Safety switch to guard against access

Abstract

A safety switch for guarding access to industrial machines and plants comprises a switching device (2) provided with first mounting means (9) on a fixed part of the access to be guarded, an actuation device (3) adapted to be mounted on said movable part of said access and adapted to interact with said switching means in order to open or close one or more circuits when said access is opened or closed, and signalling means comprising one or more optical signal sources adapted to emit one or more optical and / or visible signals representative of the state of said one or more circuits, said switching device (2) having at least one part or cap (6) made of transparent or translucent material surrounding said optical signal source or sources making them visible from the outside, at least in the powered state.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention finds application in the field of industrial electrical devices, and particularly aims at a safety switch designed to guard access to the safety boundaries or barriers of industrial machines or plants.

Background Art

[0002] As is known, switches designed to guard access to machines or industrial plants, such as protection panels, barriers, and safety fences, comprise a switching device designed to be installed on the fixed part of the access and a drive device designed to be installed on the movable part.

[0003] In the known method, when the movable part is closed, the interaction between the switching device and the drive device operates to enable the start of the machine or plant, unless a specific intervention by an operator is required.

[0004] In contrast, the opening of the access or the request for such opening results in stopping the machine or plant with the removal of the drive device from the switching device, enabling access to it in a safe state.

[0005] The switching device is also provided with electronic control means designed to verify whether all safety conditions are met and to stop the machine or plant if one or more safety conditions are not respected.

[0006] In addition, the switch may also be connected to further service circuits of the machine or plant to send reports based on the actual status.

[0007] One or more signal lights of the LED type may be provided on the switch to light up according to various system statuses or to notify the status of various circuits connected to the switch, so that the operator can immediately check the system status.

[0008] Typically, signal lights are located on the front of the housing of a fixed switching device and are defined by small indicator lights that are switched on / off depending on the state of the control circuit and may also display different colors.

[0009] Examples of these solutions are also disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 2019178014 or International Publication No. 2021 / 009601 and European Patent No. 3078048, the latter two of which are under the same applicant name.

[0010] The first drawback of these solutions is that the use of small indicator lights as signal lights and their forward positioning does not always ensure that reading the light and interpreting its meaning is always immediate and unambiguous, requiring workers to be positioned near the switch so that their eyes are directly facing the light itself.

[0011] Another solution involves a push-button safety switch, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 2016064163 and U.S. Patent No. 4990730, where the entire button illuminates to indicate the system status.

[0012] However, these solutions also have a limited amount and variety of information they can provide to workers, as their sole purpose is to indicate whether the button is lit or deactivated. [Overview of the project]

[0013] The objective of the present invention is to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks by realizing a safety switch for guarding access to safety barriers or fences for industrial machinery and plants, which is characterized by high efficiency and relative cost-effectiveness.

[0014] One specific objective is to provide a safety switch that allows for the rapid and safe reading of light signals associated with various operating conditions of the associated power supply and / or signaling circuits.

[0015] Another objective is to provide a safety switch that allows the signal light to be read even by workers who are not directly in front of the switch.

[0016] Another objective is to provide a safety switch that offers a high degree of customizability to the switch signaling function, allowing the user to set multiple combinations of different numbers and / or colors of signal lights.

[0017] A further objective is to provide a particularly lightweight and compact switch.

[0018] These objectives, as well as other objectives which will become clearer below, are achieved by a safety switch for guarding safe access to industrial machinery or a plant, which comprises, according to claim 1, a switching device configured to be mounted on a fixed portion of the access to be guarded and housing switching means for controlling one or more command circuits and / or service circuits of the machinery or a plant; a drive device configured to be mounted on a movable portion of the access and configured to interact with the switching means to open or close one or more circuits when the access is opened or closed; and a signaling means comprising one or more optical signal sources configured to emit one or more optical signals and / or visible signals representing the state of the one or more circuits.

[0019] The switching device has at least one portion or cap made of a transparent or translucent material that surrounds one or more of the optical signal sources so that they are visible from the outside, at least when powered.

[0020] Thanks to this combination of features, this switch will allow workers to clearly and instantly check the status of various circuits, even if the switch is not located right next to them or if they are not directly in front of it.

[0021] In particular, the portion or cap of the transparent or translucent material is visible from at least two sides of the housing, preferably from three sides, and will be visible at least in part to an operator positioned laterally to the switch.

[0022] Furthermore, the larger the surface available for positioning the signal lights, the more light can be arranged side by side, and as a result, the combination possibilities increase, so that a larger light signal can be customized.

[0023] According to an even more particularly advantageous aspect, although not necessarily leading to the presence of the above-mentioned portion or cap, the first mounting means are exclusively arranged on the head of the housing of the switching device and may comprise at least one pair of through-holes made in at least one of the front faces of the head for inserting the respective fastening members.

[0024] This particular embodiment makes it possible for the switching device to have a particularly compact structure, is even more easily installed with light access and is inexpensive, and will thus be preferred for situations where no particular safety function is required.

[0025] Advantageous embodiments of the present invention are obtained by the dependent claims.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0026] Further features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in light of the detailed description of preferred but non-exclusive embodiments of the safety switch according to the present invention, shown by way of non-limiting examples with the aid of the attached diagrams.

[0027] [Figure 1] Figure 1 is a perspective view of the switch according to the present invention in a first operating state of a first preferred embodiment. [Figure 2] Figure 2 is a perspective view of the switch of Figure 1 in a second operating state. [Figure 3]Figure 3 is one of three cross-sectional views of the switch of FIG. 1 in the operation sequence of closing and blocking access. [Figure 4] Figure 4 is one of three cross-sectional views of the switch of FIG. 1 in the operation sequence of closing and blocking access. [Figure 5] Figure 5 is one of three cross-sectional views of the switch of FIG. 1 in the operation sequence of closing and blocking access. [Figure 6] Figure 6 is one of four partial cross-sectional views of the switch in the second preferred embodiment in the operation sequence of closing and blocking access. [Figure 7] Figure 7 is one of four partial cross-sectional views of the switch in the second preferred embodiment in the operation sequence of closing and blocking access. [Figure 8] Figure 8 is one of four partial cross-sectional views of the switch in the second preferred embodiment in the operation sequence of closing and blocking access. [Figure 9] Figure 9 is one of four partial cross-sectional views of the switch in the second preferred embodiment in the operation sequence of closing and blocking access.

Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

[0028] Referring to the accompanying drawings, a preferred but non-exclusive embodiment of the safety switch according to the present invention is shown, which is generally designed to guard access to industrial machinery or plants.

[0029] As can be seen from FIG. 1, the switch, indicated as 1 as a whole, is designed to be applied to protection designed as a barrier or movable panel, which is not exclusive but preferably known per se and not shown, and is suitable for preventing unsafe access to the security boundary or to other operating areas where the machine or industrial plant is operating.

[0030] Even in known forms, switch 1 is designed to apply protection in access and will immediately or time-delay the operation of the machine or plant, or the operation of one or more selected parts of the machine or plant, only when access is released or in the presence of a request to open access.

[0031] Access is not particularly restricted and may be of any type, such as hinged or sliding, right-handed or left-handed.

[0032] In the illustrated embodiment, the switch 1 is of an electronically operated type, as will be explained more clearly below, and is provided with a remote communication system between the switching part and the drive part.

[0033] However, in an alternative embodiment not shown, switch 1 may be operated mechanically or electromechanically using a key actuator.

[0034] In its most basic form, the switch 1 comprises a switching device 2, which is mounted on a fixed part of the access to be guarded, and a drive device 3, which is mounted on a movable part of the access.

[0035] The methods for installing the switching device 2 and the drive device 3 in their respective parts of the access are of known types and are not part of the present invention. Preferred but non-exclusive configurations are described below.

[0036] The switching device 2 comprises a housing 4 that houses a switching means having a known configuration, which is not visible in the drawing, and the switching means is operably connected in a way that is always known to one or more electrical and / or electronic circuits for powering and / or controlling the main circuit of a machine or plant, and / or to service circuits and emergency circuits.

[0037] The switching means can be selected from those commonly used in this art, may vary depending on the function of switch 1, and is not particularly limited.

[0038] The connection method for the switching mechanism will be selected from those typical for this type of product, but these will not be described in detail below.

[0039] The enclosure 4 may also house control means, for example, a microprocessor or CPU (not shown) suitable for receiving input signals from control circuits and / or service circuits via their respective communication channels and verifying their correct operation.

[0040] Thus, the control means may control the switching means to transmit an error signal and / or shut down the plant if there is no communication signal from one of the communication channels or if a non-conformity is detected.

[0041] The control means is also connected to signaling means, which is configured to emit one or more optical and / or visible signals, and optionally sound signals, each time switch 1 is connected, to provide information such as the open / closed status of access, unlocking while still closed, error conditions, or other conditions requiring worker attention.

[0042] The housing 4 also includes a top head 5, which will be designed to interact with the drive device 3 in the manner described below, thereby enabling interaction between the drive device 3 and the switching means.

[0043] The head 5 comprises at least one portion or cap 6 made of a transparent or translucent material, the at least one portion or cap 6 encloses therein at least a portion of signaling means, in particular one or more indicator lights or light signal sources, and thus, at least when powered, these can be seen through the portion or cap 6.

[0044] According to an exemplary but non-limiting embodiment shown in the figure, the cap 6 is preferably applied to the upper surface 7 of the head 5 in a manner that allows it to be fixed or, if necessary, removable to intervene in a warning light, for example, to color substantially its entire surface.

[0045] By positioning the cap 6 on the top surface 7, the signal light will be visible even when the worker is not in a frontal position relative to the switching device 2.

[0046] However, it is understood that the cap 6 may be positioned on other parts of the housing 4, for example, on the lower surface or part of the housing 4, or on part of the space between the end faces of the head 5.

[0047] It would be convenient if, regardless of its position on the housing 4 and / or head 5, the portion or cap 6 extends at least partially across at least two, preferably at least three, surfaces of the housing 4 and / or head 5, and is visible not only from the front but also from at least two, preferably three, sides.

[0048] Cap 6 may, in some cases, be designed to create a magnifying effect to improve the visibility of the light.

[0049] Furthermore, if a transparent or translucent front edge 8 is provided on the cap 6, it will be possible to visualize the optical signal even from the front of the housing 4.

[0050] In one modification, the cap 6 may be provided with a rounded edge or front camber suitable for enabling the signal light to be visible from the front.

[0051] In further variations not shown, the cap 6 may be positioned on any part of the housing 4 and / or the head 5, or may constitute a transparent portion thereof.

[0052] The number of signal lights or light sources that may be located inside the part or cap 6, and their relative positions, are not particularly limited, at least from a theoretical standpoint, and can vary depending on the availability and needs of space within the part or cap 6 itself.

[0053] For example, the light sources may be arranged in one or more rows, each containing two or more signal light sources.

[0054] Preferably, the signal light or signal source would be an LED light configured to emit respective light signals that can be distinguished by color and / or on / off frequency switching, depending on the needs of a particular user.

[0055] In yet another variation, there may be a single RGB LED light or multiple RGB LED lights that change color depending on the status to be reported.

[0056] In a preferred but not exclusive embodiment shown, the switching device 2 comprises a first mounting means 9 for mounting to a movable portion of a frame which would be exclusively positioned on the head 5, the first mounting means 9 being defined in the illustrated exemplary embodiment by a pair of through holes made in a pair of opposing front surfaces 10, 13 of the head 5 for inserting respective fastening members, such as screws or pins (not shown).

[0057] In one modified example (not shown), the first mounting means can be defined by two pairs of through holes made in each of the opposing front surfaces 10, 13; 11, 12.

[0058] Conveniently, the cap 6 would also extend along the lateral edge of the head 5 so as to partially occupy at least one, preferably two, fronts, particularly two mutually opposing sides 11, 12, and be visible not only from the front but also from at least two, preferably three, sides.

[0059] The drive device 3 comprises a mounting body 14 provided with a second mounting means 15 for mounting to the movable part of the access, and the mounting body 14 will be associated with an actuator 17 that interacts with a switching means, having a first end 18 fixed to the mounting body 14 and a second end 19 projecting laterally from the mounting body 14.

[0060] For this purpose, the head 5 will be provided with one or more slots 20 made in at least one of its front surfaces 10-13, into which an actuator 17 will be inserted and subsequently interact with a switching means.

[0061] In a preferred but non-exclusive embodiment shown in the figure, the head 5 is provided with at least three slots 20 made on the corresponding front surfaces 10-12, allowing the switching device 2 to always be mounted in the same orientation, while interaction with the drive device 3 remains possible regardless of the direction of approach of the drive device 3, which would rather depend on the access closing type.

[0062] Figure 1 shows switch 1 in the open access state, where actuator 17 is pulled out from head 5, while Figure 2 shows switch 1 in the closed access state, where actuator 17 is inserted into head 5 through one of the slots 20 but does not need to be locked.

[0063] In this embodiment, the head 5 may be integrated and built into the housing 4, or it may be detachable but mounted to the housing 4 by a single possible coupling method.

[0064] However, according to an alternative modification not shown, the head 5 may be orientable relative to the housing 4 according to at least three, preferably four, different orientation directions, each rotated 90° relative to the others, in which case the head 5 may have a few slots 20, or possibly just one slot.

[0065] In the preferred embodiment shown in the figure, the switch 1 may be electronically operated, i.e., the interaction between the drive device 3 and the switching means will be controlled by remote electronic signals transmitted by the drive device 3 to the switching means so that access is kept closed and secure when the drive device 3 is at a minimum predetermined distance from the switching device 2.

[0066] For this purpose, the actuator 17 houses a transmitting first communication element 21 that is configured to remotely interact with a receiving second communication element 22 housed in the head 5. Once the first communication element 21 enters the head 5, the second communication element 22 communicates with the first communication element 21 by the presence signal due to the effect of the actuator 17 being inserted into one of the slots 20.

[0067] In one alternative modification, the first telecommunications element 21 may be a receiving type that receives the presence signal transmitted by the second telecommunications element 22, and therefore the second telecommunications element 22 would be a transmitting type.

[0068] According to the first embodiment, the receiving element can be an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) type antenna designed to receive remote control signals transmitted from the transmitting element, and can be a transponder instead when the transmitting element is at the minimum detectable distance from the antenna.

[0069] In particular, the transponder may be equipped with an RFID tag having an identification code, and in order to enable the activation of the machine or system, the receiving element must receive the identification code and it must be recognized by a control means appropriately equipped with a CPU.

[0070] Code recognition can be unique or comprehensive, depending on whether you want to code the switches at a high or low level.

[0071] Advantageously, the RFID tags are coded to be uniquely recognizable by the receiving element, preventing the use of actuators other than those connected to the drive device 3, thereby avoiding the risk of insecure access.

[0072] However, the transmitting element may be, for example, one having an electromechanical action such as a key actuator, or another type that operates by magnetic, electromagnetic, optical, mechanical, inductive, pressure, or other types of sensors, and it is understood that the receiving element will be adapted to the nature of the transmitting element.

[0073] As can be seen from the cross-sections in Figures 3 to 5, the housing 4 houses the locking / unlocking means 23 for the actuator 17, and the locking / unlocking means 23 is provided with a locking pin 24 that is movable along a predetermined axis A that is substantially parallel to the main unfolding direction L of the housing 4 and perpendicular to the insertion direction X of the actuator 17 into the head 5.

[0074] The pin 24 will be designed to move between an upward access locking position in which it engages with the actuator 17 and holds it inside the head 5, and a downward release position in which the actuator 17 is not engaged with the pin 24 and the switching mechanism changes to an open state.

[0075] Next, the actuator 17 is provided with a seat portion 25 for inserting one end of the locking pin 24, and this seat portion 25 is positioned so as to align with the locking pin 24 when the actuator 17 is fully inserted into the head 5.

[0076] In this document, the expression "fully inserted" refers to the position of the actuator 17 within the head 5 such that access can be considered properly closed.

[0077] The seat portion 25 is defined by a concave surface of an appropriate entrance diameter or by a hole, and may be formed on the lower surface of the second end 19 of the actuator 17, allowing at least partial insertion of the upper end of the movable pin 24 and preventing access from being opened when the locking / unlocking means is in a locked configuration.

[0078] The first communication element 21 is positioned around the seat portion 25 and, in some cases, incorporated into the second end 19 of the actuator 17, while the second communication element 22 will be positioned inside the head 5 so as to align with the first communication element 21 when the actuator 17 is fully inserted into the head 5.

[0079] The cross-sectional views in Figures 3 to 5 show the operation sequence for closing and locking the access, where actuator 17 is initially outside head 5 (Figure 3) with the access open, but is then inserted through one of the slots 20 to enable interaction between the two remote communication elements 21 and 22 (Figure 4).

[0080] This final embodiment corresponds to an access state that is closed but not locked, since the locking pin 24 is still in the lowered position.

[0081] Once the tag 21 is recognized by the antenna 22, the locking / unlocking means 23 can be activated.

[0082] For example, an actuator device housed in an electromagnet 26 or other electromechanical, electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic housing 4 is powered or switched off, depending on the operating mode, by means of a method known in the art and therefore not described in further detail, to move a locking pin 24 upward or downward, to fit into the seat 25 of the actuator 17 and lock it inside the head 5 (Figure 5), or to facilitate its downward translation and release access.

[0083] The actuator 17 may also have a limited oscillation with respect to the horizontal axis Y, allowing for correction of any misalignment between the switching device 2 and the drive device 3 that may occur during assembly or subsequent use.

[0084] For this purpose, if a spring or other elastic element 28 is present inside the housing 27 that engages with the first end 18 of the actuator 17, the actuator 17 will remain connected and will always be able to return to an axially aligned position.

[0085] The locking / unlocking means 23 may also be appropriately provided with an auxiliary manual release mechanism designed to allow access to be released, for example, in an emergency.

[0086] The auxiliary release mechanism comprises one or more auxiliary release commands 29, for example, one or more release parts equipped with hexagonal keys, connected to a locking pin 24, which slides the locking pin 24 toward the lower release position in the illustrated configuration even when the actuator 17 is inserted into the head 5 and access is closed.

[0087] In particular, each auxiliary release section 29 is provided with a cam element 30, which operates on the slide 35 to connect the slider 31 to the locking pin 24 and push it down, thereby releasing the actuator 17.

[0088] In one particularly advantageous embodiment, the auxiliary release mechanism may be provided with three auxiliary release control units 29 located on three different front surfaces 10, 11, and 12 of the housing 4, i.e., on surfaces of the housing 4 that are provided with slots 20 and / or are always accessible from the outside during use.

[0089] Therefore, since the illustrated embodiment has only one pair of mounting holes 9 and the orientation of the switching device 2 during installation is unique, the only surface that does not have an auxiliary release control unit 29 will be the surface 13 which is designed to be positioned in contact with the frame of the fixed portion of the access.

[0090] Figures 6 to 9 show the sequence of closing and locking access, operated by a switch 1 equipped with a switching device 2 made according to a second preferred embodiment.

[0091] In this embodiment, the shape of the cap 6 differs from that of the previous embodiment, but in either case, this shape may be integrated with the switching device 2 according to the previous embodiment.

[0092] In addition, the cap 6 will house one or more signal lights, such as a single LED light 32, designed to project a 90° oriented light beam, illuminating the entire portion or the cap 6.

[0093] However, this solution may also be implemented in the switching device 2 according to the above embodiment.

[0094] On the other hand, a further difference is represented by the presence of an auxiliary retaining pin 33, which is positioned parallel to the release pin 24 within the housing 4 and moves independently of the release pin 24.

[0095] In particular, the retaining pin 33 interacts with the actuator 17 only when the release pin 24 is in a configuration that prevents it from descending, and is intended to exert a slight retaining force on the actuator 17 that is strong enough to prevent the access from being unintentionally opened by vibration, gusts of wind, or other unexpected stresses when the access is released.

[0096] In the illustrated embodiment, the retaining pin 33 is coaxial with and inside the locking pin 24 and moves by a spring 34 also located inside the locking pin 24. However, the lower part of the spring 34 rests on the surface of the slide 35, which is integrated with the locking pin 24, so that the slide 35 cannot move further downward when the locking pin 24 is in a position where it cannot descend (Figure 6).

[0097] The retaining pin 33 is sized to protrude from the upper end of the locking pin 24, and the spring 34 will operate to keep the retaining pin 33 protruding slightly into the head 5 at all times, as shown in the sequence in Figures 7 and 8, so as to fit into the seat 25 of the actuator 17 after the actuator 17 has been inserted into one of the slots 20.

[0098] On the other hand, Figure 9 shows the state of the locking pin 24 in the raised access locking position, where the retaining pin 33 will not interact with the actuator 17.

[0099] From the above, it is clear that the switch according to the present invention fulfills its intended purpose.

Claims

1. A safety switch for guarding access to industrial machinery and plants, A switching device (2) is provided, which is mounted on a fixed part of the access to be guarded and houses switching means for controlling one or more control circuits and / or service circuits of a machine or plant, A drive device (3) is installed on the movable part of the access and is configured to interact with the switching means to open and close one or more circuits when the access is opened and closed, A signaling means comprising one or more optical signal sources configured to emit one or more optical signals and / or visible signals representing the state of one or more circuits, Equipped with, The switching device (2) has at least one part or cap (6) made of a transparent or translucent material that surrounds one or more of the optical signal sources so that they are visible from the outside, at least when powered. The portion or cap (6) made of a transparent or translucent material extends at least partially on at least two sides of the switching device (2) and is visible from at least two sides of the switching device (2) when in the installation position. The switching device (2) comprises a housing (4) which houses switching means for controlling one or more control circuits and / or service circuits of a machine or plant. The aforementioned part or the cap (6) is a switch located on the end face of the housing (4).

2. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the portion or cap (6) made of a transparent or translucent material extends at least partially on at least three sides of the switching device (2) and is visible from at least three sides of the switching device (2) when in the installation position.

3. The switch according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the portion or the cap (6) surrounds one or more LED lights, each configured to emit a light signal distinguished by color and / or on / off frequency.

4. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the portion or cap (6) made of a transparent or translucent material extends at least partially on at least two surfaces of the housing (4), preferably at least three surfaces.

5. The switch according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the housing (4) comprises an upper head (5) designed to interact with the drive device (3) for activating the switching means, and the cap (6) is associated with the upper head (5).

6. The switch according to claim 5, wherein the cap (6) is positioned on the upper surface (7) of the upper head (5).

7. The switch according to claim 6, wherein the cap (6) extends at least partially on at least two, preferably at least three, surfaces of the upper head (5).

8. The aforementioned drive device (3) is A mounting body (14) for mounting to the movable part of the access, and An actuator (17) having a first end (18) fastened to the mounting body (14), and a second end (19) that protrudes laterally from the mounting body (14) and houses at least one transmitting or receiving first telecommunications element (21) configured to remotely interact with the switching means by transmitting and receiving presence signals, The switch according to claim 5, comprising:

9. The switch according to claim 8, wherein the upper head (5) houses inside at least one second telecommunications element (22) of the receiving or transmitting type, which is configured to communicate with the first telecommunications element (21) through the exchange of presence signals.

10. The switch according to claim 9, wherein the upper head (5) is provided with at least one slot (20) made in at least one of its front surfaces (10-13), allowing the actuator (17) to be inserted into the slot and the first remote communication element (21) to approach the second remote communication element (22).

11. The switch according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the housing (4) houses a locking / unlocking means (23) for the actuator (17), the locking / unlocking means (23) having a locking pin (24) that is movable along a predetermined axis (A) and engages with the actuator (17) to hold it in the upper head (5).

12. The switch according to claim 11, wherein the actuator (17) is provided with a seat (25) for inserting one end of the locking pin (24), and the seat (25) is positioned such that it is axially aligned with the locking pin (24) when the actuator (17) is fully inserted into the upper head (5).

13. The switch according to claim 12, wherein the locking / unlocking means (23) comprises at least one auxiliary unlocking control unit, which is associated with at least one of the front surfaces (10-12) of the housing (4) and is made to be visible during use.

14. The switch according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the first remote communication element (21) is positioned on the seat (25), and the second remote communication element (22) is positioned within the upper head (5) such that it interacts with the first remote communication element (21) when the actuator (17) is fully inserted into the upper head (5).

15. The switch according to any one of claims 5 to 14, wherein the first mounting means (9) is exclusively associated with the upper head (5).

16. The switch according to claim 15, wherein the first mounting means (9) comprises at least one pair of through holes made in at least one of the front surfaces (10-13) of the upper head (5) for inserting each fastening member.

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