodiment with %Ga between 0.43 at.% and 16.6 at.%, and / or between 0.43 at.% and 5.2 at.%, %B is 1.33 at.% or less, and / or %Si is 0.43 at.% or less. In another embodiment, %Al is between 1.87 at.%. %Ga can be between 0.43 at.% and 16.6 at.% and / or between 0.43 at.% and 5.2 at.%, %B can be 11.33 at.% or greater, and / or %Si can be 5.43 at.% or greater. Some elements, like Co, are harmful for specific applications, particularly for certain Ni content. In these applications, %Co is lower than 12.6% in embodiments where %Ni is between 24.47% and 35.8%. In other embodiments, %Co is higher than 26.6% even when %Ni is between 24.47% and 35.8%. Some elements, such as rare earth elements (REs), are harmful in certain applications. For these applications, REs are not included in the composition in the embodiments. For some applications, it is desirable that the above alloy has a melting point of 890°C or lower, preferably 640°C or lower, more preferably 180°C or lower, or 46°C or lower. The above Fe alloys can be optionally combined with other embodiments described herein, provided that their respective characteristics are not incompatible. The use of terms such as "less than or equal to," "greater than or equal to," "greater than or equal to," "from," "up to," "at least," "greater than," and "less than" refers to a range that includes the repeated number and can then be broken down into subranges. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of iron alloys for manufacturing metal or at least partially metal parts. The present invention is of great interest to applications that benefit from the properties of tool steel. The production of a resin that can polymerize radiation loaded with tool steel particles is a further embodiment of the present invention. In this sense, they are considered to be tool steel particles having the compositions described below, or particles combined with other results in the compositions described below in a manner interpreted herein. In one embodiment, the present invention refers to an iron-based alloy having the following composition, where all percentages are by weight. %Ceq= 0.15-3.5 %C = 0.15-3.5 %N =0-2 %B =0-2.7 %Cr= 0 - 20 %Ni= 0 - 15 %Si= 0 - 6 %Mn= 0 - 3 %Al= 0 - 15 %Mo= 0 - 10 %W= 0 - 15 %Ti= 0 - 8 %Ta = 0 - 5 %Zr = 0 - 6 %Hf = 0 - 6, %V= 0 - 12 %Nb = 0 - 10 %Cu = 0 - 10 %Co = 0 - 20 %S= 0 - 3 %Se = 0 - 5 %Te = 0 - 5 %Bi = 0 - 10 %As= 0 - 5 %Sb = 0 - 5 %Ca = 0 - 5, %P = 0 - 6 %Ga = 0 - 20 %Sn = 0 - 10 %Rb = 0 - 10 %Cd = 0 - 10 %Cs = 0 - 10 %La = 0 - 5 %Pb = 0 - 10 %Zn = 0 - 10 %In = 0 - 10 %Ge = 0 - 5 %Y = 0 - 5 %Ce = 0 - 5 The remainder consists of iron (Fe) and trace elements. Here %Ceq = %C + 0.86 * %N + 1.2 * %B, Features Cr + %V + %Mo + %W + %Nb + %Ta + %Zr + %Ti > 3 While iron-based alloys have applications where a high iron (%Fe) content is advantageous, iron does not necessarily have to be the main component of the alloy. In one embodiment, %Fe is greater than 1.3%, in another embodiment greater than 6%, in yet another greater than 13%, in yet another greater than 27%, in yet another greater than 39%, in yet another greater than 53%, in yet another greater than 69%, and in yet another greater than 87%. In one embodiment, %Fe is less than 99%, in another embodiment less than 83%, in yet another less than 69%, in yet another less than 54%, in yet another less than 48%, in yet another less than 41%, in yet another less than 38%, and in yet another less than 25%. In another embodiment, %Fe is not the majority element in the iron-based alloy. The term "trace elements" here refers to several elements, but is not limited to them, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It is used individually and / or in combination with the following elements: H, He, Xe, Be, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Cl, Ar, K, Sc, Br, Kr, Sr, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, I, Ba, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt. The inventors have found that in some applications of the present invention, it is important to limit the presence of trace elements, individually and / or in combination, to less than 1.8% by weight, preferably less than 0.8%, more preferably less than 0.1%, and even less than 0.03%. Trace elements may be intentionally added to achieve specific functions of steel, such as reducing the cost of steel, and / or their presence may be unintentional and primarily related to the presence of alloying elements and impurities in the scrap used in the manufacture of steel. There are several applications where the presence of trace elements negatively affects the overall properties of iron-based alloys. In some embodiments, the total content of all trace elements is 2.0% or less; in other embodiments, 1.4% or less; in other embodiments, 0.8% or less; in other embodiments, 0.2% or less; in other embodiments, 0.1% or less; or 0.06% or less. There are also certain applications where it is preferable for the iron-based alloy to be free of trace elements. The presence of trace elements has other applications, such as reducing the cost of the alloy or achieving any other additional beneficial effects without affecting the desired properties of the iron-based alloy. In some embodiments, the content of individual trace elements is 2.0% or less, in other embodiments 1.4% or less, in other embodiments 0.8% or less, in other embodiments 0.2% or less, in other embodiments 0.1% or less, or in other embodiments 0.06% or less. In particular, when sintering in the liquid phase is desired, or at least when high mobility is required, it is effective to use alloys containing Ga, Bi, Rb, Cd, Cs, Sn, Pb, Zn, and In. Of particular interest is the use of alloys containing 2.2% or more, preferably 12% or more, and more preferably 14.2% or more, of these low-melting-point promoting elements by weight. When the overall composition, once incorporated and measured as shown in this application, is evaluated, the present invention provides iron alloys having %Ga in the alloy exceeding 0.0001% in one embodiment, exceeding 0.015% in another embodiment, exceeding 0.1% in yet another embodiment, generally 0.2% or more of the element (in this case %Ga) in another embodiment, preferably 1.2% or more in another embodiment, more preferably 6% in yet another embodiment, and 12% or more in yet another embodiment. For certain applications, it is particularly interesting to use particles having Ga only in the tetrahedral gaps, not in all gaps, and for these applications, it is desirable that the %Ga content be 0.02 wt% or more, preferably 0.06% or more, more preferably 0.12 wt% or more, and even more preferably 0.16% or more. However, other applications also exist due to the desirable properties of iron-based alloys with a %Ga content of less than 16%, less than 9% in other embodiments, less than 6.4% in other embodiments, less than 4.1% in other embodiments, less than 3.2% in other embodiments, less than 2.4% in other embodiments, and 1.2% in other embodiments. There are even some applications for a given application where %Ga is harmful or not optimal for one or another reasons in some embodiments, and for these applications, it is preferable that %Ga is not present in the iron-based alloy. In some applications, %Ga has been found to be completely or partially replaced by %Bi (with a maximum %Bi content up to 10 wt%, and partial substitution by %Bi if %Ga is greater than 10%) for %Ga+Bi% in the amounts described in this section. Depending on the application, total substitution without Ga% is advantageous. Depending on the application, it has also been found to be interesting to partially substitute %Ga and / or %Bi with %Cd, %Cs, %Sn, %Pb, %Zn, %Rb, or In% (for %Ga + %Bi + %Cd + %Cs + %Sn + %Pb + %Zn + %Rb + %In, the amounts are as described in this section).Here, depending on the application, it may also be interesting to omit any of them (i.e., the total may match the given value, but one of the elements may be missing, resulting in a nominal content of 0%, which is advantageous for a given application where the element in question is harmful or unsuitable for some reason). These elements do not necessarily need to be of high purity, and it is often more economically interesting to use alloys of these elements, provided that the alloy in question has a sufficiently low melting point. Depending on the application, it may be more interesting to alloy these elements directly rather than blending them into separate particles. For some applications, it is interesting to use particles formed primarily from these elements. The final content of these elements in the composition depends on the volume fraction adopted, but for some applications, it often falls within the ranges described above in this paragraph. A typical case is using an alloy of %Sn and %Ga to perform liquid-phase sintering at low temperatures where there is a high probability of breaking the oxide film, which may contain other particles (usually the majority of particles). The Sn and Ga content is adjusted in an equilibrium diagram to control the desired liquid-phase volume content and the volume fraction of particles in this alloy at different post-processing temperatures. In certain applications, Sn% and / or Ga% can be partially or completely replaced by other elements on the list (i.e., alloys without Sn% or Ga% can be made). It is also possible to use significant content of elements not on this list, as in the case of %Mg, and for specific applications, any of the preferred alloying elements for the target alloy can be used. In some applications, the presence of excess nickel (%Ni) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Ni content of less than 8% in embodiments, preferably less than 4.6% in other embodiments, preferably less than 2.8% in other embodiments, preferably less than 2.3% in other embodiments, more preferably less than 1.8% in other embodiments, and less than 0.008% in other embodiments is desirable. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of nickel is desirable, particularly when an increase in ductility and toughness is desired, and / or an increase in strength and / or improved weldability is required, in those applications, an amount higher than 0.1% by weight in embodiments and more than 0.8% in other embodiments is desirable. It can be 65% by weight, higher than 1.2% by weight in other embodiments, preferably higher than 1.6% by weight in other embodiments, preferably higher than 2.2% in other embodiments, more preferably higher than 5.2% in other embodiments, more preferably higher than 7.3% in other embodiments, and even higher than 11% in other embodiments. There are applications where a higher amount of %Mn is desirable, particularly when improved hot ductility, and / or improved strength, toughness, and / or hardenability, and / or improved nitrogen solubility are desired. For these applications, a %Mn amount of 0.01% or more in some embodiments, 0.3% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, 1.3% or more in other embodiments, and 1.9% or more in yet other embodiments is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excessive amount of %Mn has been found to be detrimental, and for these applications, a %Mn amount of less than 2.7% in some embodiments, less than 1.4% in other embodiments, less than 0.6% in other embodiments, less than 0.2% in other embodiments, and even present in other embodiments is desirable. In some applications, the presence of excess chromium (%Cr) is detrimental, and in these applications, a %Cr content of less than 14% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, less than 3.8% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, and even less than 0.08% in yet another embodiment. In some embodiments, there are even certain applications where %Cr is detrimental or suboptimal for certain reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Cr is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of chromium is desirable, particularly when high corrosion resistance and / or oxidation resistance at high temperatures are required in these applications, in one embodiment, an amount greater than 1.2% by weight is desirable, in another embodiment preferably more than 2.6%, in another embodiment preferably more than 5.5% by weight, in another embodiment preferably more than 6.1%, in another embodiment even more preferably more than 7%, in another embodiment more preferably more than 10.4%, and in yet another embodiment more than 16%. In some applications, the presence of excess aluminum (%Al) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %Al content be less than 12.9% in one embodiment, preferably less than 10.4% in another embodiment, and preferably less than 8% in yet another embodiment. It is desirable that the content be 4%, less than 7.8% by weight in another embodiment, preferably less than 6.1% in another embodiment, preferably less than 4.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 3.4% in another embodiment, preferably less than 2.7% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.8% by weight in another embodiment, and still less than 0.8% in yet another embodiment. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of aluminum is desirable, particularly when high hardening and / or environmental resistance is required, and for these applications, it is desirable that the content be 4%, preferably greater than 3.2% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 4.8% in another embodiment, preferably greater than 6.1% in another embodiment, preferably greater than 7.3% in another embodiment, preferably greater than 8.2% in another embodiment, and still greater than 12% in yet another embodiment. Depending on the application, aluminum is mainly used to integrate particles in the form of a low-melting-point alloy, in which case it is desirable to have at least 0.2% aluminum in the final alloy, preferably more than 0.52%, more preferably more than 1.02%, and even more preferably more than 3.2%. Depending on the application, it is interesting to establish a certain relationship between the aluminum content (% Al) and the gallium content (% Ga). If the output parameter is % Al = S * % Ga, then depending on the application, it is desirable that S be 0.72 or higher, preferably 1.1 or higher, more preferably 2.2 or higher, and even more preferably 4.2 or higher. If the parameter obtained from Ga = T * % Al is called T, then depending on the application, it is desirable that the T value be 0.25 or higher, preferably 0.42 or higher, more preferably 1.6 or higher, and even more preferably 4.2 or higher. Furthermore, it has been found to be interesting in certain applications to substitute a portion of Ga with % Bi, % Cd, % Cs, % Sn, % Pb, % Zn, % Rb, or % In, and to substitute the sum of % Ga for the definitions of s and T. Ga +% Bi +% Cd +% Cs +% Sn +% Pb + Zn% +% Rb +% In, where, depending on the application, it may be interesting if any of these are absent (i.e., even if the sum matches a given value, any of the items may be absent, resulting in a nominal content of 0%, which is advantageous for a given application where the item in question is harmful or unsuitable for some reason). In some applications, an excess of cobalt (%Co) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Co content of less than 9.8% by weight in one embodiment and preferably less than 6.8% by weight in another embodiment is desirable. 4%, preferably less than 5.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 4.6% in another embodiment, preferably less than 3.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 2.8% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.4%, and even further less than 0.8% in another embodiment is desirable. For certain applications where %Co is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reason in one embodiment, it is even preferable that %Co is not present in the iron-based alloy in these applications. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of cobalt is desirable, particularly when improved hardness and / or temper resistance is required. For these applications, an amount greater than 2.2% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, preferably more than 4% in another embodiment, preferably more than 5.6% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 6.4% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 8% in another embodiment, and still preferably more than 12% in yet another embodiment. Other applications where %Co is preferable include 0.0001% or more in embodiments, 0.15% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, and 1.6% or more in other embodiments. In some applications, the presence of excess carbon equivalents (%Ceq) can be detrimental. In these applications, the %Ceq content is preferably less than 2.4% by weight in one embodiment, less than 2.1% in another embodiment, less than 1.95% in yet another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.8% in yet another embodiment, even more preferably 0.9% by weight in yet another embodiment, and less than 0.38% in yet another embodiment. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of carbon equivalent is desirable. In one embodiment, an amount exceeding 0.27% by weight is desirable, in another embodiment preferably more than 0.42% by weight, in yet another embodiment more preferably more than 0.82%, and in yet another embodiment even more than 1.2%. In some applications, the presence of excess carbon (%C) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %C content be less than 1.8% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 1.4% in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.9% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.58% by weight in another embodiment, and less than 0.44% in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in applications where the presence of higher levels of carbon is desirable, particularly for increased mechanical strength and / or hardness, an increase may be desired. In these applications, an amount greater than 0.27% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, preferably greater than 0.32% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 0.42% in another embodiment, and more than 1.2% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, an excess of boron (%B) can be harmful, and in these applications, it has been found that %B content of less than 1.8% by weight in one embodiment, less than 1.4% in another embodiment, less than 0.9% in another embodiment, less than 0.06% in another embodiment, and less than 0.006% in another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, there are even some applications for which %B is harmful or unsuitable for one or more reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %B is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications for which a higher amount of boron is desirable, with amounts of 60 ppm by weight or more being desirable in one embodiment, 200 ppm or more being preferred in another embodiment, 0.1% or more being preferred in another embodiment, 0.35% or more being preferred in another embodiment, more preferred in another embodiment, and 0.52% or more, and more preferably 1.2% or more being preferred in another embodiment. It has been found that the presence of boron (%B) may be harmful, and its absence is preferable in some applications (removing it beyond a content of less than 0.1% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 0.008% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.0008% in yet another embodiment, and less than 0.00008% in yet another embodiment may not be economically viable). In some applications, the presence of excess nitrogen (%N) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %N content of less than 1.4% by weight, preferably less than 0.9%, more preferably less than 0.06% by weight, and even less than 0.006% is desirable. In contrast, there are also applications where a higher amount of nitrogen is desirable. In these applications, an amount of 60 ppm by weight or more is desirable, preferably 200 ppm or more, more preferably 0.2% or more, and even more preferably 1.2% or more. The presence of nitrogen (%N) can be harmful, and it is known that there are applications where its absence (removing it as an impurity beyond a content of less than 0.1% by weight, preferably less than 0.008%, more preferably less than 0.0008%, and even less than 0.00008%, may not be economically viable) is preferable. In some applications, the presence of excess zirconium (%Zr) and / or hafnium (%Hf) can be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable in one embodiment that the %Zr + %Hf content be less than 11.4% by weight, in another embodiment less than 9.8%, in another embodiment less than 7.8% by weight, in another embodiment less than 6.3%, in another embodiment preferably less than 4.8%, in another embodiment preferably less than 3.2%, in another embodiment preferably less than 2.6%, in another embodiment more preferably less than 1.8% by weight, and in another embodiment even less than 0.8%. In some applications, %Zr and / or %Hf may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or another reason, and in these applications, in embodiments, it is preferable that %Zr and / or %Hf are not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of some of these elements at higher levels is desirable, particularly in applications where high hardenability and / or environmental resistance is required, and in these applications, in embodiments, it is desirable that the amount of %Zr + %Hf be greater than 0.1% by weight, and in another embodiment, it is preferable that it be greater than 1. The amount is by weight%, preferably greater than 2.6% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 4.1% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably 6% or more in another embodiment, more preferably 7.9% or more in another embodiment, or even 9.1% or more in another embodiment. In some applications, the presence of excess molybdenum (%Mo) and / or tungsten (%W) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a low %Mo + 1 / 2%W content is preferred in embodiments less than 14% by weight, preferably less than 9% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 4.8% by weight in another embodiment, and even less than 1.8% in yet another embodiment. There are also some applications for which %Mo is detrimental or unsuitable for one or another reasons in certain embodiments, and in these applications, it is preferred in embodiments that %Mo is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of molybdenum and tungsten is desirable, and in these applications, it is preferred in embodiments that the amount of %Mo + 1 / 2%W is greater than 1.2% by weight, preferably greater than 3.2% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 5.2% in another embodiment, and more preferably greater than 12% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, an excess of %Si can be detrimental, and in these applications, a weight %Si amount of less than 3.4% in some embodiments, less than 1.8% in others, less than 0.8% in others, less than 0.45% in others, and less than 0.8% in more preferred embodiments, and less than 0.08% in some embodiments, and has been found to be absent in iron-based alloys in other embodiments as well. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of %Si is desirable, particularly when improved strength and / or resistance to oxidation is desired. In these applications, a %Si amount of 0.01% or more in some embodiments, 0.27% or more in others, preferably 0.52% or more in others, more preferably 0.82% or more in others, and 1.2% or more in yet other embodiments is desirable. In some applications, an excess of vanadium (%V) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, the %V content is preferably less than 11.3% in one embodiment, less than 9.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 6.2% in yet another embodiment, 9%, 2.7% or less in another embodiment, 2.1% or less in another embodiment, preferably 1.8% or less in another embodiment, more preferably 0.78% by weight or less in yet another embodiment, and 0.45% or less in yet another embodiment. For some applications, %V may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or another reason, and in these applications, it is preferable in embodiments that %V is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of a higher amount of vanadium is desirable. In these applications, an amount greater than 0.01% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, greater than 0.2% by weight in another embodiment, greater than 0.6% by weight in another embodiment, greater than 2.2% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 4.2% in yet another embodiment, and greater than 10.2% in yet another embodiment. It has been found that there are applications where the presence of titanium is desirable, particularly in applications where an increase in mechanical properties at high temperatures is desired. Typically, it is present in amounts greater than 0.05% by weight in embodiments, preferably greater than 0.2% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 4.1% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 1.2% in another embodiment, or more than 4% in another embodiment. In contrast, for some applications, an excess of titanium (%Ti) can be detrimental, and for these applications, a %Ti content of less than 1.8% by weight, preferably less than 1.4% in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.02% by weight in another embodiment, and even less than 0.004% in another embodiment is desirable. For some applications, %Ti may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in embodiments, it is preferable that %Ti is not present in the iron-based alloy for these applications. In some applications, the presence of excess tantalum (%Ta) and / or niobium (%Nb) can be detrimental. In these applications, the %Ta+%Nb content is preferably less than 14.3% by weight in one embodiment, less than 7.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 4.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, less than 1.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, and even less than 0.8% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, %Ta and / or %Nb may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or another reasons. In these applications, it is preferable, in embodiments, that %Ta and / or %Nb are not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where higher amounts of %Ta and / or %Nb are desirable, particularly when Nb is added to improve resistance to intergranular corrosion and / or improve mechanical properties at high temperatures. In these applications, in one embodiment, an amount of %Nb+%Ta greater than 0 is desired. The amount is preferably greater than 0.6% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 1.2% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 2.1% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 6% in another embodiment, and still more than 12% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, an excess of copper (%Cu) can be detrimental, and in these applications, it has been found that a %Cu content of less than 8.2% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 7.1% in another embodiment, preferably less than 5.2% in yet another embodiment, 4%, more preferably 4.5% by weight or less in another embodiment, more preferably 3.3% by weight or less in another embodiment, more preferably 2.6% by weight or less in another embodiment, more preferably 1.4% by weight or less in yet another embodiment, and 0.9% by weight or less in yet another embodiment. For some applications, %Cu may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or another reason, and in embodiments, in these applications, it is preferable that %Cu is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where a higher level of copper is desirable, particularly when improved corrosion resistance and / or workability and / or reduced work hardening to certain acids are desired. For these applications, the amount is greater than 0.1% by weight in one embodiment, greater than 1.3% by weight in another embodiment, greater than 3.6% by weight in yet another embodiment, greater than 6% by weight in yet another embodiment, and greater than 7.6% in yet another embodiment. There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %S is desirable. In some embodiments, an amount of %S greater than 0.0001% is desirable, in other embodiments greater than 0.15%, in other embodiments greater than 0.9%, in other embodiments greater than 1.3%, and in even other embodiments greater than 1.9%. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %S has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, an amount of %S less than 2.7% in some embodiments, less than 1.4% in other embodiments, less than 0.6%, and in other embodiments less than 0.2% is desirable. In some embodiments, %S is detrimental or not optimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %S is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %Se is desirable. In one embodiment, a % Se content of 0.0001% or more is desired; in another embodiment, 0.15% or more; in yet another embodiment, 0.9% or more; in yet another embodiment, 1.3% or more; in yet another embodiment, 2.6%; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2% or more is desired. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Se has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Se content of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in another embodiment is desired. In some embodiments, %Se is detrimental or, for some reason, not optimal, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Se is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Te is desirable. In one embodiment, a Te content of 0.0001% or more is desired; in another embodiment, 0.15% or more; in yet another embodiment, 0.9% or more; in yet another embodiment, 1.3% or more; in yet another embodiment, 2.6%; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2% or more. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Te has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Te content of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in yet another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, %Te is detrimental or not optimal for one or another reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Te is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %As is desirable. In some embodiments, an As content of 0.0001% or more is desired; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6%; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2% or more. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %As has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, an As content of less than 4.4% in some embodiments, less than 3.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.7% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is considered desirable. In some embodiments, %As is harmful or, for some reason, not optimal, and in these applications, it is preferable that %As is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Sb is desirable. In these applications, the presence of %Sb is desirable as follows: 0.0001% or more in one embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, 1.3% or more in another embodiment, 2.6% in another embodiment, and even 3.2% in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Sb has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %Sb amount of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in another embodiment is desirable. In embodiments where Sb is harmful or for any reason is not optimal, it is preferable that the iron-based alloy does not contain Sb in these applications. There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Ca is desirable. In one embodiment, a %Ca amount of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in another embodiment, 0.15% or more; in yet another embodiment, 0.9% or more; in yet another embodiment, 1.3% or more; in yet another embodiment, 2.6%; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2%. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Ca has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Ca amount of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, %Ca is detrimental or suboptimal for some reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Ca is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %P is desirable. In some embodiments, a %P amount of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6% or more; and in yet other embodiments, 3.2% or more is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %P has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %P amount of less than 4.9% in some embodiments, less than 3.4% in other embodiments, less than 2.8% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %P is harmful or, for one or another reason, is suboptimal; in these applications, it is preferable that %P is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %Ge is desirable. In these applications, a %Ge amount of 0.0001% or more in one embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, 1.3% or more in another embodiment, 2.6% or more in another embodiment, and even 3.2% or more in yet another embodiment is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Ge has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %Ge amount of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, %Ge is harmful or not optimal for one or another reasons; in these applications, it is preferable that %Ge is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where a higher amount of %Y is desirable. In some embodiments, a Y content of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6% or more; and in even other embodiments, 3.2% or more is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Y has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Y content of less than 4.9% in some embodiments, less than 3.4% in other embodiments, less than 2.8% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %Y is detrimental or not optimal for any reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Y is not present in the iron-based alloy. There are applications where a higher amount of %Ce is desirable. In these applications, a %Ce content of 0.0001% or more in one embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, 1.3% or more in another embodiment, 2.6% in another embodiment, and 3.2% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Ce has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Ce content of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, %Ce is detrimental or, for some reason, suboptimal, and in these applications, it is preferable that the iron-based alloy does not contain %Ce. There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %La is desirable. In these applications, a % La content of 0.0001% or more in one embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, 1.3% or more in another embodiment, 2.6% in another embodiment, and even 3.2% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %La has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %La content of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, %La is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %La is not present in the iron-based alloy. In certain applications, it has been found to be interesting to include silicon and manganese simultaneously, and to have high levels of zirconium and titanium (which can also be substituted for chromium). In this case, the condition %Cr +%V +%Mo +%W +%Nb +%Ta +%Zr +%Ti > 3 is reduced to %Cr +%V +%Mo +%W +%Nb +%Ta +%Zr +%Ti > 1.5. In these cases, it has been found that %Mn+%Si should be 1.55% or more, preferably 2.2% or more, more preferably 5.5% or more, and even more preferably 7.5% or more. In some applications in these cases, it has been found that the %Mn+%Si content should not be excessive, and in these cases, it has been found that it should be 14% or less, preferably 9% or less, more preferably 6.8% or less, and even more preferably 5.9% or less. In these cases, it has been found that it is desirable for the %Mn content to exceed 2.1%, preferably 4.1%, more preferably 6.2%, and even more preferably 8.2%. In some of these cases, an excessive amount of %Mn is harmful, and it has been found that a %Mn content of less than 14%, preferably less than 9%, more preferably less than 6.8%, and even more preferably less than 4.2% is advantageous. In some of these cases, a %Si content of 1.2% or more, preferably 1.6% or more, more preferably 2.1% or more, and even more preferably 4.2% or more is advantageous. In some of these cases, an excessive amount of %Si is harmful, and it has been found that a %Si content of less than 9%, preferably less than 4.9%, more preferably less than 2.9%, and even more preferably less than 1.9% is advantageous. In some of these cases, a %Ti content of 0.55% or more, preferably 1.2% or more, more preferably 2.2% or more, and even more preferably 4.2% or more is desirable. In some of these cases, an excessive amount of %Ti is harmful, and it has been found that a %Ti content of less than 8%, preferably less than 4%, more preferably less than 2.8%, and even more preferably less than 0.8% is advantageous.In these cases, it has been found that it is desirable to have a %Zr content of 0.55%, preferably 1.55%, more preferably 3.2%, and even more preferably 0.8%. It is even higher than 5.2%. In some of these cases, an excessive content of %Zr is harmful, and it is considered beneficial to have a %Zr content of less than 8%, preferably less than 5.8%, more preferably less than 4.8%, and even less than 1.8%. In some of these cases, it has been found that it is desirable to have a %C content up to 0.31%, preferably 0.41% or more, more preferably 0.52% or more, and even more than 1.05% or more. For some of these examples, an excessive content of %C may be harmful, and it is considered beneficial to have a low %C content of 2.8%, preferably less than 1.8%, more preferably less than 0.9%, and even less than 0.48%. Obviously, for these and other factors, they apply the requirements of the special application of the rest of the section (as well as the rest of the document) which are compatible with all the special applications described in this paragraph. If bainite treatment is performed, these alloys are of particular interest for several applications and / or if the treatment retains austenite to have a significant increase in hardness with low-temperature treatment (below 790°C, preferably below 690°C, more preferably below 590°C, and even further below 490°C). It is suitable for the microstructure of several applications, set to have a hardness increase of 6 HRc or more, preferably above 11 HRc, more preferably above 16 HRc, and even further above 21 HRc (if the microstructure is adjusted, in some cases it can be passed around 200 HB to 60 HRc with low-temperature treatment). The particles of these alloys are also of particular interest for the AM process of molten metal particles (which is many of the alloys presented herein, although not specifically mentioned). When aluminum is used as a low-melting-point element, or when other types of particles that oxidize rapidly upon contact with air, such as magnesium, are used as low-melting-point elements, it is used in several applications. When magnesium is used primarily as a destructor for alumina films on aluminum particles or aluminum alloys (sometimes it is introduced as another powdered magnesium or magnesium alloy, sometimes it is alloyed directly with aluminum particles or alloy aluminum, and sometimes other particles such as low-melting-point particles), the final %Mg content can be quite small, and in these applications, a content of 0.001% or more is often preferred, more preferably higher than the above 0.02%, and even more preferably 3.6%. For some applications, it is interesting that the compaction and / or densification of aluminum and particles is often carried out in air with a high nitrogen content, particularly when the compaction and / or densification phase (e.g., liquid and / or non-sintered) occurs at high temperatures, as nitrogen reacts with aluminum and / or other elements to form nitrides, thus appearing as an element in the final composition. In such cases, it is often useful to have a nitrogen content of 0.002% or more, preferably 0.02% or more, more preferably 0.4% or more, and even 2.2% or more in the final composition. There are certain elements, such as Sn, that are detrimental to specific applications, particularly certain Cr and / or C content. For these applications, in embodiments where %Cr is between 0.47% and 5.8% and / or C is between 0.7% and 2.74%, %Sn is 0.087% or less or not present in the composition; in yet another embodiment, where %Cr is between 0.47% and 5.8% and / or C is between 0.7% and 2.74%, %Sn is 0.92% or more. There are several applications where the presence of Si and B in the composition is detrimental to the overall properties of the steel, particularly with respect to specific Cu and / or B content. For these applications, in embodiments where %Cu is between 0.097 atomic% (at.%) and 3.33 at.%, the total content of %B and / or %Si is 4.77 at.% or less, and in other embodiments where %Cu is between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, the total content of %B and / or %Si is less than 1. In another embodiment where %Cu is between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 2.4 at.% or less and / or %Si is 5.77 at.% or less; in another embodiment where %Cu is between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 16.2 at.% or more and / or %Si is 27.2 at.% or more. In another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, the total content of %B and %Si is 31 at.% or more; and in another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, the total content of %B and %Si is 31 at.% or more. In another embodiment, %Cu is between 0.3 at.% and 1.7 at.%, %B is 4.2 at.% or less, and / or %Si is 8.77 at.% or less. In yet another embodiment, %Cu is between 0.3 at.% and 1.7 at.%, %B is 9.2 at.% or more, and / or %Si is 17.2 at.% or more. In yet another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 9.77 at.% or less. In yet another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 22.2% or more. In yet another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 32.2 at.% or more. In another embodiment having %Cu between 0.97 at.% and 3.33 at.% %B is less than or equal to 9.77 at.% and in another embodiment having %Cu between 0.97 at.% and 3.33 at.% %B is greater than 22.2 at.%.In another embodiment having a %B between 0.97 at.% and 33.33 at.% the total content of %B and / or %Si is less than 1.33 at.% and in another embodiment having a %B between 0.97 at.% and 33.33 at.% the total content of %B and / or %Si is 33.33 at.% or more. Depending on the application, certain content of elements such as Si and B may be detrimental to the content of certain Al and Ga elements. For such applications, embodiments with %Al between 1.87 at.% are preferred. In embodiments where %Al is between 1.87 and 16.6 at.%, %B is lower than 3.87%. In another embodiment, %Al is between 1.87 at.%. In another embodiment where %Al is between 1.87 and 16.6 at.%, %B is higher than 23.87%. Even in another embodiment with %Al between 1.87 at.%, %B is higher than 23.87%. In another embodiment with %Ga between 1.87 and 16.6 at.% and / or between 0.43 at.% and 5.2 at.%, %B is 1.33 at.% or less, and / or %Si is 0.43 at.% or less. In another embodiment, %Al is between 1.87 at.%. %Ga is between 0.43 at.% and 16.6 at.% and / or between 0.43 at.% and 5.2 at.%, %B is 11.33 at.% or greater, and / or %Si is 5.43 at.% or greater. Like Co, some elements are harmful in specific applications, particularly at certain Ni content levels. In these applications, in embodiments where %Ni is between 24.47% and 35.8%, %Co is lower than 12.6%. In other embodiments, even when %Ni is between 24.47% and 35.8%, %Co is higher than 26.6%. Some elements, such as rare earth elements (REs), are harmful in certain applications. For these applications, REs are not included in the composition in the embodiments. For some applications, it is desirable that the above alloy has a melting point of 890°C or lower, preferably 640°C or lower, more preferably 180°C or lower, or 46°C or lower. The above Fe alloys can be optionally combined with other embodiments described herein, provided that their respective characteristics are not incompatible. The use of terms such as "less than or equal to," "greater than or equal to," "from," "up to," "at least," "greater than," and "less than" implies a range that includes the repeated number and can then be broken down into subranges. In one embodiment, the present invention refers to the use of iron alloys for manufacturing metal or at least partially metal parts. The present invention is particularly suitable for constructing components from iron or iron alloys. It is especially suitable for manufacturing components having the compositions described below. In one embodiment, the present invention refers to an iron-based alloy having the following composition, where all percentages are by weight. %C = 0.0008 - 3.9 %N= 0 - 1.0 %B= 0 - 1.0 %Ti= 0 - 2 %Cr < 3.0 %Ni= 0 - 6 %Si= 0 - 1.4 %Mn= 0 - 20 %Al= 0 - 2.5 %Mo= 0 - 10 %W= 0 - 10 %Sc: 0 - 20; %Ta= 0 - 3 %Zr= 0 - 3 %Hf= 0 - 3 %V= 0 - 4 %Nb= 0 - 1.5 %Cu= 0 - 20 %Co= 0 - 6, %Ce = 0 - 3 %La = 0 - 3 %Si: 0 - 15; %Li: 0 - 20; %Mg: 0 - 20; %Zn: 0 - 20; The remainder consists of iron (Fe) and trace elements. While iron-based alloys have applications where a high iron (%Fe) content is advantageous, iron does not need to constitute the majority of the alloy. In one embodiment, %Fe is greater than 1.3%, in another embodiment greater than 6%, in yet another greater than 13%, in yet another greater than 27%, in yet another greater than 39%, in yet another greater than 53%, in yet another greater than 69%, and in yet another greater than 87%. In one embodiment, %Fe is less than 99%, in another embodiment less than 83%, in yet another less than 69%, in yet another less than 54%, in yet another less than 48%, in yet another less than 41%, in yet another less than 38%, and in yet another less than 25%. In another embodiment, %Fe is not the majority element in the iron-based alloy. In this context, trace elements refer to, but are not limited to, several elements unless the context explicitly indicates otherwise. H, He, Xe, Be, O, F, Ne, Na, , P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt used alone and / or in combination. The inventors have found that in some applications of the present invention, it is important to limit the presence of trace elements, individually and / or in combination, to less than 1.8% by weight, preferably less than 0.8%, more preferably less than 0.1%, and even less than 0.03%. Trace elements may be intentionally added to achieve specific functions of steel, such as reducing the cost of steel, and / or their presence may be unintentional and primarily related to the presence of alloying elements and impurities in the scrap used in the manufacture of steel. There are several applications where the presence of trace elements negatively affects the overall properties of iron-based alloys. In some embodiments, the total content of all trace elements is 2.0% or less; in other embodiments, 1.4% or less; in other embodiments, 0.8% or less; in other embodiments, 0.2% or less; in other embodiments, 0.1% or less; and even 0.06% or less. There are also certain applications where it is preferable for the iron-based alloy to be free of trace elements. The presence of trace elements has other applications, such as reducing the cost of the alloy or achieving any other additional beneficial effects without affecting the desired properties of the iron-based alloy. In some embodiments, the content of individual trace elements is 2.0% or less, in other embodiments 1.4% or less, in other embodiments 0.8% or less, in other embodiments 0.2% or less, in other embodiments 0.1% or less, and even 0.06% or less. The desired amounts of individual elements for different applications can, in this case, continue in the same pattern as in the case of high mechanical strength iron-based alloys or tool steel alloys, as described in the previous paragraph, with the exception of % elements C, %B, %N and %Cr and / or %Ni in the case of corrosion-resistant alloys. In some applications, the presence of excess nickel (%Ni) can be detrimental, and in these applications, it has been found that the %Ni content is preferably less than 8% in embodiments, preferably less than 4.7% in other embodiments, preferably less than 2.8% in other embodiments, preferably less than 2.3% in other embodiments, more preferably less than 1.8% in other embodiments, and less than 0 in other embodiments. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of nickel is desirable, particularly when improved ductility and toughness are desired, and / or when improved strength and / or weldability are required, in these applications the amount is greater than 0 in embodiments. It can be greater than 0% by weight, greater than 0.65% by weight in other embodiments, greater than 1.2% by weight in other embodiments, preferably greater than 8.3% by weight in other embodiments, preferably greater than 3.2% in other embodiments, more preferably greater than 5.2% in other embodiments, and even greater than 18% in other embodiments. In some applications, particularly when improved strength and / or oxidation resistance is desired, a higher amount of %Si is desirable. In these applications, a %Si content of 0.01% or more is desirable in some embodiments, 0.15% or more in other embodiments, 0.6% or more in other embodiments, and 1.1% or more in yet other embodiments. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Si has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Si content of less than 0.8% is desirable in some embodiments, and less than 0.4% in other embodiments. In particular, in applications where improved hot ductility, strength, toughness, hardenability, and nitrogen solubility are desired, a higher amount of %Mn is desirable. For these applications, a %Mn amount of 0.01% or more is desirable in some embodiments, 0.3% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, 1.3% or more in other embodiments, and 1.9% or more in yet other embodiments. In contrast, it has been found that an excessive amount of %Mn can be detrimental for some applications, and for these applications, a %Mn amount of less than 2.7% is desirable in some embodiments, less than 1.4% in other embodiments, less than 0.6% in other embodiments, and less than 0.2% in other embodiments. In some applications, the presence of excess chromium (%Cr) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %Cr amount be less than 14% in some embodiments, less than 3.8% in other embodiments, and less than 0.8% in yet other embodiments. In contrast, in applications where the presence of higher levels of chromium is desirable, particularly when high corrosion and / or oxidation resistance at high temperatures is required, in these applications, it is desirable that the amount exceed 1.2% by weight in one embodiment, more than 1.6% by weight in other embodiments, more than 2.2% by weight in yet other embodiments, and more than 2.8% in yet other embodiments. In some applications, the presence of excess aluminum (%Al) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, an Al content of less than 2.3% in one embodiment, more preferably less than 1.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 0.8% in yet another embodiment, or even a percentage not present in the iron-based alloy is desirable. In contrast, there are applications where a higher level of aluminum is desirable, particularly when high hardening and / or environmental resistance is required, and for these applications, the amount is desirable in one embodiment, greater than 1.2% by weight in another embodiment, and greater than 1.9% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, an excess of cobalt (%Co) can be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable to have a %Co content of less than 5.8% in one embodiment, preferably less than 4.6% in another embodiment, preferably less than 3.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 2.8% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.4% in yet another embodiment, and even further 0.8% in yet another embodiment. For certain applications where %Co is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reason in one embodiment, it may even be preferable that %Co is not present in the iron-based alloy in these applications. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of cobalt is desirable, particularly when improved hardness and / or temper resistance is required. In these applications, an amount greater than 2.2% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, preferably more than 4% in another embodiment, and preferably more than 5.6% in yet another embodiment. There are also applications where %Co of 0.0001% or more in another embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, and 1.6% or more in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some applications, the presence of excess carbon (%C) can be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %C content be less than 1.8% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 1.4% in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.9% in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.48% in another embodiment, even more preferably less than 0.18% in another embodiment, and 0.008% in yet another embodiment. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of carbon is desirable, particularly those where an increase in mechanical strength and / or hardness is desired. In these applications, an amount greater than 0.02% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, preferably more than 0.12% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably more than 0.42% in another embodiment, and even more preferably more than 3.2% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, an excess of boron (%B) can be harmful, and in these applications, a %B content of less than 0.48% by weight in one embodiment, less than 0.19% by weight in another embodiment, less than 0.06% by weight in yet another embodiment, and less than 0.006% in yet another embodiment is preferred. In some embodiments, for certain applications where %B is harmful or unoptimal for one or more reasons, it is even preferred that %B be absent from the iron-based alloy in these applications. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of boron is desirable, and in these applications, an amount of 60 ppm by weight or more is preferred in one embodiment, 200 ppm or more is preferred in another embodiment, 0.12% or more is preferred in yet another embodiment, and greater than 0.52% is preferred in yet another embodiment. The presence of boron (%B) can be harmful, and its absence is preferred in some applications (removing it beyond its content as an impurity may not be economically feasible, and it is more preferable to have less than 0.1% by weight in one embodiment, less than 0.008% in another embodiment, less than 0.0008% in yet another embodiment, and less than 0.00008% in yet another embodiment). In some applications, the presence of excess nitrogen (%N) can be detrimental, and in these applications, a %N content of less than 0.46% in one embodiment, preferably less than 0.18% by weight in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.06% by weight in yet another embodiment, and less than 0.0006% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, for certain applications where %N is detrimental or unoptimal for one or another reason, it is even preferable in these applications that %N is not present in the iron-based alloy in an embodiment. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of a larger amount of nitrogen is desirable, particularly when high resistance to localized corrosion is desired. For these applications, an amount of 60 ppm by weight or more is desirable in one embodiment, 200 ppm or more is desirable in another embodiment, 0.2% or more is desirable in yet another embodiment, and 0.52% or more is desirable in yet another embodiment. It has been found that there are applications where the presence of nitrogen (%N) may be harmful, and in embodiments, its absence is preferred (it may not be economically feasible to remove it beyond its content as an impurity, and in another embodiment, it may be less than 0.1% by weight, in another embodiment less than 0.008%, in yet another embodiment more preferably less than 0.0008%, and in yet another embodiment less than 0.00008%). In some applications, the presence of excess titanium (%Ti), zirconium (%Zr), and / or hafnium (%Hf) can be harmful, and in these applications, in one embodiment, it is preferable that the %Ti + %Zr + %Hf content be less than 7.8% by weight, less than 6.3% in another embodiment, preferably less than 4.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 3.2%, preferably less than 2.6%, more preferably less than 1.8% by weight in another embodiment, and even more preferably less than 0.8% in another embodiment. In some applications, %Ti and / or %Zr and / or %Hf may be harmful or even suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, in embodiments, it is preferable that %Ti and / or %Zr and / or %Hf are not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of some of these elements at higher levels is desirable, particularly applications requiring high curability and / or environmental resistance, in which the amount of %Ti+%Zr+%Hf is preferably greater than 0.1 wt% in one embodiment, greater than 1.2 wt% in another embodiment, greater than 2.6 wt% in yet another embodiment, more preferably greater than 4.1 wt% in yet another embodiment, more preferably greater than 5.2% in yet another embodiment, or even greater than 6% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, the presence of excess molybdenum (%Mo) and / or tungsten (%W) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a low %Mo + 1 / 2%W content is desirable, in embodiments less than 14% by weight, preferably less than 9% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 4.8% by weight in another embodiment, and even less than 1.8% in another embodiment. There are also some applications for which %Mo is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons in a given embodiment, and in these applications, it is preferable in embodiments that %Mo is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of molybdenum and tungsten is desirable, and in these applications, it is desirable in embodiments that the amount of %Mo + 1 / 2%W is greater than 1.2% by weight, in another embodiment preferably greater than 3.2% by weight, in another embodiment more preferably greater than 5.2%, and in another embodiment even more preferably greater than 12%. In some applications, an excess of vanadium (%V) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %V content be less than 3.8% in one embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, less than 2.1% in another embodiment, preferably less than 1.8% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.78% in another embodiment, and even less than 0.45% in another embodiment. For some applications, %V may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or another reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that %V is absent from the iron-based alloy in an embodiment. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of a higher amount of vanadium is desirable. In these applications, it is desirable that the amount exceeds 0.01% by weight in one embodiment, more than 0.2% by weight in another embodiment, more than 0.6% by weight in another embodiment, more than 2.2% by weight in another embodiment, and even more than 2.9% in another embodiment. In some applications, the presence of excess tantalum (%Ta) and / or niobium (%Nb) can be detrimental, and in these applications, it has been found that the %Ta+%Nb content is preferably less than 4.3% in one embodiment, less than 3.4% in another embodiment, less than 1.8% in yet another embodiment, and less than 0.8% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, %Ta and / or %Nb may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferably the absence of %Ta and / or %Nb in the iron-based alloy in one embodiment. In contrast, there are applications where higher amounts of %Ta and / or %Nb are desirable, particularly when Nb is added to improve resistance to intergranular corrosion and / or improve mechanical properties at high temperatures. In these applications, in one embodiment, an amount of %Nb+%Ta greater than 0 is desired. It is preferable to have a weight %, preferably greater than 0.6 wt% in another embodiment, preferably greater than 1.2 wt% in another embodiment, preferably greater than 2.1 wt% in yet another embodiment, and preferably greater than 2.9% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, an excess of copper (%Cu) can be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Cu content of less than 1.6% by weight is desirable in some embodiments, more preferably less than 1.4% by weight in other embodiments, and less than 0.9% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, %Cu may be detrimental or even suboptimal for one or more reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable in embodiments that %Cu is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where a higher level of copper is desirable, particularly when improved corrosion resistance and / or workability and / or reduced work hardening to certain acids are desired. For these applications, amounts exceeding 0.1% by weight in some embodiments, more than 0.6% by weight in other embodiments, and more than 1.1% in yet another embodiment. There are applications where a higher amount of %La is desirable. For these applications, a %La amount greater than 0.0001% is desirable in one embodiment, greater than 0.15% in another embodiment, greater than 0.9% in yet another embodiment, greater than 1.3% in yet another embodiment, greater than 1.6% in yet another embodiment, and even greater than 1.9% in yet another embodiment. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %La has been found to be detrimental, and for these applications, a %La amount of less than 2.6% in one embodiment and less than 1.4% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some embodiments, %La is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %La is not present in the iron-based alloy. In some applications, the presence of excess magnesium (%Mg) has been found to be harmful, and in these applications, a %Mg content of less than 9.8% by weight in one embodiment and preferably less than 6.4% by weight in another embodiment is desirable. 4%, preferably less than 5.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 4.6% in another embodiment, preferably less than 3.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 2.8% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.4% in another embodiment, and even more preferably less than 0.8% in another embodiment. In some embodiments, there are even some applications where %Mg is harmful or unoptimal for one or another reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Mg is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are also applications where the presence of a larger amount of magnesium is desirable. For these applications, an amount greater than 2.2% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, preferably more than 4% in another embodiment, preferably more than 5.6% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 6.4% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 8% in another embodiment, and preferably more than 12% in yet another embodiment. In embodiments where %Mg is greater than 0.0001%, in other embodiments where it is greater than 0.15%, in other embodiments where it is greater than 0.9%, and in other embodiments where it is greater than 1.6%, there are other applications where %Mg is desirable. In some applications, an excess of zinc (%Zn) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Zn content of less than 9.8% by weight in one embodiment and preferably less than 6.8% by weight in another embodiment is desirable. 4%, preferably less than 5.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 4.6% in another embodiment, preferably less than 3.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 2.8% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.4% in another embodiment, and even more preferably less than 0.8% in another embodiment is desirable. For given applications where %Zn is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reason in one embodiment, in these applications, it is even preferable that %Zn is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where a greater amount of zinc is desirable. For these applications, an amount greater than 2.2% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, preferably more than 4% in another embodiment, preferably more than 5.6% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 6.4% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 8% in another embodiment, and still preferably more than 12% in yet another embodiment. There are preferred applications even in embodiments with %Zn of 0.0001% or more, %Zn in other embodiments with 0.15% or more, %Zn in other embodiments with 0.9% or more, and even in other embodiments with 1.6% or more. In some applications, an excess of lithium (%Li) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Li content of less than 9.8% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, and preferably less than 6.6% in another embodiment. 4%, preferably less than 5.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 4.6% in another embodiment, preferably less than 3.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 2.8% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.4% in another embodiment, and even more preferably less than 0.8% in yet another embodiment. For given applications where %Li is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reason in one embodiment, in these applications, it is even preferable that %Li is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where a greater amount of lithium is desirable. For these applications, an amount greater than 2.2% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, more than 4% in another embodiment, more than 5.6% in another embodiment, more than 6.4% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 8% in yet another embodiment, and more preferably more than 12% in yet another embodiment. Other applications where %Li is preferable include 0.0001% or more in embodiments, 0.15% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, and 1.6% or more in other embodiments. In some applications, an excess of scandium (%Sc) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Sc content of less than 9.8% by weight in one embodiment and preferably less than 6.8% by weight in other embodiments is desirable. 4%, preferably less than 5.8% in another embodiment, preferably less than 4.6% in another embodiment, preferably less than 3.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 2.8% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.4%, and even further less than 0.8% in another embodiment is desirable. There are also some applications for which %Sc is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reason in a given embodiment, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Sc is not present in the iron-based alloy. In contrast, there are also applications where the presence of a larger amount of scandium is desirable. In these applications, an amount greater than 2.2% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, preferably more than 4% in another embodiment, preferably more than 5.6% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 6.4% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 8% in another embodiment, and still more preferably more than 12% in yet another embodiment. Other applications where %Sc is preferable include 0.0001% or more in embodiments, 0.15% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, and 1.6% or more in other embodiments. For several applications where aluminum is used as a low-melting-point element, or where other types of particles that oxidize rapidly upon contact with air, such as magnesium, are used as low-melting-point elements. When magnesium is used primarily to break down alumina films on aluminum particles or aluminum alloys (sometimes it is introduced as another powdered magnesium or magnesium alloy, sometimes it is alloyed directly with aluminum particles or alloy aluminum, and sometimes other particles such as low-melting-point particles), the final %Mg content can be quite small, and in these applications, a content of 0.001% or more is often preferred, more preferably greater than 0.02%, and even better than 3.6%. For some applications, it is interesting that the compaction and / or densification of aluminum and particles is often carried out in air with a high nitrogen content, particularly when the compaction and / or densification phase (e.g., liquid and / or non-sintered) occurs at high temperatures, as nitrogen reacts with aluminum and / or other elements to form nitrides, thus appearing as an element in the final composition. In such cases, it is often useful to have a nitrogen content of 0.002% or more, preferably 0.02% or more, more preferably 0.4% or more, and even 2.2% or more in the final composition. There are certain elements, such as Sn, that are detrimental to specific applications, particularly certain Cr and / or C content. For these applications, in embodiments where %Cr is between 0.47% and 5.8% and / or C is between 0.7% and 2.74%, %Sn is 0.087% or less or not present in the composition; in yet another embodiment, where %Cr is between 0.47% and 5.8% and / or C is between 0.7% and 2.74%, %Sn is 0.92% or more. There are several applications where the presence of Si and B in the composition is detrimental to the overall properties of the steel, particularly with respect to specific Cu and / or B content. For these applications, in embodiments where %Cu is between 0.097 atomic% (at.%) and 3.33 at.%, the total content of %B and / or %Si is 4.77 at.% or less, and in other embodiments where %Cu is between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, the total content of %B and / or %Si is less than 1. In another embodiment where %Cu is between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 2.4 at.% or less and / or %Si is 5.77 at.% or less; in another embodiment where %Cu is between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 16.2 at.% or more and / or %Si is 27.2 at.% or more. In another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, the total content of %B and %Si is 31 at.% or more; and in another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, the total content of %B and %Si is 31 at.% or more. In another embodiment, %Cu is between 0.3 at.% and 1.7 at.%, %B is 4.2 at.% or less, and / or %Si is 8.77 at.% or less. In yet another embodiment, %Cu is between 0.3 at.% and 1.7 at.%, %B is 9.2 at.% or more, and / or %Si is 17.2 at.% or more. In yet another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 9.77 at.% or less. In yet another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 22.2% or more. In yet another embodiment with %Cu between 0.097 at.% and 3.33 at.%, %B is 32.2 at.% or more. In another embodiment having %Cu between 0.97 at.% and 3.33 at.% %B is less than or equal to 9.77 at.% and in another embodiment having %Cu between 0.97 at.% and 3.33 at.% %B is greater than 22.2 at.%.In another embodiment having a %B between 0.97 at.% and 33.33 at.% the total content of %B and / or %Si is less than 1.33 at.% and in another embodiment having a %B between 0.97 at.% and 33.33 at.% the total content of %B and / or %Si is 33.33 at.% or more. Depending on the application, certain content of elements such as Si and B may be detrimental to the content of certain Al and Ga elements. For such applications, embodiments with %Al between 1.87 at.% are preferred. In embodiments where %Al is between 1.87 and 16.6 at.%, %B is lower than 3.87%. In another embodiment, %Al is between 1.87 at.%. In another embodiment where %Al is between 1.87 and 16.6 at.%, %B is higher than 23.87%. Even in another embodiment with %Al between 1.87 at.%, %B is higher than 23.87%. In another embodiment with %Ga between 1.87 and 16.6 at.% and / or between 0.43 at.% and 5.2 at.%, %B is 1.33 at.% or less, and / or %Si is 0.43 at.% or less. In another embodiment, %Al is between 1.87 at.%. %Ga can be between 0.43 at.% and 16.6 at.% and / or between 0.43 at.% and 5.2 at.%, %B can be 11.33 at.% or greater, and / or %Si can be 5.43 at.% or greater. Some elements, like Co, are harmful for specific applications, particularly for certain Ni content. In these applications, %Co is lower than 12.6% in embodiments where %Ni is between 24.47% and 35.8%. In other embodiments, %Co is higher than 26.6% even when %Ni is between 24.47% and 35.8%. Some elements, such as rare earth elements (REs), are harmful in certain applications. For these applications, REs are not included in the composition in the embodiments. For some applications, it is desirable that the above alloy has a melting point of 890°C or lower, preferably 640°C or lower, more preferably 180°C or lower, or 46°C or lower. The above Fe alloys can be optionally combined with other embodiments described herein, provided that their respective characteristics are not incompatible. The use of terms such as "less than or equal to," "greaterfrom," "up to," "at least," "greater than," and "less than" implies a range that includes the number stated and can then be broken down into subranges. In one embodiment, the present invention refers to the use of iron alloys for manufacturing metal or at least partially metal parts. This invention is particularly suitable for the manufacture of parts that can benefit from the properties of titanium and its alloys, especially for applications requiring high mechanical resistance in high-temperature and aggressive environments. In this sense, by applying specific rules of alloy design and thermomechanical treatment, it is possible to obtain very interesting features for applications such as the chemical industry, energy conversion, transportation, tools, and other machinery or mechanisms. In one embodiment, the present invention refers to a titanium-based alloy having the following composition, where all percentages are by weight. %Ceq= 0-1.5 % C = 0 - 0.5 %N =0-0.45 %B =0-1.8 %Cr= 0 - 50 %Co= 0 - 40 %Si= 0 - 5 %Mn= 0 - 3 %Al= 0 - 40 %Mo= 0 - 20 %W= 0 - 25 %Ni= 0 - 40 %Ta = 0 - 5 %Zr = 0 - 8 %Hf = 0 - 6, %V= 0 - 15 %Nb = 0 - 60 %Cu = 0 - 20 %Fe = 0 - 40 %S= 0 - 3 %Se = 0 - 5 %Te = 0 - 5 %Bi = 0 - 10 %As= 0 - 5 %Sb = 0 - 5 %Ca = 0 - 5, %P = 0 - 6 %Ga = 0 - 30 %Pt = 0 - 5 %Rb = 0 - 10 %Cd = 0 - 10 %Cs = 0 - 10 %Sn = 0 - 10 %Pb = 0 - 10 %Zn = 0 - 10 %In = 0 - 10 %Ge = 0 - 5 %Y = 0 - 5 %Ce = 0 - 5 %La = 0 - 5 %Pd = 0 - 5 %Re = 0 - 5 %Ru = 0 - 5 The rest consists of titanium (Ti) and trace elements. Here, %Ceq=%C + 0.86 * %N + 1.2 *%B While titanium-based alloys have applications where a high titanium (%Ti) content is advantageous, titanium does not necessarily have to be the main component of the alloy. In one embodiment, the %Ti content is 1.3% or more; in another embodiment, 6% or more; in yet another embodiment, 13% or more; in yet another embodiment, 27% or more; in yet another embodiment, 39% or more; in yet another embodiment, 53% or more; in yet another embodiment, 69% or more; and in yet another embodiment, 87% or more. In one embodiment, the %Ti content is less than 99%; in another embodiment, less than 83%; in yet another embodiment, less than 69%; in yet another embodiment, less than 54%; in yet another embodiment, less than 48%; in yet another embodiment, less than 41%; in yet another embodiment, less than 38%; and in yet another embodiment, less than 25%. In yet another embodiment, %Ti is not the majority element in the titanium-based alloy. In this context, trace elements refer to, but are not limited to, several elements unless the context explicitly states otherwise. These include H, He, Xe, Be, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Cl, Ar, K, Sc, Br, Kr, Sr, Tc, Rh, Ag, I, Ba, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Pd, Os, Ir., etc. They are used individually and / or in combination with Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, and Mt. The inventors have found that in some applications of the present invention, it is important to limit the presence of trace elements, individually and / or in combination, to less than 1.8% by weight, preferably less than 0.8%, more preferably less than 0.1%, and even less than 0.03%. Trace elements may be intentionally added to achieve specific functions of steel, such as reducing the cost of steel, and / or their presence may be unintentional and primarily related to the presence of alloying elements and impurities in the scrap used in the manufacture of steel. There are several applications where the presence of trace elements is detrimental to the overall properties of the titanium-based alloy. In one embodiment, the total content of all trace elements is less than 2.0%, in another embodiment less than 1.4%, in yet another less than 0.8%, in yet another less than 0.2%, in yet another less than 0.1%, and even less than 0.06%. There are even some applications where the absence of trace elements in the titanium-based alloy is preferable. Furthermore, the presence of trace elements can have other applications, such as reducing the cost of the alloy or obtaining other beneficial effects without affecting the desired properties of the titanium-based alloy. In some embodiments, the content of individual trace elements is 2.0% or less, in other embodiments 1.4% or less, in other embodiments 0.8% or less, in other embodiments 0.2% or less, in other embodiments 0.1% or less, and even 0.06% or less. In some applications, the use of alloys containing Ga, Bi, Rb, Cd, Cs, Sn, Pb, Zn, and In is particularly effective. Of particular interest is the use of alloys containing 12% or more, and even 21% or more, of these low-melting-point promoting elements. When the overall composition, once incorporated and measured as shown in this application, is evaluated, titanium-resulting alloys are found in embodiments with more than 0.0001%, and in other embodiments with more than 0.015%, In other embodiments, the element generally contains 0.2% or more of the element (in this case, %Ga), preferably 1.2% or more in other embodiments, preferably 1.35% or more in other embodiments, more preferably 6% or more in other embodiments, and more preferably 12% or more in yet another embodiment. In certain applications, it is particularly interesting to use particles that have Ga only in the tetrahedral gaps, and it is not necessary to use it in all gaps, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %Ga is 0.04% by weight or more, preferably 0.12% or more, more preferably 0.24% by weight or more, and even more preferably 0.32% or more. However, there are other applications where a %Ga content of 30% or less is desired depending on the desired properties of the titanium-based alloy. In some embodiments, the %Ga in the titanium-based alloy is less than 29%, less than 22% in other embodiments, less than 16% in other embodiments, less than 9% in other embodiments, less than 6.4% in other embodiments, less than 4.1% in other embodiments, less than 3.2% in other embodiments, less than 2.4% in other embodiments, and less than 1.2% in other embodiments. In some applications, %Ga may be detrimental or suboptimal for some reason in certain embodiments, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Ga is not present in the titanium-based alloy. In some applications, %Ga has been found to be able to completely or partially replace the amount (%Ga + Bi%) described in this paragraph with %Bi (up to a maximum of 10 wt% %Bi content; substitution with %Bi is partial when %Ga exceeds 10%). In some applications, total substitution where Ga% is absent may be advantageous. Also, in some applications, it has been found to be interesting to partially substitute %Ga and / or %Bi with %Cd, %Cs, %Sn, %Pb, %Zn, %Rb, or % (in which case it becomes %Ga + %Bi + %Cd + %Cs + %Sn + %Pb + %Zn + %Rb + %In). Here, depending on the application, it may be interesting to omit one of them (i.e., the total may match the given value, but one of the elements may be missing, resulting in a nominal content of 0%, which is advantageous for a given application where the element in question is harmful or unsuitable for some reason).These elements do not necessarily need to be blended in high purity, but if the alloy in question has a sufficiently low melting point, it is often more economically interesting to use alloys of these elements. Depending on the application, it may be more interesting to alloy these elements directly rather than incorporating them as separate particles. In some applications, it is even more interesting to use particles formed primarily from these elements, with a desirable content of %Ga + %Bi + %Cd + %Cs + %Sn + %Pb + Zn% + %Rb + %In being 52% or higher, preferably 76% or higher, more preferably 86% or higher, and even more preferably 98% or higher. The final content of these elements in the composition depends on the volume fraction adopted, but in some applications, it often falls within the ranges described above in this paragraph. A typical case is using an alloy of %Sn and %Ga to perform liquid-phase sintering at low temperatures where there is a high probability of breaking the oxide film, which may contain other particles (usually the majority of particles). The Sn and Ga content is adjusted in an equilibrium diagram to control the desired liquid-phase volume content and the volume fraction of particles in this alloy at different post-processing temperatures. For certain applications, Sn% and / or Ga% can be partially or completely replaced by other elements on the list (i.e., alloys without Sn% or Ga% can be made). It is also possible to do so with significant content of elements not present on this list, as in the case of %Mg, and for specific applications, any of the preferred alloying elements for the target alloy can be used. In some applications, an excess of chromium (%Cr) can be detrimental, and in these applications, it has been found that less than 39% by weight is preferred in some embodiments, less than 18% by weight in other embodiments, more preferably less than 8.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, and less than 1.8% in yet another embodiment. In some embodiments, the %Cr in the titanium-based alloy is less than 1.6%, less than 1.2%, less than 0.8%, and less than 0.4% in yet another embodiment. There are also further applications for which it is preferred that %Cr is not present in the titanium-based alloy in some embodiments because %Cr is detrimental or suboptimal for some reason. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of chromium is desirable, particularly when high corrosion and / or oxidation resistance at high temperatures is required for these applications, and for these applications, there are embodiments where the amount exceeds 2. A percentage by weight is desirable, preferably more than 3.6% by weight in another embodiment, preferably more than 5.5% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably more than 6.1% by weight, more preferably more than 8.9% by weight, more preferably more than 10.1% by weight, more preferably more than 13.8% by weight, more preferably more than 16.1% by weight, more preferably more than 18.9% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 22% in another embodiment, more preferably more than 26.4% in yet another embodiment, and more than 32% in yet another embodiment. However, in other applications, a lower preferred minimum content may be desired. In one embodiment, the %Cr in the titanium-based alloy is 0.0001% or more, in another embodiment, 0.045% or more, in another embodiment, 0.1% or more, in another embodiment, 0.8% or more, and in yet another embodiment, 1.3% or more. There are other applications where a high Cr content is desired. In another embodiment of the present invention, the %Cr in the alloy is 42.2% or more, and more preferably 46.1% or more. In some applications, the presence of excess aluminum (%Al) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Al content lower than 28 wt% is desirable in one embodiment, less than 18% in another embodiment, less than 14.3% in another embodiment, more preferably 8.8 wt%, 4.7 wt% in another embodiment, and even less than 0.8% in another embodiment. There are even some applications for a given application where %Al is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reason in one embodiment, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Al is not present in the titanium-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of aluminum is desirable, particularly when high hardenability and / or environmental resistance is required, and in these applications, an amount greater than 0.1 wt% is desirable in one embodiment, more than 1.1 wt% in another embodiment, more than 1.35 wt% in another embodiment, more than 3.2 wt% in another embodiment, more than 6.3 wt% in another embodiment, more than 12% in another embodiment, and even more than 22% in another embodiment. In some applications, aluminum is primarily used to unify particles in the form of a low-melting-point alloy, in which case it is desirable to have at least 0.2% aluminum in the final alloy, preferably greater than 0.52%, more preferably greater than 1.02%, and even more than 3.2%. In some applications, an excess of rhenium (%Re) is known to be harmful, and in these applications, a %Re content of less than 4.8% by weight, preferably less than 2.8% by weight, more preferably less than 1.78% by weight, and even more preferably less than 0.45% is desirable. In contrast, there are also applications where a higher amount of rhenium is desirable. In these applications, an amount greater than 0.6% by weight, preferably more than 1.2% by weight, more preferably more than 2.6% by weight, and even more than 3.8% is desirable. In one embodiment, there are even applications where %Re is harmful or undesirable for some reason, and in these applications, it is preferable that the alloy be free of %Re. In some applications, it is interesting to note that there is a certain relationship between the aluminum content (Al) and the gallium content (Ga). If we let S be the output parameter of Al = S *% Ga, then in some applications, it is desirable for S to be 0.72 or higher, preferably 1.1 or higher, more preferably 2.2 or higher, and even more preferably 4.2 or higher. If we call the parameter obtained from Ga = T *% Al T, then in some applications, it is desirable for the T value to be 0.25 or higher, preferably 0.42 or higher, more preferably 1.6 or higher, and even more preferably 4.2 or higher. Furthermore, it has been found that in certain applications, it is interesting to replace a portion of Ga with the amounts of %Bi, %Cd, %Cs, %Sn, %Pb, %Zn, %Rb, or %In described in this section, and to replace the total %Ga with the definitions of s and T. Ga +% Bi +% Cd +% Cs +% Sn +% Pb + %Zn +% Rb +% in, where, depending on the application, it may be interesting if any of these are absent (i.e., the total matches the given value, but one of the items is absent, resulting in a nominal content of 0%, which is advantageous for a given application where the item in question is harmful or unsuitable for some reason). In some applications, the presence of excess cobalt (Co) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a Co content of less than 28% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 26.3% in another embodiment, preferably less than 23.4% in another embodiment, and preferably less than 19.4% is desirable. 9%, preferably less than 18% in another embodiment, preferably less than 13.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 8.8% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 6.1% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 4.2% in another embodiment, and even more preferably less than 2.7% in another embodiment. For certain applications where %Co is detrimental or unoptimal for some reason or another, in some embodiment, it is preferable that %Co is not present in the titanium-based alloy in these applications. In contrast, there are also applications where the presence of higher amounts of cobalt is desirable, particularly when improved hardness and / or temper resistance are required. For these applications, in some embodiments, amounts greater than 2% by weight are preferred, in other embodiments greater than 5%, 1.9%, in other embodiments preferably greater than 7.6%, in other embodiments preferably greater than 9.6%, in other embodiments preferably greater than 12% by weight, in other embodiments preferably greater than 15.4%, in other embodiments preferably greater than 18.0%, 9%, more preferably greater than 22% in other embodiments, and in yet another embodiment greater than 32%. Other applications where %Co is greater than 0.0001% in some embodiments, greater than 0.15% in other embodiments, greater than 0.9% in other embodiments, and in yet another embodiment greater than 1.6% are preferred. In some applications, the presence of excess carbon equivalents (%Ceq) can be detrimental, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %Ceq content be less than 1.8% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 1.4% by weight in another embodiment, preferably less than 1.1% in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.8% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.18% by weight in another embodiment, and even more preferably less than 0.08% in yet another embodiment. For given applications where %Ceq is detrimental or suboptimal for some reason in one embodiment, it is preferable that %Ceq is not present in the titanium-based alloy in these applications. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of a higher amount of carbon equivalent is desirable for these applications, and in one embodiment, an amount greater than 0 is desirable. 12% by weight is desirable, preferably greater than 0.22% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 0.52% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 0.82% in yet another embodiment, and preferably greater than 1.2% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, the presence of excess carbon (%C) can be detrimental, and in these applications, it has been found that a %C content of less than 0.38% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 0.26% in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.18% in yet another embodiment, more preferably 0.09% by weight in yet another embodiment, and less than 0.009% in yet another embodiment. For certain applications where %C is detrimental or unoptimal for any reason in one embodiment, it is preferable that %C is not present in the titanium-based alloy in these applications. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of carbon is desirable, particularly when improved mechanical strength and / or hardness is desired. In these applications, an amount greater than 0.02% by weight is desirable in one embodiment, preferably greater than 0.12% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 0.22% by weight in yet another embodiment, and more than 0.32% by weight in yet another embodiment. In some applications, an excess of boron (%B) can be harmful, and in these applications, it has been found that a %B content of less than 0.9% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 0.65% in another embodiment, preferably less than 0.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.018% by weight in another embodiment, and even less than 0.006% in yet another embodiment is desirable. There are even some applications for which %B is harmful or suboptimal for some reason in one embodiment, and in these applications, it is preferable that %B is not present in the titanium-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications for which a higher amount of boron is desirable, with amounts of 60 ppm by weight or more being desirable in one embodiment, preferably 200 ppm or more in another embodiment, preferably 0.1% or more in another embodiment, preferably 0.35% or more in another embodiment, more preferably 0.52% or more in yet another embodiment, and 1.2% or more in yet another embodiment. The presence of boron (%B) can be harmful, and its absence is preferred in some applications (it may be economically impractical to remove it beyond a content of less than 0.1% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 0.008% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.0008% in yet another embodiment, and even less than 0.00008% in yet another embodiment). In some applications, an excess of nitrogen (%N) can be harmful, and in these applications, a %N content of less than 0.4% is desirable in some embodiments, more preferably less than 0.16% in other embodiments, and less than 0.006% in yet another embodiment. There are also applications for which %N is harmful or suboptimal for some reason, and in these applications, it is preferable in embodiments that %N is not present in the titanium-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of nitrogen is desirable, particularly when high resistance to localized corrosion is desired. For these applications, an amount of 60 ppm by weight or more is desirable in some embodiments, preferably 200 ppm or more in other embodiments, preferably 0.1% or more in other embodiments, and preferably 0.35% or more in yet another embodiment. There are applications for which the presence of nitrogen (%N) can be harmful, and its absence is preferred in some embodiments (it may not be economically feasible to remove it beyond its content as an impurity, with amounts of less than 0.1% by weight in some embodiments, less than 0.008% in other embodiments, more preferably less than 0.0008% in other embodiments, and less than 0.00008% in yet another embodiment). In certain applications, the presence of excess zirconium (% Zr) and / or hafnium (% Hf) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, the %Zr + %Hf content has been found to be less than 12.4% by weight in one embodiment, less than 9.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 7.8% by weight in another embodiment, less than 6.3% in yet another embodiment, preferably less than 4% by weight, preferably less than 3.2%, preferably less than 2.6%, more preferably less than 1.8% by weight in another embodiment, and still less than 0% in yet another embodiment. There are further cases in given applications where %Zr and / or %Hf are detrimental or suboptimal for some reason, and in these applications, it is preferable in embodiments that %Zr and / or %Hf are not present in the titanium-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where it is desirable to have some of these elements present at higher levels, especially when high hardenability and / or environmental resistance are required. For these applications, in some embodiments, the amount of %Zr+%Hf is preferably greater than 0.1% by weight, in other embodiments preferably greater than 1.2% by weight, in yet another preferably greater than 2.6% by weight, in yet another preferably greater than 4.1% by weight, in yet another more preferably 6% or more, in yet another more preferably 7.9% or more, and in yet another embodiment 12% or more. When the oxygen content is greater than 500 ppm, it has been found that in some applications, it is often desirable to have %Zr+%Hf of 3.8% by weight or less, preferably 2.8% or less, more preferably 1.4% or less, and even 0.08% or less. In some applications, the presence of excess molybdenum (%Mo) and / or tungsten (%W) can be detrimental, and in these applications, lower %Mo + 1 / 2%W content is preferred in embodiments less than 14% by weight, preferably less than 9% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 4.8% by weight in yet another embodiment, and less than 1.8% in yet another embodiment. There are also some applications for which %Mo and / or %W are detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons in certain embodiments, and in these applications, it is preferred in embodiments that %Mo and / or W are not present in the titanium-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of molybdenum and tungsten is desirable, and in these applications, an amount of Mo + %W greater than 1.2% by weight is desirable in embodiments, preferably greater than 3.2% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 5.2% in yet another embodiment, and even greater than 12% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, the presence of excess vanadium (%V) has been found to be harmful, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %V content be less than 12.3% in one embodiment, less than 8.7% by weight in another embodiment, and less than 4.2% in yet another embodiment. It may also be less than 8% by weight, less than 3.9% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, less than 2.1% in another embodiment, preferably less than 1.8% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 0.78% by weight in another embodiment, and even less than 0.45% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, %V may be harmful or suboptimal for some reason, and in one embodiment, it is preferable that %V is not present in the titanium-based alloy in these applications. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of a higher amount of vanadium is desirable, and in one embodiment, an amount greater than 0.1% is preferred in these applications. Preferably, the amount is over 0.2% by weight in another embodiment, over 0.6% by weight in another embodiment, over 1.2% by weight in another embodiment, over 1.35% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably over 4.2% in another embodiment, more preferably over 5.6% in another embodiment, and may also exceed 6.2% in another embodiment. In some applications, an excess of copper (%Cu) can be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Cu content of less than 14% by weight in one embodiment, preferably less than 12.7% in another embodiment, preferably less than 9% in another embodiment, preferably less than 7% in yet another embodiment, is desirable. Other values ​​include 1%, preferably less than 5.4% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 4.5% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 3.3% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 2.6% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.4% by weight in yet another embodiment, and less than 0.9% in yet another embodiment. In some applications where %Cu is detrimental or suboptimal for any reason, in these applications, it may even be preferable in embodiments for %Cu to be absent from the titanium-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where a higher level of copper is desirable, particularly when improved corrosion resistance and / or workability and / or reduced work hardening to certain acids are desired. For these applications, an amount exceeding 0.1% by weight in one embodiment is preferable, an amount exceeding 1.3% by weight in another embodiment is preferable, an amount exceeding 2.55% by weight in another embodiment is preferable, an amount exceeding 3.6% by weight in another embodiment is preferable, an amount exceeding 4.7% by weight in another embodiment is preferable, an amount exceeding 6% by weight in another embodiment is preferable, an amount exceeding 8% by weight in another embodiment is preferable, an amount of 12% or more in another embodiment is preferable, and an amount exceeding 16% in yet another embodiment is more preferable. In some applications, the presence of excess iron (%Fe) can be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Fe content of less than 38 wt% is desirable in some embodiments, less than 36% in other embodiments, less than 24% in other embodiments, preferably less than 18% in other embodiments, less than 12 wt% in other embodiments, more preferably less than 10% wt%, less than 7.5% in yet another embodiment, less than 5.9% in yet another embodiment, less than 3.7% in another embodiment, less than 2.1% in another embodiment, or less than 1.3% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, where %Fe is detrimental or suboptimal for some reason, in these applications, in some embodiments, it may even be preferable that %Fe is not present in the titanium-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of iron is desirable, and in these applications, the desirable amount is greater than 0.1 wt% in some embodiments, greater than 1.3 wt% in other embodiments, greater than 2.7 wt% in another embodiment, greater than 4.1 wt% in another embodiment, greater than 6 wt% in another embodiment, preferably greater than 8 wt% in another embodiment, greater than 22% in yet another embodiment, and greater than 32% in yet another embodiment... In some applications, the presence of excess nickel (%Ni) can be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Ni content of less than 19 wt% is desirable in some embodiments, less than 12.6% in other embodiments, preferably less than 9% in other embodiments, preferably less than 4.8% in other embodiments, more preferably less than 2.9 wt% in other embodiments, more preferably less than 1.3 wt% in yet another embodiment, and less than 0.9% in yet another embodiment. For a given application, there are several applications where %Ni is detrimental or unsuitable for any reason, and in these applications, in some embodiments, it is preferable that %Ni is not present in the titanium-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where the presence of higher levels of nickel is desirable, and in these applications, amounts greater than 0.1 wt% in some embodiments, greater than 1.2 wt% in other embodiments, greater than 2.7 wt% in other embodiments, greater than 3.2 wt% in other embodiments, greater than 6 wt% in other embodiments, more preferably more than 8.3 wt% in other embodiments, more preferably in other embodiments, and more preferably greater than 22% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, an excess of tantalum (%Ta) has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %Ta content of less than 3.8% in embodiments, preferably less than 1.8% by weight in other embodiments, and more preferably less than 0.8% in other embodiments is desirable. In some applications, %Ta may be harmful or suboptimal for some reason, and in these applications, it is preferable in embodiments that %Ta is not present in the titanium-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount of %Ta is desirable, and in these applications, an amount of %Ta greater than 0.01% by weight is desired in embodiments, preferably greater than 0.6% by weight in other embodiments, preferably greater than 0.2% by weight in other embodiments, preferably greater than 1.2% in other embodiments, more preferably greater than 2.6% in other embodiments, and even more preferably greater than 3.2% in other embodiments. In some applications, an excess of niobium (%Nb) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, an Nb content of less than 48% in one embodiment, preferably less than 28% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably less than 4.8% in another embodiment, more preferably less than 1.8% by weight in another embodiment, and less than 0.8% in yet another embodiment is desirable. In some applications where %Nb is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reason, in these applications, in one embodiment, it is preferable that %Nb is not present in the titanium-based alloy. In contrast, there are also applications where a larger amount of %Nb is desirable. In particular, Nb is added when improved resistance to intergranular corrosion and / or improved mechanical properties at high temperatures are desired. The amount is preferably greater than 0.6% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 1.2% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 2.1% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably greater than 12% in another embodiment, and greater than 52% in yet another embodiment. In some applications, the presence of excess yttrium (%Y), cerium (%Ce), and / or lanthanides (%La) can be harmful, and in these applications, it is desirable that the %Y+%Ce+%La content in one embodiment be less than 12.3% by weight, in another embodiment less than 7.8% by weight, in yet another embodiment less than 4.8% by weight, in yet another embodiment less than 1.8% by weight, and in yet another embodiment less than 0.8% by weight. In some applications, %Y and / or %Ce and / or %La may be harmful or even suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable in one embodiment that %Y and / or %Ce and / or %La are absent from the titanium-based alloy. In contrast, there are applications where a higher amount is desired, particularly when high hardness is required. In these applications, the amount of %Y+%Ce+%La is desired to be greater than 0.1% by weight in one embodiment, preferably greater than 1.2% by weight in another embodiment, preferably greater than 2.1% by weight in another embodiment, more preferably 6% or more in another embodiment, or 12% or more in another embodiment. There are applications where a higher amount of %As is desirable. In some embodiments, a %As amount of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6% or more; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2% or more is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %As has been found to be potentially harmful, and in these applications, a %As amount of less than 4.4% in some embodiments, less than 3.1% in others, less than 2.7% in others, and less than 1.4% in others is preferred. For example, in applications where a % is harmful or not optimal for any reason, %As derived from titanium alloys is preferred. There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Te is desirable. In some embodiments, a %Te amount of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6% or more; and in even more embodiments, 3.2% or more is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Te has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Te amount of less than 4.4% in some embodiments, less than 3.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.7% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %Te is detrimental or, for some reason, not optimal, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Te is not present in the titanium-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %Se is desirable. In some embodiments, a % Se content of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6%; and in even other embodiments, 3.2% or more is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Se has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Se content of less than 4.4% is desirable; in other embodiments, less than 3.1%; in other embodiments, less than 2.7%; and in other embodiments, less than 1.4% is desirable. In some embodiments, %Se is detrimental or, for some reason, suboptimal, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Se is not present in the titanium-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Sb is desirable. In these applications, a percentage of Sb greater than 0.0001% in one embodiment, 0.15% or more in another embodiment, 0.9% or more in another embodiment, 1.3% or more in another embodiment, 2.6% or more in another embodiment, and even greater than 3.2% in another embodiment is desired. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Sb has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a percentage of %Sb less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in another embodiment is desired. In some embodiments, %Sb is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Sb is not present in the titanium-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of a higher amount of %Ca is desirable. In one embodiment, a % Ca content of 0.0001% or more is desired; in another embodiment, 0.15% or more; in yet another embodiment, 0.9% or more; in yet another embodiment, 1.3% or more; in yet another embodiment, 2.6%; and in yet another embodiment, 3.2% or more is desired. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Ca has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Ca content of less than 4.4% in one embodiment, less than 3.1% in another embodiment, less than 2.7% in another embodiment, and less than 1.4% in another embodiment is desired. In some embodiments, %Ca is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Ca is not present in the titanium-based alloy. In some applications, a higher amount of %Ge is desirable. In some embodiments, a Ge content of 0.0001% or more is desired; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6% or more; and in even other embodiments, 3.2% or more is desired. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Ge has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a Ge content of less than 4.4% in some embodiments, less than 3.1% in other embodiments, less than 2.7% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desired. In some embodiments, %Ge is detrimental or, for some reason, suboptimal, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Ge is not included in the titanium-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %P is desirable. In some embodiments, a %P amount of 0.0001% or more is desirable; in other embodiments, 0.15% or more; in other embodiments, 0.9% or more; in other embodiments, 1.3% or more; in other embodiments, 2.6% or more; and in even more embodiments, 3.2% or more is desirable. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %P has been found to be potentially harmful; in these applications, a %P amount of less than 4.9% in some embodiments, less than 3.4% in other embodiments, less than 2.8% in other embodiments, and less than 1.4% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %P is harmful or suboptimal for one or another reasons; in these applications, the absence of %Sb in the titanium-based alloy is preferable. In some applications, the presence of excess silicon (%Si) has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Si content of less than 0.8%, preferably less than 0.46%, more preferably less than 0.18%, and even more preferably less than 0.08% is desired. In contrast, there are also applications where a higher amount of silicon is desirable. In these applications, an amount greater than 0.12% by weight is desired, preferably more than 0.52% by weight, more preferably more than 1.2%, and even more preferably 2.2% or more. In particular, there are applications where a higher amount of %Mn is desirable, such as when improved hot ductility, strength, toughness, hardenability, and nitrogen solubility are desired. In these applications, a %Mn amount of 0.0001% or more is desirable in some embodiments, 0.15% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, 1.3% or more in other embodiments, and 1.9% or more in yet other embodiments. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %Mn has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %Mn amount of less than 2.7% is desirable in some embodiments, less than 1.4% in other embodiments, less than 0.6% in other embodiments, and less than 0.2% in other embodiments. In some embodiments, %Mn is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Mn is not present in the titanium-based alloy. There are applications where the presence of higher amounts of %S is desirable. In these applications, a %S amount of 0.0001% or more is desired in some embodiments, 0.15% or more in other embodiments, 0.9% or more in other embodiments, 1.3% or more in other embodiments, and even 1.9% or more is desired. In contrast, in some applications, an excess of %S has been found to be detrimental, and in these applications, a %S amount of less than 2.7% in some embodiments, less than 1.4% in other embodiments, less than 0.6% in other embodiments, and less than 0.2% in other embodiments is desirable. In some embodiments, %S is detrimental or suboptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %S is not present in the titanium-based alloy. In some applications, the presence of excessive tin (Sn) has been found to be harmful. For these applications, the Sn content should be less than 4.8% by weight, preferably less than 1.8% by weight, more preferably less than 0.78% by weight, and even more preferably less than 0.45%. In contrast, there are also applications where a higher amount of tin is desirable. For these applications, an amount greater than 0.6% by weight is desirable, preferably more than 1.2%, more preferably more than 3.2%, and even more preferably more than 6.2%. In some applications, an excess of palladium (%Pd) is known to be harmful, and for these applications, a %Pd content of less than 0.9% by weight, preferably less than 0.4%, more preferably less than 0.018% by weight, and even more preferably less than 0.006%. In contrast, there are also applications where a larger amount of palladium is desirable. For these applications, a palladium content of 60% by weight or more is desirable, preferably 200 ppm or more, more preferably 0.52% or more, and even more preferably 1.2% or more. In some applications, an excess of rhenium (%Re) has been found to be harmful, and in these applications, the %Re content should be less than 0.9% by weight, preferably less than 0.4%, more preferably less than 0.018%, and even less than 0.006%. In contrast, there are also applications where a higher amount of rhenium is desirable. In these applications, a rhenium content of 60% by weight or more is desirable, preferably 200 ppm or more, more preferably 0.52% or more, and even more preferably 1.2% or more. In some applications, an excess of ruthenium (%Ru) is known to be harmful, and for these applications, a %Ru content of less than 0.9% by weight, preferably less than 0.4%, more preferably less than 0.018% by weight, and even more preferably less than 0.006% is desirable. In contrast, there are also applications where a higher amount of ruthenium is desirable. For these applications, an amount of 60% by weight or more is desirable, preferably 200 ppm or more, more preferably 0.52% or more, and even more preferably 1.2% or more. For several applications where aluminum is used as a low-melting-point element, or where other types of particles that oxidize rapidly upon contact with air, such as magnesium, are used as low-melting-point elements. When magnesium is used primarily as a destructor of alumina films on aluminum particles or aluminum alloys (sometimes introduced as another powder of magnesium or magnesium alloy, sometimes directly alloyed with aluminum particles or aluminum alloys, and sometimes introduced as other particles such as low-melting-point particles), the final %Mg content can be quite small, often 0.001% or more in these applications, preferably 0.02% or more, more preferably 0.12% or more, and even 3.6% or more.

[0135] In some applications, it is interesting that the compaction and / or densification of aluminum and particles is often carried out in air with a high nitrogen content, particularly when the compaction and / or densification (e.g., liquid and / or non-sintered) phase occurs at high temperatures, as nitrogen reacts with aluminum and / or other elements to form nitrides, thus appearing as an element in the final composition. In such cases, it is often useful to have a nitrogen content of 0.002% or more, preferably 0.02% or more, more preferably 0.4% or more, and even 2.2% or more in the final composition. Some elements, such as Mo and B, are harmful for specific applications, particularly for certain Al content. For these applications, in embodiments where %Al is between 1.7% and 6.7%, %Mo may be 6.8% or less, or Mo may not even be included in the composition. In another embodiment with %Al between 41.7% and 6.7%, %Mo is 13.2% or more. In another embodiment with %Al between 2.3% and 7.7%, %B is less than 0.01%, or B may even be absent from the composition. In another embodiment with %Al between 2.3% and 7.7%, %B is 3.11% or more. There are several elements, such as P, C, N, and B, that are harmful in certain applications, and in embodiments, P, C, N, and B are omitted from the composition for these applications. Some elements, such as Pd, Ag, Au, Cu, Hg, and Pt, are harmful in certain applications, and in the embodiments, Pd, Ag, Au, Cu, Hg, and Pt are excluded from the composition for these applications. In some applications, certain content of elements, such as rare earth elements (RE) including La and Y, has been found to be detrimental, particularly to certain Ti content. For these applications, in embodiments with %Ti between 32.5% and 62.5%, %RE including La and Y is less than 0.087%, or RE including La and Y is even absent from the composition. In another embodiment with %Ti between 32.5% and 62.5%, %RE including La and Y is greater than 17. In another embodiment with any Ti content, %RE is less than 1.3%, or RE is even absent from the composition. In another embodiment with any Ti content, %RE is greater than 16.3%. There are applications where the presence of the compound phase in the titanium-based alloy is detrimental. In one embodiment, the percentage of the compound phase in the alloy is 79% or less; in another embodiment, 49% or less; in yet another embodiment, 19% or less; in yet another embodiment, 9% or less; in yet another embodiment, 0.9% or less; and in yet another embodiment, the compound is not present in the composition. There are other applications where the presence of the compound in the titanium-based alloy is beneficial. In another embodiment, the percentage of the compound phase in the alloy is greater than 0.0001%; ​​in yet another embodiment, greater than 0.3%; in yet another embodiment, greater than 3%; in yet another embodiment, greater than 13%; in yet another embodiment, greater than 43%; and in yet another embodiment, greater than 73%. For several applications, the use of titanium-based alloys for coating materials such as alloys and / or other ceramic, concrete, and plastic components is particularly interesting for providing specific functionality to coating materials, not limited to, for example, cathode and / or corrosion protection. In some applications, it is desirable to have a coating layer with a thickness in the range of micrometers or millimeters. In embodiments, a titanium-based alloy is used as the coating layer. In one embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of more than 1.1 micrometers; in another embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of more than 21 micrometers; in yet another embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of more than 10 micrometers; in yet another embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of 510 micrometers or more; in yet another embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of more than 1 mm; and in yet another embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer with a thickness of more than 11 mm. In another embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of 27 mm or less; in yet another embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of 17 mm or less; in yet another embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer having a thickness of 7.0 mm or less. In yet another embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer with a thickness of 537 micrometers or less; in yet another embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer with a thickness of 117 micrometers or less; in yet another embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer with a thickness of 27 micrometers or less; and in yet another embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is used as a coating layer with a thickness of 7.7 micrometers or less. For some applications, it is particularly interesting to use titanium-based alloys with high mechanical resistance. For those applications, in one embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the titanium-based alloy is 52 MPa or more; in another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 72 MPa or more; in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 82 MPa or more; in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 102 MPa or more; in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 112 MPa or more; and in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 122 MPa or more. In yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 147 MPa or less; in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 127 MPa or less; in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 117 MPa or less; and in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 107 MPa or less. In yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 87 MPa or less; in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 77 MPa or less; and in yet another embodiment, the resulting mechanical resistance of the alloy is 57 MPa or less. Several techniques are useful for depositing titanium-based alloys as thin films. In one embodiment, the thin film is deposited using sputtering; in another embodiment, thermal spraying; in yet another embodiment, galvanic technology; in yet another embodiment, cold spraying; in yet another embodiment, sol-gel technology; and in yet another embodiment, wet chemistry. These include another embodiment using physical vapor deposition (PVD), another embodiment using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), another embodiment using additive manufacturing, another embodiment using direct energy deposition, and even another embodiment using lens cladding. There are several applications where the powder form of titanium-based alloys can be advantageous. In one embodiment, the titanium-based alloy is manufactured in powder form. In another embodiment, the powder is spherical. In the embodiment, this refers to spherical powder having a particle size distribution that may be unimodal, bimodal, trimodal, or even multimodal depending on the specific application requirements. For some applications, it is desirable that the above alloy has a melting point of 890°C or lower, preferably 640°C or lower, more preferably 180°C or lower, or 46°C or lower. Titanium-based alloys are useful in the manufacture of large castings and ingots, powdered alloys, large section pieces, hot-working tool materials, cold-working materials, dies, plastic injection molds, high-speed materials, supercarbides, high-strength materials, high-conductivity materials, or low-conductivity materials. Any of the Ti-based alloys can be optionally combined with other embodiments described herein, provided that their respective characteristics are not incompatible. The use of terms such as "less than or equal to," "greaterfrom," "up to," "at least," "greater than," and "less than" implies a range that includes the number stated and can then be broken down into subranges. In one embodiment, the present invention refers to the use of titanium alloys for manufacturing metal or at least partially metal parts. In embodiments, the present invention refers to a cobalt-based alloy having the following composition, where all percentages are weight percentages. %Ceq= 0-1.5 % C = 0 - 0.5 %N =0-0.45 %B =0-1.8 %Cr= 0 - 50 %W= 0 - 25 %Si= 0 - 2 %Mn= 0 - 3 %Al= 0 - 15 %Mo= 0 - 20 %Ni= 0 - 50 %Ti= 0 - 14 %Ta = 0 - 5 %Zr = 0 - 8 %Hf = 0 - 6, %V= 0 - 8 %Nb = 0 - 15 %Cu = 0 - 20 %Fe = 0 - 70 %S= 0 - 3 %Se = 0 - 5 %Te = 0 - 5 %Bi = 0 - 10 %As= 0 - 5 %Sb = 0 - 5 %Ca = 0 - 5, %P = 0 - 6 %Ga = 0 - 30 %La = 0 - 5 %Rb = 0 - 10 %Cd = 0 - 10 %Cs = 0 - 10 %Sn = 0 - 10 %Pb = 0 - 10 %Zn = 0 - 10 %In = 0 - 10 %Ge = 0 - 5 %Y = 0 - 5 %Ce = 0 - 5 %Be = 0 - 10 The remainder consists of cobalt (Co) and trace elements. Here, %Ceq=%C + 0.86 * %N + 1.2 *%B While cobalt-based alloys have applications where a high cobalt (%Co) content is advantageous, cobalt does not necessarily have to be the main component of the alloy. In one embodiment, %Co is 1.3% or more, in another embodiment, 6% or more, in yet another embodiment, 13% or more, in yet another embodiment, 27% or more, in yet another embodiment, 39% or more, in yet another embodiment, 53% or more, in yet another embodiment, 69% or more, and in yet another embodiment, 87% or more. In one embodiment, %Co is less than 99%, in another embodiment, less than 83%, in another embodiment, less than 69%, in another embodiment, less than 54%, in another embodiment, less than 48%, in another embodiment, less than 41%, in another embodiment, less than 38%, and in yet another embodiment, less than 25%. In another embodiment, %Co is not the majority element in the cobalt-based alloy. In this context, trace elements refer to, but are not limited to, several elements unless the context explicitly indicates otherwise: H, He, Xe, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Cl, Ar, K, Sc, Br, Kr, Sr, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, I, Ba, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Re, Pd, Os, Ir, Ag, Nd, Nd, Pm, Ir, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Re, Ir. Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt are used individually and / or in combination. The inventors have found that in some applications of the present invention, it is important to keep the presence of trace elements, individually and / or in combination, below 1.8% by weight, preferably below 0.8%, more preferably below 0.1%, and even below 0.03%. Trace elements may be intentionally added to achieve specific functions of an alloy, such as reducing the cost of the alloy, and / or their presence may be unintentional and primarily related to the presence of alloying elements and impurities in the scrap used in the manufacture of the alloy. There are several applications where the presence of trace elements is detrimental to the overall properties of cobalt-based alloys. In some embodiments, the total content of all trace elements is less than 2.0%, in other embodiments less than 1.4%, in other embodiments less than 0.8%, in other embodiments less than 0.2%, in other embodiments less than 0.1%, or less than 0.06%. There are also applications where it is preferable for cobalt-based alloys to be free of trace elements. Furthermore, the presence of trace elements can reduce the cost of the alloy or provide other additional beneficial effects without affecting the desired properties of the cobalt-based alloy. In some embodiments, the content of individual trace elements is 2.0% or less, in other embodiments 1.4% or less, in other embodiments 0.8% or less, in other embodiments 0.2% or less, in other embodiments 0.1% or less, and in further embodiments 0.06% or less. In some applications, there is particular interest in the use of alloys containing %Ga, %Bi, %Rb, %Cd, %Cs, %Sn, %Pb, %Zn, and %In. Of particular interest is the use of low-melting-point phases. Of particular interest is the use of these low-melting-point promoting elements to result in cobalt-containing alloys with 2.2% or more by weight of %Ga, preferably 12% or more, more preferably 21% or more, and in other embodiments 0% or more. Generally, these alloys have 0.001% or more of the element (in this case, %Ga) in one embodiment, 0.015% or more in another embodiment, and 0.1% or more in yet another embodiment, preferably 1.2% or more in another embodiment, more preferably 6% or more in yet another embodiment, and 12% or more in yet another embodiment. In certain applications, there is particular interest in using particles that have Ga only in the tetrahedral gaps, and it is not necessary to use it in all gaps. In these applications, it is desirable that %Ga be 0.02% by weight or more, preferably 0.06% or more, more preferably 0.12% by weight or more, and even more preferably 0.16% or more. However, depending on the desired properties of the cobalt-based alloy, there are applications where a %Ga content of 30% or less is desirable. In some embodiments, the %Ga content in the cobalt-based alloy is 29% or less, in other embodiments 22% or less, in other embodiments 16% or less, in other embodiments 9% or less, in other embodiments 6.4% or less, in other embodiments 4.1% or less, in other embodiments 3.2% or less, in other embodiments 2.4% or less, and in other embodiments 1.2% or less. There are also some applications where %Ga is harmful or unoptimal for one or another reasons, and in these applications, it is preferable that %Ga is not present in the cobalt-based alloy. In some applications, it has been found that %Ga can be completely or partially replaced with %Bi (up to a maximum content of 10 wt%, and if %Ga exceeds 10%, substitution with %Bi is partial) in the amount of %Ga + %Bi described in this paragraph. In some applications, total substitution without Ga may be advantageous.In certain applications, it has been found interesting to partially substitute %Ga and / or %Bi with %Cd, %Cs, %Sn, %Pb, %Zn, %Rb, or %In (for %Ga + %Bi + %Cd + %Cs + %Sn + %Pb + %Zn + %Rb + %In, the substitutions are in the amounts described in this paragraph). Here, depending on the application, it may also be interesting to omit any of them (i.e., the total matches the given value, but one of the elements may be missing, resulting in a nominal content of 0%, which is advantageous for a given application where the element in question is harmful or unsuitable for some reason). These elements do not necessarily need to be blended in high purity, but if the alloy in question has a sufficiently low melting point, it is often more economically interesting to use alloys of these elements. Depending on the application, it may be more interesting to alloy these elements directly rather than incorporating them as separate particles. The use of particles primarily formed from these elements in concentrations of 52% or more, preferably 76% or more, more preferably 86% or more, and even more preferably 98% or more, is even more interesting depending on the application. The final content of these elements in the composition depends on the volume fraction adopted, but for some applications, it often falls within the ranges described above in this paragraph. A typical case is using an alloy of %Sn and %Ga for liquid-phase sintering at low temperatures where there is a high probability of breaking the oxide film, which may contain other particles (usually the majority of particles). The Sn and Ga content is adjusted in an equilibrium diagram to control the desired liquid-phase volume content and the volume fraction of the particles in this alloy at different post-processing temperatures. In certain applications, Sn% and / or Ga% can be partially or completely replaced by other elements on the list (i.e., alloys without Sn% or Ga% can be made). Furthermore, elements not present on this list can be significant components, as in the case of %Mg, and for specific applications, any of the preferred alloying elements for the target alloy can be used. In some applications, the presence of excess chromium (%Cr) has been found to be det...

Claims

1. A photocurable composition for manufacturing metal or at least partially metal parts using additive manufacturing (AM) technology, A photocurable composition comprising a polymer filled with particles and further comprising a photoinitiator, wherein the photocurable composition is photocurable at a wavelength greater than 460 nm and less than 1064 nm, and the polymer is filled with particles in a volume percentage greater than 6%.

2. The photocurable composition according to claim 1, wherein the polymer includes a thermosetting polymer.

3. The photocurable composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the particles are selected from ceramic materials, organic materials, metallic materials and / or mixtures thereof.

4. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the particles are metal particles having a reflectance of 0.42 or more.

5. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the particles and the polymer have a parameter R value of 0.42 or greater, when R is the absolute value of the reflectance of the particles minus [refractive index of the particles minus refractive index of the polymer].

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