Electronic ionizing respirator device for improved protection from airborne biological pathogens

Abstract

To provide a protective mask to be worn over a nose and mouth of a wearer to protect the wearer from hazards in surrounding ambient air.SOLUTION: A mask includes a mask portion, an airway, and an ionization filter. The mask portion includes an interior that extends over the nose and mouth of the wearer. The airway extends between the interior of the mask portion and the surrounding ambient air. The ionization filter includes an emitter within a portion of the airway, and a collector plate radially encompassing the emitter and defining at least a portion of the airway. The collector plate is electrically connected to at least first and second conductive porous filters. The first and second conductive porous filters and the collector plate collectively form at least a portion of a Faraday cage that encapsulates the emitter.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, as are all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 044,768 filed on April 26, 2019, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 063,968 filed on August 11, 2020, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 113,598 filed on November 11, 2020, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 230,273 filed on August 6, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 310,810 filed on February 16, 2022. This application also incorporates by reference in its entirety U.S. Patent No. 6,901,930 filed on October 28, 2002.

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION This application relates to devices and methods for improved protection from airborne biological pathogens. In particular, this application relates to wearable devices and methods of using wearable devices for capturing and inactivating particles. [Background technology]

[0003] Background of the Invention Airborne viral transmission and infection are difficult for patients and clinicians to control. Examples of such infections include seasonal influenza, the common cold, and measles, among others. Recently, COVID-19 is thought to have components of airborne transmission and cross-infection. Some researchers believe that under normal circumstances, when small airborne particles enter the lungs, some directly bypass the mucous membrane airway defense system in the nose and mouth and the bronchial tree. These particles can enter the distal alveoli, where they can rapidly initiate contact with internal organ cells. Such penetration of the distal alveoli is thought to be limited to smaller particles, as larger particles are captured by the body's own filtration system.

[0004] Although the exact mechanism of viral transmission remains a point of debate, some researchers are beginning to support the idea that transmission occurs through contact followed by finger movements, resulting in entry onto mucous membranes, a place where the virus has a place of entry. This theory is based on the idea that a person's cough disperses relatively large droplets that can be effectively deflected or filtered, but are not necessarily inhaled.

[0005] Although the exact mechanism of transmission remains controversial, some researchers postulate that penetration of small particles into the distal alveoli is a significant modality of transmission. Virus-containing saliva and mucosal droplets that are expelled from infected patients as cough spray partially evaporate or settle on surfaces. These microdroplets become smaller through evaporation and can become airborne again in close-contact situations in enclosed spaces or in circulatory air systems such as buildings and airplanes.

[0006] Transmissibility by airborne transmission is based on the functional viability of the virus outside the body, in the air, in buildings, or in airplane ventilation. If a viral particle remains viable outside the body for some time, it is likely to exist as a small airborne particle that infects the body via the distal alveoli and bypasses the oral and nasal mucosa, which through evolution have developed defense mechanisms against unexpected infection.

[0007] As with small-particle drug delivery systems, distal alveoli remain an unprotected gateway to the bloodstream. This same aspect of airborne COVID-19 and its long functional viability in the air and on surfaces outside the body poses another important limitation to existing filtration technologies, such as N95 masks. This limitation exists because filtering and capturing viral particles within the mask potentially makes the mask a secondary reservoir of viable viral particles near the airways, and changes in evaporation conditions can release captured virus back into the respiratory system. It would be desirable for masks capable of adequately capturing viral particles and droplets to have technology that kills the virus in real time, rather than through occasional and inconsistent mask cleaning protocols. Killing the virus within the airway may also be desirable. Summary of the Invention

[0008] Aspects of the present disclosure include a protective mask worn over a wearer's nose and mouth to protect the wearer from hazards in the surrounding environmental air. The mask includes a mask portion, an airway, and an ionizing filter. The mask portion includes an interior that extends over the wearer's nose and mouth. The airway extends between the interior of the mask portion and the surrounding environmental air. The ionizing filter includes an emitter within a portion of the airway and a collector plate that radially surrounds the emitter and defines at least a portion of the airway. The collector plate is electrically connected to at least first and second conductive porous filters. The first and second conductive porous filters and the collector plate collectively form at least a portion of a Faraday cage that encloses the emitter.

[0009] In one version of the protective mask, the Faraday cage may also enclose the circuitry within the ionization filter.

[0010] In one version of the protective mask, the porous filter may include a non-conductive fibrous mesh infused with a conductive material including conductive wires.

[0011] In one version of the protective mask, the porous filter may include a mesh of conductive material without a non-conductive mesh. For example, the mesh of conductive material may include at least one of an alloy or oxide containing at least one of nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, cerium, or a combination thereof. The porous filter may assist in the decomposition of ozone.

[0012] In one version of the protective mask, the Faraday cage further includes end caps. The conductive material used to form the end caps of the Faraday cage may include at least one of copper, aluminum, or a steel alloy.

[0013] In one version of the protective mask, the porous filter may have a conductive mesh having pore sizes of at least one of 1 μm to 5 mm, 10 μm to 2.5 mm, 100 μm to 2.0 mm, and 1 mm to 2 mm.

[0014] In one version of the protective mask, the first and last electrodes of the emitter may be spaced axially from their respective porous filters by a distance greater than their radial distance to the collector plate.

[0015] In one version of the protective mask, the airway includes an opening to the interior of the mask, which may include a fluid filter configured to reduce or prevent the amount of fluid from the wearer entering the ionizing filter. The fluid filter may include at least one of an alloy or oxide containing at least one of nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, or cerium to aid in the decomposition of ozone.

[0016] In one version of the protective mask, the emitter may be housed in the axial center of the collector plate, and the emitter may be inserted into or removed from the collector plate along the axial direction for cleaning or replacement.

[0017] In one version of the protective mask, turbulence vanes are placed within the airway and within the confines of the Faraday cage to increase the rate at which particles interact with the emitter.

[0018] In one version of the respirator, the airway leading to one or both open ends of the portion of the airway defined by the collector plate is a spiral. The spiral may be in the form of a spiral insert within the ionizing filter. The spiral may be in the form of a spiral path defined within the outer inner housing of the ionizing filter.

[0019] In one version of the respirator, the airway leading to each open end of the portion of the airway each defined by the collector plate may be spiral, with a first spiral being clockwise and a second spiral being counterclockwise.

[0020] In one version of the protective mask, the airway leading to one or both open ends of the portion of the airway defined by the collector plate may be a spiral, and the spiral may be coated with or at least partially formed of at least one alloy or oxide containing at least one of nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, or cerium to assist in the decomposition of ozone.

[0021] In one version of the respirator, the airway leading to one or both open ends of the portion of the airway defined by the collector plate may be a spiral, with a total minimum distance of at least one of greater than or equal to about 5 cm, greater than or equal to about 10 cm, greater than or equal to about 15 cm, greater than or equal to about 20 cm, or greater than or equal to about 22 cm.

[0022] In one version of the protective mask, the airway leading to one or both open ends of the portion of the airway defined by the collector plate may have a zigzag path formed by opposed and offset radially inwardly extending baffles.

[0023] In one version of the protective mask, the airway leading to one or both open ends of the portion of the airway defined by the collector plate may be a zigzag path formed by opposed and offset radially inwardly extending baffles, and the zigzag path may be coated with or at least partially formed with at least one alloy or oxide containing at least one of nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, or cerium to assist in the decomposition of ozone.

[0024] In one version of the respirator, the airway leading to one or both open ends of the portion of the airway defined by the collector plate may be a zigzag path formed by opposed and offset radially inwardly extending baffles, and the zigzag path may have a total minimum distance of at least one of greater than or equal to about 5 cm, greater than or equal to about 10 cm, greater than or equal to about 15 cm, greater than or equal to about 20 cm, or greater than or equal to about 22 cm.

[0025] Aspects of the present disclosure include a ventilator system for treating a patient. The system includes an endotracheal tube, inlet and outlet tubes in fluid communication with the endotracheal tube, a ventilator, a first ionizing filter, an ozone sensor, and a controller. The endotracheal tube is configured to be intubated within a patient. The ventilator is in fluid communication with the inlet and outlet tubes and configured to apply positive pressure to the inlet tube and negative pressure to the outlet tube. At least the ventilator, inlet tube, and endotracheal tube define an inspiratory pathway, and at least the ventilator, outlet tube, and endotracheal tube define an expiratory pathway. The first ionizing filter is positioned along the inspiratory pathway. The ozone sensor is in communication with the inspiratory pathway. The controller is in communication with the ozone sensor and configured to cause the first ionizing filter to generate a predetermined amount of ozone.

[0026] In one version of the ventilator system, the ionizing filter generates at least ozone to remove particles. The ionizing filter includes an emitter and a collector plate. For example, the ionizing filter includes an emitter within a portion of the inhalation path and a collector plate that radially surrounds the emitter and defines at least a portion of the inhalation path. The ionizing filter may further include a Faraday cage that encloses the emitter and the collector plate.

[0027] In one version of the ventilator system, the expiratory pathway also includes a second ionizing filter with an emitter and a collector plate. The expiratory pathway may also pass through an ozone decomposition device downstream of the second ionizing filter. The ozone decomposition device may include at least one alloy or oxide containing at least one of nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, or cerium to assist in decomposing ozone before exhaust into the ambient environment. The ventilator system may further include an ozone sensor in communication with the expiratory pathway and downstream of the ozone decomposition device, in which case the controller controls the second ionizing filter so that the ozone concentration downstream of the ozone decomposition device is less than 0.05 ppm. [The present invention 1001] 1. A protective mask worn over the nose and mouth of a wearer to protect the wearer from hazards in the surrounding environmental air, comprising: a mask portion including an interior that extends over the nose and mouth of the wearer; an airway extending between the interior of the mask portion and the surrounding ambient air; and an emitter within a portion of the airway; a collector plate radially surrounding the emitter and defining at least a portion of the airway; An ionization filter comprising: the collector plate is electrically connected to at least first and second conductive porous filters, the first and second conductive porous filters and the collector plate collectively forming at least a portion of a Faraday cage enclosing the emitter; The protective mask comprises: [The present invention 1002] The protective mask of the present invention 1001, wherein the Faraday cage also encloses the circuitry within the ionization filter. [The present invention 1003] 1001. The protective mask of claim 1001, wherein the porous filter comprises a non-conductive fibrous mesh infused with a conductive material comprising conductive wires. [The present invention 1004] 1001. The protective mask of claim 1001, wherein the porous filter comprises a mesh of conductive material without a non-conductive mesh. [The present invention 1005] The protective mask of the present invention 1004, wherein the mesh of conductive material comprises at least one of an alloy or oxide containing at least one of nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, cerium, or a combination thereof. [The present invention 1006] The protective mask of the present invention 1005, wherein the porous filter assists in decomposing ozone. [The present invention 1007] The protective mask of the present invention 1005, wherein the Faraday cage further comprises end caps. [The present invention 1008] The protective mask of the present invention 1007, wherein the conductive material used to form the end caps of the Faraday cage includes at least one of copper, aluminum, or alloy steel. [The present invention 1009] 1001. The protective mask of the present invention, wherein the porous filter has a conductive mesh having at least one pore size of 1 μm to 5 mm, 10 μm to 2.5 mm, 100 μm to 2.0 mm, and 1 mm to 2 mm. [The present invention 1010] 1001. A protective mask according to claim 1001, wherein the first and last electrodes of the emitter are axially spaced apart from their respective porous filters by a distance greater than their radial distance to the collector plate. [The present invention 1011] A protective mask according to the present invention 1001, wherein the airway includes an opening to the interior of the mask, the opening including a fluid filter configured to reduce or prevent the amount of fluid from the wearer entering the ionizing filter. [The present invention 1012] The protective mask of the present invention 1011, wherein the fluid filter includes at least one of an alloy or oxide containing at least one of nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, or cerium to assist in the decomposition of ozone. [The present invention 1013] 1001. A protective mask according to the present invention, wherein the emitter is housed in the axial center of the collector plate. [The present invention 1014] The protective mask of the present invention 1001, wherein the emitter can be inserted into or removed from the collector plate along the axial direction for cleaning or replacement. [The present invention 1015] 1001. The protective mask of the present invention, wherein turbulence vanes are disposed within the airway and within the confines of the Faraday cage to increase the rate at which particles interact with the emitter. [The present invention 1016] 1001. The protective mask of claim 10, wherein the airway leading to one or both open ends of the portion of the airway defined by the collector plate is spiral. [The present invention 1017] 1016. The protective mask of the present invention, wherein the spiral is in the form of a spiral insert in an ionizing filter. [The present invention 1018] 1016. The protective mask of the present invention, wherein the spiral is in the form of a spiral path defined within the outer housing of the ionization filter. [The present invention 1019] 1016. The protective mask of claim 10, wherein the airway connecting to each open end of the airway portion respectively defined by the collector plate is a spiral, the first spiral being clockwise and the second spiral being counterclockwise. [The present invention 1020] A protective mask according to the present invention 1001, wherein the airway connected to one or both open ends of the portion of the airway defined by the collector plate is a spiral, and the spiral is coated with or at least partially formed of at least one alloy or oxide containing at least one of nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, or cerium to assist in the decomposition of ozone. [The present invention 1021] The protective mask of the present invention 1001, wherein the airway connected to one or both open ends of the portion of the airway defined by the collector plate is a spiral with a total minimum distance of at least one of greater than or equal to about 5 cm, greater than or equal to about 10 cm, greater than or equal to about 15 cm, greater than or equal to about 20 cm, or greater than or equal to about 22 cm. [The present invention 1022] The protective mask of the present invention 1001, wherein the airway leading to one or both open ends of the portion of the airway defined by the collector plate is a zigzag path formed by opposed and offset radially inward extending baffles. [The present invention 1023] A protective mask of the present invention 1001, wherein the airway leading to one or both open ends of the portion of the airway defined by the collector plate is a zigzag path formed by opposed and offset radially inward extending baffles, the zigzag path being coated or at least partially formed with at least one alloy or oxide containing at least one of nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, or cerium to assist in the decomposition of ozone. [The present invention 1024] A protective mask according to the present invention 1001, wherein the airway leading to one or both open ends of the portion of the airway defined by the collector plate is a zigzag path formed by opposed and offset radially inward extending baffles, the zigzag path having at least one total minimum distance of greater than or equal to about 5 cm, greater than or equal to about 10 cm, greater than or equal to about 15 cm, greater than or equal to about 20 cm, or greater than or equal to about 22 cm. [The present invention 1025] an endotracheal tube configured to be intubated within a patient; an inlet tube and an outlet tube in fluid communication with the endotracheal tube; a ventilator in fluid communication with the inlet tube and the outlet tube and configured to apply positive pressure to the inlet tube and negative pressure to the outlet tube, wherein at least the ventilator, the inlet tube, and the endotracheal tube define an inspiratory pathway, and at least the ventilator, the outlet tube, and the endotracheal tube define an expiratory pathway; a first ionizing filter positioned along the intake path; an ozone sensor in communication with the intake path; and a controller in communication with the ozone sensor and configured to cause the first ionizing filter to generate a predetermined amount of ozone. A ventilator system for treating a patient, comprising: [The present invention 1026] The system of claim 1025, wherein the ionizing filter generates at least ozone to remove particles. [The present invention 1027] The system of claim 1025, wherein the ionization filter comprises an emitter and a collector plate. [The present invention 1028] The ionization filter an emitter within a portion of the intake path; and a collector plate radially surrounding the emitter and defining at least a portion of the intake path; The system of the present invention 1025 includes: [The present invention 1029] 1028. The system of claim 1028, wherein said ionization filter further comprises a Faraday cage enclosing the emitter and collector plate. [The present invention 1030] The system of claim 1027, wherein the exhalation path includes a second ionization filter with an emitter and collector plate. [The present invention 1031] The system of the present invention 1030, wherein the exhalation path passes through an ozonolysis device downstream of the second ionizing filter. [The present invention 1032] The system of claim 1031, wherein the ozone decomposition device comprises at least one of an alloy or oxide containing at least one of nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, or cerium to assist in the decomposition of ozone prior to exhaust into the ambient environment. [The present invention 1033] The system of the present invention 1027 further comprising an ozone sensor in communication with the exhalation pathway and downstream of the ozone decomposition device, wherein the controller controls the second ionizing filter so that the ozone concentration downstream of the ozone decomposition device is less than 0.05 ppm. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0028] The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.

[0029] [Figure 1]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 2] 2 is a perspective exploded view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 1; [Figure 3] FIG. 2 is a front view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 1, showing some of its components. [Figure 4] FIG. 2 is a front view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 1, showing some of its components. [Figure 5] FIG. 2 is a front view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 1. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an ionization filter according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 8] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the ionization filter according to FIG. 6. [Figure 9A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an ionization filter according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 9B] FIG. 9B is a perspective view of a version of the ionization filter of FIG. 9A utilizing a spiral spacer. [Figure 9C] FIG. 9C is a front view of a spiral spacer utilized in the ionization filter of FIG. 9B. [Figure 9D] FIG. 9D is an isometric view of the spiral spacer of FIG. 9C. [Figure 10] 1 is a perspective view of a mask filter according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 11] 11 is a perspective view of the mask filter according to FIG. 10, showing some of its components. [Figure 12] 11 is a perspective view of the mask filter according to FIG. 10, showing some of its components. [Figure 13] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is a rear perspective view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 13. [Figure 15] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is a rear perspective view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. [Figure 17] FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 is a rear perspective view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 17. [Figure 19] 1 is a perspective view of a power supply according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 20] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 21] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 22] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 23] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 24] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 25] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 26] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 27] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 28] FIG. 28 is a side view of the electron-ionic device of FIG. 27. [Figure 29] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 30] FIG. 28 is a side view of the electron-ionic device of FIG. 27. [Figure 31] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 32] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 33] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 34] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 35] FIG. 35 is a side view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 34. [Figure 36] FIG. 35 is a front view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 34. [Figure 37] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 38] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 39A] FIG. 1 is a top, front, right side perspective view of an electron-ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 39B] FIG. 39B is a bottom, back, left side perspective view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 39A. [Figure 39C] FIG. 39B is a top view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 39A. [Figure 39D] FIG. 39B is a left side view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 39A. [Figure 39E] FIG. 39B is a top-front perspective view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 39A. [Figure 39F] FIG. 39B is a right side view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 39A. [Figure 39G] FIG. 39B is a bottom view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 39A. [Figure 39H] 39B is a bottom and back perspective view of the electron ionic device according to FIG. 39A. FIG. [Figure 40A] 39B is a top, front, right side perspective view of the mask of FIG. 39A. FIG. [Figure 40B] 40B is a bottom, rear, left side perspective view of the mask of FIG. 40A. FIG. [Figure 40C] FIG. 40B is a top view of the mask according to FIG. 40A. [Figure 40D] FIG. 40B is a left side view of the mask according to FIG. 40A. [Figure 40E] FIG. 40B is a front view of the mask according to FIG. 40A. [Figure 40F] FIG. 40B is a right side view of the mask according to FIG. 40A. [Figure 40G] FIG. 40B is a bottom view of the mask according to FIG. 40A. [Figure 40H] FIG. 40B is a rear view of the mask according to FIG. 40A. [Figure 41A] FIG. 39B is a top, front, right side perspective view of the housing according to FIG. 39A. [Figure 41B] 41B is a bottom, rear, left side perspective view of the housing of FIG. 41A. FIG. [Figure 41C] FIG. 41B is a top view of the housing according to FIG. 41A. [Figure 41D] FIG. 41B is a left side view of the housing according to FIG. 41A. [Figure 41E] 41B is a top and front perspective view of the housing according to FIG. 41A. FIG. [Figure 41F] FIG. 41B is a right side view of the housing according to FIG. 41A. [Figure 41G] FIG. 41B is a bottom view of the housing according to FIG. 41A. [Figure 41H] 41B is a bottom and rear perspective view of the housing of FIG. 41A. FIG. [Figure 42] FIG. 39B is a perspective view of the electron-ionic device according to FIG. 39A, showing some of its components. [Figure 43] Figure 43A is a perspective view of an electron ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 43B is a top view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 43A, and Figure 43C is a front view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 43A. [Figure 44] 44A and 44B are top, front, and left side perspective views of an electron ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 45] Figure 45A is a top, front, left side perspective view of an electron ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 45B is a top, front, right side perspective view of an electron ionic device according to Figure 45A. [Figure 46]Figure 46A is a perspective view of an electron ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 46B is a side view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 46A, and Figure 46C is a front view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 46A. [Figure 47] Figure 47A is a perspective view of an electron ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 47B is a side view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 47A, and Figure 47C is a front view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 47A. [Figure 48] Figure 48A is a perspective view of an electron ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 48B is a side view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 48A, and Figure 48C is a front view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 48A. [Figure 49] Figure 49A is a perspective view of an electron ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 49B is a side view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 49A, and Figure 49C is a front view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 49A. [Figure 50] Figure 50A is a perspective view of an electron ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 50B is a side view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 50A, and Figure 50C is a front view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 50A. [Figure 51] Figure 51A is a perspective view of an electron ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 51B is a side view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 51A, and Figure 51C is a front view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 51A. [Figure 52] Figure 52A is a perspective view of an electron ionic device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, Figure 52B is a side view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 52A, and Figure 52C is a front view of the electron ionic device according to Figure 52A. [Figure 53] 1A-1D are perspective views of an electron ionic device in various states. [Figure 54] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electron-ionic device. [Figure 55]FIG. 55 is a top-front perspective view of a mask assembly for the electron-ionic device of FIG. 54. [Figure 56] FIG. 56 is a bottom-front perspective view of the mask assembly of FIG. 55. [Figure 57] FIG. 56 is a bottom view of the mask assembly of FIG. 55. [Figure 58] FIG. 56 is a top-front view of the mask assembly of FIG. 55 with the modular ionizing filter removed from the mask, thereby allowing the ionizing filter to be sanitized separately from the rest of the mask assembly. [Figure 59] FIG. 55 is an enlarged cutaway view of the ionization filter shown in FIG. 54. [Figure 60] Same view as Figure 59, except the ionization filter has been cut away to show more of its interior; the interior is the same as that shown in Figure 9B. [Figure 61] 1 is a circuit schematic diagram of a main board contained within the electronics unit of any of the embodiments of the electron-ionic device disclosed herein. [Figure 62] 62 is a circuit schematic of a daughter board contained within the electronics unit of any embodiment of the electro-ionic device disclosed herein; the daughter board is electrically coupled to the main board of FIG. 61. [Figure 63] 1 is a flow chart illustrating voltage modulation for an ionization filter of any embodiment of the electron-ionic device disclosed herein. [Figure 64] 1 is a partially exploded perspective view of an exemplary mask assembly configured for use in an electron-ionic device. [Figure 65] FIG. 65 is a partially exploded perspective view of a Faraday cage with the mask assembly shown in FIG. 64. [Figure 66] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an ionization filter configured for use in an electron-ionic device. [Figure 67] FIG. 67 is a top view of the ionization filter shown in FIG. 66. [Figure 68]FIG. 67 is a perspective view of a portion of the ionization filter according to FIG. 66 during removal / insertion of the emitter subassembly. [Figure 69] 67 is a partially exploded, partially cross-sectional perspective view of a portion of the ionization filter according to FIG. 66. [Figure 70] FIG. 1 is a partially exploded, partially cross-sectional perspective view of an emitter subassembly. [Figure 71] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional perspective view of an ionization filter configured for use in an electron-ionic device. [Figure 72] FIG. 72 is a cross-sectional front view of the ionization filter according to FIG. 71. [Figure 73] Figure 73A is a perspective view of an ionizing filter configured for use in an electro-ionic device. Figure 73B is a perspective cross-sectional view of the ionizing filter shown in Figure 73A. [Figure 74] Figure 74A is a front view of the ionizing filter shown in Figure 73A with the outer housing removed from the view. Figure 74B is a perspective view of the ionizing filter shown in Figure 74A. [Figure 75] Figure 75A is a front view of the ionization filter shown in Figure 74A with the collector plate removed from the view. Figure 75B is a perspective view of the ionization filter shown in Figure 75A. [Figure 76] FIG. 10 is a front view of another ionizing filter with the outer housing removed from the view. [Figure 77] 77 is a front view of the ionization filter according to FIG. 76, with the conductive plate removed from the view. [Figure 78] FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view of another ionization filter configured for use in an electron-ionic device. [Figure 79] Figure 79A is a front cross-sectional view of the ionizing filter shown in Figure 78 with the collector plate removed from the view. Figure 79B is a perspective cross-sectional view of the ionizing filter shown in Figure 79A. [Figure 80]80A and 80B are schematic diagrams of an exemplary ventilator system including an ionizing filter. [Figure 81A] 1 is a partially exploded perspective view of an exemplary mask assembly configured for use in an electron-ionic device. [Figure 81B] 1 is a partially exploded perspective view of another exemplary mask assembly configured for use in an electron-ionic device. [Figure 82] FIG. 81B is a top view of an exemplary radiation display using the mask assembly shown in FIG. 81A. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0030] Detailed Description Disclosed herein in various embodiments and versions are portable and wearable electronic ionization devices (e.g., electrostatic precipitators) that remove airborne particles from the airstream. For example, the electronic ionization devices are configured to remove pathogens, toxins, and other harmful particles from the inhaled airstream by electrostatic precipitator. Thus, in the era of COVID-19, the portable and wearable electronic ionization devices and their electrostatic precipitators can remove saliva droplets containing airborne viruses or viral particles from the inhaled airstream.

[0031] It will be understood that in some embodiments of the electron-ionization devices described below, the inhaled and / or exhaled airflow within the electron-ionization device is substantially, if not entirely, perpendicular to the strong electric field between the emitter and collector. Ideally, the emitter has a sharp point to facilitate the removal of electrons, which impart a charge to the airborne particles. As these charged airborne particles travel along their path within the electron-ionization device, they are subjected to a strong electric field, which attracts and deposits them on the collector surface. The electric field between the emitter and collector is generated from a battery supply and a step-up voltage module. Exposing the airflow to this strong electric field is the underlying modality for removing particles from the airstream in real time.

[0032] The electronic ionic devices disclosed herein have sufficient power storage and performance set points to maintain effective performance for at least 8-12 hours between charges, and are configured to be lightweight enough to be worn on the face for extended periods without causing irritation or fatigue.

[0033] The present electron ionic device utilizes servo control of power utilization to maintain an appropriate performance window in terms of particle removal and to ensure that both current utilization and wearable power duration are appropriate. The servo control adjusts voltage and current utilization in real time on a continuous basis during operation to achieve these objectives. In other words, a servo mechanism is used to control the power flowing between the emitter and collector of the ionizing filter.

[0034] In various embodiments, the circuitry of the electro-ionic device monitors the supply current and automatically adjusts the voltage across the emitter to maintain fixed parameters for optimal filtering levels without excessive ozone levels. In some embodiments, the same effect can be achieved by setting the voltage as a function of increasing pressure.

[0035] For at least some embodiments of the electron-ionic devices disclosed herein, the distance and geometry of the airway is a balance. For example, considerations include that the greater the extension of the airflow passage geometry to provide a longer and more effective airflow path, the resulting larger collector surface will require lower power usage, but will increase the weight and size of the ionizing filter, as well as increasing the snorkel effect and dead space, which contributes to carbon dioxide retention.

[0036] Another consideration is that significantly reducing the gap between the emitter and collector to create a narrower airflow path may reduce the required operating voltage, but it also increases airflow resistance, increases the weight of the device's materials, increases the potential for ion flow tunneling and sparking, and introduces manufacturing difficulties. Balancing these considerations, in some versions of the embodiments disclosed herein, when the distance between the emitter tip and the collector is 15 mm, the operating voltage for the ionization filter is contemplated to be about 5 kV to about 15 kV, preferably 6 kV to 11.5 kV, at sea level. For other embodiments, when the distance between the emitter tip and the collector is about 10 mm to about 20 mm, the operating voltage for the ionization filter is contemplated to be about 4 kV to about 20 kV at sea level.

[0037] Embodiments of the electronic-ion devices disclosed herein are efficient, high-performance protective devices that are lightweight enough to be portable and comfortable for extended periods of time and can remain operational for at least 8-12 hours on a single charge. Furthermore, these embodiments provide an acceptable appearance and a hydration port. Additionally, the configuration and visual transparency of the present electronic-ion devices facilitate communication, further enhanced by the placement and amplification of a Bluetooth microphone, which may be located within the mask of the electronic-ion device and, in some versions, within the hydration port plug. The numerous embodiments of the electronic-ion devices shown in the figures listed above demonstrate that the features and capabilities of the electronic-ion devices can be provided in various configurations to promote wearability and comfort and to reduce limitations on movement or work ability. Furthermore, the present electronic-ion devices, tested in the Tulane BSL III laboratory, demonstrated a 99.8% reduction in viral penetration in the context of a COVID-19 aerosol study with COVID-19 aerosol concentrations much higher than those encountered in real life.

[0038] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a detailed discussion of the various aspects disclosed herein, reference will now be made to the exemplary aspects illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

[0039] An exemplary embodiment of an electro-ionic device 100 is shown in Figures 1-5. The device 100 may include a base or filtration layer 106 at its innermost position facing the user. The filtration layer 106 may be constructed of a fibrous or porous medium, such as cotton, polypropylene, nylon, polyester, wool, rayon, or combinations thereof. The filtration layer 106 may include attachment portions, such as strings or loops, for fastening to the user's ears or for tying behind the user's head.

[0040] A fine mesh negative grid 120 may be positioned outside the filtration layer 106 and may function to help repel negatively charged particles, as described in more detail below. The negative grid 120 may be constructed of an electrical conductor, such as stainless steel or an alloy or oxide containing nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, cerium, or a combination thereof. The non-exhaustive list of metals mentioned above may also aid in the decomposition of ozone. Additionally, the negative grid 120 may be constructed of various metal foils and / or coated with one of the alloys mentioned above. The negative grid 120 may be attached to the filtration layer 106 with one or more tabs 114, such as four tabs 114. The tabs 114 may be constructed of the same material as the filtration layer 106 and may hold the negative grid 120 in close proximity; or the tabs 114 may function as standoffs, with a rigid or semi-rigid structure providing space between these layers. Negative grid 120 may be in electrical communication with user contact conductors 108 positioned on filtering layer 106 through conductive wires 110. User contact conductors 108 may have a conductive surface on the inside of filtering layer 106 for contacting the user's skin and may include an adhesive for better adhesion thereto. As shown in the figure, user contact conductors 108 are ring-shaped surfaces surrounding the reinforced outer loop portion of filtering layer 106. However, in other embodiments not shown, contact conductors 108 may be positioned around the ear loops or nose bridge, or in multiple portions along filtering layer 106, or entirely around the periphery of filtering layer 106. Conductive materials may be incorporated into filtering layer 106 itself, including conductive wires comprising alloys or oxides containing nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, cerium, or combinations thereof.

[0041] A component layer 132 is positioned outwardly of the negative lattice 120. The component layer 132 includes a frame 128; the frame 128 may be constructed of an insulating material and may be mounted directly on the negative lattice 120 or may be spaced slightly apart using separate or built-in standoffs. The frame 128 may have a continuous outer surface defining an opening radially inward and may be configured to surround the respiratory pathway such that all or a majority of the inhaled and exhaled air in the respiratory pathway flows through the opening. The frame 128 may house one or more electronics compartments 122, such as two electronics compartments positioned diametrically opposite each other outside the oral-covering portion of the electronic-ionic device 100; one or more battery compartments 112 positioned below the oral-covering portion; and an emitter 124 positioned directly in front of the oral-covering portion, directly within the user's respiratory pathway. Tabs 114, frame 128, and other standoffs may keep emitters 124 at least 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, or 2.0 mm from the user's face. Each electronics compartment 122 may contain one or more circuits and may further include a processor or controller. Each electronics compartment 122 may have a metal housing with a collector plate 116, such as an outward-facing conductive side, facing toward emitters 124. In other embodiments, collector plate 116 may be separate from electronics compartment 122. Collector plate 116 may be placed outside an opening in the frame.

[0042] The emitter 124 may comprise multiple electrodes 126 oriented perpendicular to the respiratory passage. Each of the electrodes 126 may be oriented parallel to one another. The electrodes 126 may be machined or laser cut and may form multiple sharp points of stainless steel or other oxidation-resistant conductive material oriented toward the collector plate 116. In some embodiments, the emitter 124 may comprise steel wool with multiple sharp, thin points. In some embodiments, the emitter 124 may comprise carbon nanotubes. The process of depositing nanotubes on a conductive steel grid in the presence of a high voltage gradient may orient them in a substantially vertical manner with suitable separation or spacing between them. When the nanotubes are bonded to the surface of an underlying conductive wire or wire grid, the emitter 124 may have improved performance with significant manufacturing savings compared to creating sharp points by machining or laser cutting. Additionally, the tip of the electrode 126 may have a metal coating to help reduce the electron workforce and improve the efficiency of the electron ionic device 100. Such coatings may include, among others, manganese, iridium, tantalum, and zinc. Reducing the electron workforce may allow for a reduction in the emitter voltage, which may improve the feasibility of the underlying power source and underlying components.

[0043] The battery compartment 112 may contain one or more batteries 118. As shown, the electronic ionic device 100 includes two battery compartments 112, each housing a battery 118. The batteries 118 may include, for example, AA alkaline batteries, AAA alkaline batteries, or other alkaline batteries of various sizes. The batteries 118 may also include rechargeable batteries, including NiCd, NiMH, or lithium ion, such as a set of 18650 lithium batteries. It may also be possible to replace the batteries 118 without having to remove the electronic ionic device 100 from the user's face. The electronic ionic device 100 may be worn for extended periods of time, such as during a workday or travel. As such, the electronic ionic device 100 may include a battery 118 with a functional capacity of at least eight hours. The battery may be operatively connected to the electronics compartment 122 to provide power to various circuits. In use, these circuits may consume less than 1 watt at 24 volts, and preferably 0.2 watts at 24 volts. One such circuit may include a battery monitoring circuit that may alert the user with either an audio, visual, or tactile alert when the battery 118 is low.

[0044] The electronics compartment 122 may be operatively connected to a switch (not shown) for turning the electro-ionic device 100 on or off. The electronics compartment 122 may also be connected to the emitter 124 via conductive wires 130 routed behind the frame 128, as well as to the negative grid 120, the acceleration grid 102, and one or more collector plates 116; the operation of which is described in more detail below. The acceleration grid 102 and collector plates 116 may be located in an outer layer further outward from the component layer 132. The acceleration grid 102 has substantially the same outer shape as the negative grid 120 and the frame 128 and is similarly positioned within the user's respiratory path. However, in other embodiments, the outer shapes of each of the three layers may vary and need not be identical. The acceleration grid 102 includes a mesh of electrically conductive material forming pores or holes, each having a diameter larger than the pores or holes in the negative grid 120. However, in other embodiments, the pores of the acceleration grid 102 are the same as or smaller than the pores of the negative grid 120. The collector plate 116 may be positioned around the edges of the frame, such as on the sides of the frame, to avoid interference with breathing. As shown, the collector plate 116 may be positioned in front of the electronics compartment 122 to optimize the cross-sectional area of ​​the porous layer in front of the breathing pathway while minimizing the overall size of the ionic device 100. The collector plate 116 may include a hydrogel 104 embedded with a virucidal oxidizing agent, such as sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate, or benzalkonium chloride, to help ensure the death of collected viruses or bacteria. In the illustrated embodiment, the emitter 124 is positioned behind the collector plate 116; however, in other embodiments, the emitter 124 may be positioned in front of the collector plate 116 or both in front and behind the collector plate 116.

[0045] The electronics compartment 122 may contain a high-voltage circuit, such as a Cockcroft-Walton generator, to generate a high-voltage output. During operation, the high-voltage circuit within the electronics compartment 122 may apply a voltage potential of greater than 100 V, preferably 500 V to 20 kV, between the emitter 124 and the collector plate 116, where the emitter 124 is negatively charged and the collector plate 116 is positively charged, creating an electrostatic precipitator. In some embodiments, the applied voltage may be 1 kV to 14 kV, preferably 2 kV to 12 kV. When the emitter 124 is charged relative to the collector plate 116, electrons accumulate on each tip of the electrode 126. Depending on several factors, some electrons will travel across the gap between the emitter 124 and the collector plate 116. Preferentially, the electrons will bind to small airborne particles within the gap, imparting a negative charge to them. These charged particles are collected and / or attracted to the nearby positively charged collector plate 116, creating inertial diversion. In addition, the acceleration grid 102 may also be positively charged relative to the emitter 124. This charge may attract negatively charged particles to the acceleration grid 102, which may help create ion movement away from the user's face. The charge on the acceleration grid 102 may be the same as the collector plate 116, or may be a less positive charge to continue to attract particles away from the face and toward the collector plate 116 after contacting the acceleration grid 102.

[0046] In addition to the emitters 124, the negative grid 120 may also be negatively charged. The negative grid 120 may have the same charge as the emitters 124 or may have a lower charge. The negative grid 120 may help repel negative charges from entering the airway. The user-contact conductors 108 may also impart a negative charge on the user's body, particularly on tissue near the mask, such as the openings to the mouth and nostrils, to further repel negatively charged particles from settling on the user's body surface. The negative grid 120 may attract and neutralize positively charged particles, such as ozone, generated by the emitters 124 as a by-product of air ionization.

[0047] As mentioned above, ozone can be produced as a by-product of air ionization. Ozone is an oxidizer itself and is effective in killing viruses and bacteria. However, at some concentrations, ozone can also be irritating to the lungs. Therefore, circuitry within the electronics compartment 122 may control the amount of ozone produced. For example, the voltage potential between the emitter 124 and the collector plate 116 may be optimized to produce a safe level of ozone to assist in virus killing. For example, the emitter 124 may produce less than 0.1 ppm of inhaled air. The emitter 124 preferably produces less than 0.05 ppm. The electronic ionic device 100 may incorporate sensors (not shown) for detecting and measuring inhaled and exhaled air. For example, the electronic ionic device 100 may incorporate a thermistor and / or a pressure sensor or strain gauge. These sensors may communicate with a control circuit for controlling the voltage potential between the emitter 124 and the collector plate 116 to generate high levels of ozone during exhalation and lower levels during inhalation. High levels of ozone during exhalation may help kill viruses that may have accumulated on components of the ionic device 100. The control circuit may vary the voltage between the emitter 124 and the collector plate 116 between 1.2 kV and 12 kV during inhalation and exhalation, respectively. More preferably, the control circuit may vary the voltage between the emitter 124 and the collector plate 116 between 2.4 kV and 12 kV during inhalation and exhalation, respectively. While the voltage gradient is essentially a DC bias voltage, an AC voltage component with a frequency between 50 Hz and 100 kHz may be superimposed on the DC voltage for enhanced performance. Returning to the negative lattice 120, because the negative lattice 120 is constructed of nickel, chromium, manganese, or alloys such as stainless steel alloys constructed of these metals, the surface may oxidize and aid in the decomposition of ozone into diatomic oxygen, thus further reducing the concentration of respirable ozone.

[0048] The ionic device 100 may also include a gasket (not shown) around the filtration layer 106 to improve the fit and seal of the device to the skin. The gasket may be constructed of silicone gel, hydrogel, or polyvinyl polymer, among other polymeric or elastomeric materials. The gasket may be 0.5 to 6.0 mm thick, preferably 1 to 4 mm thick, and may be applied to or folded over both sides of the filtration layer 106. Additionally, the gasket may include tabs or protrusions to assist the user in removal from the face.

[0049] In one embodiment of the electronic ionic device 100, or in any of the following embodiments described below, the electronic ionic device 100 may also have a self-sealing port (not shown) for receiving a straw from a beverage to maintain hydration levels throughout the day without removing the electronic ionic device 100 from the user's face. Alternatively, in another embodiment, the self-sealing port may be a plug port; the plug port has a plug portion attached to the port portion via a tether such that the plug portion can be withdrawn from the port portion to allow a drinking straw to be threaded through the port portion. Once the straw is withdrawn from the port portion, the plug portion may be reinserted into the port portion to seal the port portion. In some cases, the plug portion may be a Bluetooth-equipped microphone that, when placed within the port portion, can receive and broadcast the voice of the person wearing the electronic ionic device 100.

[0050] While ozone can be irritating to the lungs at some concentrations, it can also be therapeutic. In fact, it has been found that ozone introduced into an airway can aid in the treatment of Covid-19 infection. For therapeutic use, in some cases, the ozone concentration may be below 0.1 ppm, while in other cases it may exceed that level. For example, concentrations may be between 0.1 and 0.15 ppm, 0.15 and 0.2 ppm, or greater than 0.2 ppm. The electronic ionization device 100 may be configured to deliver ozone in a therapeutic mode or setting. Additionally, any of the electronic ionization devices described below may also be configured to deliver therapeutic ozone.

[0051] Another exemplary embodiment of an electron-ionic device 200 is shown in Figure 6. The electron-ionic device 200 may include similar or identical components to the electron-ionic device 100. Where possible, the same reference numerals are used for simplicity.

[0052] The electronic-ionic device 200 may include an adjustable headband 202 for attaching it to the head and supporting various components of the electronic-ionic device 200. The transparent face shield 204 may be mounted on a face shield spacer 206 positioned in front of the headband 202 to position the face shield 204 substantially concentrically outward from the headband 202 and outward from the face to at least provide clearance for the mask subassembly 210. The face shield spacer 206 may be constructed of a semi-rigid material, such as closed-cell foam or elastomer, to allow it to conform to the shape of the user's forehead. The face shield spacer 206 may include a number of mounting tabs 208 for reversibly mounting the face shield 204 thereon. The face shield 204 may be constructed of a plastic, such as polycarbonate, and may be configured to be replaceable via the mounting tabs 208.

[0053] The mask subassembly 210 may include a mask 212 constructed of a transparent, flexible plastic, such as silicone or polyvinyl. The mask 212 may have one or more openings 214 for inhalation and / or exhalation. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the mask 212 includes two openings 214 that are turned away from the face when properly worn as shown in FIG. 6, but in other embodiments (e.g., as shown and described below with respect to FIGS. 26-30), the mask 212 may include a single opening. Each opening 214 may be separately dedicated to only inhalation or only exhalation, or both may be configured for both inhalation and exhalation. Each opening 214 may have a filtration layer 216 that is substantially similar to the filtration layer 106 described above except for its size. The mask subassembly 210 may include a strap 218 for attaching the mask subassembly 210 to the user's head. The strap 218 may be elastic and flexible. In some embodiments, such as the electro-ionic device 200 shown in Figure 6, the strap 218 may be connected to or integrated with the headband 202. In other embodiments, such as embodiments without a headband 202 (e.g., those shown and described below, such as Figures 27 and 28), the strap 218 may directly engage the user's head.

[0054] The electronic ionic device 200 may also include a gasket (not shown in FIG. 6 , but see, for example, gasket 312 in FIGS. 27-30 ) around the mask 212 to improve the fit and seal of the device to the skin. The gasket 312 may be constructed of silicone gel, hydrogel, or polyvinyl polymer, among other polymeric or elastomeric materials. The gasket may be 0.5-6.0 mm thick, preferably 1-4 mm thick, and may extend along the face-contacting edge of the mask 212, as can be seen in FIGS. 27-30 . The gasket may include tabs or protrusions to assist the user in removing it from the face. As already mentioned above, the electronic ionic device 200 may also have a self-sealing port or other type of port for receiving a straw from a beverage to maintain hydration levels throughout the day without removing the electronic ionic device 200.

[0055] 10-12 show a mask 212 with two-way valve controlled airflow that reduces snorkel dead space. More specifically, and as shown in FIG. 12, openings 214 also include one-way valves 220, such as rubber diaphragms or check valves. Valves 220 may be configured to allow one of openings 214 to be used only for inhalation and the other opening 214 to be used only for exhalation.

[0056] 6, each of the openings 214 may have a flexible tubing 222 connected thereto and extending to the ionization filter 250 to define a fluid passageway or conduit therebetween. The flexible tubing 222 may include various adapters and tubing segments, and in addition, the tubing 222 may have crimps 223 to provide increased flexibility and may have an internal diameter of 12 to 25 mm, preferably 15 mm.

[0057] 26-30, in addition to utilizing flexible tubing, which may be smooth 222 or crimped 223, the fluid passageway or conduit may be modular such that segments of tubing may be arranged in a male-female fashion to allow for adjustment of the length of the tubing section between opening 214 and ionization filter 250 or other components of electro-ionic device 200. Such an adjustable modular arrangement allows for adjustment to accommodate different sized user heads.

[0058] In some embodiments where device 200 utilizes a single airflow conduit for both inhalation and exhalation, or where multiple airflow conduits are utilized for both inhalation and exhalation, the adjustable modular arrangement of device 200 allows the volume of electronic ionic device 200 to have a total volume (i.e., the combined volume of mask 212, tubing 222, 223, and ionization chamber 250) adjusted to an optimal volume for the user to avoid snorkel effect problems (e.g., rebreathing and failure to adequately ventilate). In one embodiment, device 200 has an adjustable total volume ranging from about 80 ml to about 100 ml. In some embodiments, device 200 is not adjustable in terms of its total volume, but is simply available in different graduated sizes, such as extra small, small, medium, large, and extra large, for different sized user heads, providing different total volumes ranging from 80 ml to 100 ml (e.g., 80 ml, 85 ml, 90 ml, 95 ml, and 100 ml for extra small, small, medium, large, and extra large sizes, respectively).

[0059] The headband 202 may also support an electronics unit 224 and an ionization filter 250. The electronics unit 224 may include a power source and electronic circuitry the same as or similar to the battery 118 and circuitry in the electronics compartment 122 as described above with respect to the electro-ionic device 100. Additionally, the electronics unit 224 may include a power switch 226 and an indicator light 228.

[0060] As shown in FIGS. 7, 8, and 14, the electronics unit 224 may be connected to the ionizing filter 250 via a cable 230. In particular, the end of the cable 230 may contain a male connector 232 that interfaces with a female connector 252 formed within the ionizing filter 250. The cable 230 may include two conductors (not shown) that provide low-voltage power to the male connector 232. The male connector 232 may include high-voltage circuitry, such as a Cockroft-Walton generator, to convert the low-voltage power into a high-voltage supply to the ionizing filter 250. In other embodiments, the ionizing filter 250 may include high-voltage circuitry for converting the low-voltage power within the ionizing filter 250. In yet other embodiments, the electronics unit 224 may include the high-voltage circuitry, and the cable 230 may provide the high-voltage power to the ionizing filter 250. The male connector 232 may also include a spring-loaded resistor (not shown), such as 100 ohms to 10,000 ohms, configured to make intermittent contact with a contact pad on the female connector 252 during disengagement or removal of the male connector 232 to safely dissipate any residual high voltage within the ionizing filter 250 and to limit current to the ionizing filter 250 during initial charging when the male connector 232 is first plugged into the female connector 252. The cable 230 may also include a pin loop connector (not shown) to remove the voltage supplied by the electronics unit 224 when the male connector 232 is disconnected from the ionizing filter 250.

[0061] FIGS. 7, 9A, and 9B show a single ionization filter 250; and FIG. 8 shows two ionization filters 250 joined together in the same housing to form a dual ionization filter assembly 251. The ionization filters 250 shown in FIGS. 7, 9A, and 9B have slightly different geometries but include substantially the same elements and functions. The ionization filters 250 may have a tube-shaped housing with openings 254 at opposite ends. One of the openings 254 may act only as an inlet, while the other opening 254 may act as an outlet, such as when the ionization filter 250 is configured for only one of inhalation or exhalation. In some embodiments, both inhalation and exhalation may occur through the single ionization filter 250, and both openings may be both inlets and outlets. The housing may have a cylindrical or frustoconical extension 262 immediately adjacent to the opening so that the flexible tubing 222 can be attached thereto.

[0062] As best shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B , emitter 256 extends longitudinally along a central axis through the interior of the cavity of ionization filter 250, where it is centered and held within by spacer 257. In other embodiments not shown, emitter 256 extends longitudinally along the wall of the housing. Additionally, the emitter may be shielded with a ceramic material or other shielding material with high emissivity. Emitter 256 may function in substantially the same manner as emitter 124 described above. Emitter 256 may include multiple electrodes 258 extending radially outward from emitter 256, comprising materials similar to those described above with respect to electro-ionic device 100. The electrodes 258 may be axially spaced from one another and may have one or more radially extending cusps at any axial position.

[0063] 9A and 9B, the chamber of the ionization filter 250 may also include one or more collector plates 260. The collector plates 260 may surround the emitter 256 along the interior of the housing and may have a substantially circular or rectangular cross-section along the axial length of the emitter 256. The collector plates 260 may be constructed of materials similar to the collector plates 116 described above with respect to the electron-ionic device 100. The ionization filter 250 may be removed from the electron-ionic device 200 for cleaning. Cleaning the ionization filter may include rinsing with water or other solutions containing detergents, solvents, and / or oxidizers.

[0064] 9A and 9B, as can be seen from arrow C, which represents the general direction of airflow through the cavity of ionizing filter 250, the direction of airflow is substantially, if not entirely, parallel to the surface of collector 260 and the longitudinal axis of emitter 256. The general direction of airflow through the cavity of ionizing filter 250 is also substantially, if not entirely, perpendicular to the radially outwardly protruding tips of electrodes 258.

[0065] 9A and 9B, in some versions of the embodiments disclosed herein, when the distance between the emitter tip and the collector (arrow D) is 15 mm, the operating voltage for the ionization filter is contemplated to be about 5 kV to about 15 kV, preferably 6 kV to 11.5 kV, at sea level. For other embodiments, when the distance between the emitter tip and the collector (arrow D) is about 10 mm to about 20 mm, the operating voltage for the ionization filter is contemplated to be about 4 kV to about 20 kV at sea level.

[0066] In some embodiments, the voltage and current are adjustable to fine-tune the filtration of the ionization filter for altitude and conditions. Additionally, in some embodiments, the collector is mechanically and selectively positionable relative to the emitter so that the distance between the collector and the emitter tip (arrow D) can be set to optimize filtration corresponding to the current and voltage settings. Such embodiments may be achieved through mechanical arrangements that increase or decrease the radial offset of the collector from the emitter enclosed within it. Alternatively, the ionization filter housing may be configured to allow for different collectors to be interchanged; where different collectors have different radii and therefore different offset distances (arrow D) from the emitter enclosed within them.

[0067] As shown in FIG. 9A , the spacer 257 may have straight or non-spiral vanes or spokes to prevent the airflow from spiraling along the chamber path between the emitter 256 and the collector 260. However, as can be seen from FIGS. 9B, 9C, and 9D , the spacer 257 may have spiral vanes 259 to spiralize the airflow, or at least induce turbulence in the airflow, to help extend the effective length of the airflow within the ionization chamber 250, thereby increasing the residence time of the airflow and its particles within the chamber and increasing the likelihood that particles will be attracted from the airflow and deposit on the collector 260. Such an arrangement that encourages spiral airflow allows the chamber of the ionization filter 250 to have a shorter vertical length, size, and weight than would otherwise be possible. As seen in FIG. 9B , the spiral vanes 259 may extend into the ionization chamber 250 in a stacked series of layer arrangements to increase the likelihood of spiraling the airflow within the chamber.

[0068] 9B, and as with all other embodiments of ionizing filter 250 disclosed herein, a conductor 261 extends from the electronics of power supply and electronics unit 224 to the emitter, and another conductor 263 extends from the electronics of battery and electronics unit 224 to emitter 260. As seen in FIG. 9A, these conductors are routed from electronics unit 224 to ionizing filter 250 via cable 230.

[0069] In some embodiments, the electron-ionic device 200 may have a preferred orientation, such that one of the openings 254 is oriented closer to the mask subassembly 210 than the other opening 254. In such embodiments, the extension 262 closer to the mask assembly 210 may include a negative lattice that is substantially similar in material and function to the negative lattice 120, and the extension 262 further from the mask assembly 210 may include an acceleration lattice that is substantially similar in material and function to the acceleration lattice 102.

[0070] In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6, 13, and 14 utilizing a dual ionizing filter assembly 251, the exhalation path is indicated by arrow A and exists as a first path from the mask 212, through the first opening 214, through the first flexible tubing 222, through the first ionizing filter 250, and out the first opening 254; this unidirectional airflow is facilitated by a first valve 220 for unidirectional airflow (e.g., as shown in FIG. 12) located within the first opening 214 below the first filtration layer 216.

[0071] 6, 13, and 14, an inhalation pathway is indicated by arrow B, which exists as a second pathway from the second opening 254, through the second ionizing filter 250, through the second flexible tubing 222, through the second opening 214, and into the mask 212; this one-way airflow is facilitated by a second valve 220 for one-way airflow (e.g., as shown in FIG. 12) located within the second opening below the second filtration layer 216. In such embodiments, air entering the second pathway may be filtered before being inhaled and may be filtered and passed through the first pathway after being exhaled. Because the air passing through the second pathway is configured to be inhaled, the amount of ozone generated within the second ionizing filter 250 may be kept at a safe level, such as 0.1 ppm or less. On the other hand, since the air exiting the first ionizing filter 250 is not configured to be directly inhaled, the amount of ozone produced may be higher than that of the second ionizing filter 250 .

[0072] In another configuration of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6, 13, and 14, both openings 214 may be without valves 220 so that inhalation and exhalation may occur in both the first and second pathways to reduce the total resistance to breathing through the electro-ionic device 200.

[0073] The electron-ionic device 200 may have modular components such that it may be configured in a variety of different ways, including some of the modular embodiments described above, without departing from the scope of the present invention. For example, Figures 13 and 14 show an electron-ionic device 200 similar to the embodiment shown in Figure 6, but without the face shield 204. Figures 15 and 16 show an electron-ionic device 200 similar to the embodiment shown in Figure 13, but with the electronics unit 224 mounted above and on top of the ionizing filter 250.

[0074] 17 and 18 show another embodiment of an electronic ionization device 200 similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, but having shoulder straps 264 for supporting the dual ionization filter assembly 251 on the user's back. This embodiment may also include a back strap 266 or other device, such as a belt clip, for securely fastening the electronics unit 224, such as the back strap 266 shown in FIG.

[0075] 20 shows a configuration of an electronic ionization device 200 in which only a single ionization filter 250 may be attached to shoulder straps 264 on the chest and the electronics unit 224 may be attached to a back strap on the back. For an electronic ionization device 200 with a single ionization filter 250, the mask subassembly 210 may be configured with a valve 220 in the first opening 214 to allow inhaled air through the ionization filter 250 and a valve 220 in the second opening 214 to allow exhaled air directly through the filtration layer 216 to the environment.

[0076] In an alternative version of the embodiment of FIG. 20, opening 214 may be without valve 220 so that inhalation and exhalation occur in a path that passes through single ionization filter 250 such that exhalation is processed through single ionization filter 250.

[0077] As will be appreciated from a review and comparison of the embodiments depicted in Figures 13-20, these embodiments illustrate various body fitting arrangements that address user comfort and wearability. The embodiment shown in Figures 13-20 also illustrates a modular arrangement of the electronic ionic device 200, in which the electronics unit 224 is separate from the ionization chamber 250.

[0078] 21-25 show embodiments of an electro-ionic device 200 with a single opening 214 that is unobstructed and available for both inhalation and exhalation, and other openings 214 that are either completely obstructed or used as filtered exhaust ports. Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 21, it will be seen that this embodiment is also similar to the embodiment of FIG. 20, except that the single ionization filter 250 is supported by the headset 268 instead of being supported by a shoulder strap.

[0079] 22 and 23 show alternative configurations of the electronic ionic device 220 in which a single ionizing filter 250 is supported by the headband 202. In these embodiments, the ionizing filter 250 may be shaped to have a similar size and / or weight as the electronics unit 224.

[0080] 24 and 25 show another embodiment of an electro-ionic device 200 in which a single ionizing filter 250 is supported by the headband 202 at an angle of 10 to 80 degrees, more preferably 20 to 70 degrees, relative to the cross-section of the headband. Having the ionizing filter 250 aligned at an angle allows the opening 214 to be positioned closer to the mask 212, potentially reducing breathing resistance and reducing the snorkel effect.

[0081] 26-30 illustrate various configurations of the electro-ionic device 200 with a mask subassembly 210 having a single opening 214 and a single filtering layer 216. Additionally, these embodiments illustrate various modular configurations with interchangeable masks 212, ionization chambers 250, and various mountings for the electronics unit 224.

[0082] 31-33 show another configuration of the electro-ionic device 200, including a mask subassembly 210 with two openings and a single filtration layer 216. For the embodiment of FIGS. 26-33, the compartmentalized tubes 222, 223 and their male / female connections facilitate adjusting the device 200 to fit various user head sizes and adapt the device 200 to minimize snorkel effect. In the context of FIG. 33, the weight of the electro-ionic device 200 is configured to rest on the shoulders, in contrast to the embodiment of FIGS. 31 and 32, where the weight is substantially, if not entirely, supported by the head.

[0083] 34-36 illustrate another embodiment of an electronic-ionic device 300 having similar components to the above-described electronic-ionic devices 100 and 200. In particular, the electronic-ionic device 300 may have an ionizing filter 250 and an electronics unit 224 housed within the same housing or within a housing unit integrally connected to one another. The housing may include a neck strap 270 configured to support the electronic-ionic device 300 behind a user's neck and to house conductive wires extending between the ionizing filter 250 and the electronics unit 224. Thus, for the embodiment of FIGS. 34-36, the weight of the electronic-ionic device 200 is supported on the user's neck.

[0084] 34-36, the mask assembly 210 may include a single opening 214 and may be modular to allow for various arrangements and adjustments of its components. Similar to the electro-ionic device 100, the electronics unit 224 may have sensors configured to detect inhalation and exhalation and may vary the voltage between the emitter 256 and the collector plate 260 based on whether inhalation or exhalation is detected. In doing so, the emitter may be configured to emit higher levels of ozone during exhalation than during inhalation. Such an ozone adjustment control sequence may also be utilized in any of the embodiments discussed herein in which a single airflow conduit handles both inhalation and exhalation.

[0085] FIG. 37 shows another configuration of an electron-ionic device 300 having a combined housing 302 that houses both the ionizing filter 250 and the electronics unit 224 .

[0086] Figures 38-39H and 42 show another embodiment of an electronic ionic device 300; Figures 40A-40H show different views of the mask 212 of the electronic ionic device 300 according to Figure 38; and Figures 41A-41H show different views of the housing 302 of the electronic ionic device 300 according to Figure 38. As can be seen from Figure 38, the housing 302 can be categorized into two broad sections: one side contains the ionizing filter 250, and the other side contains the electronics unit 224. The housing 302 may form a bridge portion 322 between the ionizing filter 250 and the electronics unit 224, and may house electrical conductors connecting these two units together.

[0087] 38 and 40A, the electronic ionic device 300 may include a mask 304 that is similar in material and function to the mask 212. The mask 304 may have a flat window 306 in the front to allow a clear, unobstructed, and undistorted view of the user's mouth to minimize the impact of the electronic ionic device 300 on non-verbal communication. Additionally, the window 306 may include vertically aligned ribs 308 configured to slide into corresponding vertical grooves 314 (shown in FIGS. 41A and 41B) in the housing 302 for attachment to the housing.

[0088] As shown in FIG. 40A , the mask 304 may have openings 310 that open into corresponding openings in the ionizing filter 250. The electronic ionic device 300 may also include a gasket 312 around the mask 304 to improve the fit and seal of the device to the skin. The gasket 312 may be constructed of silicone gel, hydrogel, or polyvinyl polymer, among other polymeric or elastomeric materials. The gasket 312 may be 0.5 to 6.0 mm thick, preferably 1 to 4 mm thick, and may be applied to or folded over both sides of the mask 304. The gasket 312 may include tabs or protrusions to assist the user in removing it from the face. As described above with reference to devices 100 and 200, the electronic ionic device 300 may also have a port (not shown) for receiving a straw from a beverage to maintain hydration levels throughout the day without removing the electronic ionic device 300.

[0089] In addition to the ribs 308 on the mask window and the grooves 314 on the housing, as shown in Figures 40A and 41B, hooks 316 on the mask bottom of the housing 302 may engage corresponding slots 320 to help align and secure the mask 304 to the housing 302. After the ribs 308 on the mask window 306 and the grooves 314 on the housing 302 are aligned, clips 318 on the removable mask top are configured to secure the mask 304 to the housing 302, as depicted in Figures 38 and 43A.

[0090] 39B, the housing 302 of the electron-ionic device 300 may include openings 324 that may function as inlets and outlets to the ionizing filter 250. The ionizing filter 250 and electronics unit 224 include the same components and operate in the same or similar manner as described above with respect to the electron-ionic devices 200 and 300.

[0091] 42, the ionization filter 250 includes a collector plate 260 spaced apart from the emitter 256, and the electronics unit 224 is located on the opposite side. In other embodiments, the electronic ionization device 300 may include two ionization filters 250, one housed on each side of the device.

[0092] 43A-43C show another embodiment of an electro-ionic device 300 similar to the embodiment shown in Figures 38-42 with a smaller sized housing 302 that reduces visibility obstruction. However, this embodiment may also include a dual ionization filter 250 within the housing 302 and an external electronics unit 224 tethered to the rest of the device 300 via a cable 230, similar to some of the embodiments described above.

[0093] 44A and 44B show another embodiment of an electron-ionization device 300 similar to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 43A-43C, but with a different housing 302 that is even smaller and further reduces visibility obstruction. This embodiment may also include a dual ionization filter 250 within the housing 302, similar to some of the embodiments described above, and an external electronics unit 224 tethered to the rest of the device 300 via a cable 230.

[0094] 45A and 45B also show another embodiment of an electro-ionic device 300 similar to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 43A-43C, but with a different housing 302 and providing similar benefits and features.

[0095] The embodiments of the electro-ionic device 300 shown in Figures 46A-46C, 47A-47C, 48A-48C, 49A-49C, 50A-50C, 51A-51C, and 52A-52C are similar to the embodiment shown in Figures 43A-43C, but with housings 302 of different sizes and shapes.

[0096] FIG. 53 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an electro-ionic device 400 and system 450. The system 450 may include a mask 404 having a filter cartridge 406 compatible with the ionizing filter 250, and associated tubing 222, electronics unit 224, etc., similar to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 17. In particular, the mask 404 may have an opening 408 configured to fit a disposable filter cartridge 406 in a first configuration. The cartridge 406 may be removed from the mask and replaced with the valve 220, filtration layer 216, opening 214, and tubing 222; the tubing 222 may connect to an ionizing filter 250 mounted remotely, for example, on the user's back. In other words, the ionizing filter 250 may be adapted to work with currently available masks 404 configured to utilize a disposable filter cartridge 406.

[0097] 54-60 show various views of another embodiment of an electronic ionic device 200 and its various components; this embodiment includes a modular ionizing filter that is removable from the remainder of the electronic ionic device for cleaning / sanitizing purposes. As shown in FIG. 54, the electronic ionic device 200 includes a mask assembly 500 that is connected to a user via a strap 218. An electronics unit 224 is separate from the mask assembly 500 and is connected to the mask assembly 500 via a cable 230.

[0098] As shown in Figures 56-57, the mask assembly 500 includes a mask 212 integrally formed with a receptacle 502; as shown in Figure 58, the ionizing filter 250 is removably housed within the receptacle 502, thereby allowing for washing / cleaning / sanitizing of the ionizing filter 250 separately from the remainder of the mask assembly 500. The mask 212 also includes a gasket 312, as described in detail above with respect to other embodiments.

[0099] Figure 59 is an enlarged cutaway view of the ionization filter depicted in Figure 54; Figure 60 is the same view as Figure 59, except that the ionization filter has been cut away to show more of its interior. Comparing Figure 9B with Figure 60, it is clear that the internal components of the ionization filter depicted in these two figures are identical, including the emitter 256, collector 260, spiral vanes 259 of spacer 257, and conductors 261, 263 leading to emitter 256 and collector 260. Therefore, the discussion of these components discussed above with respect to Figure 9B is also applicable to that depicted in Figure 60 and will not be repeated here.

[0100] As shown in FIG. 59, upon inhalation by a wearer of the mask 221, contaminated air from the surrounding environment enters the opening 254 and passes through the spiral spacer 257. The vanes 259 of the spiral spacer cause the airflow to spiral through the chamber of the ionizing filter 250 as it moves along the length of the emitter 256 between the collector 260 and the emitter 256. This spiraling of the airflow within the chamber increases the residence time of the airflow within the chamber, increasing exposure to the emitter and collector beyond what would be possible with other chambers of such reduced length. As discussed above, the emitter and collector work together to collect contaminants from the airflow as it spirals around the emitter.

[0101] It should be understood that the spiral vanes 259 of the spacer 257 may cause the airflow to spiral within the chamber, or even cause turbulent flow as opposed to laminar flow within the chamber, all of which serve to increase the airflow residence time within the chamber, but the general direction of airflow within the chamber is substantially, if not entirely, parallel to the longitudinal axes of the emitter and collector, as understood from the above discussion of arrow C with respect to Figures 9A and 9B. Also, the offset distance between the emitter tip and the collector (arrow D), as depicted in Figures 9A and 9B, is the same for the emitter and collector arrangements in the embodiments depicted in Figures 59 and 60.

[0102] As shown in Figure 59, the inhalation spiral airflow eventually reaches an opening that leads into the volume (i.e., mask space) of the mask 212. At this point, the airflow enters the opening 254 of the ionizing filter 250 and is filtered to protect the wearer of the mask 212 from contaminants collected from the airflow within the chamber of the ionizing filter 250. As noted above, the filtration rate tested for this ionizing filter 250 was 99.8% reduction in virus penetration in the context of a COVID-19 aerosol study with levels of COVID-19 aerosol concentration much higher than would be encountered in real life.

[0103] 59, depending on the embodiment, and as will be appreciated from the above discussion of various embodiments of the electronic-ionic device 200, upon exhalation by the wearer of the mask 212, the wearer's contaminated exhaled airflow may be conveyed directly from the mask volume to the mask exterior without further ionizing filtration, with a one-way valve preventing backflow into the inhalation ionizing filter 250. Alternatively, the exhaled air may be routed through a second or exhalation ionizing filter for similar filtration as described above before reaching the ambient environment, with a one-way valve again preventing backflow into the inhalation ionizing filter 250.

[0104] 54-60, the ionizing filter 250 serves to filter both inhalation and exhalation. In doing so, the exhaled airflow may simply be reversed back through the ionizing filter 250 for filtering before exiting the filtered exhaled air through opening 254 into the surrounding environment. As described above with respect to a similar embodiment in which a single ionizing filter 250 serves dual purposes for inhalation and exhalation, a sensor identifies periods of inhalation versus exhalation and modulates the voltage so that ozone levels are lower during inhalation and higher during exhalation.

[0105] 64 and 65 show partially exploded views of another embodiment of a mask assembly 800 and its various components for use in an electron-ionic device 200 in a manner similar to the mask assembly 500 described above. Mask assembly 800 is similar to mask assembly 500, except for the differences discussed below.

[0106] 64 and 65 , the mask assembly 800 includes a porous Faraday cage 802 that encloses the emitter 256 and the collector 260. The porous Faraday cage 802 may include a solid shell 804 having a hollow interior and a porous filter 810 at each end of the solid shell 804. The solid shell 804 may be formed from one or more conductive materials, such as a metal or carbon fiber tube or foil, conductive paint, and / or conductive plastics, such as polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyindole, and polyaniline, among others. As shown in FIG. 64 , the solid shell 804 may form an outer radial portion of the housing of the ionization filter 250, such as formed from a conductive plastic or resin, while the inner portion of the housing may be formed from a non-conductive plastic or resin to space and insulate the solid shell 804 from the collector plate 260. Solid shell 804 may include a cylindrical portion 804 and a radially inward protruding edge 808 connecting cylindrical portion 804 to the inner cylindrical surface of the housing of ionization filter 250. In other embodiments not shown, the housing of ionization filter 250 may be formed from multiple sections, such as a center section and two end sections; the outer surface and sides of the center section may be coated with a conductive paint or foil, and the conductive paint or foil on the outer surface is in electrical communication with the inner surface of the housing when the sections of the housing are mechanically coupled together.

[0107] 64 and 65 each show a porous filter 810 axially separated from the solid shell 804 along a common longitudinal axis A. The porous filter 810 may be similar to the filtration layer 106 described above, such as a non-conductive fibrous mesh in which a conductive material, including conductive wires, is incorporated. The porous filter 810 may also be constructed of a mesh of conductive material without a non-conductive mesh. The conductive material in the porous filter 810 may include an alloy or oxide containing nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, cerium, or a combination thereof to aid in the decomposition of ozone. Additionally, the porous filter 810 may contain any conductive material for forming the end caps of the Faraday cage 802, such as copper, aluminum, or a steel alloy, and an ozone decomposition material for aiding in the decomposition of ozone, such as the alloys or oxides listed above. In some embodiments, the conductive material and the decomposition material are in electrical communication with each other, while in other embodiments, they are not in electrical communication. The porous filter 810 may be tightly meshed, but the pore size is large enough to allow breathing through it without significant resistance to airflow. For example, the porous filter 810 may have a conductive mesh with a pore size of 1 μm to 5 mm, preferably 10 μm to 2.5 mm, more preferably 100 μm to 2.0 mm, and even more preferably 1 mm to 2 mm. It has been found that a filtering pore size of less than 2.5 mm may effectively reduce voltage creep and clearance, thereby improving the safety of the mask assembly 800. In addition, the porous filter 810 may also include a conductive foil or plate 814 at the outer axial end of the porous filter 810 to further improve the effectiveness of the Faraday cage 802.

[0108] Returning to FIG. 64 , the housing of the ionization filter 250 may include cavities 812 in front of and behind the front and rear spacers 257, respectively. Each of the cavities 812 includes a cylindrical inner surface from a radially inwardly protruding edge 808 and is configured to house a porous filter 810. When the porous filter 810 is positioned within the cavity 812, the porous filter 810 makes electrical contact with the inwardly protruding edge 808 along its periphery to form a Faraday cage 802, completely enclosing the emitter 256 and collector 260. The emitter 256 may be electrically connected to the Faraday cage 802, resulting in a common voltage potential therebetween. The first and last electrodes 258 of the emitter 256 may be axially spaced from their respective porous filters 810 by a distance greater than their radial distance to the collector plate 260.

[0109] 66-69 illustrate another embodiment of an ionization filter 850 for use in an electron-ionization device, such as electron-ionization device 200, 300, 400, or 500, but in place of ionization filter 250. Referring to FIGS. 66 and 67, ionization filter 850 includes a collector plate 260 electrically connected to first and second conductive porous filters 854 and 856, which collectively form a Faraday cage enclosing emitter 256, and a conductive end cap 852. First conductive porous filter 854 may be cylindrical in shape, having a first circular edge that abuts the circular edge of conductive end 852 and a second circular edge that abuts threaded collar 872 having inwardly facing threads. Second conductive porous filter 856 may be dome-shaped or partially spherical, and may have a circular edge that abuts threaded collar 872, also having inwardly facing threads. The threaded collars 872 of the first and second porous filters are configured to threadably engage corresponding outwardly threaded portions 870 of the collection plate 260 to allow for assembly and disassembly.

[0110] The first and second porous filters 854 and 856 may be constructed with a mesh of conductive material without a non-conductive mesh. The conductive material in the porous filters 854 and 856 may include an alloy or oxide containing nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, cerium, or a combination thereof to aid in the decomposition of ozone. Additionally, the porous filters 854 and 856 may contain any conductive material, such as copper, aluminum, or a steel alloy, and an ozone-decomposing material, such as the alloys or oxides listed above, to aid in the decomposition of ozone. In some embodiments, the conductive material and the decomposing material are in electrical communication with each other; in other embodiments, they are not in electrical communication. The porous filters 854 and 856 may be tightly meshed, but the pore size is large enough to allow breathing through them without significant resistance to airflow. For example, porous filters 854 and 856 may comprise a conductive mesh having a pore size of 1 μm to 5 mm, preferably 10 μm to 2.5 mm, more preferably 100 μm to 2.0 mm, and even more preferably 1 mm to 2 mm. It has been found that a filtration pore size of less than 2.5 mm can effectively reduce voltage creep and clearance, thereby improving the safety of ionization filter 850.

[0111] In addition to airflow through porous filters 854 and 856, the ionizing filter also includes an opening 860 in mouthpiece portion 858 configured to interface with an opening in mask 212 (not shown) or mouthpiece assembly (not shown). Opening 860 may include a mouthpiece filter 862 configured to help reduce or prevent saliva from entering the ionizing filter. Mouthpiece filter 862 may include an alloy or oxide containing nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, cerium, or a combination thereof to aid in the decomposition of ozone. Beneath mouthpiece filter 862 is conductive porous filter 863, which is in electrical communication with collector plate 260 along the periphery of porous filter 863 (FIGS. 71 and 72). In some embodiments, mouthpiece filter 862 may be electrically connected to collector plate 260.

[0112] As shown in Figures 68 and 69, the emitter 256 is housed axially centrally in the collector plate 260. The emitter 256 and collector plate 260 operate in substantially the same manner as described above in the electro-ionic devices 200, 300, 400, or 500. The emitter 256 may be held axially centrally by spacers 257 at first and second axial ends of the ionizing filter. The spacers 257 may have spiral vanes 259 that spiral or at least induce turbulence in the airflow to help extend the effective length of the airflow within the collector 260, thereby increasing the residence time of the airflow and its particles within the collector and increasing the probability that particles will be attracted from the airflow and deposit on the collector 260.

[0113] An O-ring 868 may be positioned on the outwardly facing cylindrical surface of spacer 257; O-ring 868 may act as an insulator to keep wheel 257 spaced apart from direct contact with collector plate 260. Spacer 257 may be kept spaced apart from one another by frame 866, such that spacer 257, frame 866, emitter 256, and O-ring 868 may collectively form emitter assembly 864. As shown in FIG. 68 , emitter assembly 864 may be inserted into or removed from collector plate 260 along axial direction 876 for cleaning or replacement.

[0114] FIG. 70 depicts another spacer 257A that is similar to spacer 257, but with the following differences: Spacer 257 includes a sawtooth profile 874 on the leeward edge (during intake) of vane 259. The sawtooth profile 874 may help convert the intake airflow into turbulence to help further increase residence time. To help further reduce voltage creep from emitter 258, thus reducing electrical inefficiencies and improving performance and battery life, spacer 257A may also include an axial extension 276 having radial protrusions extending axially inward and radially outward from the spacer.

[0115] 71 and 72 show another embodiment of ionizing filter 850A that is substantially the same as ionizing filter 850, but with spacer 257A instead of spacer 257. FIG. 72 shows airflow path 878 through ionizing filter 850A; in this path, because of the spacer geometry, airflow may spiral from each side of collector plate 260 and toward opening 860. Spacers 257A may be oriented as mirror images of each other so that airflow spirals along airflow path 878, with each half of the path being a mirror image of the opposite side. Airflow path 878 may be the same during inspiration and expiration, such that during inspiration, air flows in through porous filters 854 and 856 and out through mouthpiece filter 862, and during expiration, air flows in through mouthpiece filter 862 and out through porous filters 854 and 856.

[0116] 73A-73B illustrate another embodiment of an ionizing filter 950 for use in an electron-ionizing device, such as electron-ionizing device 200, 300, 400, or 500, but which is not ionizing filter 250. Similar to the Faraday cage 802 described above, the ionizing filter 950 includes safety-enhancing features. Specifically, the ionizing filter 950 may include safety-enhancing features to reduce voltage creep and clearance by increasing the minimum total distance that electrons can potentially travel, either upstream or downstream of the emitter 256, along a non-conductive surface or through the air between the emitter 256 and the user's body.

[0117] Referring to FIG. 73A , a perspective view of an ionization filter 950 is shown. The ionization filter 950 may include an outer housing 952 that houses the internal components of the ionization filter 950, such as the emitter 256 and collector plate 260, which are described in more detail above. The outer housing 952 is configured to be removably inserted into a receptacle of an electro-ionic device, such as the receptacle 502 ( FIG. 58 ) of the electro-ionic device 500. To assist a user in its insertion, the outer housing 952 may include indicia 960 on its exterior surface having insertion instructions, such as an arrow indicating the direction of insertion. The indicia 960 may be molded into the outer housing 952, printed on the outer housing 952, or printed on a sticker positioned on the outer housing 952.

[0118] As shown in FIG. 73B , each axial end of the outer housing 952 may include a spiral insert 960 having a tubular sidewall 956 that defines a cylindrical cavity along the longitudinal axis of the spiral insert 960. The spiral insert 960 may include a single thread 958 that extends radially from the tubular sidewall 956 and spirals along the tubular sidewall 956 from its outer axial end to a circular cap 964 that closes the cylindrical cavity at an inner axial position. In other embodiments, the spiral insert may include any number of threads 958, such as two, three, or four threads. The circular cap 964 may include a central bore that is configured to hold the emitter 256 and allow conductive wires from the cable 230 (see FIG. 54 ) to connect the emitter 256 to the electronics unit 224 to provide a high-voltage signal. The circular cap 964 may also include a bore 962 offset from the longitudinal axis to allow conductive wires from the cable 230 to connect the collector plate 260 to the electronics unit 224 .

[0119] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 73B , the threads 958 of the spiral insert 960 are configured to thread into corresponding helical grooves or threads formed in the inward-facing surface of the outer housing 952. However, in other embodiments not shown, the spiral insert 960 may be integrally formed with the outer housing 952. In this embodiment, the outer housing 952 may be injection molded into two radial halves that are later rejoined during assembly. Returning to FIG. 73A , the two axially outermost overlapping portions of the threads 958 form an inlet 954 with the outer housing 952 to allow air to enter the ionizing filter 950. The air is then guided along a spiral path by the adjacent overlapping portions of the spiral insert 958 axially toward the emitter 256 and collector plate 260 in the central portion of the ionizing filter 950. The spiral path may cause spiraling airflow, increased turbulence, or increased residence time of the airflow between the emitter 256 and the collector plate 260.

[0120] As better shown in FIGS. 74A-75B, the spiral insert 960 may have opposing thread orientations, such as clockwise threads from the inlet 954 to the central section and counterclockwise threads from the central section to the outlet (not shown). Thus, airflow through the central section is configured to reverse angular direction, which causes additional turbulence, mixing, and increased residence time between the emitter 256 and the collector plate 260. The spiral insert 960 between the user and the emitter 256 may include alloys or oxides containing nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, cerium, or combinations thereof to aid in the decomposition of ozone before the air enters the user's lungs. In some embodiments, both spiral inserts 960 may include the above-mentioned materials.

[0121] 76 and 77 show an alternative embodiment of an ionizing filter 950 similar to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 74A and 75A, but in which the spiral insert 960 has the same thread orientation, such as clockwise threads 958 from the inlet 954 to the center section, followed by clockwise threads 958 from the center section to the outlet (not shown). Such an orientation may help maintain an airflow spiral between the emitter 256 and collector plate 260 to reduce airflow resistance during breathing.

[0122] In both embodiments shown in FIGS. 73A-77, the spiral insert 960 increases the total minimum distance that electrons can potentially travel along a non-conductive surface, either upstream or downstream of the emitter 256, or through the air between the emitter 256 and the user's body. For example, the minimum or shortest distance along one or more surfaces from the central portion to the inlet is along the interface of the thread 958 and the inward-facing surface of the tubular sidewall 956. The minimum distance is therefore a function of the radius of the tubular sidewall 956, the pitch of the thread, and the number of turns. In some embodiments, the total minimum distance is greater than or equal to about 5 cm, greater than or equal to about 10 cm, greater than or equal to about 15 cm, or greater than or equal to about 20 cm. In preferred embodiments, the minimum distance is greater than or equal to about 22 cm.

[0123] 78-79B, an ionizing filter 1050 is shown that is similar to ionizing filter 950. Like ionizing filter 950, this ionizing filter includes an emitter 256 and a collector plate 260 that operate in substantially the same manner as described above. Instead of having a helical airflow path, such as the path defined by the threads 958 of the spiral insert 960 in ionizing filter 950, the airflow in ionizing filter 1050 has a radially alternating path that progresses axially in stages from the inlet 1054 to the central portion of the outer housing 1052. In particular, the outer housing 1052 includes an array of integrally formed radial baffles 1058, with each successive baffle 1058 opening on radially opposite sides. This alternating arrangement of the radial baffles 1058 causes the airflow to reverse 180 degrees around each radial baffle 1058 and flow substantially perpendicular to the axial direction of the ionizing filter 1050.

[0124] 79B, the cable 230 runs along the outer housing 1052 within an axially aligned first detent 1060 that is located at a radially outward position on the periphery away from the opening in the baffle 1058 to minimize interference with airflow. The outer housing 1052 may also include a second detent 1062 that is angularly spaced from the detent 1060 and also away from the opening in the baffle 1058. The second detent 1062 may be used to route conductors from the cable 230 to the collector plate 260, while the first detent 1060 may be used to route conductors that connect to the emitter 256.

[0125] The radial baffles 1058 may cause the shortest path along the non-conductive surface to zigzag along the inward-facing surface of the outer housing 1052 between the radial baffles 1058. The minimum value is therefore a function of the radius of the outer housing 1052, the shape and width of the openings in the radial baffles 1058, and the number of radial baffles 1058. In some embodiments, the total minimum distance is greater than or equal to about 5 cm, greater than or equal to about 10 cm, greater than or equal to about 15 cm, or greater than or equal to about 20 cm. In preferred embodiments, the minimum distance is greater than or equal to about 22 cm.

[0126] Similar to the spiral insert 960 between the user and the emitter 256, the radial baffles 1058 may comprise alloys or oxides containing nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, cerium, or combinations thereof to aid in the decomposition of ozone before the air enters the user's lungs. In some embodiments, both arrays of radial baffles 1058 may comprise the above-mentioned materials.

[0127] FIG. 80A shows an exemplary ventilator system 1100 including a ventilator 1102 configured to assist a patient's breathing by applying positive and negative pressure during inspiration and expiration, respectively. The ventilator 1102 delivers air (or oxygenated air) through a network of tubing or channels 1104 along a circuit with an inhalation path 1116. After exiting the ventilator 1102, the inhalation path 1116 may pass through a humidifier 1106 having a heater 1108 to condition the air. While the heater 1108 is represented by a heating coil in FIG. 80A , one skilled in the art will recognize that the heater 1108 may include any known heating element or process for transferring heat to the water and / or air within the humidifier. After exiting the humidifier 1106, the inhalation path 1116 may pass through an ionizing filter 1150 to generate at least ozone and remove particles. Like ionization filters 250, 950, and 1050, ionization filter 1150 includes an emitter 256 and a collector plate 260 as described above.

[0128] After the ionizing filter 1150, the inspiratory path 1116 continues into a wye 1110 where it intersects with the expiratory path 1118 of the circuit. The wye 1110 may include a pair of check valves configured to prevent inhalation along a portion of the expiratory path 1118 and exhalation along a portion of the inspiratory path 1116. The inspiratory and expiratory paths 1116, 1118 converge along a common outlet of the wye 1110 and an entrance to an endotracheal tube 1112 configured for intubation into a patient. The tubing 1104 between the ionizing filter 1150 and the wye 1110, or the wye 1110 itself, may include a first set of one or more sensors 1120 configured to measure oxygen and / or ozone concentrations, as well as the air pressure and flow rate of air passing therethrough in some embodiments.

[0129] As shown in FIG. 80A , the exhalation path 1118 runs from the endotracheal tube 1112 back to the Y-tube 1110 and then back to the ventilator 1102 through a filter 1114 adjacent to the ventilator 1102. The filter 1114 may be a porous filter such as a HEPA filter, or in other embodiments not shown, the filter 1114 may be an ionizing filter similar to the ionizing filter 1150.

[0130] The exhalation pathway 1118 may pass through an ozone decomposition device 1122 between the filter 1114 and the ventilator 1102. The ozone decomposition device 1122 may include alloys or oxides containing nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, copper, platinum, silver, rhodium, cerium, or combinations thereof to assist in the decomposition of ozone before it is exhausted to the atmosphere.

[0131] The ventilator 1102 may include a second set of one or more sensors 1124 configured to measure the concentration of exhausted ozone, as well as in some embodiments the concentration of oxygen and atmospheric air pressure. The second set of one or more sensors 1124 may send a signal representative of at least the concentration of ozone in the exhaust to the electronics unit to ensure that the concentration of ozone in the exhaust is maintained below a predetermined concentration, such as below 0.05 ppm.

[0132] Operation of the ventilator system 1100 can be divided into the inspiratory and expiratory phases of the respiratory cycle. During the inspiratory phase, the ventilator 1102 applies positive pressure to force air along the inspiratory pathway 1116 and into the patient's lungs. As described above, the air may have atmospheric levels of oxygen or may be insufflated with oxygen. The air may be humidified and warmed (via heater 1108) in the humidifier 1106 to condition it. The humidified air may then pass through an ionizing filter 1150, where ozone is generated and introduced into the air.

[0133] The ionizing filter 1150 may be connected to an electronics unit, such as the electronics unit 224 described above, to control the voltage and, therefore, the ozone produced by the ionizing filter 1150. The electronics unit may be a dedicated stand-alone unit or may be incorporated within the ventilator 1102. The electronics unit may receive a signal representing the ozone concentration from the first set of one or more sensors 1120 to provide feedback control of the ozone concentration. Additionally, the electronics unit of the ionizing filter 1150 may communicate with the ventilator 1102 to enable the ventilator 1102 to control the ionizing filter 1150, such as to shut down ozone production when certain conditions exist. Because some of the diatomic oxygen ultimately forms triatomic oxygen (ozone) during ionization, the density and pressure of the gas may decrease after passing through the ionizing filter 1150, and the first set of one or more sensors 1120 may send signals to the ventilator providing information about the oxygen concentration, air pressure, and flow rate to enable feedback control of the oxygen concentration and pressure, if desired. The ozonated and oxygenated air may then be delivered to the patient through a Y-tube 1110 and an endotracheal tube 1112 .

[0134] During the exhalation phase, the ventilator 1102 may apply a vacuum to assist in degassing the patient's lungs. In doing so, exhaled air may flow along the exhalation pathway 1118 through the filter 1114 and the ozonolysis device 1122 back to the ventilator 1102. As mentioned above, the filter 1114 may be a porous filter or another ionizing filter, but is optimized to remove particles while minimizing ozone production.

[0135] 80B shows an exemplary ventilator system 1100A that is similar to ventilator system 1100, but with the order of the humidifier 1106 and ionizing filter 1150 reversed along the inspiratory path 1116. For example, it may be desirable to humidify and warm the air after subjecting it to a high voltage in the electrostatic filter 1150.

[0136] 81A and 81B show alternative embodiments of mask assemblies 1200 and 1200A, and partially exploded views of various components thereof, for use in electron-ionic device 200 in a manner similar to mask assembly 800 described above. Mask assemblies 1200 and 1200A are configured to filter airborne radioactive particles. Mask assembly 800 is similar to mask assembly 500, except for the differences described below.

[0137] As shown in FIG. 81A , the radiation detector 1206 may be located on the exterior surface of the solid shell 804 of the Faraday cage 802. The Faraday cage 802 may help shield the radiation detector 1206 from any potential electromagnetic interference that may be generated by high-voltage circuitry inside the ionization filter 250. In other embodiments that do not include the Faraday cage 802, the radiation detector 1206 may be located on the outside of the housing of the ionization filter 250. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 81B , the radiation detector 1206 may be located within the Faraday cage 802 and / or within the housing of the ionization filter 250, such as adjacent to the inward-facing surface and inward-facing protruding edge 808 of the solid shell 804. When the radiation detector 1206 is positioned inside the Faraday cage 802 and / or the housing, the radiation detector 1206 may be exposed to an airflow path inside the housing of the ionization filter 250, which may enhance its sensitivity to radioactive particles.

[0138] The radiation detector 1206 may include a display panel 1208 on its top surface ( FIG. 81A ) or on the exterior surface of the housing ( FIG. 81B ). As shown in FIG. 81B , the display panel 1208 is located on the exterior surface of the housing opposite the radiation detector 1206. In this embodiment, the radiation detector 1206 and the display panel 1208 may be electrically connected to each other via a cable (not shown) routed around the solid shell 804 and protruding edge 808 of the Faraday cage 802.

[0139] FIG. 82 shows a top view of the display panel 1208 of the radiation detector 1206. The display panel 1208 may include multiple indicator lights 1210, such as LEDs, arranged in an array. Each of the indicator lights 1210 may be adjacent indicia, such as text or symbols, and may indicate, among other things, whether power is on or off; whether radiation is currently being detected; and / or whether a predetermined level of cumulative radiation has been reached. For example, the radiation detector 1206 may receive power from the electronics unit 224 (see FIG. 54), and therefore, the indicator light may indicate that the electronics unit 224 and / or the radiation detector 1206 are on. The indicator light 1210 may indicate that the radiation detector 1206 is currently detecting radiation, such as by determining a change in measured cumulative radiation. Multiple indicator lights 1210 may be used to indicate the intensity of the detected radiation. Although FIG. 82 shows indicator light 1210 having three LEDs, in other embodiments indicator light 1210 may have more or less than three LEDs.

[0140] The display panel 1208 may also have a numeric display 1212, such as the digital numeric display 1212 shown in FIG. 82. In other embodiments, the display panel 1210 may include more than one numeric display 1212, an analog numeric display, an LCD display, among other types of displays. The numeric display 1212 may indicate the intensity of radiation at a given moment, the accumulated radiation, or the amount of radiation emanating from particles collected within the mask assemblies 1200 and 1200A. Because the mask assemblies 1200 and 1200A are configured to filter out radioactive particles that pass through the ionizing filter 250, doing so can potentially have the unintended effect of removing radioactive particles from a radioactive environment and retaining them in close proximity to the user's face upon exiting that environment. Therefore, monitoring the radiation emanating from the mask can be useful in determining when to discard the collector plate 260 or the mask assemblies 1200 and 1200A.

[0141] 61 and 62 are circuit schematics of a main board 600 and a daughter board 602 contained within the electronics unit 224 of any of the above-described embodiments of the electro-ionic devices 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500, including the device 200 depicted in FIG. 54, the electro-ionic device 200 including the mask assembly 800 depicted in FIGS. 64 and 65, or the electro-ionic device 500 including the ionizing filter 850, 850A, 950, or 1050 depicted in FIGS. 66-79B. As shown in FIG. 61, the main board 600 includes a microcontroller 604, a battery module 606 with charging and protection control, a 2.5 V regulator 608, an output current measurement module 610, a Buck regulator and Baxandall oscillator module 612, and a SWIM and UART 614.

[0142] The microcontroller 604 communicates with the red / blue / green LEDs (indicator lights 228) via red and green LED control 616, and the battery module 606 communicates with the indicator lights 228 via blue LED control 618. The battery module 606 communicates with the microcontroller 604 via a battery voltage ADC 620. The battery module 606 delivers a nominal 3.7 V to a 2.5 V regulator 608, which delivers 2.5 V to the microcontroller 604. The battery module 606 delivers a nominal 3.7 V to a Buck regulator and Baxandall oscillator module 612.

[0143] The microcontroller 604 and the SWIM and UART 614 are linked for programming and calibration.

[0144] An output current measurement module 610 reads the emitter terminal 256 and reports to the microcontroller 604 via an output current ADC 622. A Buck regulator and Baxandall oscillator module 612 communicates with the microcontroller 604 via an output voltage ADC 624 and an oscillator current ADC 626. The microcontroller 604 communicates with the Buck regulator and Baxandall oscillator module 612 regarding the manual PWM, feedback SSR, HVEN, and power PWM microcontroller signals. The Buck regulator and Baxandall oscillator module 612 sends up to 2 kV pp to a voltage multiplier / ladder 630 on the daughterboard 602, as shown in FIG.

[0145] Still referring to FIG. 61, in one embodiment, Manual PWM is a dual PWM signal used to start the oscillator to build up enough voltage to provide feedback to itself to ensure starting with high capacitive loads. Feedback SSR is a control for a solid-state relay used to allow the Manual PWM signal to control the oscillator when off and, when turned on, to enable automatic feedback through the transformer after oscillation becomes self-sustaining. HVEN is a high-voltage enable signal that enables the buck regulator that powers the oscillator. And Power PWM is a single PWM signal to set the desired operating point of the buck regulator and therefore the output.

[0146] 62, the daughter board 602 of the electronics unit 224 includes a voltage multiplier / ladder 630 and a current limiting resistor module 632. The voltage multiplier / ladder 630 receives 2 kV pp from the Buck regulator and Baxandall oscillator module 612 of the main board 600 and delivers up to 21 kV (no load) to the current limiting resistor module 632, which delivers to the collector terminal 260. The main board 600 and daughter board 602 may be contained within a common Faraday cage or separate Faraday cages.

[0147] Figure 63 is a flow chart illustrating voltage modulation for the ionization filter of any embodiment of the electron-ionic device disclosed herein. As shown in Figure 63, a voltage and maximum current limit are set (700). The current is monitored to determine if it is acceptable (702). If the current is not acceptable (704), the voltage is adjusted downward (706). If the current is acceptable, operation of the anode (710) and cathode (712) of the ionization filter 250 of the electron-ionic device continues (708).

[0148] As mentioned above, the emitter / collector offset distance and voltage, as well as the local altitude where the ionization filter is used, are variables that affect the performance of the ionization filter. In calibrating the performance of the ionization filter for the local altitude and overall conditions, an operating point (e.g., operating voltage) may be set where effective particle removal is greater than 90% while ozone production by the ionization filter remains at a low level. In some embodiments and conditions, the optimal operating point may be where particle reduction is maximized and ozone production over time is kept below 0.1 parts per million during inspiration.

[0149] An ionization filter calibrated to an optimal operating point for a local elevation and global conditions may be recalibrated to again achieve the optimal operating point for a new elevation or new conditions. This may be done electronically or mechanically. Some embodiments may rely solely on mechanical adjustment, and in doing so, the emitter / collector offset distance and / or the geometry of the emitter / collector relationship may be modified / adjusted. Mechanical modification / adjustment of the emitter / collector offset distance and / or the geometry of the emitter / collector relationship for a new elevation or conditions may fine-tune the ionization filter to within 12%-20% of its previous optimal operating point.

[0150] Some embodiments may rely solely on electronic recalibration, and in doing so, the voltage and current controls may be modified / adjusted to recalibrate for the new altitude or conditions. Electronic modification / adjustment of the voltage and current controls may be able to fine-tune the ionization filter to within 10%-12% of its previous optimal operating point.

[0151] Some embodiments may utilize both mechanical and electronic recalibration, and in doing so, voltage and current control may be corrected / adjusted via electronic components to obtain an additional 10%-12% correction in addition to the 12%-20% provided via mechanical recalibration.

[0152] Since higher altitudes require lower voltages, which is easier on electrical components, in some embodiments calibration and optimization of ionizing filter performance may be performed at sea level.

[0153] From the foregoing, it should be understood that, while particular aspects have been illustrated and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Such changes and modifications are within the teachings of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. An electro-ionic device configured to be worn on a person's face, comprising: at least two electrical conductors spaced apart from one another, the at least two electrical conductors defining at least a portion of a breathing passage therebetween; and a circuit configured to apply a first voltage between the at least two electrical conductors during inspiration and a second voltage higher than the first voltage during expiration; Equipped with the circuit is configured to generate an amount of ozone during inspiration and expiration, the amount of ozone generated during inspiration being less than the amount of ozone generated during expiration; Electron-ionic device.

2. The electro-ionic device of claim 1, further comprising at least one sensor, the circuit configured to detect inhalation and exhalation based on the at least one sensor.

3. The electro-ionic device of claim 1, further comprising a fabric filter disposed within the respiratory pathway.

4. The electron ionic device of claim 1, wherein the first voltage is greater than 100V.

5. The electro-ionic device of claim 1, further comprising a wearable DC power source.

6. An electron ionic device as described in claim 1, further comprising a flow control vane that causes at least one of spiraling airflow, increasing turbulence, or increasing the residence time of the airflow between the at least two electrical conductors.

7. The electron-ionic device of claim 1, wherein said at least two electrical conductors include an emitter and a collector, said collector being radially outward from said emitter.

8. An electro-ionic device configured to be worn on a person's face, comprising: an electrically insulating material having a continuous surface defining an opening, the opening configured to surround a breathing passage; at least two electrical conductors spaced apart from one another, at least one of the at least two electrical conductors being disposed within the breathing passageway; and a circuit configured to apply a voltage between the at least two electrical conductors at least during inspiration; Equipped with the circuit is configured to generate an amount of ozone during inspiration and expiration, the amount of ozone generated during inspiration being less than the amount of ozone generated during expiration; Electron-ionic device.

9. The electro-ionic device of claim 8, further comprising at least one sensor, the circuit configured to detect inhalation and exhalation based on the at least one sensor.

10. The electro-ionic device of claim 8, further comprising a fabric filter disposed within said respiratory pathway.

11. The electron ionic device of claim 8, wherein the voltage is greater than 100V.

12. The electro-ionic device of claim 8, further comprising a wearable DC power source.

13. An electron ionic device as described in claim 8, further comprising a flow control vane that causes at least one of spiraling airflow, increasing turbulence, or increasing the residence time of the airflow between the at least two electrical conductors.

14. The electron-ionic device of claim 8, wherein said at least two electrical conductors include an emitter and a collector, said collector being radially outward from said emitter.

15. A battery-powered electrostatic filter configured to be worn on a person's face, comprising: an electrically insulating material having a continuous surface defining an opening, the opening configured to surround a breathing passage; at least two electrical conductors spaced apart from one another, at least one of the at least two electrical conductors being disposed within the breathing passageway; and a circuit configured to apply a first voltage between the at least two electrical conductors during inspiration and a second voltage higher than the first voltage during expiration. Equipped with the circuit is configured to generate an amount of ozone during inspiration and expiration, the amount of ozone generated during inspiration being less than the amount of ozone generated during expiration; Battery-powered electrostatic filter.

16. The battery-powered electrostatic filter of claim 15, further comprising at least one sensor, said circuit configured to detect inhalation and exhalation based on said at least one sensor.

17. The battery-powered electrostatic filter of claim 15, further comprising a fabric filter disposed within said breathing passageway.

18. The battery-powered electrostatic filter of claim 15, wherein said first voltage is greater than 100 V.

19. A battery-powered electrostatic filter as described in claim 15, further comprising flow control vanes that cause at least one of spiraling airflow, increasing turbulence, or increasing the residence time of the airflow between the at least two electrical conductors.

20. The battery-powered electrostatic filter of claim 15, wherein said at least two electrical conductors include an emitter and a collector, said collector being radially outward from said emitter.

21. The battery-powered electrostatic filter of claim 15, wherein said first voltage is between 100 V and 20 kV.

22. The battery-powered electrostatic filter of claim 15, wherein the first voltage is greater than or equal to 500 V and less than or equal to 6 kV.

23. The electro-ionic device of claim 2, wherein the at least one sensor is a thermistor, a pressure sensor, or a strain gauge.

24. The electro-ionic device of claim 9, wherein the at least one sensor is a thermistor, a pressure sensor, or a strain gauge.

25. The battery-powered electrostatic filter of claim 16, wherein said at least one sensor is a thermistor, a pressure sensor, or a strain gauge.

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