Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a control unit that derives a key performance indicator (KPI) for performance monitoring of radio resource management (RRM) measurement prediction on the basis of the difference value between a measured measurement value and a corresponding predicted measurement value; and a transmission unit that reports the KPI. According to the one aspect of the present disclosure, it is possible to ensure highly efficient and highly reliable measurement prediction quality.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

[0001] This disclosure relates to terminals, wireless communication methods, and base stations in next-generation mobile communication systems.

[0002] In the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network, Long Term Evolution (LTE) was specified with the aim of achieving even higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Literature 1). Furthermore, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was specified with the aim of further increasing the capacity and sophistication of LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (for example, 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 and later) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010

[0005] In future wireless communication systems, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies such as machine learning (ML) for controlling and managing networks and devices is being considered.

[0006] In utilizing such AI / ML models, the introduction of Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurement and prediction using AI / ML models is being considered to enhance mobility.

[0007] Furthermore, in order to improve and ensure the reliability of the RRM measurement prediction, the introduction of performance monitoring for the prediction is being considered.

[0008] However, the details of this performance monitoring have not been sufficiently considered. If this consideration is insufficient, for example, it may not be possible to guarantee the quality of highly efficient and reliable measurement predictions, which could hinder improvements in communication throughput and communication quality using AI / ML models.

[0009] Therefore, one of the objectives of this disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station suitable for ensuring the quality of highly efficient and reliable measurement predictions.

[0010] A terminal according to one aspect of this disclosure includes a control unit that derives a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for performance monitoring of Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurement predictions based on the difference between a measured value and a corresponding predicted value, and a transmission unit that reports the KPI.

[0011] According to one aspect of this disclosure, it is possible to ensure the quality of highly efficient and reliable measurement predictions.

[0012] Figure 1 shows an example of processing using an AI model. Figure 2 shows an example of an AI model (AI / ML model). Figure 3 shows an example of event prediction related to approach 1. Figure 4 shows an example of event prediction related to approach 2. Figure 5 shows an example of L3 measurement generation. Figure 6 shows an example of L1 and L3 measurement. Figure 7 shows an example of an L3 filter. Figure 8 shows an example of measurement values ​​for performance monitoring related to options 1-2. Figure 9 shows an example of a filter for performance monitoring. Figure 10 shows an example of a filter for performance monitoring. Figure 11 shows an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. Figure 12 shows an example of a base station configuration according to one embodiment. Figure 13 shows an example of a user terminal configuration according to one embodiment. Figure 14 shows an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. Figure 15 shows an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment.

[0013] (AI Model) Regarding future wireless communication technology, the use of AI technologies such as machine learning (ML) for network / device control and management is being considered.

[0014] For example, AI technology is being considered for future wireless communication technologies to improve Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI) feedback (e.g., overhead reduction, improved accuracy, prediction), beam management (e.g., improved accuracy, prediction in the spatiotemporal domain), and position measurement (e.g., improved position estimation / prediction).

[0015] In this disclosure, AI model information used in AI technology may mean information including at least one of the following: • Input / output information for the AI ​​model. • Pre-processing / post-processing information for the input / output of the AI ​​model. • Parameter information for the AI ​​model. • Training information for the AI ​​model. • Inference information for the AI ​​model. • Performance information for the AI ​​model.

[0016] In this disclosure, the terms AI model, AI / ML model, and model may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0017] Here, the input / output information of the above AI model may include information about at least one of the following: • Content of the input / output data (e.g., RSRP, SINR, amplitude / phase information in the channel matrix (or precoding matrix), information about the angle of arrival (AoA), information about the angle of departure (AoD), position information). • Type of input / output data (e.g., immutable value, floating-point number). • Quantization interval (quantization step size) of the input / output data (e.g., 1 dBm for L1-RSRP). • Range of possible input / output data (e.g., [0, 1]).

[0018] In this disclosure, AoA information may include information on at least one of the azimuth angle of arrival and the zenith angle of arrival (ZoA). Also, AoD information may include, for example, information on at least one of the azimuth angle of departure and the zenith angle of departure (ZoD).

[0019] In this disclosure, location information may be location information relating to a UE / NW. Location information may include at least one of the following: information obtained using a positioning system (e.g., satellite positioning system (Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Global Positioning System (GPS), etc.)) (e.g., latitude, longitude, altitude); information of a base station adjacent to (or serving) the UE (e.g., base station / cell identifier (ID), distance between BS and UE, direction / angle of BS(UE) as seen from UE(BS), coordinates of BS(UE) as seen from UE(BS) (e.g., X / Y / Z axis coordinates), etc.); and a specific address of the UE (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP) address). Location information of a UE is not limited to information based on the position of a BS, but may also be information based on a specific point.

[0020] Location information may include information about its own implementation (for example, the location / position of the antenna, the location / position of the antenna panel, the number of antennas, the number of antenna panels, etc.).

[0021] Location information may include mobility information. Mobility information may include information indicating the mobility type, information indicating the movement speed of the UE, the acceleration of the UE, and the direction of movement of the UE, or at least one of these.

[0022] Here, the mobility type may be at least one of the following: fixed location UE, movable / moving UE, no mobility UE, low mobility UE, middle mobility UE, high mobility UE, cell-edge UE, not-cell-edge UE, etc.

[0023] The preprocessing / postprocessing information for the input / output of the above AI model may include information on at least one of the following: - Whether to apply normalization (e.g., Z-score normalization (standardization), min-max normalization). - Parameters for normalization (e.g., mean / variance for Z-score normalization, minimum / maximum value for min-max normalization). - Whether to apply a specific numerical conversion method (e.g., one-hot encoding, label encoding, etc.). - Selection rules for whether to be used as training data.

[0024] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of processing using an AI model. For example, the normalized input information x ｎｅｗ =(x - μ) / σ. Here, μ is the mean of x, and σ is the standard deviation) obtained by performing Z-score normalization (x ｎｅｗ (Normalized input values) may be input to the AI model, and post-processing may be applied to the output y ｏｕｔ (Output values) to obtain the final output y (post-processed output values).

[0025] The information on the parameters of the above AI model may include information on at least one of the following: - Information on weights (e.g., coefficients (connection coefficients) of neurons) in the AI model. - Structure of the AI model. - Type of the AI model as a model component (e.g., Residual Network (ResNet), DenseNet, RefineNet, Transformer model, CRBlock, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)). - Function of the AI model as a model component (e.g., decoder, encoder).

[0026] Note that the weight information in the above AI model may include information on at least one of the following: - The bit width (size) of the weight information. - The quantization interval of the weight information. - The range that the weight information can take. - The weight parameters in the AI model. - Information on the difference from the previous AI model before update (when updating). - The method of weight initialization (e.g., zero initialization, random initialization (based on normal distribution / uniform distribution / truncated normal distribution), Xavier initialization (for sigmoid function), He initialization (for rectified linear units (ReLU))).

[0027] Also, the structure of the above AI model may include information on at least one of the following: - The number of layers. - The type of layer (e.g., convolutional layer, activation layer, dense layer, normalization layer, pooling layer, attention layer). - Layer information. - Parameters specific to time series (e.g., bidirectionality, time step). - Parameters for training (e.g., the type of function (L2 regularization, dropout function, etc.), where to place this function (e.g., after which layer)).

[0028] The above layer information may include information on at least one of the following: - The number of neurons in each layer. - The kernel size. - The stride for the pooling layer / convolutional layer. - The pooling method (MaxPooling, AveragePooling, etc.). - Information on the residual block. - The number of heads. - The normalization method (batch normalization, instance normalization, layer normalization, etc.). - The activation function (information on sigmoid, tanh function, ReLU, leaky ReLU, Maxout, Softmax).

[0029] Figure 2 shows an example of an AI model (AI / ML model). This example shows an AI model that includes Model Component #1, ResNet, Model Component #2, a Transformer Model, a Dense Layer, and a Normalization Layer. Thus, one AI model may be included as a component of another AI model. Note that Figure 2 may also show an AI model where processing proceeds from left to right.

[0030] The training information for the above AI model may include information on at least one of the following: • Information on the optimization algorithm (e.g., type of optimization (Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)), AdaGrad, Adam, etc.), optimization parameters (learning rate, momentum information, etc.). • Information on the loss function (e.g., information on the metrics of the loss function (Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Square Error (MSE), cross-entropy loss, NLLLoss, KL divergence, etc.)). • Parameters to be frozen for training (e.g., layers, weights). • Parameters to be updated (e.g., layers, weights). • Parameters that should be initial parameters for training (to be used as initial parameters) (e.g., layers, weights). • How to train / update the AI ​​model (e.g., (recommended) number of epochs, batch size, number of data points to use for training).

[0031] The inference information for the above AI model may include information regarding decision tree branch pruning, parameter quantization, and other related matters.

[0032] The performance information relating to the above AI model may include information regarding the expected value of the loss function defined for the AI ​​model.

[0033] AI model information relating to a specific AI model may be predetermined in the standard, or it may be notified to the UE from the Network (NW). An AI model defined in the standard may be called a reference AI model. AI model information relating to a reference AI model may be called reference AI model information.

[0034] Furthermore, the AI ​​model information in this disclosure may include an index for identifying the AI ​​model (for example, which may be called an AI model index). The AI ​​model information in this disclosure may include an AI model index in addition to / instead of the above-mentioned input / output information of the AI ​​model. The association between the AI ​​model index and the AI ​​model information (for example, input / output information of the AI ​​model) may be predetermined in the standard or notified from the network to the user architecture.

[0035] (CSI Reporting) In NR, the UE measures the channel state using a predetermined reference signal (or resource for said reference signal) and feeds back (reports) Channel State Information (CSI) to the base station.

[0036] The UE may measure the channel state using a Channel State Information-Reference Signal (CSI-RS), a Synchronization Signal / Physical Broadcast Channel (SS / PBCH) block, a Synchronization Signal (SS), a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS), or the like.

[0037] A CSI-RS resource may include at least one of Non Zero Power (NZP) CSI-RS and CSI-Interference Management (IM). An SS / PBCH block is a block containing synchronization signals (e.g., Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)) and PBCH (and corresponding DMRS), and may be called an SS block (SSB), etc. An SSB index may be given to the time position of the SSB within a half frame.

[0038] Furthermore, CSI may include at least one of the following: Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), SS / PBCH Block Indicator (SSBRI), Layer Indicator (LI), Rank Indicator (RI), Layer 1 (L1) - Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), L1 - Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), L1 - Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), L1 - Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).

[0039] A CSI may have multiple parts. The first part of the CSI (CSI Part 1) may contain relatively few bits of information (e.g., RI). The second part of the CSI (CSI Part 2) may contain relatively many bits of information (e.g., CQI), such as information determined based on CSI Part 1.

[0040] Supported methods for CSI feedback include (1) periodic CSI (P-CSI) reporting, (2) aperiodic CSI (A(AP)-CSI) reporting, and (3) semi-persistent CSI (SP-CSI) reporting.

[0041] The UE may notify CSI reporting information (which may also be called CSI reporting configuration information) using upper-layer signaling, physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI)), or a combination thereof. CSI reporting configuration information may be configured, for example, using the RRC information element "CSI-ReportConfig".

[0042] CSI reporting configuration information may include, for example, information regarding the reporting cycle, offset, etc., which may be expressed in predetermined time units (slot units, subframe units, symbol units, etc.). CSI reporting configuration information may also include a configuration ID (CSI-ReportConfigId). This configuration ID may specify parameters such as the type of CSI reporting method (whether or not it is SP-CSI) and the reporting cycle. CSI reporting configuration information may also include information (CSI-ResourceConfigId) indicating which signal (or resource for which signal) was used to measure the CSI and report it.

[0043] (Event prediction using AI / ML models) In future wireless communication systems, the introduction of event prediction related to Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements using AI / ML models is being considered.

[0044] The event prediction in question considers the implementation of at least one of the following approaches 1 and 2.

[0045] <Approach 1> The AI / ML model may predict the measurement results of RRM (it may output predicted values ​​of the measurement results). Then, based on this prediction, the AI / ML model may further predict the occurrence of measurement events.

[0046] Figure 3 shows an example of event prediction related to Approach 1. In the example shown in Figure 3, the measurement results at a specific time (for example, at times T+1, T+2, and T+3 in Figure 3) are predicted using an AI / ML model based on the measurement results at a certain time (for example, at times T+1, T+2, and T+3 in Figure 3). Based on these predicted measurement results, the AI / ML model predicts the occurrence (input condition) of an event (event A3 in Figure 3).

[0047] <Approach 2> The AI / ML model may directly predict the occurrence of measurement events based on the RRM measurement results.

[0048] For example, an AI / ML model may output parameters related to the confidence / probability of the prediction.

[0049] For example, the output port of the AI / ML model may output a value (soft value) in the range of 0 to 1 that indicates the probability of each event occurring.

[0050] Furthermore, for example, a specific threshold may be used to determine whether an event is predicted to occur.

[0051] Figure 4 shows an example of event prediction related to Approach 2. In the example shown in Figure 4, the occurrence (probability of occurrence) of an event at a specific time (for example, at times T+1, T+2, and T+3 in Figure 4) is predicted using an AI / ML model (output ports A1 to A6) based on measurement results at a certain time (for example, at times T+1, T+2, and T+3 in Figure 4) (in Figure 4, event A3 at T+3 is predicted).

[0052] (L3 Measurement Generation) L1 measurement is a measurement performed at the physical layer (L1) and may be a measurement relating to the basic signal quality and power of the wireless link.

[0053] The L1 measurement report (which may also be called an L1 report) may mean a report concerning the results of the measurement.

[0054] On the other hand, L3 measurement is a measurement performed at the network layer (L3), and may primarily relate to communication continuity, connection management, and handover.

[0055] The L3 measurement report (which may also be called an L3 report) may mean a report concerning the results of the measurement.

[0056] In existing wireless communication systems (e.g., up to Rel. 18 NR), L3 measurement values ​​may be generated based on L1 measurement values ​​(and L2 measurement values).

[0057] An L1 measurement for an L3 measurement may be an L1 measurement having a specified time alignment.

[0058] For model training and performance monitoring, the collected data for L1 and L3 measurements must be consistent.

[0059] The method for generating L3 measurement values ​​from L1 measurement values ​​in UE will be explained using Figure 5 below.

[0060] First, Layer 1 filtering is performed on each of the beams from the base station (K beams, gNB beams 1 to K) (Point A / Point A １ ). Layer 1 filtering of L1 measurement may depend on the UE implementation.

[0061] K beams after L1 filtering (A １ The output may be subjected to beam consolidation / selection based on the RRC setting parameters and output as cell-level quality (point B).

[0062] Point A １From point B, the UE may derive the cell measurement result according to the highest beam measurement quantity value or the linear power scale average value of the highest beam measurement quantity value. At this time, the number of resources to be averaged may be set. Also, when the highest beam measurement quantity is higher than the set threshold value, the UE may perform averaging for a plurality of resources. Otherwise, the UE may directly use the highest beam measurement quantity value.

[0063] The output of the cell level quality (output of B) is subjected to L3 filtering of the cell quality based on the RRC configuration parameter and output as the L3 cell level measurement value (point C).

[0064] From point B to point C, a sliding window with a forgetting factor a may be applied to the L3 filter.

[0065] The output of C (and the output of other C (output of C １ )) is evaluated according to the reporting criteria based on the RRC configuration parameter and output as the report of the L3 cell level measurement (point D).

[0066] Also, the K beams (output of A １ after L1 filtering) may each be subjected to L3 beam filtering based on the RRC configuration parameter and output as the L3 beam level measurement value (point E).

[0067] Point A １ From point A to point E, a sliding window with a forgetting factor a may be applied to the L3 filter.

[0068] The output of E is subjected to beam selection for reporting based on the RRC configuration parameter and output as the L3 beam level measurement (for example, X beams) (point F). The X may be determined based on, for example, the setting by RRC signaling.

[0069] From point E to point F, under the settings of RRC signaling, the UE sorts the measured values / measurement results based on the set sort amount or the default amount (e.g., RSRP if available). At this time, the UE includes up to maxNrofRS-IndexesToReport RS indexes (e.g., SSB (resource) index / CSI-RS (resource) index) in ascending order in the sort amount.

[0070] Figure 6 shows an example of L1 and L3 measurement. Figure 6 corresponds to Figure 5 above and shows points A to C (i.e., the process of generating L3 measurement based on L1 measurement).

[0071] First, at point A, beam-level measurement results (e.g., RSRP) are used. In the example shown in Figure 6, five measurement instances are included within one time window (the mean window in Figure 6).

[0072] After that, point A １ Then, the measurement results of multiple beam levels at point A are averaged within, for example, an averaging window (e.g., 200 ms), and output as the beam level L1-RSRP (output M). ｎ ).

[0073] Next, output M ｎ For example, for multiple beams in the same cell, the largest beam is selected / the multiple beams are averaged, and the cell-level measurement result (RSRP) is output (Output C). ｎ ).

[0074] Next, output C ｎ This uses an L3 filter (which may be read as L3 filtering) based on forgetting factor a (for example, in Figure 6, F １ = C １ F ｎ = aC ｎ + (1-a)F ｎ－１ (a = 0.5), the cell-level measurement result for L3 is output (Output F ｎ ).

[0075] Note that the time between L1 measurement and L3 measurement may be the same.

[0076] As mentioned above, from point B to C, or point A １ In E, an L3 filter, which is a sliding window filter with forgetting factor a, may be applied.

[0077] The forgetting factor a may be determined based on a specific parameter k. For example, a = (1 / 2) （ｋ／４） That's fine.

[0078] (Most recent) Layer 3 filtered measurements may be derived based on previous (older) Layer 3 filtered measurements, unfiltered measurements, and forgetting factors.

[0079] In this disclosure, the measurement after the (latest) L3 filter, the measurement after the nth L3 filter, the updated filtered measurement result, F ｎ The terms ", etc." may be interchangeable.

[0080] In this disclosure, the measurement after the previous (old) L3 filter, the measurement after the (n-1)th L3 filter, the old filtered measurement result, F ｎ－１ The terms ", etc." may be interchangeable.

[0081] In this disclosure, (L3) measurement before filtering, latest received measurement result, measurement to be measured, M ｎ The terms ", etc." may be interchangeable.

[0082] Measurement F after the nth L3 filter ｎ For example, F ｎ = (1-a)F ｎ－１ +aM ｎ It may also be represented as (see Figure 7).

[0083] (L1 / L2 Inter-Cell Mobility) It is being considered that a UE may make UL transmissions to one or more cells / TRPs. In this case, the following Scenario 1 or Scenario 2 is possible. In this disclosure, a serving cell may be interpreted as a TRP within a serving cell. Layer 1 / layer 2 (L1 / L2) and DCI / Medium Access Control Control Element (MAC CE) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. In this disclosure, a PCI different from the Physical Cell Identity (PCI) of the current serving cell may be simply referred to as a "different PCI". Non-serving cells, cells with different PCIs, and additional cells may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0084] <Scenario 1> Scenario 1 is, for example, a scenario that corresponds to inter-cell mobility in a multi-TRP, but it may also be a scenario that does not correspond to inter-cell mobility in a multi-TRP.

[0085] (1) The UE receives from the serving cell the SSB settings for beam measurement of the TRP corresponding to a PCI different from that of the serving cell, and the settings necessary to use wireless resources for data transmission and reception, including the resources of the different PCI. (2) The UE performs beam measurement of the TRP corresponding to the different PCI and reports the beam measurement results to the serving cell. (3) Based on the above report, the Transmission Configuration Indication (TCI) status associated with the TRP corresponding to the different PCI is activated by L1 / L2 signaling from the serving cell. (4) The UE transmits and receives using a dedicated channel on the TRP corresponding to the different PCI. (5) The UE must always cover the serving cell, including in the case of multiple TRPs. The UE must use a common channel from the serving cell (Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Paging Channel (PCH)), etc., as in conventional systems.

[0086] In Scenario 1, when the UE sends and receives signals with the additional cell / TRP (the TRP corresponding to the PCI of the additional cell), the serving cell (the UE's assumption of the serving cell) remains unchanged. The UE sets higher-layer parameters related to the PCI of the non-serving cell from the serving cell. Scenario 1 may be applied, for example, in Rel. 17.

[0087] An additional cell is a cell with an additional PCI that is different from the PCI of the serving cell. UEs can receive and transmit UE-dedicated channels from additional cells. UEs need to be within the coverage of the serving cell to receive UE common channels (e.g., system information / paging / short messages). If a UE moves outside the coverage of the serving cell, a cell switch is required, such as through a handover (also called L3 mobility).

[0088] <Scenario 2> In Scenario 2, L1 / L2 cell mobility is applied. With L1 / L2 cell mobility, serving cell changes can be made using functions such as beam control without RRC reconfiguration. In other words, transmission and reception with additional cells are possible without handover. Since handover requires RRC reconnection and other factors, resulting in a period of no data communication, applying L1 / L2 cell mobility that does not require handover allows data communication to continue even when the serving cell is changed. Scenario 2 may be applied, for example, in Rel. 18. In Scenario 2, for example, the following procedure is performed.

[0089] (1) The UE receives the SSB configuration of a cell with a different PCI (additional cell) from the serving cell for beam measurement / serving cell change. (2) The UE performs beam measurement on the cell using the different PCI and reports the measurement results to the serving cell. (3) The UE may receive the configuration of the cell with the different PCI (serving cell configuration) by upper layer signaling (e.g., RRC). In other words, a pre-configuration regarding the serving cell change may be performed. This configuration may be performed together with the configuration in (1) or separately. (4) Based on the above report, the TCI state of the cell with the different PCI may be activated by L1 / L2 signaling in accordance with the serving cell change. The activation of the TCI state and the serving cell change may be performed separately. (5) The UE changes the serving cell (assumed serving cell) and starts receiving / transmitting using the pre-configured UE-specific channel and TCI state.

[0090] In other words, in Scenario 2, the serving cell (the assumed serving cell in the UE) is updated by L1 / L2 signaling. Scenario 2 may also be applied in Rel. 18.

[0091] In this disclosure, cell group, serving cell group, master cell group (MCG), and secondary cell group (SCG) may be interpreted interchangeably. L1 / L2, L1 / L2 signaling, and DCI / MAC CE may be interpreted interchangeably. A serving cell may be replaced with a cell that transmits PDSCH. A candidate cell may mean a cell that is a candidate to become a serving cell through L1 / L2 inter-cell mobility. L1 / L2-triggered mobility (LTM) and L1 / L2 inter-cell mobility may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0092] In the extension of Rel. 18 LTM, the UE may be configured to report L1 measurement values ​​for multiple cells. In this case, the corresponding cell IDs and SSB locations may be configured for measurement and reporting.

[0093] Signaling with this configuration is specific to the LTM function and is set using the LTM candidate setting (for example, the RRC parameter LTM-Candidate).

[0094] The UE may perform LTM-related procedures after configuring the LTM candidate.

[0095] (Analysis) As mentioned above, in future wireless communication systems (Rel. 19 and beyond), the introduction of RRM measurement prediction / beam prediction using AI / ML models is being considered to expand mobility.

[0096] The RRM measurement prediction may also refer to predicting the result / value of an RRM measurement. RRM measurement may mean a measurement used for at least one of the following: signal quality evaluation, handover, interference control, and cell selection / reselection.

[0097] The RRM measurement prediction may be performed / monitored in the UE side / NW side model. Furthermore, the RRM measurement prediction includes RRM measurement prediction in the frequency / time / space domains. In the RRM measurement prediction in each of these domains, the UE may derive L3 measurement results (including beam integration / beam selection) based on the measurement results / prediction results.

[0098] Furthermore, the introduction of performance monitoring (which may simply be called monitoring) of these predictions is being considered to improve and ensure their reliability.

[0099] However, the details of this performance monitoring have not been sufficiently examined.

[0100] For example, in UE (User Engineer) monitoring, it is necessary to define and derive the measurement KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) and measurement results that the UE reports, but this has not been sufficiently considered.

[0101] Furthermore, for example, in network-side monitoring, the UE could report prediction results and corresponding measurement results (for example, as part of data collection), but this has not been sufficiently considered.

[0102] If these considerations are insufficient, it may not be possible to achieve reliable RRM measurement predictions, and the quality of highly efficient and reliable measurement predictions cannot be guaranteed. This could hinder improvements in communication throughput and communication quality using AI / ML models.

[0103] Therefore, the inventors conceived a method to solve these problems, more specifically, a UE operation / regulation related to KPI reporting for performance monitoring of RRM measurement predictions.

[0104] The embodiments of this disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. Each wireless communication method according to the embodiments may be applied individually or in combination.

[0105] (Various substitutions) In this disclosure, words enclosed in parentheses () may indicate an explanation of the preceding word (e.g., an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, or supplementary explanation. Also, in this disclosure, words enclosed in square brackets [] may be interpreted as part of the overall meaning of the text, or they may be interpreted as being excluded (ignored). Note that parentheses () and square brackets [] may be used for purposes / meanings other than those described above.

[0106] In this disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. In this disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C".

[0107] In this disclosure, terms such as notice, activate, deactivate, indicate (or specify), select, configure, update, and determine may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and capable of operating may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0108] In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher-layer parameters, fields, Information Elements (IE), settings, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control elements (MAC Control Elements (CE)), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0109] In this disclosure, the upper-layer signaling may be any or a combination thereof, such as Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, Life Cycle Management (LCM) signaling, and other messages (e.g., messages from the core network, such as positioning protocol messages (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages).

[0110] In this disclosure, MAC signaling may include, for example, MAC Control Elements (MAC CEs) and MAC Protocol Data Units (PDUs). Broadcast information may include, for example, Master Information Blocks (MIBs), System Information Blocks (SIBs), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSIs), and Other System Information (OSIs).

[0111] In this disclosure, physical layer signaling may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI).

[0112] In this disclosure, terms such as drop, suspend, cancel, puncture, rate match, postpone, and not send may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0113] In this disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, and resource ID may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, and subset may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0114] In this disclosure, the terms used include: panel, UE panel, panel group, beam, beam group, precoder, Uplink (UL) transmit entity, Transmission / Reception Point (TRP), base station, Spatial Relation Information (SRI), spatial relationship, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), Control Resource Set (CORESET), Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), Reference Signal (RS), Antenna port (e.g., Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port), Antenna port group (e.g., DMRS port group), Group (e.g., Spatial relationship group, Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, Reference Signal group, CORESET group, Physical Uplink Control The following terms may be interchangeable: Channel (PUCCH) group, PUCCH resource group), resource (e.g., reference signal resource, SRS resource), resource set (e.g., reference signal resource set), CORESET pool, downlink Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state) (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, quasi-co-location (QCL), QCL assumption, etc.

[0115] In this disclosure, AI / ML model, AI model, functionality, model, module, entity, etc. may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0116] In this disclosure, L1 measurement and L1 measurement value may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0117] In this disclosure, L1 measurement is point A or A as described above. １ It may also mean measurement (value) in [the context].

[0118] In this disclosure, L1 measurement may mean one or more measurements per resource / RS (e.g., CSI-RS resource / SSB) / per beam.

[0119] In this disclosure, the result / target / metric of the L1 measurement may be, for example, the measured RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0120] In this disclosure, L1 measurement report, L1 report, report of L1 measurement results, L1 measurement results report, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0121] In this disclosure, L3 (cell level / beam level) measurement and L3 (cell level / beam level) measurement value may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable.

[0122] In this disclosure, L3 cell-level measurement may mean the measurement (value) at point B or C described above.

[0123] In this disclosure, L3 cell-level measurement may mean one or more measurements specific to a cell or per cell.

[0124] In this disclosure, the L3 cell-level measurement may be derived / calculated from one or more L1 measurement results by performing specific operations (e.g., consolidation / selection / filtering) on ​​the L1 measurement results.

[0125] In this disclosure, the results / targets / metrics of the L3 cell-level measurement may be, for example, the measured RSRP / RSRQ / SINR.

[0126] In this disclosure, L3 cell-level measurement may include at least one of L3 unfiltered cell-level measurement and L3 filtered cell-level measurement. In this disclosure, L3 cell-level measurement, L3 unfiltered cell-level measurement and L3 filtered cell-level measurement may be interchangeable. L3 unfiltered cell-level measurement and L3 filtered cell-level measurement may be measurements at points B and C, respectively.

[0127] In this disclosure, L3 beam level measurement may mean the measurement (value) at point E or F as described above.

[0128] In this disclosure, L3 beam-level measurement may mean one or more measurements per resource / RS (e.g., CSI-RS resource / SSB) / per beam.

[0129] In this disclosure, the L3 beamlevel measurement may be derived / calculated from the L1 measurement (value) by performing a specific operation (e.g., integrating / selecting / filtering), or by measuring a specific metric / indicator (e.g., RSRP / RSRQ / SINR).

[0130] In this disclosure, L3 cell-level measurement and L3 beam-level measurement may simply be referred to as L3 measurement.

[0131] In this disclosure, L3 measurement report, L3 report, report of L3 measurement results, L3 measurement result report, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0132] In this disclosure, measurement results, reception quality, (L1 / L3-)RSRP, (L1 / L3-)RSRQ, and (L1 / L3-)SINR may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0133] In this disclosure, L1, L3, and L1 / L3 may be interpreted as appropriate.

[0134] In this disclosure, beam-level results may mean results at the beam level. In this disclosure, cell-level results may mean results at the cell level.

[0135] In this disclosure, terms such as generation, derivation, output, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0136] In this disclosure, [Measure / Predict] instance, [Measure / Predict] sample, [Measure / Predict] RS, [Measure / Predict] result, [Measure / Predict] RSRP, [Measure / Predict] RSRQ, [Measure / Predict] SINR, etc., may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0137] In this disclosure, frequency domain beam prediction may mean that the UE / NW uses an AI / ML model to output beam quality in another band / cell / frequency based on input of measurement results (beam quality, e.g., RSRP) based on the beam in a certain band / cell / frequency. In this disclosure, band, cell, frequency, etc., may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable.

[0138] In this disclosure, time-domain beam prediction may mean that the UE / NW uses an AI / ML model to output future beam quality based on time-series (past, present, etc.) measurement results.

[0139] In this disclosure, spatial domain beam prediction may mean that the UE / NW uses an AI / ML model to output a second density / width (e.g., dense (or narrow)) beam quality based on a measurement result (beam quality, e.g., RSRP) of a first density / width (e.g., sparse (or wide)) beam.

[0140] In this disclosure, a sparse (or wide / broad) beam may mean a beam (pattern) that is sparsely distributed in the spatial / angular domain. A dense (or narrow / narrow) beam may mean a beam (pattern) that is densely distributed in the spatial / angular domain.

[0141] Each embodiment in this disclosure may be applied to at least one of frequency-domain RRM measurement prediction, time-domain RRM measurement prediction, and spatial-domain RRM measurement prediction.

[0142] In this disclosure, the terms "target to be predicted," "set A," "RS set A," "RS of set A," "resource set A," "resources of set A," "set of RS for prediction / reporting," etc., may be interchangeable and may refer to a specific set / group of RS / resources. The UE may predict / report the measurement results of the resources / RS in set A.

[0143] In this disclosure, sets, lists, bitmaps, groups, pools, tables, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0144] In this disclosure, measurement and measurement / reporting may be interpreted interchangeably, and forecast and forecast / reporting may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0145] In this disclosure, the terms measurement, measurements, RRM measurement, RRM measurements, measured value, measurement result, measurement information, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0146] In this disclosure, the measurement results may be values ​​obtained / derived / predicted by the UE based on the configured / instructed / specified resources. In this disclosure, the measurement results may include at least one of the measured measurement results and the predicted measurement results.

[0147] In this disclosure, measured measurements, measured RRM measurements, measured results, etc., are values / results obtained by the UE based on a configured / instructed / specified resource, and may mean values / results at the same time / frequency / spatial location as the configured / instructed / specified resource. In this disclosure, measured measurements, measured RRM measurements, measured results, first measurement, actual measurement results, etc., may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable.

[0148] In this disclosure, predicted measurements, predicted RRM measurements, predicted measurement results, etc., may mean values ​​derived / predicted by the UE based on configured / instructed / specified resources having different temporal / frequency / spatial locations / settings. In this disclosure, predicted measurements, predicted RRM measurements, predicted measurement results, second measurement, hypothetical measurement result, etc., may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable.

[0149] In this disclosure, the terms "prediction," "predicted value," "prediction result," "prediction information," "predicted measurements," and "predicted RRM measurements" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0150] In this disclosure, KPIs may be values ​​derived by the UE in accordance with the specified / established procedures / definitions. KPIs may indicate the quality of the UE's predicted measurements, or they may indicate an indicator of the UE's performance for predicting measurements.

[0151] In this disclosure, KPI (Key Performance Indicator), performance metric [s], RSRP (difference value), RSRQ (difference value), SINR (difference value), etc., may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0152] In this disclosure, KPIs may be hypothetical KPIs or measured KPIs.

[0153] In this disclosure, beam, RS, resource, etc. may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, beam measurement value, measured beam, etc. may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, beam prediction value, predicted beam, etc. may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0154] In this disclosure, beam prediction, RRM measurement prediction, L3 RRM measurement prediction, L3 beam prediction, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, the spatial domain, time domain, and frequency domain may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0155] In this disclosure, the prediction / measurement / reporting designated as L3 may mean prediction / measurement / reporting at Layer 3 (MAC layer).

[0156] In this disclosure, the prediction result may be a value derived by the UE by the activated model / function (functionality). The model / function may be interpreted as [RRM] measurement prediction model / function, [spatial / time / frequency domain] measurement prediction model / function, [spatial / time / frequency domain] measurement prediction model / function [report], [RRM] model / function for measurement prediction, [spatial / time / frequency domain] model / function for measurement prediction, [spatial / time / frequency domain] model / function [report] for measurement prediction, etc.

[0157] (Wireless communication method) <First embodiment> The first embodiment relates to KPIs for performance monitoring of RRM measurement prediction.

[0158] The UE may calculate KPIs for monitoring RRM measurement predictions based on the difference between the measured value (which may be called the first measurement) and the corresponding predicted value (which may be called the second measurement).

[0159] The network / base station may set / instruct the derivation of the KPI.

[0160] For example, if both a first measurement and a corresponding second measurement are available, the UE may calculate the KPI.

[0161] The second measurement corresponding to the first measurement may be, for example, at least one of the following: measurements before L1 filtering (Layer 1 unfiltered measurements), measurements after L1 filtering (Layer 1 filtered measurements), measurements before L3 filtering (Layer 3 unfiltered measurements), and measurements after L3 filtering (Layer 3 filtered measurements).

[0162] The first measurement and the corresponding second measurement may be of the same type (e.g., before / after L1 / L3 filtering). For example, if the first measurement is a measurement after L1 filtering, the corresponding second measurement may also be a measurement after L1 filtering.

[0163] The KPI may be expressed, for example, as the difference between RSRP / RSRQ / SINR (for one sample).

[0164] The KPI may be expressed, for example, as a statistic of the difference in RSRP / RSRQ / SINR values ​​across a specific time window, a group of spatial samples (beams), and at least one of a group of cells. The statistic may be expressed, for example, as mean / minimum / maximum values.

[0165] UE may apply L3 filtering to the first / second measurement values.

[0166] For example, the UE may derive KPIs from the first / second measurements before applying L3 filtering (Option 1-1).

[0167] Option 1-1 makes it possible to perform performance monitoring without being affected by differences in measured values ​​due to L3 filtering.

[0168] Alternatively, for example, the UE may derive KPIs for the first / second measured values ​​after applying L3 filtering (options 1-2).

[0169] The L3 filter for the first (or second) measurement used to derive the KPI may be based, for example, on the current first measurement and the most recent (last) first / second measurement before / after L3 filtering.

[0170] Furthermore, the L3 filter for the first (or second) measurement used to derive the KPI may be based on parameters that depend on / are based on the measurement object / reporting settings, for example.

[0171] The L3 filter for the first (or second) measurement used to derive the KPI may be based on a forgetting factor a, which is determined by the setting of the RRC parameter (e.g., k).

[0172] For example, a = (1 / 2) （ｋ／４） This is also acceptable (when k=4, a=1 / 2).

[0173] Figure 8 shows an example of measurement values ​​for performance monitoring related to Option 1-2. In the example shown in Figure 8, the measured value (first measurement) and the predicted value (second measurement) are used to derive KPIs for performance monitoring. The first measurement is not pre-filtered, and an L3 filter based on forgetting factor a is applied for KPI reporting. The second measurement is pre-filtered with an L3 filter.

[0174] For the first / second measurement values ​​used for performance monitoring, specific (e.g., additional / secondary) filters / filter coefficients (e.g., forgetting factors) may be applied. The UE may perform L3 filtering of the first / second measurement values ​​using these specific filters / filter coefficients, separately from / additional to existing L3 filters.

[0175] For example, the input to that particular filter is the latest unfiltered measured value (for example, in Figure 9, for the input for n+2 samples / instances, M ｎ ) may also be used. The input does not need to include a predicted value.

[0176] For example, the input to the particular filter is the latest L3 filtered measured value (for example, in Figure 9, for the input for n+2 samples / instances, F ｎ ) may also be used. The input may include predicted values.

[0177] For example, the input to that particular filter is the most recent predicted measurement (for example, in Figure 9, for the input for n+2 samples / instances, F ｎ＋１ ) may also be the case. The input may include predicted values, and the sample periods for the predicted values ​​and measured values ​​may be the same.

[0178] For example, the input to the particular filter is the most recently measured predicted value or the most recently predicted measured value (for example, in Figure 9, for the input for n+2 samples / instances, F ｎ＋１ ) is also acceptable.

[0179] For example, the specific filter coefficient / forgetting factor (which may be denoted as b below) may be defined (specified), set, or indicated in common with the filter coefficient / forgetting factor in an existing L3 filter (e.g., not for KPI reporting for performance monitoring of measurement predictions).

[0180] For example, the specific filter coefficient / forgetting factor may be defined / set / indicated separately from the filter coefficient / forgetting factor in an existing L3 filter (e.g., not for KPI reporting for performance monitoring of measurement predictions).

[0181] For example, the specific filter coefficient / forgetting factor b is b = (1 / 2) （ｋ２／４） That's fine.

[0182] The parameter k2 for determining the specific filter coefficient / forgetting factor may be defined (specified) / set / indicated in common with, for example, the parameter k for determining the filter coefficient / forgetting factor in an existing L3 filter (e.g., not for KPI reporting for performance monitoring of measurement predictions).

[0183] For example, b = a (or k² = k) is also acceptable.

[0184] For example, b (or k²) may be determined based on a (or k).

[0185] For example, b = a Ｎ Alternatively, b = a １／Ｎ It may be k2 = k / N, or k2 = Nk. N may be specified in advance in the specifications, set / instructed to the UE, determined based on a report of UE capability, or determined based on at least a combination of these.

[0186] Figure 10 shows an example of an L3 filter for performance monitoring. In the example shown in Figure 10, the measured value (M') is measured for n+2 samples / instances. ｎ＋２ ) is then subjected to an L3 filter based on the forgetting factor b, and F' ｎ＋２ The following will be output.

[0187] According to the first embodiment described above, KPIs for performance monitoring of RRM measurement prediction can be appropriately derived.

[0188] <Second Embodiment> The second embodiment relates to KPI reporting.

[0189] The UE may report the KPIs (derived in the first embodiment described above).

[0190] Regarding the KPI in question, the UE may report KPIs related to specific events.

[0191] The specific event in question may be, for example, an event triggered by the value of the derived KPI.

[0192] The UE may determine whether to enter or leave a particular event based on specified / configured / instructed entry / leaving conditions.

[0193] The period until the trigger (e.g., TimeToTrigger) may be specified, configured, instructed, or designated.

[0194] The UE may trigger KPI reporting without leaving the event during the period between event input and the trigger.

[0195] The input / exit conditions may, for example, be that the KPI is greater than / less than a specific threshold (or a value obtained by adding / subtracting a specific offset from a specific threshold).

[0196] The specific threshold / offset may, for example, be specified in advance in the specifications, set / instructed to the UE, determined based on a report of UE capability, or determined based on a combination of at least two of these.

[0197] For example, a UE may report a KPI a specific number of times (e.g., N3yy times) within a specific period (e.g., T3yy) (after the KPI reporting is triggered / entered into an event).

[0198] The specific period (T3yy) / specific number of times (N3yy) may, for example, be specified in advance in the specifications, set / instructed to the UE, determined based on a report of the UE's capabilities, or determined based on at least a combination of these.

[0199] For example, a UE may report KPIs within a specific period (e.g., T3yy) at least one of the following: until the event exit condition is met (after the KPI reporting is triggered / entered into the event), and until the KPI value falls below (or exceeds) a specific threshold.

[0200] The specific period (T3yy) / specific threshold may, for example, be specified in advance in the specifications, set / instructed to the UE, determined based on a report of UE capability, or determined based on a combination of at least two of these.

[0201] According to the second embodiment described above, the KPI reporting behavior can be appropriately defined.

[0202] <Supplement> <<Notification of Information to UE>> In the embodiments described above, notification of any information from the Network (NW) (e.g., Base Station (BS)) to the UE (in other words, reception of any information from the BS at the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, LCM signaling, MAC CE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0203] If the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) not defined in existing standards in the MAC subheader.

[0204] If the above notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, or the format of the DCI.

[0205] Furthermore, the notification of arbitrary information to the UE in the above-described embodiment may be periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic.

[0206] <<Notification of Information from UE>> Notification of any information from the UE to the NW in the embodiments described above (in other words, transmission / reporting of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0207] If the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new LCID not specified in existing standards in the MAC subheader.

[0208] If the above notice is made by the UCI, the notice may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0209] Furthermore, the notification of any information from the UE in the above-described embodiment may be periodic, semi-persistent, or aperiodic.

[0210] <<Regarding the Application of Each Embodiment>> In UE / BS, specific (one or more) processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the embodiments described above may be applied (or used) if any or more of the following conditions are met: - A higher-layer parameter indicating the specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is set. - The specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on the relevant higher-layer parameter. - The specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is designated / activated / triggered by MAC CE / DCI / UCI / Resource / Channel / RS. - A specific UE capability indicating (or related to) the specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is reported or supported. - The application of the specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on specific conditions.

[0211] The specific UE capabilities described above may include at least one of the following: • Supporting specific processing / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the embodiments described above; • Supporting time-domain RRM measurement prediction; • Supporting spatial-domain RRM measurement prediction; • Supporting frequency-domain RRM measurement prediction; • Supporting KPI derivation / reporting for performance monitoring of time-domain RRM measurement prediction; • Supporting KPI derivation / reporting for performance monitoring of spatial-domain RRM measurement prediction; • Supporting KPI derivation / reporting for performance monitoring of frequency-domain RRM measurement prediction.

[0212] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability may be a capability that applies across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), a capability per frequency (e.g., one or a combination thereof, such as cell, band, band combination, BWP, component carrier, etc.), a capability per frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), a capability per subcarrier spacing (SCS), or a capability per feature set (FS) or feature set per component-carrier (FSPC).

[0213] Furthermore, the specific UE capabilities described above may be capabilities that apply across all duplexing schemes (common to all duplexing schemes regardless of the duplexing scheme), or they may be capabilities specific to each duplexing scheme (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD), Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0214] If the above conditions are not met, UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

[0215] (Note) The following inventions are added with respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure: [Note 1] A terminal having a control unit that derives a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for performance monitoring of Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurement predictions based on the difference between a measured value and a corresponding predicted value, and a transmission unit that reports the KPI. [Note 2] The terminal according to Note 1, wherein the control unit derives the KPI based on the difference between the measured value and the predicted value before the application of a Layer 3 filter. [Note 3] The terminal according to Note 1 or Note 2, wherein the control unit derives the KPI based on the difference between the measured value and the predicted value after the application of a Layer 3 filter. [Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Notes 1 to 3, wherein the transmission unit reports the KPI for events triggered by the KPI value.

[0216] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of this disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of this disclosure, or a combination thereof.

[0217] Figure 11 shows an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may also be simply called system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR), etc., as specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0218] Furthermore, the wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), and the like.

[0219] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the Master Node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the Secondary Node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0220] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity where both MN and SN are NR base stations (gNB) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0221] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) located within the macrocell C1 that form a small cell C2 that is narrower than the macrocell C1. User terminals 20 may be located within at least one cell. The arrangement, number, shape, size, etc., of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the configuration shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when base stations 11 and 12 are not distinguished, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0222] The wireless communication system 1 may utilize Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called a supercell, for example) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called subcells, for example). A supercell may correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a subcell may correspond to a cell whose physical range fluctuates quasi-statically / dynamically. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

[0223] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of Carrier Aggregation (CA) using multiple Component Carriers (CC) and Dual Connectivity (DC).

[0224] Each CC may be included in at least one of the first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and the second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). A macrocell C1 may be included in FR1, and a small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band above 24 GHz. Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may be in a frequency band higher than FR2.

[0225] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may communicate in each CC using at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD).

[0226] Multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wireless (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between base stations 11 and 12, base station 11, which is the upstream station, may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which is the relay station, may be called an IAB node.

[0227] Base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 via other base stations 10 or directly. The core network 30 may include at least one of the following: Evolved Packet Core (EPC), 5G Core Network (5GCN), Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

[0228] The core network 30 may include network functions (NF) such as User Plane Function (UPF), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Application Function (AF), Data Network (DN), Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). Multiple functions may be provided by a single network node. Furthermore, communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may occur via the DN.

[0229] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of the following communication methods: LTE, LTE-A, 5G, etc.

[0230] In the wireless communication system 1, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based wireless access scheme may be used. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-OFDM), etc., may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0231] The wireless access method may also be called a waveform. In wireless communication system 1, other wireless access methods (for example, other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) may be used for the UL and DL wireless access methods.

[0232] In the wireless communication system 1, a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), a Broadcast Channel (PBCH), or a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) may be used as the downlink channel, which is shared by each user terminal 20.

[0233] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink channel may include a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), or the like, all of which are shared by each user terminal 20.

[0234] User data, higher-layer control information, and System Information Blocks (SIBs) are transmitted via PDSCH. User data and higher-layer control information may also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Blocks (MIBs) may be transmitted via PBCH.

[0235] Lower-layer control information may be transmitted by PDCCH. The lower-layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) which includes scheduling information for at least one of PDSCH and PUSCH.

[0236] Furthermore, the DCI that schedules PDSCH may be called DL assignment, DL DCI, etc., and the DCI that schedules PUSCH may be called UL grant, UL DCI, etc. Furthermore, PDSCH may be read as DL data, and PUSCH may be read as UL data.

[0237] PDCCH detection may utilize a Control Resource Set (CORESET) and a search space. A CORESET corresponds to the resources used to search for DCIs. A search space corresponds to the search area and search method for PDCCH candidates. A single CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. A UE may monitor CORESETs associated with a given search space based on the search space configuration.

[0238] A single search space may correspond to one or more PDCCH candidates corresponding to aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. In this disclosure, "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," and "CORESET configuration" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0239] PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery acknowledgment information (for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with the cell.

[0240] In this disclosure, downlinks, uplinks, etc., may be expressed without the prefix "link." Also, the prefix "physical" may be omitted from the names of various channels.

[0241] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc., may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, the DL-RS may include a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc.

[0242] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including SS (PSS, SSS) and PBCH (and DMRS for PBCH) may be called an SS / PBCH block, SS Block (SSB), etc. Note that SS, SSB, etc. may also be called reference signals.

[0243] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink reference signal (UL-RS) may include a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), etc. The DMRS may also be called a user-specific reference signal (UE-specific Reference Signal).

[0244] (Base Station) Figure 12 shows an example of the configuration of a base station according to one embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that one or more of the control unit 110, the transmitting / receiving unit 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140 may be provided.

[0245] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

[0246] The control unit 110 controls the entire base station 10. The control unit 110 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

[0247] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 120, transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and transmission path interface 140. The control unit 110 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 120. The control unit 110 may also perform call processing of communication channels (setting, releasing, etc.), status management of the base station 10, management of wireless resources, etc.

[0248] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0249] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122 and a measuring unit 123.

[0250] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna.

[0251] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may transmit the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also receive the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0252] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0253] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform processing on data and control information acquired from the control unit 110, for example, at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer (e.g., RLC retransmission control), and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted.

[0254] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal.

[0255] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0256] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0257] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (receiving processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0258] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may also measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), reception quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0259] The transmission path interface 140 may send and receive signals (backhaul signaling) with devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0260] In this disclosure, the transmitting and receiving units of the base station 10 may consist of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission path interface 140.

[0261] The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a Radio Unit (RU), a Distributed Unit (DU), and a Central Unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level physical layer functions (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level physical layer functions (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer functions.

[0262] In this disclosure, base station 10 may include a single device that implements all the functions of RU, DU, and CU, or it may include multiple devices that each implement some of the functions of RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In this disclosure, base station 10 may be interpreted as RU / DU / CU.

[0263] The control unit 110 may instruct the deriving of a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for performance monitoring of Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurement predictions based on the difference between the measured value and the corresponding predicted value. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may receive a report of the KPI (in the first / second embodiment).

[0264] (User Terminal) Figure 13 shows an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transmitting / receiving unit 220, and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230. Note that one or more of the control unit 210, the transmitting / receiving unit 220, and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230 may be provided.

[0265] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

[0266] The control unit 210 controls the entire user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

[0267] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 220.

[0268] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0269] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222 and a measuring unit 223.

[0270] The transmitting and receiving antenna 230 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna.

[0271] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may receive the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also transmit the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0272] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0273] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc., on data and control information acquired from the control unit 210 to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted.

[0274] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal.

[0275] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the transform precoding settings. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as part of the transmission process to transmit a channel (for example, PUSCH) using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform if transform precoding is enabled for that channel, or it may not perform DFT processing as part of the transmission process if transform precoding is not enabled for that channel.

[0276] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0277] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0278] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (receiving processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0279] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (measuring unit 223) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measuring unit 223 may perform RRM measurement, CSI measurement, etc., based on the received signal. The measuring unit 223 may also measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0280] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. Channel measurement resources may be, for example, Non Zero Power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. Interference measurement resources may be at least one of the following: NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. CSI-IM may also be called CSI-Interference Management (IM), and may be interpreted interchangeably with Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. In this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0281] In this disclosure, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 may be composed of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 220 and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0282] The control unit 210 may derive a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for performance monitoring of Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurement predictions based on the difference between the measured value and the corresponding predicted value. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may report the KPI (first / second embodiment).

[0283] The control unit 210 may derive the KPI based on the difference between the measured value and the predicted measured value before applying the layer 3 filter (first embodiment).

[0284] The control unit 210 may derive the KPI based on the difference between the measured value after applying the layer 3 filter and the predicted measured value (first embodiment).

[0285] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may report the KPI of an event triggered by the KPI value (second embodiment).

[0286] (Hardware Configuration) The block diagram used in the description of the above embodiment shows functional units. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method of realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using one device that is physically or logically coupled, or it may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wired or wireless connections). A functional block may also be realized by combining the above one device or the above multiple devices with software.

[0287] Here, functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, decision, determination, calculation, calculation, processing, derivation, investigation, exploration, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, consideration, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating (mapping), and assigning. For example, a functional block (configuration part) that enables transmission may be called a transmitting unit or transmitter. In all cases, as mentioned above, the method of implementation is not particularly limited.

[0288] For example, a base station, user terminal, etc. in one embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that processes the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Figure 14 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. The base station 10 and user terminal 20 described above may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, memory 1002, storage 1003, communication device 1004, input device 1005, output device 1006, bus 1007, etc.

[0289] In this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit are interchangeable. The hardware configuration of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may include one or more of the devices shown in the figure, or it may be configured without some of the devices.

[0290] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown in the diagram, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, the processing may be performed by one processor, or it may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, sequentially, or by other means. Note that the processor 1001 may be implemented using one or more chips.

[0291] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading predetermined software (programs) onto hardware such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, which allows the processor 1001 to perform calculations and control communication via the communication device 1004, or control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and storage 1003.

[0292] The processor 1001 controls the entire computer, for example, by running an operating system. The processor 1001 may be composed of a central processing unit (CPU) that includes interfaces with peripheral devices, control devices, arithmetic units, registers, etc. For example, at least a part of the control unit 110 (210) and the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) described above may be implemented by the processor 1001.

[0293] Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program code), software modules, data, etc., from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes accordingly. The program used is one that causes the computer to execute at least a part of the operations described in the above embodiment. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and other functional blocks may be implemented similarly.

[0294] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be called a register, cache, or main memory. The memory 1002 can store executable programs (program code), software modules, etc., for carrying out a wireless communication method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0295] The storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a Compact Disk (Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a Digital Use Disk, a Blu-ray (registered trademark) disk), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, stick, key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. The storage 1003 may also be called an auxiliary storage device.

[0296] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting / receiving device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as a network device, network controller, network card, communication module, etc. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include, for example, a high-frequency switch, duplexer, filter, frequency synthesizer, etc., in order to implement at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220), transmitting / receiving antenna 130 (230), etc., may be implemented by the communication device 1004. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) may be implemented with physically or logically separated transmitting unit 120a (220a) and receiving unit 120b (220b).

[0297] The input device 1005 is an input device that accepts input from an external source (e.g., a keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, etc.). The output device 1006 is an output device that outputs to an external source (e.g., a display, speaker, light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.). The input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be configured as an integrated unit (e.g., a touch panel).

[0298] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or different buses may be configured for each device.

[0299] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), and a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of each functional block may be implemented using such hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these hardware components.

[0300] Furthermore, devices included in the core network 30 (for example, network nodes that provide NF) may also be implemented using the functional block / hardware configuration described above.

[0301] (Variations) Terms used in this disclosure and terms necessary for understanding this disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, channel, symbol and signal (signal or signaling) may be used interchangeably. Also, a signal may be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS and may be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc., depending on the applicable standard. Also, a component carrier (CC) may be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0302] A wireless frame may consist of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of these periods (frames) constituting a wireless frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may consist of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0303] Here, the neurology may be communication parameters applied to at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. The neurology may be, for example, at least one of the following: subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame configuration, specific filtering processes performed by the transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing processes performed by the transceiver in the time domain.

[0304] A slot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain (such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols or Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols). Alternatively, a slot may be a time unit based on neurology.

[0305] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain. Minislots may also be called subslots. Minislots may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using minislots may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0306] Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols all represent units of time when transmitting a signal. Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols may each be referred to by different names. Furthermore, the units of time such as frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols in this disclosure may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0307] For example, one subframe may be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes may be called a TTI, and one slot or one mini-slot may be called a TTI. In other words, at least one of a subframe and a TTI may be a subframe in existing LTE (1 ms), a period shorter than 1 ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing a TTI may be called a slot, mini-slot, etc., instead of a subframe.

[0308] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, the base station schedules each user terminal to allocate wireless resources (such as the frequency bandwidth and transmission power available to each user terminal) in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0309] TTI may be a transmission time unit for channel-encoded data packets (transport blocks), code blocks, code words, etc., or it may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the actual time interval (e.g., number of symbols) in which the transport block, code block, code word, etc. are mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0310] Furthermore, if one slot or one mini-slot is referred to as a TTI, then one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more mini-slots) may constitute the minimum time unit for scheduling. In addition, the number of slots (number of mini-slots) that constitute this minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0311] A TTI with a time length of 1 ms may be called a normal TTI, long TTI, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, mini slot, sub slot, slot, etc.

[0312] Furthermore, long TTIs (e.g., normal TTIs, subframes, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a time length exceeding 1 ms, and short TTIs (e.g., shortened TTIs, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a TTI length less than that of a long TTI but 1 ms or more.

[0313] A Resource Block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and frequency domain, and in the frequency domain, it may contain one or more consecutive subcarriers. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be the same regardless of the neurology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be determined based on the neurology.

[0314] Furthermore, an RB may contain one or more symbols in the time domain and may have the length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI. One TTI, one subframe, etc., may each consist of one or more resource blocks.

[0315] One or more RBs may also be called Physical RBs (PRBs), Sub-Carrier Groups (SCGs), Resource Element Groups (REGs), PRB pairs, RB pairs, etc.

[0316] Furthermore, a resource block may consist of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource area comprising one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0317] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), also known as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of consecutive common resource blocks (RBs) for a given neurology in a given carrier. These common RBs may be identified by an index of the RBs relative to a common reference point of the carrier. The PRBs may be defined and numbered within a given BWP.

[0318] A BWP may include UL BWP (BWP for UL) and DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured within a single carrier for a UE.

[0319] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE does not need to assume that it will transmit or receive a predetermined signal / channel outside of the active BWP. In this disclosure, terms such as "cell" and "carrier" may be read as "BWP".

[0320] The structures of wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols described above are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a wireless frame, the number of slots per subframe or wireless frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, and the number of symbols, symbol length, and cyclic prefix (CP) length within the TTI can be varied in various ways.

[0321] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc., described in this disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or corresponding other information. For example, wireless resources may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0322] The names used for parameters and other elements in this disclosure are not restrictive in any way. Furthermore, mathematical formulas and other elements using these parameters may differ from those expressly disclosed in this disclosure. Various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements can be identified by any suitable name, and therefore, the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not restrictive in any way.

[0323] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of the various different techniques. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0324] Furthermore, information, signals, etc., can be output from upper layers to lower layers and from lower layers to upper layers, or to at least one of the two. Information, signals, etc., may also be input and output via multiple network nodes.

[0325] Input and output information and signals may be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or managed using a management table. Input and output information and signals may be overwritten, updated, or appended to. Output information and signals may be deleted. Input information and signals may be transmitted to other devices.

[0326] Any information described in this disclosure (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) may be communicated from any first device (e.g., UE / base station) to any second device (e.g., base station / UE) that indicates / specifies (or relates to) the value of such any information, even if not specifically stated in the embodiments described above.

[0327] Information notification is not limited to the embodiments described herein and may be carried out by other means. For example, information notification in this disclosure may be carried out by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0328] Physical layer signaling may also be called Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signals), L1 control information (L1 control signals), etc. RRC signaling may also be called RRC messages, for example, RRC Connection Setup messages, RRC Connection Reconfiguration messages, etc. MAC signaling may also be communicated using, for example, MAC Control Elements (CEs).

[0329] Furthermore, notification of the specified information (for example, notification that "X is the case") is not limited to explicit notification, but may also be made implicitly (for example, by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0330] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a boolean value represented as true or false, or by a numerical comparison (for example, a comparison with a predetermined value).

[0331] Software should be broadly interpreted to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, execution threads, procedures, functions, and so on, whether they are called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or by any other name.

[0332] Furthermore, software, instructions, information, etc., may be transmitted and received via a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technology (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)) and wireless technology (such as infrared or microwave), then at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included in the definition of a transmission medium.

[0333] The terms “system” and “network” as used in this disclosure may be used interchangeably. “Network” may also mean the equipment included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0334] In this disclosure, terms such as “precoding,” “precoder,” “weight (precoding weight),” “quasi-co-location (QCL),” “transmission configuration indication state (TCI state),” “spatial relation,” “spatial domain filter,” “transmit power,” “phase rotation,” “antenna port,” “layer,” “number of layers,” “rank,” “resource,” “resource set,” “beam,” “beam width,” “beam angle,” “antenna,” “antenna element,” “panel,” “UE panel,” “transmitting entity,” and “receiving entity” may be used interchangeably.

[0335] In this disclosure, "antenna port" may be interpreted interchangeably with "antenna port for any signal / channel" (e.g., a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port). In this disclosure, "resource" may be interpreted interchangeably with "resource for any signal / channel" (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). Resources may include time / frequency / code / spatial / power resources. Furthermore, a spatial domain transmit filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmit filter and a spatial domain receive filter.

[0336] The above group may include, for example, at least one of the following: a spatial relationship group, a code division multiplexing (CDM) group, a reference signal (RS) group, a control resource set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, or a panel group.

[0337] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), and RS may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0338] Furthermore, in this disclosure, TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0339] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) properties," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0340] In this disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, subset may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0341] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information Identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive as "a set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)," "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information," etc. TCI state and TCI may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0342] In this disclosure, terms such as “Base Station (BS),” “wireless base station,” “fixed station,” “NodeB,” “eNB (eNodeB),” “gNB (gNodeB),” “access point,” “Transmission Point (TP),” “Reception Point (RP),” “Transmission / Reception Point (TRP),” “panel,” “cell,” “sector,” “cell group,” “carrier,” and “component carrier” may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell.

[0343] A base station may house one or more (e.g., three) cells. If a base station houses multiple cells, the entire coverage area of ​​the base station may be divided into several smaller areas, each of which may also be provided with communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms “cell” or “sector” refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​at least one of the base station and / or base station subsystems that provide communication services in that coverage.

[0344] In this disclosure, the transmission of information by a base station to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to perform a control / operation based on said information.

[0345] In this disclosure, terms such as "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," and "terminal" may be used interchangeably.

[0346] A mobile station may also be called a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other appropriate term.

[0347] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. At least one of the base station and the mobile station may also be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0348] The term "mobile object" refers to any movable object, regardless of its speed, and naturally includes cases where the mobile object is stationary. Examples of such mobile objects include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcarts, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and items carried on them. Furthermore, such mobile objects may be autonomously driven objects operating based on operational commands.

[0349] The mobile entity may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane), an unmanned mobile entity (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle), or a robot (manned or unmanned). At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0350] Figure 15 shows an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, a rotation speed sensor 51, a pneumatic pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0351] The drive unit 41 consists of, for example, at least one of an engine, a motor, or an engine-motor hybrid. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

[0352] The electronic control unit 49 consists of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and communication ports (e.g., input / output (IO) ports) 63. Signals from various sensors 50-58 installed in the vehicle are input to the electronic control unit 49. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0353] Signals from various sensors 50-58 include current signals from current sensor 50 for sensing motor current, rotational speed signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by rotational speed sensor 51, air pressure signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by air pressure sensor 52, vehicle speed signals acquired by vehicle speed sensor 53, acceleration signals acquired by acceleration sensor 54, accelerator pedal depression amount signals acquired by accelerator pedal sensor 55, brake pedal depression amount signals acquired by brake pedal sensor 56, operation signals of shift lever 45 acquired by shift lever sensor 57, and detection signals acquired by object detection sensor 58 for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc.

[0354] The information service unit 59 consists of various devices for providing (outputting) various types of information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, including a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, display, television, and radio, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via a communication module 60 or the like to provide various types of information / services (for example, multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0355] The information service unit 59 may include input devices that accept input from the outside (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, touch panel, etc.) or output devices that perform output to the outside (e.g., display, speaker, LED lamp, touch panel, etc.).

[0356] The driver assistance system unit 64 consists of various devices that provide functions to prevent accidents or reduce the driver's workload, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Inertial Navigation System (INS)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driver assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driver assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0357] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 sends and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle 40.

[0358] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with external devices. For example, it can send and receive various types of information to and from external devices via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Alternatively, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 (it may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0359] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of the following to an external device via wireless communication: signals from the various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on said signals, and information based on input from an external source (user) obtained via the information service unit 59. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc., may also be called input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include the information based on the above input.

[0360] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, inter-vehicle information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on the information service unit 59 installed in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit, which outputs information (for example, it outputs information to devices such as displays and speakers based on the PDSCH (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH) received by the communication module 60).

[0361] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, various sensors 50-58, etc., which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0362] Furthermore, the term "base station" in this disclosure may be interpreted as "user terminal." For example, the various aspects / embodiments of this disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Also, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be interpreted as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, uplink channel, downlink channel, etc., may be interpreted as sidelink channel.

[0363] Similarly, the term "user terminal" in this disclosure may be replaced with "base station." In this case, the base station 10 may be configured to have the same functions as the user terminal 20 described above.

[0364] In this disclosure, operations performed by a base station may, in some cases, be performed by its upper node. In a network including one or more network nodes having base stations, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with terminals may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (for example, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving Gateway (S-GW), etc., but not limited to these), or a combination thereof.

[0365] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used individually, in combination, or switched between as needed during execution. Furthermore, the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc., of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be rearranged in order, provided they are consistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present various step elements using exemplary order and are not limited to the specific order presented.

[0366] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure is Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (where x is, for example, an integer or decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM®), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi®), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX®), IEEE 802.20, systems utilizing Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth®, or other appropriate wireless communication methods, and next-generation systems extended, modified, created, or defined based thereon may also be applied. Furthermore, multiple systems may be applied in combination (for example, a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0367] In this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based solely on" unless otherwise specified. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based solely on" and "based at least on."

[0368] Any reference to elements using the designations “first,” “second,” etc., as used in this disclosure does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient way to distinguish between two or more elements. Accordingly, the references to the first and second elements do not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must precede the second element in any way.

[0369] The term “determining” as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may be considered to mean judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, searching, or inquiring (e.g., searching in tables, databases, or other data structures), ascertaining, etc.

[0370] Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" may be considered as "judging (deciding)" things like receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory).

[0371] Furthermore, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of some action. In this disclosure, “judgment (decision)” may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable with the actions described above.

[0372] Furthermore, in this disclosure, “determine / determining” may be interpreted as “assume / assuming,” “expect / expecting,” or “consider / considering.” In addition, in this disclosure, “not expecting to do…” may be interpreted as “expecting not to do….”

[0373] In this disclosure, "expect" may be rephrased as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." (where "..." may be expressed as a that clause, an infinitive, etc.) may be rephrased as "be expected ..." or "do (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Similarly, "does not expect ..." may be rephrased as "be not expected ..." or "do not (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be rephrased as "An apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0374] The term "maximum transmit power" as used in this disclosure may mean the maximum transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0375] As used in this disclosure, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” and any variations thereof mean any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are “connected” or “coupled” with each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, “connection” may be replaced with “access.”

[0376] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they can be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to each other using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., and, in some non-exclusive and non-exclusive examples, electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency domain, microwave domain, and optical (both visible and invisible) domain.

[0377] In this disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "combine" may be interpreted similarly to "different."

[0378] Where the terms “include,” “including,” and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, as is the term “comprising.” Furthermore, the term “or” as used in this disclosure is not intended to mean exclusive OR.

[0379] In this disclosure, if articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, this disclosure may include the fact that the noun following these articles is plural.

[0380] In this disclosure, "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than or equal to," "more than," and "equal to" may be interpreted interchangeably. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, by adding "i-th" (where i is any integer) to the expression (for example, "highest" may be interpreted interchangeably with "i-th highest").

[0381] In this disclosure, "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," and "associated with" may be interpreted as being interchangeable.

[0382] In this disclosure, phrases such as "when A, B", "if A, then B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "B based on A", "B during / while A", "B before A", "B at (the same time as) / on A", "B after A", "B since A", and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Furthermore, A, B, etc., may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, or regular sentences depending on the context. The time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). Additionally, a time offset may be applied to the time when A occurs. For example, "A" may be interpreted as "before / after the time offset when A occurs". The time offset (e.g., one or more symbols / slots) may be predetermined or determined by the UE based on notified information.

[0383] In this disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any unit of time (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0384] Although the invention described herein has been explained in detail above, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the invention described herein is not limited to the embodiments described herein. The descriptions herein are illustrative and not intended to be restrictive in any way to the invention described herein.

Claims

1. A terminal having a control unit that derives a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for performance monitoring of Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurement predictions based on the difference between a measured value and a corresponding predicted value, and a transmission unit that reports the KPI.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit derives the KPI based on the difference between the measured value and the predicted measured value before the application of the Layer 3 filter.

3. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit derives the KPI based on the difference between the measured value and the predicted measured value after applying the Layer 3 filter.

4. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the transmitting unit reports the KPI of an event triggered by the KPI value.

5. A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising the steps of: deriving a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for performance monitoring of Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurement predictions based on the difference between a measured value and a corresponding predicted value; and reporting the KPI.

6. A base station having a control unit that instructs the derivation of a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) for performance monitoring of Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurement predictions based on the difference between a measured value and a corresponding predicted value, and a receiving unit that receives a report of the KPI.

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