Coverage enhancement for sensing coverage
By implementing a method where a first device assesses and enhances sensing coverage based on reports from second and third devices, the system dynamically adjusts sensing coverage to address limitations in range and interference, ensuring effective sensing operations.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/115953
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-08-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-06
AI Technical Summary
Existing communication systems face challenges in dynamically adjusting sensing coverage, particularly due to limited sensing range and interference, which restricts the effectiveness of wireless sensing applications.
The proposed solution involves a method where a first device receives a report from a second and third device on their sensing coverage, determines if a coverage enhancement is needed, and sends an indication to the second device to perform a movement for coverage enhancement, using a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform.
This approach dynamically adjusts sensing coverage, mitigates issues of limited sensing range and interference, and ensures effective sensing operations even when the target moves outside the initial coverage area.
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Figure CN2023115953_06032025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COVERAGE ENHANCEMENT FOR SENSING COVERAGETECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Various example embodiments of this subject disclosure generally relate to the field of communications, and in particular, some example embodiments relate to devices, methods, and computer readable storage media for a coverage enhancement for sensing coverage.BACKGROUND
[0002] A communication system can be seen as a facility that enables communication sessions between two or more entities such as communication devices, base stations and / or other nodes by providing carriers between the various entities involved in the communications path.
[0003] The communication system may be a wireless communication system. Examples of wireless systems comprise public land mobile networks (PLMN) operating based on radio standards (such as, those provided by 3GPP) , satellite based communication systems and different wireless local networks. A wireless local network may, for example, be implemented as a wireless local area network (WLAN) . The wireless systems can typically be divided into cells, and are therefore often referred to as cellular systems.
[0004] The communication system and associated devices typically operate in accordance with a given standard or specification which sets forth what the various entities associated with the system are permitted to do and how that should be achieved. Communication protocols and / or parameters which shall be used for the connection are also typically defined. An example of a set of standards are the so-called 5G standards.SUMMARY
[0005] Some example embodiments of the subject disclosure will be described with respect to certain aspects. These aspects are not intended to indicate key or essential features of the various example embodiments of the subject disclosure, nor are they intended to be used to limit the scope thereof. Other features, aspects and elements will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art in view of the subject disclosure.
[0006] In a first aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first device at least to: receive, from a second device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; determine, based on the report, whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage; and based on determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage, transmit, to the second device, an indication to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0007] In a second aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second device at least to: transmit, to a first device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; receive, from the first device, an indication to perform a movement for a coverage enhancement for the sensing coverage; and perform, based on the indication, the movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0008] In a third aspect, there is provided a third device. The third device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the third device at least to: receive, from a first device, a request for a sensing session to be performed between a second device and the apparatus; and based on receiving the request, transmit, to the second device, a signal with a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform.
[0009] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises: receiving, at a first device and from a second device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; determining, based on the report, whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage; and based on determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage, transmitting, to the second device, an indication to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0010] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises: transmitting, at a second device and to a first device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; receiving, from the first device, an indication to perform a movement for a coverage enhancement for the sensing coverage; and performing, based on the indication, the movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0011] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises: receiving, at a third device and from a first device, a request for a sensing session to be performed between a second device and the third device; and based on receiving the request, transmitting, to the second device, a signal with a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform.
[0012] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises: means for receiving, from a second apparatus, a report for sensing coverage of the second apparatus and a third apparatus, wherein the second apparatus and the third apparatus are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; means for determining, based on the report, whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage; and means for, based on determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage, transmitting, to the second apparatus, an indication to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0013] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises: means for transmitting, to a first apparatus, a report for sensing coverage of the second apparatus and a third apparatus, wherein the second apparatus and the third apparatus are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; means for receiving, from the first apparatus, an indication to perform a movement for a coverage enhancement for the sensing coverage; and means for performing, based on the indication, the movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0014] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a third apparatus. The third apparatus comprises: means for receiving, from a first apparatus, a request for a sensing session to be performed between a second apparatus and the third apparatus; and means for, based on receiving the request, transmitting, to the second apparatus, a signal with a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform
[0015] In a tenth aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions. The instructions, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, at a first device and from a second device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; determining, based on the report, whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage; and based on determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage, transmitting, to the second device, an indication to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0016] In an eleventh aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions. The instructions, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: transmitting, at a second device and to a first device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; receiving, from the first device, an indication to perform a movement for a coverage enhancement for the sensing coverage; and performing, based on the indication, the movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0017] In a twelfth aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions. The instructions, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, at a third device and from a first device, a request for a sensing session to be performed between a second device and the third device; and based on receiving the request, transmitting, to the second device, a signal with a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform.
[0018] In a thirteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by a first apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, from a second device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; determine, based on the report, whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage; and based on determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage, transmit, to the second device, an indication to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0019] In a fourteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: transmit, to a first device, a report for sensing coverage of the apparatus and a third device, wherein the apparatus and the third device are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; receive, from the first device, an indication to perform a movement for a coverage enhancement for the sensing coverage; and perform, based on the indication, the movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0020] In a fifteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, from a first device, a request for a sensing session to be performed between a second device and the apparatus; and based on receiving the request, transmit, to the second device, a signal with a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform.
[0021] In a sixteenth aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises: receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a second device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; determining circuitry configured to determine, based on the report, whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage; and transmitting circuitry configured to, based on determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage, transmit, to the second device, an indication to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0022] In a seventeenth aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises: transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to a first device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; receiving circuitry configured to receive, from the first device, an indication to perform a movement for a coverage enhancement for the sensing coverage; and performing circuitry configured to perform, based on the indication, the movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0023] In an eighteenth aspect, there is provided a third device. The third device comprises: receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a first device, a request for a sensing session to be performed between a second device and the third device; and transmitting circuitry configured to, based on receiving the request, transmit, to the second device, a signal with a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0025] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a network environment in which some example embodiments of the subject disclosure may be implemented;
[0026] FIGS. 1B-1G illustrate some example sensing architectures;
[0027] FIG. 1H schematically illustrates the sensing boundary with different LoS path lengths;
[0028] FIG. 1I shows the size of the sensing coverage area under different LoS path lengths;
[0029] FIG. 2 illustrates a flowchart illustrating a communication process in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 3 illustrates example scenarios of sensing coverage enhancement in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an LPP message in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure;
[0032] FIG. 5 illustrates an example signaling process in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure;
[0033] FIG. 6 shows illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a first device in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure;
[0034] FIG. 7 shows illustrates another flowchart of an example method implemented at a second device in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure;
[0035] FIG. 8 illustrates another flowchart of an example method implemented at a third device in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure;
[0036] FIG. 9 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing some example embodiments of the subject disclosure; and
[0037] FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a computer-readable medium in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure.
[0038] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals are intended to represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0039] Various example embodiments of the subject disclosure are further described. It is to be understood that these example embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and to aid those skilled in the art to understand and implement the subject disclosure, without suggesting any specific limitation as to the scope of the subject disclosure. The various example embodiments of the subject disclosure can be implemented in manners other than the ones described herein.
[0040] The terminology used herein is generally provided the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. In the following description and claims, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this subject disclosure pertains, unless otherwise defined.
[0041] References in the subject disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “some example embodiments, ” “certain example embodiments, ” “various example embodiments” and the like indicate that the referenced embodiment (s) described may include particular feature (s) , structure (s) , or characteristic (s) , but it is not necessary that every embodiment or example embodiment described herein include the particular feature (s) , structure (s) , or characteristic (s) . Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment or same example embodiment. Further, when particular feature (s) , structure (s) , or characteristic (s) are described in connection with an embodiment or example embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to combine such feature (s) , structure (s) , or characteristic (s) in connection with any other embodiments or example embodiments described herein, whether or not such combination is explicitly described.
[0042] It shall be understood that although the terms “first, ” “second, ” “third, ” and so forth may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments.
[0043] As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements. As used herein, the expression “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0044] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0045] As used herein, unless stated explicitly, performing a step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step is performed immediately after “A” occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included therebetween.
[0046] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated feature (s) , element (s) , and / or component (s) etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0047] As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following example embodiments:
[0048] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0049] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0050] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0051] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0052] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (for example, firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0053] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term herein, including in any claims. As a further example, as used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0054] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Example embodiments of the subject disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the subject disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the subject disclosure to only the aforementioned communication technologies and systems.
[0055] As used herein, the term “access network device” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. In the following description, the terms “access network device” and “access network node” may be used interchangeably.
[0056] The term “core network (CN) device” refers to a device in the core network that is configured to communicate with an access network device and thereby provide services to a terminal device. Examples of core network devices may include Location Management Functions (LMFs) , Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs) , Mobility Management Entities (MMEs) , Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMFs) , Operation and Management (O&M) nodes, Operation Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organization Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes, such as Enhanced Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs) , and so forth. In some example embodiments, a core network device may refer to any other suitable application or entity in a core network.
[0057] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be configured to perform wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. As used herein, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0058] Communication and sensing fusion is still in its early stages of development. In the 5G-Advanced (5G-A) phase, one focus is on exploring the integration of communication and sensing functions based on the 5G network architecture and air interface enhancement design. This involves utilizing the wireless channel characteristics to obtain richer environmental information and enable (or otherwise facilitate) basic sensing applications.
[0059] Wireless sensing coverage research focuses on improving the coverage and performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various communication technologies, such as Wi-Fi sensing, new radio (NR) -based sensing, and the exploration of sensing capabilities in 6G systems. However, there are still some open issues related to wireless sensing to be further studied.
[0060] In general, various example embodiments of the subject disclosure may provide one or more solutions for performing a coverage enhancement for sensing coverage.
[0061] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a network environment 100 in which some example embodiments of the subject disclosure may be implemented. The network environment 100 may, in some example embodiments, also be implemented as a network system, a communication environment, a communication network, or the like.
[0062] The network environment 100 includes a first device 110 for a communication system, where the communication system 100 may be an NR system, a Wi-Fi system, or the like. The first device 110 may be an apparatus in a core network. In some example embodiments, the first device 110 may include a sensing function (SF) , or a sensing management function (SeMF) . In some example embodiments, the first device 110 may be configured to operate as the SF or SeMF as shown in FIG. 1A. For example, the first device 110 may be configured to perform one or more functions of the SF or SeMF of FIG. 1A. It is to be understood that the first device 110 may be implemented as or include another type of apparatus, network element, or CN function.
[0063] The network environment 100 further includes a third device 120 (sensing transmitter) and a second device 130 (sensing receiver) for a sensing system. In some example embodiments, the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver may be referred to as a sounder and a sensor, respectively.
[0064] In some example embodiments, the third device 120 (sensing transmitter) may be implemented as a gNB and the second device 130 (sensing receiver) may be implemented as a UE. In some other example embodiments, the third device 120 (sensing transmitter) may be implemented as an AP and the second device 130 (sensing receiver) may be implemented as an STA. However, it is to be understood that the second device 130 may be implemented in other forms, which will not be listed for brevity.
[0065] The sensing system including the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver may be used for sensing one or more targets (e.g., a target 140 is shown in FIG. 1A) . When sensing one or more targets, a sensing coverage area is considered. For example, the one or more objects located within the sensing coverage area may be regarded as a target for sensing. In some example embodiments, an object out of the sensing coverage area may not be regarded as a target for sensing. The sensing coverage area may rely on multiple factors, such as the distance between the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver, a transmitted power of a sensing signal from the sensing transmitter, path loss while transmitting or reflecting the sensing signal, interferences or noises, etc.
[0066] In the subject disclosure, the sensing coverage area may refer to an area, a region or a range that the sensing system (e.g., the sensing receiver) can sense static and dynamic targets (e.g., objects) . In some example embodiments, the sensing coverage area may be implemented as a sensing coverage range, a sensing coverage boundary, sensing coverage, a sensing area, a sensing range, a coverage area for sensing, a coverage range for sensing, a coverage boundary for sensing, coverage for sensing, or the like.
[0067] It is to be understood that the numbers of devices, apparatuses, objects, and their connection relationships and types shown in FIG. 1A are only for the purpose of illustration. The network environment 100 may include any suitable numbers of devices, apparatuses, objects configured to implement example embodiments of the subject disclosure. For example, there may be more targets other than target 140 to be sensed.
[0068] One of the most dynamic developments in the Wi-Fi industry has been the move to address whole-home Wi-Fi network coverage and performance. To address certain challenges in this area, several proprietary, multi-AP solutions have emerged on the market. According to market research from the national purchase diary group, these proprietary solutions currently represent approximately 40%by revenue of the North American retail AP market. These sales figures indicate a willingness by consumers to purchase equipment that will enhance the home Wi-Fi experience. At the same time, some service providers around the world are offering or planning solutions to address whole-home Wi-Fi coverage with extended sensing function as a service, and home builders are looking to deliver a great joint communication and sensing Wi-Fi experience with new home purchases.
[0069] The first international standard for sensing, IEEE P802.11bfTM / D0.01, March 2022, defines that sensing is the use of received WLAN signal to detect features of an intended target of human / object / animal in a given environment. For example, the features like range, velocity, angular, motion, presence or proximity, gesture, etc. may be used in rooms, houses, cars, and enterprise environments. The targeted frequency bands may be between 1 GHz and 7.125 GHz and above 45 GHz.
[0070] WLAN sensing can enable (or otherwise facilitate) an STA to obtain sensing measurements of the channel (s) between AP and / or STA. With the execution of the WLAN sensing procedure, it is possible for an STA to obtain sensing measurements useful for detecting and tracking changes in the environment. For a sensing session, some sensing entity roles according to some example embodiments will be described as follows:
[0071] Sensing receiver: a sensing receiver may be an entity that receives the sensing signal, which the sensing service can use in its operation. A sensing receiver may be implemented as an NR RAN node or a UE. A sensing receiver may be located in the same entity as the sensing transmitter or a different entity from the sensing transmitter. For example, a sensing receiver may be implemented as an STA that receives PPDUs sent by a sensing transmitter, and performs sensing measurements in a WLAN sensing procedure.
[0072] Sensing transmitter: a sensing transmitter may be an entity that sends out the sensing signal which the sensing service can use in its operation. The sensing transmitter may be implemented as an NR RAN node or a UE. A sensing transmitter may be located in the same entity as the sensing receiver or a different entity from as the sensing receiver. For example, a sensing transmitter may be implemented as an AP that transmits PPDUs used for sensing measurement in a WLAN sensing procedure.
[0073] Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) is a technology of 5G-Advanced (5G-A) and 6G. This technology may involve the integration of communication and sensing functions in a single system to enable (or otherwise facilitate) efficient sharing of resources. The ISAC design can allow communication and sensing functions to share the same resources, such as the frequency band and hardware, to improve spectrum efficiency and reduce costs. With the widely deployed communication infrastructure, such as 5G base stations, integrating sensing functions into communication systems has become a hot topic in recent years. This technology can be widely used in typical application scenarios, such as smart transportation, low-altitude airspace, smart living, and smart networks. In achieving wireless sensing capability for certain 5G network implementations, network transformation and upgrades may prove beneficial.
[0074] Communication and sensing fusion can, in some example embodiments, achieve a unified design of communication and sensing functions through signal joint design and / or hardware sharing. The sensing part in communication and sensing fusion can be understood in terms of a wireless sensing technology, based on the communication system. Generally speaking, wireless signals are emitted towards the target area or object, and the received echo signals are analyzed to obtain corresponding sensing measurement information.
[0075] Therefore, wireless communication networks may have intrinsic wireless sensing capabilities. Base stations and terminals may, in some example embodiments, have both communication and sensing capabilities, which provide sensing services for various applications. The integration of communication and sensing functions in a single system may offer several benefits, including increased spectrum efficiency, reduced costs, and improved performance.
[0076] In 3GPP Release 19, a discussion of the work for supporting sensing functionality is on-going.
[0077] As previously noted, communication and sensing fusion is still in its early stages of development. In the 5G-Advanced (5G-A) phase, one focus is on exploring the integration of communication and sensing functions based on the 5G network architecture and air interface enhancement design. This involves utilizing the wireless channel characteristics to obtain richer environmental information and enable (or otherwise facilitate) basic sensing applications. To achieve this, 3GPP is expected to define several key technical areas in Release 19 related to communication and sensing fusion.
[0078] SA1 focuses on defining the service and system requirements for communication and sensing fusion, including the use cases, functional requirements, and performance metrics. This ensures that the integrated system meets the design of different application scenarios, such as smart transportation, smart cities, and industrial automation. In the latest SA1#101 meeting in February 2023, 32 use cases for ISAC have been agreed in total, which are captured by TR 22.837 for further study.
[0079] SA2 focuses on the architecture enchantments for 5G System, to meet the following requirements: extension of 5G System Architecture to Support Sensing Functionality; extension of 5G System Architecture to Support Sensing Functionality; identify extensions or gaps of LCS (Location Services) -based architecture according to sensing Functional Requirements; LMF (Location management function) Role investigation and / or new NF with dedicated Sensing Functionality; and impact on Network Functions. Some LMF_related discussion is listed as follows.
[0080] The objectives for ISAC in RAN are concept analysis (of existing generic 6G material) and mapping to 5G-A constraints, 5G-A RAN1 / RAN2 / RAN3 / RAN4 concept generation and contribution preparation, and 3GPP Compliant LLS.
[0081] The deliverables for ISAC in RAN are analyzing the existing concepts and perform gap analysis to identify a) relevant specs, b) assess specification changes requirements, and c) identify open issues / problems, take “IEEE P802.11-REVmeTM / D1.0, December 2021” as an input and focus on generating new concepts / IPRs with respect to different RAN WGs, RAN1 / 4 aspects (e.g., signaling aspects, sensing signal design) , RAN2 aspects (e.g., multiplexing / scheduling issues of joint sensing and communication) , and take “IEEE P802.11-REVmeTM / D1.0, December 2021” and “IEEE P802.11bfTM / D0.01, Draft Standard for Information technology-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks-Specific requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications-Amendment 2: Enhancements for Wireless LAN Sensing, March 2022” as an input to evaluate the maturity / availability of existing simulations tools and enhance them (if necessary) to develop 3GPP compliant LLS.
[0082] FIGS. 1B-1G illustrate some example sensing architectures. FIG. 1B may be regarded as a mono-static network based architecture 11, where a single gNB 11-1 acts as a sounder and a sensor. FIG. 1C may be regarded as a bi-static (or multi-static) network based architecture 12, where one gNB 12-1 acts as a sounder and another gNB 12-2 (or other gNBs) acts as a sensor. FIG. 1D may be regarded as a mono-static UE based architecture 13, where a single UE 13-1 acts as a sounder and a sensor. FIG. 1E may be regarded as a bi-static (or multi-static) UE based architecture 14, where one UE 14-1 acts as a sounder and another UE 14-2 (or other UEs) acts as a sensor. FIG. 1F may be regarded as a DL-based collaborative architecture 15, where one gNB 15-1 acts as a sounder and one UE 15-2 (or UEs) acts as a sensor. FIG. 1G may be regarded as a UL-based collaborative architecture 16, where one UE 16-1 acts as a sounder and one gNB 16-2 (or gNBs) acts as a sensor.
[0083] Some example embodiments of the subject disclosure may focus on the DL-based bi-static scenarios (shown as FIG. 1F) where one gNB acts as a sounder and UE (s) act as sensor (s) .
[0084] In general, the coverage issue for communication users has been a topic of discussion in 5G NR wireless networks, particularly in terms of coverage enhancement and related parameters that vary depending on different deployment scenarios. In 3GPP TS 38.830 “Study on NR coverage enhancements” , potential coverage enhancement solutions for specific scenarios for both FR1 and FR2 have been studied. The detailed objectives are as follows.
[0085] 3GPP TS 38.101-1 “NR; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; Part 1: Range 1 Standalone” defines the radio transmission and reception requirements for User Equipment (UE) operating in standalone (SA) mode in the Range 1 frequency band, which includes frequency range n1, n2, n3, n5, n7, n8, n12, n14, n20, n28, n38, n40, n41, n48, n50, n66, n70, n71, n74, n75, n76, n77, n78, n79, and n89.
[0086] 3GPP TS 38.101-2 “NR; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception; Part 2: Range 2 Standalone” defines the radio transmission and reception requirements for UE operating in standalone (SA) mode in the Range 2 frequency band, which includes frequency range n257, n258, n260, n261, n262, n263, n264, and n277.
[0087] 3GPP TS 38.104 “NR; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception” defines the radio transmission and reception requirements for Base Stations (BS) in 5G networks.
[0088] 3GPP TS 38.901 “NR; User Equipment (UE) radio frequency (RF) requirements” –This specification provides guidelines for the RF requirements of User Equipment (UE) in 5G networks, including the receiver sensitivity, maximum transmit power, and other performance parameters.
[0089] There has been wireless sensing coverage research focusing on improving the coverage and performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various communication technologies, such as Wi-Fi sensing, NR-based sensing, and the exploration of sensing capabilities in 6G systems. E. g. Wi-Fi Sensing: Wi-Fi signals are utilized to detect and monitor human presence, motion, and activity. Changes in signal characteristics are analyzed to track movement, occupancy, and even physiological information. NR Sensing: NR, a 5G technology, offers advanced waveform designs such as OFDM, enabling precise detection and characterization of the environment. NR-based sensing has been explored for radar sensing, indoor localization, and occupancy detection, providing higher-resolution sensing capabilities. Sensing in 6G Systems: Future 6G systems aim to support ultra-reliable and low-latency communications, terahertz frequencies, and massive MIMO. These features facilitate high-resolution sensing, precise localization, and intelligent resource allocation for enhanced coverage and sensing capabilities. To enhance wireless sensing coverage, there are various techniques: 1) Cooperative Sensing, collaborate and share information to achieve better comprehensive coverage, on the other hand, data fusion from multiple sources enhances overall sensing capabilities. 2) The Signal Processing and AI Techniques: Advanced signal processing, ML, and AI algorithms extract meaningful information from wireless signals. These techniques optimize coverage configurations, enable (or otherwise facilitate) anomaly detection, and enhance overall sensing performance.
[0090] There is a study showing that the sensing coverage is closely related to the transmitter-receiver distance. It investigates the effect of LoS path length on sensing boundary. FIG. 1H illustrates the sensing boundary with different LoS path lengths. FIG. 1I shows the size of the sensing coverage area under different LoS path lengths. It is interesting to see that the sensing area increases first and then decreases with the increasing of LoS path length, which indicates the sensing coverage can be manipulated by tuning the deployment of transceivers. It may be noted that the shape of the sensing boundary is gradually changed from one overall oval (or oval-like shape) to two separate circles, over the transmitter-receiver distance increases.
[0091] In view of the above, challenges associated with dynamic adjustment of WIFI sensing coverage are to be studied. At present, a first limiting factor is the distance of the sensing range. This is not only a challenge for WiFi sensing, but also for all RF sensing systems due to the inherent nature of utilizing reflection signals for sensing. Thus, there is a gap between a communication range and a sensing range. While the communication range of WiFi can be tens of meters, the sensing range may be merely 4-8 meters for certain use cases.
[0092] In addition to this challenge, there may be strong interference. This is because wireless sensing relies on target reflection for sensing. Therefore, when there are other non-target interferers, reflections from multiple subjects get mixed at the receiver, making target sensing difficult. Because of this additional limiting factor, wireless sensing is often restricted to single-person scenarios, which may not be the case in reality.
[0093] In view of above discussions and analysis, some example embodiments of the subject disclosure may provide one or more solutions for dynamically adjusting the sensing coverage (e.g., for performing a coverage enhancement for sensing coverage) .
[0094] FIG. 2 illustrates a flowchart illustrating a communication process 200 in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the communication process 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1A. Although the communication process 200 has been described with reference to the network environment 100 of FIG. 1, this communication process 200 may be likewise applied to other similar communication scenarios.
[0095] As shown in FIG. 2, a first device 110 may transmit 205 to a third device 120 a request 208 for sensing a target. After receiving 210 the request 208, the third device 120 may initiate a sensing session with a second device 130. Accordingly, the sensing session for sensing the target would be performed between the third device 120 and the second device 130. In particular, the third device 120 may transmit 215, to the second device 130, a signal with a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform 212. Correspondingly, the second device 130 may receive 220 the signal with DFRC waveform 212. Based on the received signal with DFRC waveform 212, the second device 130 may perform 225 a coverage evaluation to generate a report for sensing coverage of the second device 130 and the third device 120. Then, the second device 130 transmits 230 the generated report 232 to the first device 110. Correspondingly, the first device 110 receives 235 the report 232. Based on the received report 232, the first device 110 determines 240 whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage (e.g., due to the sensing target’s moving) . If it is determined that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage, the first device 110 transmits 245, to the second device 130, an indication 248 to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement. Correspondingly, the second device 130 receives 250 the indication 248. Based on the received indication 248, the second device 130 performs 255 the movement for the coverage enhancement. In this manner, the sensing coverage may be dynamically adjusted, and the issues like limited sensing range and interference may be mitigated and / or addressed.
[0096] In some example embodiments, the first device 110 may be an apparatus in a core network (CN) (e.g., a CN device) . For example, the first device 110 may include a sensing function (SF) or a sensing management function (SeMF) . In some example embodiments, the first device 110 may be implemented as an SF device (also referred to as “SF” ) or an SeMF device (also referred to as “SeMF” ) . In some example embodiments, the first device 110 may be configured to operate as an SF or an SeMF. For example, the first device 110 may be configured to perform one or more functions of an SF or an SeMF.
[0097] In some example embodiments, the second device 130 may be implemented as a terminal device (also referred to as “UE” ) . In some example embodiments, the third device 120 may be implemented as a base station (e.g., a gNB or an eNB) or an access point (AP) .
[0098] In some example embodiments, the transmitted DFRC waveform may be based on MIMO-OFDM. The transmitted DFRC may be something like the joint beam pattern considering the communication UE symbol error rate and the potential sensing target position.
[0099] In some example embodiments, based on receiving a request for a sensing service, for example, from a third application device or client, the first device 110 may select a device from a plurality of devices as the second device 130 to act as a sensing receiver for the sensing service, and determine the third device 120 associated with the second device 130 to act as a sensing transmitter.
[0100] Alternatively, based on receiving a request for a sensing service, for example, from a third application device or client, the first device 110 may select a device from a plurality of devices as the third device 120 to act as a sensing transmitter for the sensing service, and determine the second device 130 associated with the third device 120 to act as a sensing receiver. In some example embodiments, SeMF determines a gNB as the candidate for the sensing transmitter and transmits to the selected gNB the sensing session request including the sensing session ID, sensing configuration, e.g., mono-static or bi-static, sensing-QoS, etc. The candidate gNb and UE selection can be made by utilizing different approaches. For example, in one example embodiment, the SeMF leverages its knowledge of the target’s location or the range of interest, as well as the distribution of base stations, to select the gNB that is closest to the sensing area. In another embodiment, the SeMF takes into consideration the presence of communication users around the target. Specifically, it selects the UE (as the candidate sensing receiver) in response to the sensing request. In some example embodiments, once the gNB is determined, the SeMF indicates assistance information for the coverage evaluation to the selected gNB. This can also comprise the sensing area of interest within the message.
[0101] In some example embodiments, the sensing service request received from a third application device or client may comprise at least one of the following information: a sensing service type, assistance information for the sensing session, or a sensing quality of service (QoS) requirement. The first device 110 may, based on the received sensing service request, transmit the request 208 to the second device 130. The request 208 may also comprise information like the assistance information for the sensing session, and / or the sensing QoS requirement. In addition, the request 208 may further comprise an ID of the sensing session for the sensing target, and / or a configuration of the sensing session.
[0102] In some example embodiments, the assistance information for the sensing session may comprise at least one of the following: location information of the sensing target, an initial moving speed of the sensing target, an initial moving direction of the sensing target, ephemeris information of the sensing target, an area of interest for sensing, or a scenario environment of sensing.
[0103] In some example embodiments, the sensing QoS requirement may comprise at least one of the following: a first accuracy for the sensing coverage area, a first resolution for the sensing coverage area, a second accuracy for a velocity of the sensing target, a second resolution for the velocity of the sensing target, a false alarm rate detection probability for the sensing target, a maximum sensing latency for the sensing target, an energy efficiency for the sensing service, or a maximum number of targets being sensed simultaneously and / or concurrently.
[0104] In some example embodiments, the second device 130 may perform 225 the coverage evaluation by determining a hybrid channel state information (CSI) based on a communication channel, a sensing channel for a sensing target, and an interference level of the sensing target. For example, in order to determine the hybrid CSI, the second device 130 may calculate a sensing-specific signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) based on a signal associated with the communication channel, a signal associated with the sensing channel, and a signal associated with the interference level.
[0105] Therefore, the second device 130 performs sensing function execution, generates a coverage evaluation report as well as the sensing results, and provides the report 232 to the first device 110. In some example embodiments, the report 232 may comprise at least one of the following: first information about sensing results for one or more sensing objects comprising the sensing target, wherein the sensing results comprise the sensing specific signal to noise ratio; second information about one or more methods used for determining the sensing results for the one or more sensing objects; one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area; or third information about at least one evaluation process for evaluating the sensing. In some example embodiments, from the report 232, at least one of the following (or something like the following) may be determined: the specific targets of the sensing measurement, sensing data acquisition and processing methods, measurement metrics and analysis, or sensing uncertainty analysis.
[0106] In some example embodiments, the first information may indicate at least one of the following: one or more IDs of the one or more sensing objects, one or more parameters or variables measured on the one or more sensing objects; one or more accuracies for the one or more sensing objects, one or more precisions for the one or more sensing objects, one or more reliabilities for the one or more sensing objects, or at least one calibration operation for fulfilling the one or more accuracies. In some example embodiments, the information on one or more measurement objects may at least one of the following: identify the specific sensing targets, identify the parameters or variables being measured, indicate the desired level of accuracy, precision, or reliability, or explain the calibration process and any adjustments made to ensure accurate measurements.
[0107] In some example embodiments, the one or more parameters or variables may further comprise one or more of the following: a sensing-specific signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) , a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) , reference signal received power (RSRP) , a received signal strength indication (RSSI) , a path loss value, a processing gain, or a beamforming gain. For example, the parameters or variables measured may be based on previous sensing measurement results, including SSNR, SINR, RSRP, or RSSI related to different targets within a certain range. The measurement may be performed under LoS / NLoS scenarios. As another example, the parameters or variables measured may comprise statistical values like path loss value, SINR value, received signal power and processing gain. These values are statistically computed based on the parameters, such as transmit power Pt, transmit antenna gain Gt, receive antenna gain Gr, noise energy EN , interference energy EI. In some example embodiments, the parameters or variables measured could include the beamforming gain referring to the increase in signal strength or quality achieved through the use of beamforming techniques in wireless communication systems, which can improve performance by focusing the signal on a specific direction. It is typically measured in decibels (dB) and represents the improvement compared to a non-beamforming scenario.
[0108] In some example embodiments, the second information may indicate at least one of the following: a data collection method for collecting sensing data, a data processing method for processing the sensing data to determine the sensing results, or a data synchronization method for maintaining a synchronization and fulfilling a QoS requirement. In some example embodiments, the information on one or more measurement methods may explain the detailed data collection process, including the sampling rate, duration, and environment, may identify data processing techniques employed, such as filtering, noise reduction, or signal conditioning, or may identify the data synchronization methods used to align multiple ST / SRs.
[0109] In some example embodiments, the one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area comprise an indication of one or more algorithms for determining the sensing coverage area, and wherein the one or more algorithms are constructed based on the sensing results indicated by the first information. In some example embodiments, the information on one or more measurement metrics may indicate the metrics or performance indicators used to evaluate the sensing coverage by providing mathematical formulas or algorithms, or may present the analysis techniques used to interpret the measurement data. For example, the metrics or performance indicators could include the defined criteria as follows.
[0110] where K=Pt·Gt·Gr·λ2 / (4π) 2, Pi=γPLoS+b. In free space, the static path is the LoS path and the signal power can be denoted as PLoS, interference power Pi is linearly proportional to the static power. The definition of SSNR is usually defined for a particular sensing receivers, which is provided as follows.
[0111] where Pd equals to Ssensing_target, which is the power of the incoming signal that reflected from the sensing target, which is of interest,
[0112] Inon-sensing_target is the interference power of the other (interfering) signals including the power of static object and the power of dynamic objects that do not need to be sensed in the network, and N is some noise term, which may be a constant or random. |Hn (f) 2 is the power of noise. Hstatic (f) and Gobject (f) are the signals arriving through static path and object path, respectively. Note that both static path signal and object path signal can be utilized for communication. Iinterferer (f) refers to the other dynamic objects that do not need to be sensed while also can be used for communication. Like other ratios in electronic engineering and related fields, the SSNR is often expressed in decibels or dB.
[0113] In some example embodiments, the third information may comprise at least one of the following: assessing and quantifying uncertainties for the sensing results, identifying one or more sources of errors of the sensing results, applying one or more statistical methods to the sensing results, comparing the sensing results with reference results, or validating an accuracy and a reliability of the sensing results. In some example embodiments, the at least one evaluation process may assess and quantify the uncertainties associated with the sensing coverage measurements, identify sources of errors, such as noise, bias, or environmental factors, apply statistical methods, such as error propagation or confidence intervals, to estimate measurement uncertainties, compare the obtained measurement results with established standards, reference measurements, or theoretical models, or validate the accuracy and reliability of the sensing measurements through cross-validation or independent verification.
[0114] Regarding the determination of the sensing coverage enhancement, the first device 110 may, from determining that the sensing target is outside the sensing coverage, determine that a sensing coverage enhancement is to be utilized. In this case, the first device 110 may be configured to trigger an enhancement plan. In particular, the first device 110 transmits 245 the indication 248 to the second device 130, indicating the second device 130 to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement. The indication 248 may comprise information on a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the movement.
[0115] In some example embodiments, the first device 110 may determine, based on the report 232, a moving status and / or an interference level of the sensing target. For example, if the sensing target is moving closer to the second device 130 (e.g., implemented as the sensing receiver) or the third device 120 (e.g., implemented as the sensing transmitter) , and the interference level satisfies a criterion (e.g., exceeds a threshold) , the first device 110 determines a first range for the movement to be performed by the second device 130. Based on the first range, the first device 110 determines the moving direction and / or the moving distance for the movement. Here, the first range may refer to an area which if the second device 130 moves into, the sensing coverage of the second device 130 and the third device 120 will be like two separate circular regions (e.g. like the sensing boundary 330-1 and the sensing boundary 330-2 as shown in FIG. 3 which would be discussed in detail in the following) .
[0116] On the other hand, if the sensing target is moving away from the second device 130 (e.g., implemented as the sensing receiver) and the third device 120 (e.g., implemented as the sensing transmitter) , the first device 110 determines a second range for the movement to be performed by the second device 130. Based on the second range, the first device 110 determines the moving direction and / or the moving distance for the movement. Here, the second range may refer to an area which if the second device 130 moves into, the sensing coverage of the second device 130 and the third device 120 will be like one oval region other than two separate circular regions (e.g. like the sensing boundary 320 as shown in FIG. 3 which would be discussed in detail in the following) .
[0117] As an example, FIG. 3 schematically illustrates sensing coverage enhancement scenarios in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3, at first, the sensing target 301 is within the sensing boundary 310 representing the sensing coverage of the second device 130 and the third device 120. As the sensing target 301 is moving, it may or will move outside of the sensing boundary 310. According to the subject disclosure, in order to continue to sense the moving target, the sensing coverage may be adjusted, which may be achieved by moving the sensing transmitter or the sensing receiver. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, as the sensing target 301 moves to a new location which is outside the sensing boundary 310, the sensing coverage should be adjusted to the sensing boundary 320, which may be achieved by moving the second device 130 with a distance Δd. In this case, since the moved distance Δd is not too substantial, the new sensing coverage represented by the sensing boundary 320 is still an oval region / area.
[0118] With continued reference to FIG. 3, if the sensing target 301 moves to a new location being outside the sensing boundary 320, the sensing coverage should be adjusted again. For example, by moving the second device 130 with a distance Δd’, the sensing coverage will become two separate circular regions, which are represented by the sensing boundary 330-1 and the sensing boundary 330-2. For this case, since the moved distance Δd’ is larger, for example, is beyond a certain threshold, the new sensing coverage fails to be kept as one region or one oval-like region. As shown in FIG. 3, Δd<Δd’<Δdmax, where Δdmax may be a maximum value for the moving where the second device 130 and the third device 120 could perform appropriate sensing.
[0119] According to some example embodiments, a case corresponding to adjusting to the sensing boundary 320 is referred to as case A, and a case corresponding to adjusting to the sensing boundary 330-1 and the sensing boundary 330-2 is referred to as case B.
[0120] In some example embodiments, case A may refer to a case where a sensing target (e.g. the sensing target 301) is experiencing interference from interference object (s) (e.g., round balls 302-1, 302-2, 302-3 and 302-4 as shown in FIG. 3) , but the sensing target (e.g., the sensing target 301) is relatively far in spatial distance from the sensing transmitter (e.g. the third device 120) and the sensing receiver (e.g. the second device 130) . Here, regardless the degree (e.g., low / high) of interference to the sensing target, the first device 110 may send an indication to the second device 130 to move along the LoS path direction at a predetermined increment Δd as shown in FIG. 3. It may be noted that in case A, some challenges associated with a limited sensing range issue can be addressed.
[0121] In some example embodiments, case B may refer to a case where a sensing target (e.g. the sensing target 301) is experiencing interference from the interference object (s) (e.g., round balls 302-1, 302-2, 302-3 and 302-4 as shown in FIG. 3) , while the sensing target (e.g., the sensing target 301) is relatively close in spatial distance either to the sensing transmitter (e.g. the third device 120) or to the sensing receiver (e.g. the second device 130) . Here, the first device 110 may send an indication to the second device 130 to move along the LoS path direction at a predetermined increment Δd’ (Δd<Δd’<Δdmax) as shown in FIG. 3. It may be noted that in case B, not only some challenges associated with a limited sensing range issue can be addressed, but also some challenges associated with the interference issue can be addressed, since in case B the sensing coverage will become two separate circular regions, which are represented by the sensing boundary 330-1 and the sensing boundary 330-2, the moving interference target could be blocked if the interference target is between the 330-1 and 330-2. Thus, if the interference is high and the sensing target is close to the UE or gNb, applying the case B is favorable.
[0122] Although in FIG. 3 the moving direction is shown to be along the LoS path direction, the moving direction may be in other directions. For example, the moving direction may be a direction at a certain angle to the LoS path direction. It is to be understood that the moving direction depends on the destination for the moving, which further depends on the first range or the second range determined based on the moving status and / or interference level of the sensing target as discussed above. In some example embodiments, the UE moving direction could be in a direction other than the LoS path direction away from the transmitter. This, however, depends on the target moving direction and moving ephemeris to be sensed. As another example embodiment, the UE moving distance could be pre-calculated at SeMF or gNb based on the hybrid sensing channel and the first sensing coverage report.
[0123] In some example embodiments, the indication 248 may be transmitted via a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) message. As an example, the indication 248 may be transmitted via an LPP message comprising at least one of: a header for indicating whether the second device is to move, a first field for indicating a moving direction, or a second field for indicating a moving distance. For example, the first device 110 (e.g. SeMF) could send a message to the second device 130 (e.g. UE) through LPP protocol, carrying the UE moving direction and / or UE moving distance.
[0124] As an example, FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an LPP message in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4, the indication message in LPP includes fields to represent the UE’s moving direction and distance. These fields can be binary or numerical values, depending on the level of granularity used. For instance, as one embodiment, the UE moving direction could be away from the direction of the LoS path. As an example embodiment, the UE moving direction could be in the other direction away from the transmitter. This, however, depends on the target moving direction &moving ephemeris that are to be sensed. As another example embodiment, the UE moving distance could be pre-calculated at SeMF or gNb based on the hybrid sensing channel and the first sensing coverage report. As shown in FIG. 4, the indication message in LPP may include: message header 401: this field could be a binary value (0 or 1) indicating whether the UE's movement is to be used; moving direction field 402: this field could be a binary value (3bits) indicating which angle the UE would move to (e.g., the LoS path, away from the transmitter) ; moving amount field 403: this could be a numerical value indicating the distance the UE should move from its previous position / location.
[0125] Alternatively, the indication 248 may be transmitted through the third device 120 (e.g. gNb) via L1 / L3 RRC signaling. It is to be understood that the indication 248 may be transmitted in any other appropriate manners.
[0126] Returning to FIG. 2, in some example embodiments, after performing the movement for the coverage enhancement, the second device 130 may transmit 260, to the first device 110, a response 262 indicating a location adjustment associated with sensing coverage. In some example embodiments, the UE provides its location adjustment responses to the SeMF.
[0127] In some example embodiments, after receiving 265 the response 262, the first device 110 may request for re-evaluating the sensing coverage. For example, the first device 110 may transmit, to the second device 130, a coverage re-evaluation request. The second device 130 may perform coverage re-evaluation, re-may calculate a second hybrid CSI, and may produce a second sensing coverage report, which is sent back to the first device 110. The first device 110 may conclude that the moving target (the sensing target) is within the new sensing coverage and may terminate the coverage enhancement session in that period.
[0128] In view of the above, according to some example embodiments of the subject disclosure, some points may be summarized as follows.
[0129] The first point is, when a moving target is to be sensed, the sensing function (SF) or Sensing Management Function (SeMF) receives a sensing service request from a third application device or client. SeMF selects a UE as the candidate for the sensing receiver and transmits a sensing session request to the gNB, including the sensing session ID, configuration, Quality of Service (QoS) and the like.
[0130] The second point is, the gNB transmits a DFRC waveform based on MIMO-OFDM. The joint beam pattern (or something like the joint beam pattern) considering the communication UE symbol error rate and the potential sensing target position. The UE performs the sensing function execution and calculates the second hybrid CSI (G+H+I) and new defined Sensing-specific Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SSNR) , providing a first coverage evaluation report and sensing results to the gNB.
[0131] The third point is, the SeMF receives the coverage evaluation report. The SeMF determines whether to use enhanced coverage manipulation based on the report and also triggers the sensing coverage enhancement plan which is adaptive for different scenarios.
[0132] The fourth point is, the SeMF sends a coverage re-evaluation request to the UE / STA (sensing receiver) . The UE performs coverage re-evaluation, recalculates the second hybrid CSI, and generates the second sensing coverage report, which is sent back to the SeMF. The SeMF concludes that the moving target is within the new sensing coverage and terminates the coverage enhancement session in that period. Therefore, according to the solutions of the various example embodiments of the subject disclosure, the sensing coverage may be dynamically adjusted, and the challenges associated with issues like limited sensing range and interference may be mitigated and / or addressed.
[0133] FIG. 5 illustrates an example signaling process 500 in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure. In some example embodiments, some new functionalities and messages proposed by some example embodiments of the subject disclosure may be embodied at 514, 518, 520, 522, 524, 528, 534, 536, 538 etc., which are identified in bold.
[0134] As shown in FIG. 5, at 510, gNB / AP (Tx) 504 sends normal MIMO-OFDM waveform when there is no moving target. The DFRC waveform could be based on the usage of the MIMO radar for initial probing (the transmitted waveform matrix X has to be orthogonal, i.e., the corresponding covariance matrix must be the identity matrix) .
[0135] At 512, UE / STA (Rx) 502 calculates the static power and measure the first raw CSI H based on pre-defined RS configuration.
[0136] At 514, when there is a moving target to be sensed, SF / SeMF 506 receives a sensing service request from a third application device or from a client side. As an example embodiment, the sensing service request may comprise at least one of the following information: sensing service type: intrusion detection, gesture recognition, positioning, UAV tracking; sensing requirements / KPIs / QoS: velocity, ranging resolution &accuracy, latency, period, refreshed frequency, accuracy of positioning estimate, confidence level, missed detection probability, false alarm probability, max sensing service latency, refreshing rate, max sensing service latency; geometry or location of the sensing targets: bedroom, yard, factory; sensing range of interest; or sensing scenario environment: indoor, outdoor, LoS, NLoS, urban, rural, and the like.
[0137] At 516, SF / SeMF 506 determines a gNB as the candidate for the sensing transmitter and transmits to the selected gNB a sensing session request including the sensing session ID, sensing configuration, e.g., mono-static or bi-static, sensing-QoS, etc. The candidate gNb and UE selection can be made by utilizing different approaches. In one example embodiment, the SeMF leverages its knowledge of the target's location or the range of interest, as well as the distribution of base stations, to select the gNB that is closest to the sensing area. In another example embodiment, the SF / SeMF takes into consideration the presence of communication users around the target. Specifically, it selects the UE (as the candidate sensing receiver) in responding to the sensing request.
[0138] Once the gNB is determined, SF / SeMF 506 indicates assistance information for the coverage evaluation, at 518, to the selected gNB. It can also comprise the sensing area of interest within the message. At 520, gNB / AP (Tx) 504 is configured to transmit the DFRC (dual function Rada-communication) waveform based on MIMO-OFDM. The DFRC waveform could be based on the usage of the MIMO radar for initial probing (the transmitted waveform matrix X has to be quasi-orthogonal, i.e., the corresponding covariance matrix must be a designated matrix according to the potential sensing target position) .
[0139] At 522, UE / STA (Rx) 502 performs sensing function execution. UE / STA (Rx) 502 calculates the second hybrid CSI (G+H+I) and the Sensing-specific SNR for the sensing capability, generating the coverage evaluation report as well as the sensing results, and at 524, UE / STA (Rx) 502 provides the first coverage report to SF / SeMF 506. Regarding the information included in the report, reference may be made to the content described in FIG. 2, and for the sake of brevity, details are not repeated here.
[0140] At 526, SF / SeMF 506 determines whether enhanced coverage manipulation is to be used based on the current coverage evaluation report. Once the target is out of the coverage, SF / SeMF 506 is configured to trigger the sensing coverage enhancement plan that is adaptive for different scenarios.
[0141] As discussed above with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, there may be two example cases. In case A, there is low / high interference to the sensing target: this case refers to the target that is to be sensed and is experiencing interference from the interference objects, but the target is relatively far away in spatial distance either from the gNB / AP (Tx) 504 (sensing transmitter) or the UE / STA (Rx) 502 (the sensing receiver) . Here, SF / SeMF 506 sends an indication to the UE / STA (Rx) 502 to move away along LoS path direction at a predetermined increment Δd as shown in FIG. 3.
[0142] In case B, there is high interference to the sensing target &sensing target is close to the UE or gNb) : this case refers to the target that is to be sensed and is experiencing interference from the interference objects, while the target is relatively close in spatial distance either from the gNB / AP (Tx) 504 (sensing transmitter) or the UE / STA (Rx) 502 (the sensing receiver) . Here, SF / SeMF 506 sends indication to the UE to move away along LoS path direction at a predetermined increment Δd’ (Δd<Δd’<Δdmax ) as shown in FIG. 3.
[0143] Regarding further details on a determination of the moving direction and distance, reference may be made to the content described in FIGS. 2 and 3 above, and for the sake of brevity, the further details are not repeated here.
[0144] Returning to FIG. 5, at 528, SF / SeMF 506 may be configured to send a message to UE / STA (Rx) 502, for example, through LPP protocol, carrying the UE moving direction and / or UE moving distance. Details about this may refer to the above discussion in FIG. 4.
[0145] Alternatively, the message carrying the UE moving direction and / or UE moving distance may be transmitted through gNB / AP (Tx) 504 via L1 / L3 RRC signaling. It is to be understood that the message may be transmitted in any other appropriate ways.
[0146] At 532, UE / STA (Rx) 502 provides its location adjustment responses to the SF / SeMF 506.
[0147] At 534, SF / SeMF 506 sends the coverage re-evaluation request to the UE / STA (Rx) 502 (sensing receiver) .
[0148] At 536, UE / STA (Rx) 502 is configured to carry out the coverage re-evaluation, also UE / STA (Rx) 502 is configured to re-calculate the second hybrid CSI (G+H+I) and form the second sensing coverage report and provide the second sensing coverage report to SF / SeMF 506 at 538.
[0149] At 540, the SF / SeMF 506 finally judges that the moving target is in the new sensing coverage and the desired sensing performance can be achieved, then terminate the coverage enhancement session in this period.
[0150] In this manner, the sensing coverage may be dynamically adjusted, and challenges associated with the issues like limited sensing range and interference may be mitigated and / or addressed.
[0151] The solutions provided in the various example embodiments of the subject disclosure may be used as network sensor in MN and Wi-Fi in FN. These solutions may be standardized by WFA, and may also be used in some related WiFi products.
[0152] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 600 implemented at a first device (e.g. the first device 110 or the SF / SeMF 506) in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 600 will be described from the perspective of the first device 110 or the SF / SeMF 506 with reference to FIGS. 2-5.
[0153] At block 610, the first device receives, from a second device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target. At block 620, the first device determines, based on the report, whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage. At block 630, the first device, based on determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage, transmit, to the second device, an indication to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0154] In some example embodiments, in order to determine whether the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage, the first device may, based on determining that the sensing target is outside the sensing coverage, determine that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage.
[0155] In some example embodiments, the indication comprises information on a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the movement.
[0156] In some example embodiments, the first device may further determine, based on the report, a moving status and / or an interference level of the sensing target.
[0157] In some example embodiments, the first device may further, based on determining that the sensing target is moving closer to the second device or the third device and that the interference level satisfies a criterion, determine a first range for the movement to be performed by the second device. In some example embodiments, the first device may further determine a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the movement based on the first range.
[0158] In some example embodiments, the first device may further, based on determining that the sensing target is moving away from the second device and the third device, determine a second range for the movement to be performed by the second device. In some example embodiments, the first device may further determine a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the movement based on the second range.
[0159] In some example embodiments, the indication may be transmitted via a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) message, or the indication is transmitted, through the third device, via an L1 / L3 radio resource control (RRC) message.
[0160] In some example embodiments, the LPP message may comprise at least one of the following: a header for indicating whether the second device is to move; a first field for indicating a moving direction; or a second field for indicating a moving distance.
[0161] In some example embodiments, the first device may further, based on receiving a first request for a sensing service, transmit, to the third device, a request for the sensing session to be performed between the second device and the third device.
[0162] In some example embodiments, the request for the sensing session to be performed between the second device and the third device may comprise at least one of the following: an ID of a sensing session for a sensing target, a configuration of the sensing session, assistance information for the sensing session, or a sensing quality of service (QoS) requirement.
[0163] In some example embodiments, the first request may comprise at least one of the following: a sensing service type, the assistance information for the sensing session, or the sensing QoS requirement.
[0164] In some example embodiments, the assistance information for the sensing session may comprise at least one of the following: location information of the sensing target, an initial moving speed of the sensing target, an initial moving direction of the sensing target, ephemeris information of the sensing target, an area of interest for sensing, or a scenario environment of sensing.
[0165] In some example embodiments, the sensing QoS requirement may comprise at least one of the following: a first accuracy for the sensing coverage area, a first resolution for the sensing coverage area, a second accuracy for a velocity of the sensing target, a second resolution for the velocity of the sensing target, a false alarm rate detection probability for the sensing target, a maximum sensing latency for the sensing target, an energy efficiency for the sensing service, or a maximum number of targets being sensed simultaneously and / or concurrently.
[0166] In some example embodiments, the first device may further, based on receiving a first request for a sensing service, select a device from a plurality of devices as the second device to act as a sensing receiver for the sensing service; and determine the third device associated with the second device to act as a sensing transmitter.
[0167] In some example embodiments, the report may comprise at least one of the following: first information about sensing results for one or more sensing objects comprising the sensing target, wherein the sensing results comprise the sensing specific signal to noise ratio; second information about one or more methods used for determining the sensing results for the one or more sensing objects; one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area; or third information about at least one evaluation process for evaluating the sensing results.
[0168] In some example embodiments, the first information indicates at least one of the following: one or more IDs of the one or more sensing objects, one or more parameters or variables measured on the one or more sensing objects; one or more accuracies for the one or more sensing objects, one or more precisions for the one or more sensing objects, one or more reliabilities for the one or more sensing objects, or at least one calibration operation for fulfilling the one or more accuracies.
[0169] In some example embodiments, the one or more parameters or variables may comprise at least one of the following: a sensing-specific signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) , a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) , reference signal received power (RSRP) , a received signal strength indication (RSSI) , a path loss value, a processing gain, or a beamforming gain.
[0170] In some example embodiments, the second information may indicate at least one of the following: a data collection method for collecting sensing data, a data processing method for processing the sensing data to determine the sensing results, or a data synchronization method for maintaining a synchronization and fulfilling a QoS requirement.
[0171] In some example embodiments, the one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area may comprise an indication of one or more algorithms for determining the sensing coverage area, and wherein the one or more algorithms are constructed based on the sensing results indicated by the first information.
[0172] In some example embodiments, the third information may comprise at least one of the following: assessing and quantifying uncertainties for the sensing results, identifying one or more sources of errors of the sensing results, applying one or more statistical methods to the sensing results, comparing the sensing results with reference results, or validating an accuracy and a reliability of the sensing results.
[0173] In some example embodiments, the first device may further receive, from the second device, a response indicating a location adjustment associated with sensing coverage.
[0174] In some example embodiments, the first device may further transmit, to the second device, a coverage re-evaluation request; and receive, from the second device, a re-evaluated sensing coverage report.
[0175] In some example embodiments, the first device may be configured to operate as a sensing function or a sensing management function. The second device may be implemented as a terminal device. The third device may be implemented as a base station or an access point (AP) .
[0176] FIG. 7 illustrates another flowchart of an example method 700 implemented at a second device (e.g. the second device 130 or the UE / STA (Rx) 502) in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700 will be described from the perspective of the second device 130 or the UE / STA (Rx) 502 with reference to FIGS. 2-5.
[0177] At block 710, the second device transmits, to a first device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target. At block 720, the second device receives, from the first device, an indication to perform a movement for a coverage enhancement for the sensing coverage. At block 730, the second device performs, based on the indication, the movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0178] In some example embodiments, the second device may further receive, from a third device, a signal with dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform, perform a coverage evaluation based on the signal with DFRC waveform to generate the report, and transmit, to the first device, the report.
[0179] In some example embodiments, the indication may comprise information on a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the second device.
[0180] In some example embodiments, the indication may be received via a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) message, or the indication may be received, through the third device, via an L1 / L3 radio resource control (RRC) message.
[0181] In some example embodiments, the LPP message may comprise at least one of the following: a header for indicating whether to move; a first field for indicating a moving direction; and a second field for indicating a moving distance.
[0182] In some example embodiments, in order to perform the coverage evaluation, the second device may determine a hybrid channel state information (CSI) based on a communication channel, a sensing channel for a sensing target, and an interference level of the sensing target.
[0183] In some example embodiments, in order to determine the hybrid CSI, the second device may calculate a sensing-specific signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) based on a signal associated with the communication channel, a signal associated with the sensing channel, and a signal associated with the interference level.
[0184] In some example embodiments, the report may comprise at least one of the following: first information about sensing results for one or more sensing objects comprising the sensing target, wherein the sensing results comprise the sensing specific signal to noise ratio; second information about one or more methods used for determining the sensing results for the one or more sensing objects; one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area; or third information about at least one evaluation process for evaluating the sensing results.
[0185] In some example embodiments, the first information may indicate at least one of the following: one or more IDs of the one or more sensing objects, one or more parameters or variables measured on the one or more sensing objects one or more accuracies for the one or more sensing objects, one or more precisions for the one or more sensing objects, one or more reliabilities for the one or more sensing objects, or at least one calibration operation for fulfilling the one or more accuracies.
[0186] In some example embodiments, the one or more parameters or variables may comprise at least one of the following: a sensing-specific signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) , a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) , reference signal received power (RSRP) , a received signal strength indication (RSSI) , a path loss value, a processing gain, or a beamforming gain.
[0187] In some example embodiments, the second information may indicate at least one of the following: a data collection method for collecting sensing data, a data processing method for processing the sensing data to determine the sensing results, or a data synchronization method for maintaining a synchronization and fulfilling a QoS requirement.
[0188] In some example embodiments, the one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area comprise an indication of one or more algorithms for determining the sensing coverage area, and wherein the one or more algorithms are constructed based on the sensing results indicated by the first information.
[0189] In some example embodiments, the third information may comprise at least one of the following: assessing and quantifying uncertainties for the sensing results, identifying one or more sources of errors of the sensing results, applying one or more statistical methods to the sensing results, comparing the sensing results with reference results, or validating an accuracy and a reliability of the sensing results.
[0190] In some example embodiments, the second device may further transmit, to the first device, a response indicating a location adjustment associated with sensing coverage.
[0191] In some example embodiments, the second device may further receive, from the first device, a coverage re-evaluation request; and transmit, to the first device, a re-evaluated sensing coverage report.
[0192] In some example embodiments, the first device may be configured to operate as a sensing function or a sensing management function. The second device may be implemented as a terminal device. The third device may be implemented as a base station or an access point (AP) .
[0193] FIG. 8 illustrates another flowchart of an example method 800 implemented at a third device (e.g. the third device 120 or the gNB / AP (Tx) 504) in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 800 will be described from the perspective of the third device 120 or the gNB / AP (Tx) 504 with reference to FIGS. 2-5.
[0194] At block 810, the third device receives, from a first device, a request for a sensing session to be performed between a second device and the third device. At block 820, the third device based on receiving the request, transmits, to the second device, a signal with a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform.
[0195] In some example embodiments, the request for a sensing session to be performed between the second device and the third device may comprise at least one of the following: an ID of a sensing session for a sensing target, a configuration of the sensing session, assistance information for the sensing session, or a sensing quality of service (QoS) requirement.
[0196] In some example embodiments, the assistance information for the sensing session may comprise at least one of the following: location information of the sensing target, an initial moving speed of the sensing target, an initial moving direction of the sensing target, ephemeris information of the sensing target, an area of interest for sensing, or a scenario environment of sensing.
[0197] In some example embodiments, the sensing QoS requirement may comprise at least one of: a first accuracy for the sensing coverage area, a first resolution for the sensing coverage area, a second accuracy for a velocity of the sensing target, a second resolution for the velocity of the sensing target, a false alarm rate detection probability for the sensing target, a maximum sensing latency for the sensing target, an energy efficiency for the sensing service, or a maximum number of targets being sensed simultaneously and / or concurrently.
[0198] In some example embodiments, a first apparatus configured to perform the method 600 (for example, the first device 110 or the SF / SeMF 506) may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 600. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0199] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus comprises: means for receiving, from a second apparatus, a report for sensing coverage of the second apparatus and a third apparatus, wherein the second apparatus and the third apparatus are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; means for determining, based on the report, whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage; and means for, based on determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage, transmitting, to the second apparatus, an indication to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0200] In some example embodiments, the means for determining whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage may comprise: means for, based on determining that the sensing target is outside the sensing coverage, determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage.
[0201] In some example embodiments, the indication may comprise information on a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the movement.
[0202] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise: means for determining, based on the report, a moving status and / or an interference level of the sensing target.
[0203] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise: means for, based on determining that the sensing target is moving closer to the second apparatus or the third apparatus and that the interference level satisfies a criterion, determining a first range for the movement to be performed by the second apparatus. In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise: means for determining a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the movement based on the first range.
[0204] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise: means for, based on determining that the sensing target is moving away from the second apparatus and the third apparatus, determining a second range for the movement to be performed by the second apparatus. In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise: means for determining a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the movement based on the second range.
[0205] In some example embodiments, the indication may be transmitted via a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) message, or the indication is transmitted, through the third apparatus, via an L1 / L3 radio resource control (RRC) message.
[0206] In some example embodiments, the LPP message may comprise at least one of the following: a header for indicating whether the second apparatus is to move; a first field for indicating a moving direction; or a second field for indicating a moving distance.
[0207] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise: means for, based on receiving a first request for a sensing service, transmitting, to the third apparatus, a request for the sensing session to be performed between the second apparatus and the third apparatus.
[0208] In some example embodiments, the request for the sensing session to be performed between the second apparatus and the third apparatus may comprise at least one of the following: an ID of a sensing session for a sensing target, a configuration of the sensing session, assistance information for the sensing session, or a sensing quality of service (QoS) requirement.
[0209] In some example embodiments, the first request may comprise at least one of the following: a sensing service type, the assistance information for the sensing session, or the sensing QoS requirement.
[0210] In some example embodiments, the assistance information for the sensing session may comprise at least one of the following: location information of the sensing target, an initial moving speed of the sensing target, an initial moving direction of the sensing target, ephemeris information of the sensing target, an area of interest for sensing, or a scenario environment of sensing.
[0211] In some example embodiments, the sensing QoS requirement may comprise at least one of the following: a first accuracy for the sensing coverage area, a first resolution for the sensing coverage area, a second accuracy for a velocity of the sensing target, a second resolution for the velocity of the sensing target, a false alarm rate detection probability for the sensing target, a maximum sensing latency for the sensing target, an energy efficiency for the sensing service, or a maximum number of targets being sensed simultaneously and / or concurrently.
[0212] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise: means for, based on receiving a first request for a sensing service, select an apparatus from a plurality of apparatus as the second apparatus to act as a sensing receiver for the sensing service; and determine the third apparatus associated with the second apparatus to act as a sensing transmitter.
[0213] In some example embodiments, the report may comprise at least one of the following: first information about sensing results for one or more sensing objects comprising the sensing target, wherein the sensing results comprise the sensing specific signal to noise ratio; second information about one or more methods used for determining the sensing results for the one or more sensing objects; one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area; or third information about at least one evaluation process for evaluating the sensing results.
[0214] In some example embodiments, the first information indicates at least one of the following: one or more IDs of the one or more sensing objects, one or more parameters or variables measured on the one or more sensing objects; one or more accuracies for the one or more sensing objects, one or more precisions for the one or more sensing objects, one or more reliabilities for the one or more sensing objects, or at least one calibration operation for fulfilling the one or more accuracies.
[0215] In some example embodiments, the one or more parameters or variables may comprise at least one of the following: a sensing-specific signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) , a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) , reference signal received power (RSRP) , a received signal strength indication (RSSI) , a path loss value, a processing gain, or a beamforming gain.
[0216] In some example embodiments, the second information may indicate at least one of the following: a data collection method for collecting sensing data, a data processing method for processing the sensing data to determine the sensing results, or a data synchronization method for maintaining a synchronization and fulfilling a QoS requirement.
[0217] In some example embodiments, the one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area may comprise an indication of one or more algorithms for determining the sensing coverage area, and wherein the one or more algorithms are constructed based on the sensing results indicated by the first information.
[0218] In some example embodiments, the third information may comprise at least one of the following: assessing and quantifying uncertainties for the sensing results, identifying one or more sources of errors of the sensing results, applying one or more statistical methods to the sensing results, comparing the sensing results with reference results, or validating an accuracy and a reliability of the sensing results.
[0219] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise: means for receiving, from the second apparatus, a response indicating a location adjustment associated with sensing coverage.
[0220] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may further comprise: means for transmitting, to the second apparatus, a coverage re-evaluation request; and receive, from the second apparatus, a re-evaluated sensing coverage report.
[0221] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may be configured to operate as a sensing function or a sensing management function. The second apparatus may be implemented as a terminal apparatus. The third apparatus may be implemented as a base station or an access point (AP) .
[0222] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some example embodiments of the method 600. In some example embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first apparatus to perform the respective steps of the method 600.
[0223] In some example embodiments, a second apparatus configured to perform the method 700 (for example, the second device 130 or the UE / STA (Rx) 502) may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 700. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0224] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus comprises: means for transmitting, to a first apparatus, a report for sensing coverage of the second apparatus and a third apparatus, wherein the second apparatus and the third apparatus are configured to perform sensing session for a sensing target; means for receiving, from the first apparatus, an indication to perform a movement for a coverage enhancement for the sensing coverage; and means for performing, based on the indication, the movement for the coverage enhancement.
[0225] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from a third apparatus, a signal with dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform, perform a coverage evaluation based on the signal with DFRC waveform to generate the report, and transmit, to the first apparatus, the report.
[0226] In some example embodiments, the indication may comprise information on a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the second apparatus.
[0227] In some example embodiments, the indication may be received via a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) message, or the indication may be received, through the third apparatus, via an L1 / L3 radio resource control (RRC) message.
[0228] In some example embodiments, the LPP message may comprise at least one of the following: a header for indicating whether to move; a first field for indicating a moving direction; and a second field for indicating a moving distance.
[0229] In some example embodiments, the means for performing the movement for the coverage enhancement may comprise means for determining a hybrid channel state information (CSI) based on a communication channel, a sensing channel for a sensing target, and an interference level of the sensing target.
[0230] In some example embodiments, the means for determining the hybrid CSI may comprise means for calculating a sensing-specific signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) based on a signal associated with the communication channel, a signal associated with the sensing channel, and a signal associated with the interference level.
[0231] In some example embodiments, the report may comprise at least one of the following: first information about sensing results for one or more sensing objects comprising the sensing target, wherein the sensing results comprise the sensing specific signal to noise ratio; second information about one or more methods used for determining the sensing results for the one or more sensing objects; one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area; or third information about at least one evaluation process for evaluating the sensing results.
[0232] In some example embodiments, the first information may indicate at least one of the following: one or more IDs of the one or more sensing objects, one or more parameters or variables measured on the one or more sensing objects one or more accuracies for the one or more sensing objects, one or more precisions for the one or more sensing objects, one or more reliabilities for the one or more sensing objects, or at least one calibration operation for fulfilling the one or more accuracies.
[0233] In some example embodiments, the one or more parameters or variables may comprise at least one of the following: a sensing-specific signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) , a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) , reference signal received power (RSRP) , a received signal strength indication (RSSI) , a path loss value, a processing gain, or a beamforming gain.
[0234] In some example embodiments, the second information may indicate at least one of the following: a data collection method for collecting sensing data, a data processing method for processing the sensing data to determine the sensing results, or a data synchronization method for maintaining a synchronization and fulfilling a QoS requirement.
[0235] In some example embodiments, the one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area may comprise an indication of one or more algorithms for determining the sensing coverage area, and wherein the one or more algorithms are constructed based on the sensing results indicated by the first information.
[0236] In some example embodiments, the third information may comprise at least one of the following: assessing and quantifying uncertainties for the sensing results, identifying one or more sources of errors of the sensing results, applying one or more statistical methods to the sensing results, comparing the sensing results with reference results, or validating an accuracy and a reliability of the sensing results.
[0237] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may further comprise means for transmitting, to the first apparatus, a response indicating a location adjustment associated with sensing coverage.
[0238] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus may further comprise means for receiving, from the first apparatus, a coverage re-evaluation request; and transmit, to the first apparatus, a re-evaluated sensing coverage report.
[0239] In some example embodiments, the first apparatus may be configured to operate as a sensing function or a sensing management function. The second apparatus may be implemented as a terminal device. The third apparatus may be implemented as a base station or an access point (AP) .
[0240] In some example embodiments, the second apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some example embodiments of the method 700. In some example embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second apparatus to perform the respective steps of the method 700.
[0241] In some example embodiments, a third apparatus configured to perform the method 800 (for example, the third device 120 or the gNB / AP (Tx) 504) may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 800. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0242] In some example embodiments, the third apparatus comprises: means for receiving, from a first apparatus, a request for a sensing session to be performed between a second apparatus and the third apparatus; and means for, based on receiving the request, transmitting, to the second apparatus, a signal with a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform.
[0243] In some example embodiments, the request for a sensing session to be performed between the second apparatus and the third apparatus may comprise at least one of the following: an ID of a sensing session for a sensing target, a configuration of the sensing session, assistance information for the sensing session, or a sensing quality of service (QoS) requirement.
[0244] In some example embodiments, the assistance information for the sensing session may comprise at least one of the following: location information of the sensing target, an initial moving speed of the sensing target, an initial moving direction of the sensing target, ephemeris information of the sensing target, an area of interest for sensing, or a scenario environment of sensing.
[0245] In some example embodiments, the sensing QoS requirement may comprise at least one of: a first accuracy for the sensing coverage area, a first resolution for the sensing coverage area, a second accuracy for a velocity of the sensing target, a second resolution for the velocity of the sensing target, a false alarm rate detection probability for the sensing target, a maximum sensing latency for the sensing target, an energy efficiency for the sensing service, or a maximum number of targets being sensed simultaneously and / or concurrently.
[0246] In some example embodiments, the third apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some example embodiments of the method 800. In some example embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the third apparatus to perform the respective steps of the method 800.
[0247] FIG. 9 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device 900 that is suitable for implementing example embodiments of the subject disclosure. The device 900 may be provided to implement a communication device, for example, the first device 110, the second device 130 or the third device 120 as shown in FIG. 2. As shown, the device 900 may include at least one processor 910, at least one memory 920 coupled to the at least one processor 910, and at least one communication module 940 coupled to the at least one processor 910.
[0248] The at least one communication module 940 is for bidirectional communications. The at least one communication module 940 has an antenna system comprising at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is utilized for communication with other network elements.
[0249] The at least one processor 910 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting and illustrative examples. The device 900 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0250] The at least one memory 920 may include at least one non-volatile memory and at least one volatile memory. Examples of the at least one non-volatile memory include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 924, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the at least one volatile memory include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 922 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0251] A computer program 930 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the at least one processor 910. The program 930 may be stored in the ROM 924. The at least one processor 910 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 930 into the RAM 922.
[0252] The various example embodiments of the subject disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 930 so that the device 900 may perform any process of the subject disclosure as discussed with reference to FIG. 2. The various example embodiments of the subject disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0253] In some example embodiments, the program 930 may be tangibly contained in a computer-readable medium which may be included in the device 900 (such as in the at least one memory 920) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 900. The device 900 may load the program 930 from the computer-readable medium to the RAM 922 for execution. The computer-readable medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like.
[0254] FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a computer-readable medium 900 in accordance with some example embodiments of the subject disclosure. The computer-readable medium 1000 has the program 930 stored thereon. It is noted that although the computer-readable medium 1000 is depicted in form of CD or DVD in FIG. 10, the computer-readable medium 1000 may be in any other form suitable for carry or hold the program 930.
[0255] Various embodiments of the subject disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the subject disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting and illustrative examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0256] The subject disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the method 600, 700 or 800 as described above with reference to FIG. 6, 7 or 8. Program modules may include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0257] Program code for carrying out methods of the subject disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. The program code may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0258] In the context of the subject disclosure, the computer program code or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable (or otherwise facilitate) the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer-readable medium, and the like.
[0259] The computer-readable medium may be a computer-readable signal medium or a computer-readable storage medium. A computer-readable medium may include (but is not limited to) an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer-readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (e.g., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0260] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the subject disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular example embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate example embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single example embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single example embodiment may also be implemented in multiple example embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0261] Although the subject disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the various example embodiments of the subject disclosure are not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described herein. Rather, the specific features and acts described herein are disclosed as example forms of implementing the various example embodiments of the subject disclosure.
Claims
1.A first device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first device at least to:receive, from a second device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform a sensing session for a sensing target;determine, based on the report, whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage; andbased on determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used, transmit, to the second device, an indication to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first device is caused to determine whether the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage by:based on determining that the sensing target is outside the sensing coverage, determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage.3.The first device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the indication comprises information on a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the movement.4.The first device any of claims 1-3, wherein the first device is further caused to:determine, based on the report, a moving status and / or an interference level of the sensing target.5.The first device of claim 4, wherein the first device is further caused to:based on determining that the sensing target is moving closer to the second device or the third device and that the interference level satisfies a criterion, determine a first range for the movement to be performed by the second device.6.The first device of claim 5, wherein the first device is further caused to:determine a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the movement based on the first range.7.The first device of claim 4, wherein the first device is further caused to:based on determining that the sensing target is moving away from the second device and the third device, determine a second range for the movement to be performed by the second device.8.The first device of claim 7, wherein the first device is further caused to:determine a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the movement based on the second range.9.The first device of any of claims 1-8, wherein the indication is transmitted via a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) message, or the indication is transmitted, through the third device, via an L1 / L3 radio resource control (RRC) message.10.The first device of claim 9, wherein the LPP message comprises at least one of the following:a header for indicating whether the second device is to move;a first field for indicating a moving direction; ora second field for indicating a moving distance.11.The first device of any of claims 1-10, wherein the first device is further caused to:based on receiving a first request for a sensing service, transmit, to the third device, a request for the sensing session to be performed between the second device and the third device.12.The first device of claim 11, wherein the request for the sensing session to be performed between the second device and the third device comprises at least one of the following:an ID of a sensing session for a sensing target,a configuration of the sensing session,assistance information for the sensing session, ora sensing quality of service (QoS) requirement.13.The first device of claim 11, wherein the first request comprises at least one of the following:a sensing service type,the assistance information for the sensing session, orthe sensing QoS requirement.14.The first device of claim 12 or 13, wherein the assistance information for the sensing session comprises at least one of the following:location information of the sensing target,an initial moving speed of the sensing target,an initial moving direction of the sensing target,ephemeris information of the sensing target,an area of interest for sensing, ora scenario environment of sensing.15.The first apparatus of any of claims 12-14, wherein the sensing QoS requirement comprises at least one of the following:a first accuracy for the sensing coverage area,a first resolution for the sensing coverage area,a second accuracy for a velocity of the sensing target,a second resolution for the velocity of the sensing target,a false alarm rate detection probability for the sensing target,a maximum sensing latency for the sensing target,an energy efficiency for the sensing service, ora maximum number of targets being sensed simultaneously and / or concurrently.16.The first device of any of claims 1-15, wherein the first device is further caused to:based on receiving a first request for a sensing service, select a device from a plurality of devices as the second device to act as a sensing receiver for the sensing service; anddetermine the third device associated with the second device to act as a sensing transmitter.17.The first device of any of claims 1-16, wherein the report comprises at least one of the following:first information about sensing results for one or more sensing objects comprising the sensing target, wherein the sensing results comprise the sensing specific signal to noise ratio,second information about one or more methods used for determining the sensing results for the one or more sensing objects,one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area, orthird information about at least one evaluation process for evaluating the sensing results.18.The first device of claim 17, wherein the first information indicates at least one of the following:one or more IDs of the one or more sensing objects,one or more parameters or variables measured on the one or more sensing objectsone or more accuracies for the one or more sensing objects,one or more precisions for the one or more sensing objects,one or more reliabilities for the one or more sensing objects, orat least one calibration operation for fulfilling the one or more accuracies.19.The first device of claim 18, wherein the one or more parameters or variables comprise at least one of the following:a sensing-specific signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) ,a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) ,reference signal received power (RSRP) ,a received signal strength indication (RSSI) ,a path loss value,a processing gain, ora beamforming gain.20.The first apparatus of any of claims 17-19, wherein the second information indicates at least one of the following:a data collection method for collecting sensing data,a data processing method for processing the sensing data to determine the sensing results, ora data synchronization method for maintaining a synchronization and fulfilling a QoS requirement.21.The first device of any of claims 17-20, wherein the one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area comprise an indication of one or more algorithms for determining the sensing coverage area, and wherein the one or more algorithms are constructed based on the sensing results indicated by the first information.22.The first apparatus of any of claims 17-21, wherein the third information comprises at least one of the following:assessing and quantifying uncertainties for the sensing results,identifying one or more sources of errors of the sensing results,applying one or more statistical methods to the sensing results,comparing the sensing results with reference results, orvalidating an accuracy and a reliability of the sensing results.23.The first device of any of claims 1-22, the first device is further caused to:receive, from the second device, a response indicating a location adjustment associated with sensing coverage.24.The first device of any of claims 1-23, wherein the first device is further caused to:transmit, to the second device, a coverage re-evaluation request; andreceive, from the second device, a re-evaluated sensing coverage report.25.The first device of any of claims 1-24, wherein at least one of the following:the first device is configured to operate as a sensing function or a sensing management function;the second device is implemented as a terminal device; orthe third device is implemented as a base station or an access point (AP) .26.A second device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second device at least to:transmit, to a first device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform a sensing session for a sensing target;receive, from the first device, an indication to perform a movement for a coverage enhancement for the sensing coverage; andperform, based on the indication, the movement for the coverage enhancement.27.The second device of claim 26, wherein the second device is further caused to:receive, from a third device, a signal with dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform;perform a coverage evaluation based on the signal with DFRC waveform to generate the report; andtransmit, to the first device, the report.28.The second device of claim 26 or 27, wherein the indication comprises information on a moving direction and / or a moving distance for the second device.29.The second device of any of claims 26-28, wherein the indication is received via a long term evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) message, or the indication is received, through the third device, via an L1 / L3 radio resource control (RRC) message.30.The second device of claim 29, wherein the LPP message comprises at least one of the following:a header for indicating whether to move;a first field for indicating a moving direction; anda second field for indicating a moving distance.31.The second device of any of claims 27-30, wherein the second device is caused to perform the coverage evaluation by:determining a hybrid channel state information (CSI) based on a communication channel, a sensing channel for a sensing target, and an interference level of the sensing target.32.The second device of claim 31, wherein the second device is caused to determine the hybrid CSI by:calculating a sensing-specific signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) based on a signal associated with the communication channel, a signal associated with the sensing channel, and a signal associated with the interference level.33.The second device of any of claims 26-33, wherein the report comprises at least one of the following:first information about sensing results for one or more sensing objects comprising the sensing target, wherein the sensing results comprise the sensing specific signal to noise ratio,second information about one or more methods used for determining the sensing results for the one or more sensing objects,one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area, orthird information about at least one evaluation process for evaluating the sensing results.34.The second device of claim 33, wherein the first information indicates at least one of the following:one or more IDs of the one or more sensing objects,one or more parameters or variables measured on the one or more sensing objectsone or more accuracies for the one or more sensing objects,one or more precisions for the one or more sensing objects,one or more reliabilities for the one or more sensing objects, orat least one calibration operation for fulfilling the one or more accuracies.35.The second device of claim 34, wherein the one or more parameters or variables comprise at least one of the following:a sensing-specific signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR) ,a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) ,reference signal received power (RSRP) ,a received signal strength indication (RSSI) ,a path loss value,a processing gain, ora beamforming gain.36.The second apparatus of any of claims 33-35, wherein the second information indicates at least one of the following:a data collection method for collecting sensing data,a data processing method for processing the sensing data to determine the sensing results, ora data synchronization method for maintaining a synchronization and fulfilling a QoS requirement.37.The second device of any of claims 33-36, wherein the one or more metrics for determining the sensing coverage area comprise an indication of one or more algorithms for determining the sensing coverage area, and wherein the one or more algorithms are constructed based on the sensing results indicated by the first information.38.The first apparatus of any of claims 33-37, wherein the third information comprises at least one of the following:assessing and quantifying uncertainties for the sensing results,identifying one or more sources of errors of the sensing results,applying one or more statistical methods to the sensing results,comparing the sensing results with reference results, orvalidating an accuracy and a reliability of the sensing results.39.The second device of any of claims 26-38, wherein the second device is further caused to:transmit, to the first device, a response indicating a location adjustment associated with sensing coverage.40.The second device of any of claims 26-39, wherein the second device is further caused to:receive, from the first device, a coverage re-evaluation request; andtransmit, to the first device, a re-evaluated sensing coverage report.41.The second device of any of claims 26-40, wherein at least one of the following:the first device is configured to operate as a sensing function or a sensing management function;the second device is implemented as a terminal device; orthe third device is implemented as a base station or an access point (AP) .42.A third device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the third device at least to:receive, from a first device, a request for a sensing session to be performed between a second device and the third device; andbased on receiving the request, transmit, to the second device, a signal with a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform.43.The third device of claim 42, wherein the request for a sensing session to be performed between the second device and the third device comprises at least one of the following:an ID of a sensing session for a sensing target,a configuration of the sensing session,assistance information for the sensing session, ora sensing quality of service (QoS) requirement.44.The third device of claim 43, wherein the assistance information for the sensing session comprises at least one of the following:location information of the sensing target,an initial moving speed of the sensing target,an initial moving direction of the sensing target,ephemeris information of the sensing target,an area of interest for sensing, ora scenario environment of sensing.45.The first apparatus of claim 43 or 44, wherein the sensing QoS requirement comprises at least one of:a first accuracy for the sensing coverage area,a first resolution for the sensing coverage area,a second accuracy for a velocity of the sensing target,a second resolution for the velocity of the sensing target,a false alarm rate detection probability for the sensing target,a maximum sensing latency for the sensing target,an energy efficiency for the sensing service, ora maximum number of targets being sensed simultaneously and / or concurrently.46.A method comprising:receiving, at a first device and from a second device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform a sensing session for a sensing target;determining, based on the report, whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage; andbased on determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage, transmitting, to the second device, an indication to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement.47.A method comprising:transmitting, at a second device and to a first device, a report for sensing coverage of the second device and a third device, wherein the second device and the third device are configured to perform a sensing session for a sensing target;receiving, from the first device, an indication to perform a movement for a coverage enhancement for the sensing coverage; andperforming, based on the indication, the movement for the coverage enhancement.48.A method comprising:receiving, at a third device and from a first device, a request for a sensing session to be performed between a second device and the third device; andbased on receiving the request, transmitting, to the second device, a signal with a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform.49.A first apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a second apparatus, a report for sensing coverage of the second apparatus and a third apparatus, wherein the second apparatus and the third apparatus are configured to perform a sensing session for a sensing target;means for determining, based on the report, whether a coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage; andmeans for, based on determining that the coverage enhancement is to be used for the sensing coverage, transmitting, to the second apparatus, an indication to perform a movement for the coverage enhancement.50.A second apparatus comprising:means for transmitting, to a first apparatus, a report for sensing coverage of the second apparatus and a third apparatus, wherein the second apparatus and the third apparatus are configured to perform a sensing session for a sensing target;means for receiving, from the first apparatus, an indication to perform a movement for a coverage enhancement for the sensing coverage; andmeans for performing, based on the indication, the movement for the coverage enhancement.51.A third apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a first apparatus, a request for a sensing session to be performed between a second apparatus and the third apparatus; andmeans for, based on receiving the request, transmitting, to the second apparatus, a signal with a dual function radar-communication (DFRC) waveform.52.A computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method of any of claims 46-48.
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