Method and apparatus for communications based on relay in wireless system
The method and apparatus facilitate efficient discovery and selection of multi-hop relay paths in wireless systems, enhancing communication performance and throughput for UEs with weak signal strength by using signal-indicated relay paths and proximity-based selection, addressing the challenges of relay UE discovery and selection in cellular networks.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HUAWEI TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-13
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-21
AI Technical Summary
In cellular networks, user equipment at cell edges or coverage holes experiences weak signal strength, leading to poor communication with base stations, and existing relay technologies face challenges in efficient discovery and selection of relay UEs, particularly in multi-hop scenarios.
A method and apparatus for wireless communications that enable the discovery and selection of multi-hop relay paths by indicating relay paths through signals, allowing UEs to establish optimal connections with network devices using local or network-assisted selection processes, utilizing beam information and proximity-based relay UE selection.
Enhances communication performance and throughput for remote UEs by improving the discovery and selection of relay paths, thereby increasing overall system performance and adaptability to changing communication environments.
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Figure CN2025134675_21052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR COMMUNICATIONS BASED ON RELAY IN WIRELESS SYSTEMTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to the field of communications, and more particularly to methods and apparatuses for communications based on relay in a wireless system.BACKGROUND
[0002] In a cellular network including user equipment (UE) and base stations, communication is mainly between UE (s) and base station (s) (for example, a next-generation node B (gNB) or a transmit and receive point (TRP) ) . However, at cell edges or in coverage holes, the UE may experience weak signal strength and may not be able to have good communication with the base station. In this case, a relay could be used to improve the performance. The relay may be a device to relay signal (s) for (remote) UE (s) or base station (s) and thus improve the performance. It could be a relay UE or a fixed relay device. The relaying mechanism could also vary from radio frequency (RF) relaying, to decoding and forwarding relaying. For example, a layer 2 (L2) relay is a relay that could decode data and relay data at the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, while a layer 3 (L3) relay is a relay that decode data and relay data at the internet protocol (IP) layer. In fifth generation (5G) communications, the relay has been studied and specified. In release 17 (Rel-17) , the single path relay between a UE and a gNB is studied and specified as a L2 / L3 UE to network (U2N) relay. In release 18 (Rel-18) , the multi-path L2 / L3 U2N relay is studied and specified. Both improve either the coverage or the throughput of the remote UE and the overall system performance. In Rel-18, the relay between UE to UE is also studied and specified as a U2U relay. The U2U relay improves the performance of communications between two UEs, which could be completely or partially out of coverage of network (gNB) .
[0003] In Rel-17 and Rel-18, the single hop U2N or U2U relay is studied and specified. In release 19 (Rel-19) , this work is extended to study and specify the multi-hop relay to further improve the performance of relaying. For the multi-hop relay, one issue that needs to be resolved is discovery / (re-) selection of relay UE (s) .SUMMARY
[0004] This disclosure provides methods and apparatuses for communications based on relay in a wireless system, to provide a solution for discovery / (re-) selection of relay UE (s) , thereby improving the performance of relaying and consequently increasing the throughput of the remote UE and the overall system performance. The term “communications based on relay” in this disclosure may also be referred to as “relay-based communications” .
[0005] The following introduces this disclosure from various aspects. It is understood that implementations and beneficial effects described below for different aspects can be applied interchangeably.
[0006] According to a first aspect, a method for communications is described. The method may be applicable to a UE, for example, a UE or a component in a UE. The component, which is responsible for communication and / or processing functions in a UE, may be a module, logic module, software, circuit, chip, or other similar element. The circuit or chip may be for example a modem chip, a system on chip (SoC) , or a system in package (SiP) . For example, the method may be applicable to the UE. The method includes the following. The UE receives one or more signals, where the one or more signals indicate one or more relay paths between the UE and a network device. The one or more relay paths include at least one multi-hop relay path. The UE communicates first data on at least one first relay path in the one or more relay paths.
[0007] As used herein, the term “UE” refers to the “remote UE. ” Each relay path in the one or more relay paths can be used to relay signals and / or data between the UE and the network device. For the downlink, signals and / or data are transmitted from the network device to the UE via the relay path. Conversely, for the uplink, signals and / or data are transmitted from the UE to the network device via the relay path. A “multi-hop relay path” refers to a relay path that includes two or more relay UEs. The relay UE may be mobile or fixed.
[0008] The one or more signals may be transmitted by one or more relay UEs. A relay UE may transmit one signal. Alternatively, the relay UE may transmit multiple signals. The one or more signals can be of different types. For example: a portion of the one or more signals may be discovery signal (s) , while another portion may be solicitation response signal (s) ; the one or more signals all are discovery signal (s) ; or the one or more signals all are or solicitation response signal (s) .
[0009] The one or more relay paths may be indicated by the one or more signals in different ways. In a first example, each signal in the one or more signals indicates one relay path, that is, there is a one-to-one relationship between the one or more signals and the one or more relay paths. In a second example, each signal in the one or more signals indicates multiple relay paths, that is, there is a one-to-many relationship between the one or more signals and the one or more relay paths. In a third example, a hybrid approach is used, where some signals each indicate one relay path (one-to-one) while others each indicate multiple relay paths (one-to-many) .
[0010] The UE needs to communicate with the network device. However, the direction (or direct) connection between the UE and the network device suffers from weak signal strength. The UE may use the at least one first relay path in the one or more relay paths to establish another connection with the network device and further communicate with the network device based on this connection. Therefore, the UE communicates first data on the at least one first relay path. The first data between the UE and the network device may be transmitted and / or received via the at least one first relay path.
[0011] The solution in the method as described above enables the indication of the at least one multi-hop relay path, allowing the at least one multi-hop relay path to participate in the discovery / (re-) selection of relay UE (s) . This enhances the performance of relaying, which consequently increases the throughput for the (remote) UE and improves the overall system performance.
[0012] In some implementations according to the first aspect, the method further includes the following. The UE selects the at least one first relay path for communicating the first data based on the one or more signals. The information about the one or more relay paths may be carried in the one or more signals. The UE may select the at least one first relay path that is suitable for communicating the first data based on the information carried in the one or more signals. The at least one first relay path selected is more conducive to communication of the first data. In these implementations, the selection process is carried out locally by the UE.
[0013] In some implementations according to the first aspect, the method further includes the following. The UE receives an indication of selecting the at least one first relay path for communicating the first data. The selection process is carried out by other devices (e.g., the network device) , which transmits the result to the UE. This approach offloads the computational burden from the UE.
[0014] It is noted that whether the selection process is carried out locally or by other devices, they are not mutually exclusive and may be used in conjunction.
[0015] In some implementations according to the first aspect, the method further includes the following. The UE establishes a connection with a first relay UE on the at least one first relay path. The first relay UE is the one in closest proximity to the (remote) UE on the at least one first relay path. The (remote) UE establishes a connection with the network device by setting up a connection (e.g., via sidelink) with the first relay UE on the at least one first relay path. In an example, each first relay path may have one first relay UE that is in closest proximity to the (remote) UE, such that in this example, if there is one first relay path, it establishes a connection with the one first relay UE; if there are two first relay paths, it establishes two connections with the two first relay UEs, and so on. In another example, two or more first relay paths may share one first relay UE that is in closest proximity to the (remote) UE, and accordingly, in this example, two or more connections established may share the one first relay UE.
[0016] It is noted that the aforementioned selection and establishment processes precede the communication of the first data.
[0017] In some implementations according to the first aspect, the method further includes the following. The UE communicates second data on at least one second relay path in the one or more relay paths, where the at least one second relay path is different from the at least one first relay path. Over time, the communication environment between the UE and the network device changes. The connection via the at least one first relay path may no longer be suitable. Therefore, at least one different relay path (the at least one second relay path) may need to be determined to adapt to the current environment.
[0018] In some implementations according to the first aspect, the method further includes the following. The UE reselects the at least one second relay path for communicating the second data based on the one or more signals. As mentioned above, the information about the one or more relay paths may be carried in the one or more signals. The UE may reselect the at least one second relay path that is suitable for communicating the second data based on the information carried in the one or more signals. The at least one second relay path reselected is more conducive to communication of the second data. In these implementations, the reselection process is carried out locally by the UE.
[0019] In some implementations according to the first aspect, the method further includes the following. The UE receives an indication of reselecting the at least one second relay path for communicating the second data. The reselection process is carried out by other devices (e.g., the network device) , which transmits the result to the UE. This approach offloads the computational burden from the UE.
[0020] It is noted that whether the reselection process is carried out locally or by other devices, they are not mutually exclusive and may be used in conjunction.
[0021] In some implementations according to the first aspect, the method further includes the following. The UE establishes a connection with a second relay UE on the at least one second relay path. The second relay UE is the one in closest proximity to the (remote) UE. The (remote) UE establishes a connection with the network device by setting up a connection (e.g., via sidelink) with the second relay UE on the at least one second relay path. In an example, each second relay path may have one second relay UE that is in closest proximity to the (remote) UE, such that in this example, if there is one second relay path, it establishes a connection with the one second relay UE; if there are two second relay paths, it establishes two connections with the two second relay UEs, and so on. In another example, two or more second relay paths may share one second relay UE that is in closest proximity to the (remote) UE, and accordingly, in this example, two or more connections established may share the one second relay UE.
[0022] It is noted that the aforementioned reselection and establishment processes precede the communication of the second data.
[0023] It is further noted that the aforementioned selection may be the initial selection and the aforementioned reselection may be the reselection after the initial selection, or the aforementioned selection may be another reselection and the aforementioned reselection may be the reselection after the another reselection.
[0024] In some implementations according to the first aspect, for each relay path in the one or more relay paths, a signal in the one or more signals indicates one or more of: a number of one or more relay hops on the relay path; beam information for one or more relay UEs on the relay path; a relay path identifier; identifiers of the one or more relay UEs on the relay path; a capacity of each relay UE in the one or more relay UEs on the relay path; a channel condition of each relay hop in the one or more relay hops on the relay path.
[0025] In a first example, the signal indicates the number of one or more relay hops on the relay path. The number of one or more relay hops on the relay path may also refer to a hop count on the relay path. Accordingly, the UE can determine whether this relay path is a single-hop relay path or a multi-hop relay path based on this number. Furthermore, the UE may select the first relay path and / or reselect the second relay path based on this number. For instance, a relay path with a fewer number of one or more relay hops may be preferred for selection or reselection.
[0026] In a second example, the signal indicates both the number of one or more relay hops on the relay path and the beam information for one or more relay UEs on the relay path. This beam information may be specified only for the relay UE closest to the (remote) UE along the relay path or for each relay UE along the relay path. When this beam information is provided, the UE can directly use this beam information to communicate the first and / or second data, thereby reducing communication delay and enhancing the performance of relaying. Furthermore, the UE may not only use this number to select the first relay path and / or reselect the second relay path, but also benefit from reduced delay in beam determination for data communication based on the beam information.
[0027] In a third example, the signal indicates the number of one or more relay hops on the relay path and the relay path identifier, or the signal indicates the number of one or more relay hops on the relay path, the beam information for one or more relay UEs on the relay path, and the relay path identifier. The relay path identifier serves to uniquely identify the relay path.
[0028] In some examples, the signal may further indicate the capacity of each relay UE in the one or more relay UEs on the relay path, and / or the channel condition of each relay hop in the one or more relay hops on the relay path. These metrics (capacity and / or channel condition) , combined with the number of one or more relay hops on the relay path, can be used to select the first relay path and / or reselect the second relay path. During selecting the first relay path and / or reselecting the second relay path, the capacity of each relay UE in the one or more relay UEs on the relay path may refer to the overall capacity on the relay path, and / or, the channel condition of each relay hop in the one or more relay hops on the relay path may refer to the overall channel condition on the relay path.
[0029] In some implementations according to the first aspect, the beam information indicates one or more beams at least for transmitting the signal by a relay UE on the relay path and transmitting and / or receiving the first data and / or the second data by the remote UE. For a relay UE on the relay path, the beam information can indicate a transmit and receive beam at least used for transmitting the signal and transmitting and / or receiving the first data and / or the second data. Alternatively, the beam information can indicate a transmit beam at least for transmitting at least one of: the signal, the first data, or the second data; and a receive beam for receiving at least one of: the first data, or the second data. It is noted that the beam information can indicate the one or more beams for each relay UE on the relay path, or indicate the one or more beams only for the relay UE that is closest to the (remote) UE on the relay path. Furthermore, if the signal is a discovery message, the beam used for transmitting the signal is used to receive a response to the discovery message; and if the signal is a soliciting response signal, the beam used for transmitting the signal is used to receive a soliciting signal.
[0030] In some implementations according to the first aspect, for a relay UE in a corresponding relay path in the one or more relay paths, the beam information indicates one or more of: one or more beam indices at least for transmitting the signal and transmitting and / or receiving the first data and / or the second data; one or more locations; one or more angles of arrival (AoAs) for at least one of: the signal, the first data, or the second data; one or more angles of departure (AoDs) for at least one of: the signal, the first data, or the second data; sensing information related to beam directions.
[0031] It is also noted that the above beam information may be used for each relay UE on the relay path, or only for the relay UE that is closest to the (remote) UE on the relay path.
[0032] Beams can convey directional information, such as angles and locations. Using this information, communication ends (e.g., UEs) can identify optimal communication paths. Beams may be denoted in several ways. In some implementations, beam indices are used. For example, if there are 8 beam indices, 3 bits can be used to represent them. A communication end, such as a remote UE or a relay UE, can then easily determine the beams based on the information carried in these 3 bits.
[0033] In other implementations, beams may be denoted by their AoAs and / or AoDs. Based on AoAs and / or AoDs, communication ends can identify the direction and subsequently determine the optimal communication paths. In some cases, the AoA may be considered equivalent to the AoD, or vice versa.
[0034] In still other implementations, beams may be denoted sensing information related to beam directions. The sensing information related to beam directions includes RF maps of surroundings, sensing targets, and / or environmental objects.
[0035] In some implementations according to the first aspect, for each multi-hop relay path in the at least one multi-hop relay path, a number of one or more relay hops is great than 1.
[0036] In some implementations according to the first aspect, at least one of the one or more signals is received from a relay UE.
[0037] In some implementations according to the first aspect, at least one of the one or more signals is received from a first relay UE on the at least one first relay path or a second relay UE on the at least one second relay path.
[0038] In some implementations according to the first aspect, at least one of the one or more signals includes a discovery message.
[0039] In some implementations according to the first aspect, at least one of the one or more signals includes a soliciting response message in response to a soliciting signal.
[0040] For the purposes of this disclosure, the term “discovery message” is to be understood as encompassing equivalent terms such as “discovery signal, ” “discovery, ” and others. Similarly, “soliciting response message” includes “soliciting response, ” “soliciting response signal, ” and the like. Furthermore, “soliciting signal” also covers “soliciting message” and other names. This disclosure is not limited by the specific terminology used.
[0041] According to a second aspect, a method for communications is described. The method may be applicable to a relay UE, for example, a relay UE or a component in a relay UE. The component, which is responsible for communication and / or processing functions in a relay UE, may be a module, logic module, software, circuit, chip, or other similar element. The circuit or chip may be for example a modem chip, an SoC, or an SiP. For example, the method may be applicable to the relay UE. The method includes the following. The relay UE transmits a signal, where the signal indicates a relay path, and the relay path is a multi-hop relay path between a remote UE and a network device. The relay UE relays at least one of first data or second data between a first UE and a second UE on the relay path.
[0042] It is noted that the first data or second data herein may refer to the related description according to the first aspect. The first data or second data between the remote UE and the network device may be relayed by the relay UE between the first UE and the second UE. The roles of the first UE and the second UE may depend on scenarios.
[0043] In some implementations according to the second aspect, the first UE or the second UE is the remote UE. Depending on scenarios, either the first or second UE acts as the remote UE. The relay UE is then the one closest to this remote UE, while the other UE (the second or first UE, respectively) connects to the network via the relay path.
[0044] In some implementations according to the second aspect, the first UE and / or the second UE is another relay UE. As mentioned above, if either the first UE or the second UE is the remote UE, then the other one is the relay UE (another relay UE) . If neither the first UE nor the second UE is the remote UE, then both the first UE and the second UE are relay UEs.
[0045] In some implementations according to the second aspect, for the relay path, the signal indicates one or more of: a number of one or more relay hops on the relay path; beam information for one or more relay UEs on the relay path; a relay path identifier; identifiers of the one or more relay UEs on the relay path; a capacity of each relay UE in the one or more relay UEs on the relay path; a channel condition of each relay hop in the one or more relay hops on the relay path.
[0046] In some implementations according to the second aspect, the beam information indicates one or more beams at least for transmitting the signal and transmitting and / or receiving the first data and / or the second data.
[0047] In some implementations according to the second aspect, for a relay UE in the relay path, the beam information indicates one or more of: one or more beam indices at least for transmitting the signal and transmitting and / or receiving the first data and / or the second data; one or more locations; one or more AoAs for at least one of: the signal, the first data, or the second data; one or more AoDs for at least one of: the signal, the first data, or the second data; sensing information related to beam directions.
[0048] It is noted that the information indicated by the signal may refer to the related description according to the first aspect. The relay UE that is closest to the remote UE is responsible for delivering the signal to the remote UE, enabling the remote UE to perform subsequent operations. If the relay UE is not the closest one, it does not transmit the signal directly to the remote UE but instead forwards the signal to the next relay UE. Each receiving relay UE in the path appends its own information and relays the signal onward until the signal reaches the remote UE.
[0049] In some implementations according to the second aspect, the method further includes the following. The relay UE establishes a connection with the first UE and / or the second UE.
[0050] In some implementations according to the second aspect, the signal includes a discovery message.
[0051] In some implementations according to the second aspect, the signal includes a soliciting response message, and the method further includes the following. The relay UE receves a soliciting signal.
[0052] According to a third aspect, an apparatus for communications is described. The apparatus has a function of implementing the first aspect. For example, the apparatus includes a corresponding module, unit, or means for performing operations in the first aspect. The module, unit, or means may be specifically implemented by using software, may be implemented by using hardware, or may be implemented by using software in combination with hardware.
[0053] According to a fourth aspect, an apparatus for communications is described. The apparatus has a function of implementing the second aspect. For example, the apparatus includes a corresponding module, unit, or means for performing operations in the second aspect. The module, unit, or means may be specifically implemented by using software, may be implemented by using hardware, or may be implemented by using software in combination with hardware.
[0054] According to a fifth aspect, another apparatus for communications is described. The apparatus includes one or more processors. The one or more processors may execute computer program or the instructions, and when the computer program or the instructions is / are executed, the apparatus is enabled to implement the method in the first aspect.
[0055] In some implementations, the apparatus may further include an interface circuit, and the one or more processors are configured to communicate with another apparatus or component through the interface circuit.
[0056] In some implementations, the apparatus may further include the memory. The memory is configured to store a part or all of the necessary computer program or instructions for implementing a function in the first aspect.
[0057] The apparatus may be a UE, a module in a UE, or a chip responsible for a communication function in a UE, for example, a modem chip (also referred to as a baseband chip) or an SoC or an SiP that includes a modem module.
[0058] According to a sixth aspect, another apparatus for communications is described. The apparatus includes one or more processors. The one or more processors may execute computer program or the instructions, and when the computer program or the instructions is / are executed, the apparatus is enabled to implement the method in the second aspect.
[0059] In some implementations, the apparatus may further include an interface circuit, and the one or more processors are configured to communicate with another apparatus or component through the interface circuit.
[0060] In some implementations, the apparatus may further include the memory. The memory is configured to store a part or all of the necessary computer program or instructions for implementing a function in the second aspect.
[0061] The apparatus may be a relay UE, a module in a relay UE, or a chip responsible for a communication function in a relay UE, for example, a modem chip (also referred to as a baseband chip) or an SoC or an SiP that includes a modem module.
[0062] According to a seventh aspect, a communication system is described. The communication system includes at least one of an apparatus configured to perform the method in the first aspect, or an apparatus configured to perform the method in the second aspect.
[0063] According to an eighth aspect, a computer-readable storage medium is described. The computer-readable storage medium stores computer-readable instructions, and when an apparatus reads and executes the computer-readable instructions, the apparatus is enabled to perform the method in the first aspect or the second aspect.
[0064] According to a ninth aspect, a computer program product is described. When an apparatus reads and executes the computer program product, the apparatus is enabled to perform the method in the first aspect or the second aspect.
[0065] According to a tenth aspect, a system is described. The system includes at least one of an apparatus in (or at) a remote UE of the present disclosure, or an apparatus in (or at) a relay UE of the present disclosure.
[0066] According to an eleventh aspect, a method performed by a system including at least one of an apparatus in (or at) a remote UE of the present disclosure, and an apparatus in (or at) a relay UE of the present disclosure, is described.
[0067] This disclosure encompasses various implementations, including not only method implementations, but also other implementations such as apparatus implementations and implementations related to non-transitory computer readable storage media. Implementations may incorporate, individually or in combinations, the features disclosed herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0068] For a better understanding of the present disclosure, as well as other aspects and further features thereof, reference is made to the following description which is to be used in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where:
[0069] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example communication system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure;
[0070] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of another example communication system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure;
[0071] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration showing an apparatus wirelessly communicating with another apparatus within a communication system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure, where the communication system is described in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2;
[0072] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of an example apparatus according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure, where the example apparatus is an electronic device or a network node described in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, or FIG. 3;
[0073] FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of another example apparatus according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure, where the example apparatus is an electronic device or a network node described in FIG. 1, FIG. 2, or FIG. 3;
[0074] FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an example multi-hop U2N relay according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure;
[0075] FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an example extended U2N relay + remote UE architecture according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure;
[0076] FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic illustration of an example method for communications according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure;
[0077] FIG. 9 is schematic illustration of an example discovery procedure for model A for a multi-hop U2N relay according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure;
[0078] FIG. 10 is schematic illustration of an example discovery procedure for model B for a multi-hop U2N relay according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure;
[0079] FIG. 11 is schematic illustration of an example discovery procedure based on assisted information for a multi-hop U2N relay according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure;
[0080] FIG. 12 is schematic illustration of another example discovery procedure based on assisted information for a multi-hop U2N relay according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure;
[0081] FIG. 13 is schematic illustration of still another example discovery procedure based on assisted information for a multi-hop U2N relay according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure;
[0082] FIG. 14 is schematic illustration of an example of relay path (re-) selection and establishment for a U2N relay and remote UE architecture according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0083] In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form part of the present disclosure, and which show, by way of illustration, specific aspects of implementations of the present disclosure or specific aspects in which implementations of the present disclosure may be applied or used. It is understood that implementations of the present disclosure may be applied or used in other aspects and include structural or logical changes not depicted in the accompanying drawings.
[0084] The implementations set forth herein represent information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and illustrate ways of practicing such subject matter. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawings, a person skilled in the art will understand concepts of the claimed subject matter and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It is understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims. The following detailed description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present disclosure is defined by the appended claims.
[0085] The examples and conditional language recited herein are principally intended to aid the reader in understanding principles of the present disclosure and not to limit its scope to such specifically recited examples and conditions. It will be appreciated that a person skilled in the art may devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or illustrated herein, nonetheless embody the principles of the present disclosure and are included within its spirit and scope.
[0086] Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and implementations of the present disclosure, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof, whether they are currently known or developed in the future. Thus, for example, it will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that any block diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry embodying the principles of the present disclosure. Similarly, it will be appreciated that any flowcharts, flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, pseudo-code, and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in computer-readable media and so executed by a computer or processor, whether such computer or processor is explicitly illustrated.
[0087] The above provides the general description of implementations of the present disclosure. The following describes a communication system in which implementations of the present disclosure may be applied or used.
[0088] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example communication system according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure. There is shown a communication system 100 that includes a radio access network (RAN) 120, one or more communication electronic devices (EDs) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (collectively referred to as 110) , a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. The RAN 120 may include, but is not limited to, a future generation RAN, or a legacy RAN such as, but not limited to, 5th generation (5G) , 4th generation (4G) , 3rd generation (3G) or 2nd generation (2G) radio access network. The RAN 120 may be, for example, an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) , a next generation RAN (NG RAN) , or some other type of RAN. Examples of RAN 120 based on the evolution of telecommunications standards include, but is not limited to, global system for mobile communications (GSM) and code division multiple access (CDMA) for 2G, universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) based on wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) and CDMA2000 for 3G, long-term evolution (LTE) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) for 4G, and new radio (NR) for 5G. In some implementations, the RAN 120 may use any radio access technology (RAT) in the wireless interface between the one or more EDs 110 and the RAN 120. In some implementations, the term “radio access” may refer to the future generation air interface standards which may include both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) . These networks will be described in greater detail below in conjunction with various implementations. The one or more communication EDs 110 (also referred to as “user equipment (UE) ” ) are configured to connect (e.g., communicatively couple) with each other or to one or more network nodes 170a, 170b (collectively referred to as 170) in the RAN 120. The core network (CN) 130 is a part of the communication system 100 and includes network nodes (e.g., 170a, 170b) which provide support for the network features and telecommunication services. In some implementations, the CN 130 may be dependent on the RAT used in the communication system 100. In other implementations, the CN 130 may be access-agnostic, i.e., the CN 130 may be independent of the RAT used in the communication system 100. There are different types of CN 130, for different 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) system generations. For example, the CN 130 is the evolved packet core (EPC) in 4G, also known as the evolved packet system (EPS) . In another example, the CN 130 is the 5G core (5GC) which was developed as part of the 5G system (5GS) . The CN 130 also enables integration of different 3GPP and non-3GPP access types. In some implementations and referring to FIG. 1, the CN 130 also provides the interface towards external networks that may include the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160 in the communication system 100.
[0089] In general, the communication system 100 facilitates interaction between multiple wireless or wired elements. The communication system 100 may transmit different types of content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, through different transmission methods such as, but not limited to, broadcast, multicast, groupcast, and unicast. Additionally, the communication system 100 operates by allocating and / or sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, among its constituent elements.
[0090] The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications including, but not limited to, enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) services, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) services, massive machine type communication (mMTC) services, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) , immersive communication, ultra-massive machine-type communication (uMTC) , hyper reliable and low-latency communication, ubiquitous connectivity, integrated artificial intelligence (AI) and communication, and other services that can be provided by a future generation communication system. The communication system 100 may provide other services and applications such as, but not limited to, earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility and the like.
[0091] The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system (or network) and / or a non-terrestrial communication system (or network) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of the terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in a heterogeneous network including multiple layers. The heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks. The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered as sub-systems of the communication system 100.
[0092] FIG. 2 illustrates another example communication system 100 according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure. There is shown the communication system 100 includes EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (collectively referred to as ED 110) , RANs 120a, 120b, one or more CNs 130, a PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. Additionally, the communication system 100 may also include a non-terrestrial network (NTN) 120c. The RANs 120a and120b may include network nodes 170a and 170b respectively. Examples of network nodes 170a, 170b include base stations, which can be generally referred to as terrestrial network (TN) devices or terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a and 170b (collectively referred to as 170) . In this context, the terms “TRP” and “base station” are used interchangeably unless otherwise specified. For simplicity, this disclosure refers to network nodes as base stations; however, unless explicitly stated otherwise, references to TRP are considered non-limiting and interchangeable. The T-TRPs 170a, 170b may be base stations mounted on a building or tower. In one implementation, the NTN 120c includes a RAN node such as a base station 172, which may be generally referred to as an NTN device, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, or a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0093] In some implementations, the NT-TRP 172 is not attached to the ground, for example, as in the case of an airborne base station. An airborne base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a flying device. For example, a flying device may include, but is not limited to, an airborne platform (such as a blimp or an airship) , balloon, drone (such as quadcopter) , and other types of aerial vehicles. In some implementations, an airborne base station may be supported or carried by an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , such as a drone. An airborne base station may be a moveable or mobile base station that can be flexibly deployed in different locations to meet network demand. A satellite base station is another example of a non-terrestrial base station. A satellite base station may be implemented using communication equipment supported or carried by a satellite. A satellite base station may also be referred to as an orbiting base station. High altitude platforms are yet another example of non-terrestrial base stations, including international mobile telecommunication base stations.
[0094] As referred to herein, and unless specified otherwise, a “TRP” may also refer to a T-TRP or an NT-TRP, a “T-TRP” may also refer to a “TN TRP” , and an “NT-TRP” may also refer to an “NTN TRP” . The NTN 120c may be considered a RAN, sharing operational aspects with RANs 120a, 120b. The NTN 120c may include at least one NTN device and at least one corresponding terrestrial network device. The at least one NTN device may function as a transport layer device and the at least one corresponding terrestrial network device may function as a RAN node, communicating with the ED 110 via the NTN device. Additionally, there may be an NTN gateway on the ground (referred to as a terrestrial network device) that also functions as a transport layer device facilitating communication with both the NTN device and the RAN node. The RAN node may communicate with the ED 110 via the NTN device and the NTN gateway. In some implementations, the NTN gateway and the RAN node may be located within the same device.
[0095] A base station 170 (also referred to as a TRP as stated above) is a network element within a radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the ED (such as a user equipment) . In different implementations, the base station 170 may also be known as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a home eNodeB, a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, and a positioning node, among other possibilities. The base station 170 may be a macro base station (BS) , a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or combinations thereof. When the base station 170 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the base station itself, one or more modules (or units) in the base station, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, system in package (SIP) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions within the base station.
[0096] The EDs 110a-110d and TRPs 170a-170b, 172 are examples of communication equipment configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or implementations described herein. The T-TRP 170a forms part of the RAN 120a, which may include other TRPs, and / or other devices. Also, the TRP 170b forms part of the RAN 120b, which may include other TRPs, and / or devices. Each TRP 170a, 170b may transmit and / or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or a “coverage area” . The TRPs 170a-170b may be responsible for allocating and / or configuring resources and transmission and / or reception in a set of cell (s) . A cell is a radio network object that can be uniquely identified by a cell identification that is broadcasted over a geographical region or area from base stations associated with the cell. A cell can work in either FDD or TDD mode. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors, and a base station 170a-170b may, for example, employ one or more transceivers to provide services to one or more sectors. Some implementations, may include pico or femto cells if supported by the radio access technology. In some implementations, one or more transceivers could be used for each cell, such as with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. The number of RANs 120a-120b shown is merely an example. Any number of RANs may be contemplated when designing the communication system 100.
[0097] A base station may be a single element, as shown in the figures, or multiple elements distributed throughout the corresponding RAN, or otherwise configured. In some implementations, a plurality of RAN nodes coordinate to assist the ED 110 in implementing radio access, and different RAN nodes separately implement and handle different functions of the base station. For example, the RAN node may be a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a CU-control plane (CP) , a CU-user plane (UP) , or a radio unit (RU) etc. The CU and the DU may be separately deployed, or included within the same element (i.e., a baseband unit (BBU) ) . The RU may be included in a radio frequency device or a radio frequency unit (i.e., a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , or a remote radio head (RRH) ) . In different systems, the CU (or the CU-CP and the CU-UP) , the DU, or the RU may be known by different names, but their functions are understood by a person skilled in the art. For example, in an open radio access network (ORAN) system, a CU may be referred to as an open CU (O-CU) , a DU may be referred to as an open DU (O-DU) , and a CU-CP may be referred to as an open CU-CP (O-CU-CP) . The CU-UP may also be referred to as an open CU-UP (O-CU-UP) , and the RU may also be referred to as an open RU (O-RU) . Any one of the CU (or the CU-CP, the CU-UP) , the DU, and the RU may be implemented using a software module, a hardware module, or a combination of a software module and a hardware module.
[0098] Furthermore, communication between different devices / apparatuses in various implementations of this disclosure may refer to direct communication (that is, without the need of forwarding by another device / apparatus) , or may refer to communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses via another device / apparatus (that is, requiring forwarding by another device / apparatus) . Alternatively, such communication (s) may involve one functional unit inside a device / apparatus using another functional unit within the device / apparatus to communicate with another device / apparatus. In other words, phrases such as “sending (or transmitting) information to... (an ED or a base station) ” in this disclosure may be understood as a destination endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including, sending / transmitting information directly or indirectly to an ED or a base station. Similarly, phrases like “receiving information from... (an ED or a base station) ” may be understood as a source endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including directly or indirectly receiving information from an ED or a base station. Between the source endpoint that sends the information and the destination endpoint, necessary processing such as, but not limited to, format conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, amplification, and filtering may be performed on the information. However, the destination endpoint may understand valid information from the source endpoint. A similar understanding applies to other descriptions in this disclosure without reiterating details already described. In the present disclosure, the terms “send” and “transmit” may be used interchangeably in different implementations of this disclosure.
[0099] The ED 110 is used to connect people, objects, machines, and other entities. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, but not limited to, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, and autonomous delivery and mobility.
[0100] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to as, but not limited to) a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , an MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus (such as a module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to by other terms. When an ED 110 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED itself, one or more modules (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, an SoC including a modem core, or an SIP including a modem core, and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0101] Each ED 110 connected to TRPs 170a-170b, and / or TRPs 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0102] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any of the TRPs 170a, 170b and 172, the Internet 150, the CN 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the ED 110a may communicate an uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with station-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110d may communicate using an UL and / or DL transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0103] An air interface (such as, for example, 190a, 190b, 190c) generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices such as EDs and base station (s) . For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (such as, data) over a wireless communications link. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, that may include any suitable radio access technology.
[0104] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the EDs 110a, 110d and one or more NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or more NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0105] The TRPs 170a-170b, 172 may communicate with one another over one or more air interfaces 190e, 190f using wireless communication links (such as radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. ) or wired communication links. The air interfaces 190e, 190f may utilize any suitable radio access technology, and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 190a, 190c over which the EDs 110a-110d communicate with one or more of the TRP 170a-170b, 172 or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , code division multiple access (CDMA) , single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) , low density signature multicarrier code division multiple access (LDS-MC-CDMA) , non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) , pattern division multiple access (PDMA) , lattice partition multiple access (LPMA) , resource spread multiple access (RSMA) , and sparse code multiple access (SCMA) .
[0106] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the CN 130 to provide the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, multimedia, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the CN 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by the CN 130, and may employ different radio access technologies from RAN 120a and / or RAN 120b. The CN 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b and / or the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. For example, the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c communicate using different cellular communications protocols, such as, but not limited to, a global system for mobile communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a push-to-talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over cellular (POC) protocol, a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a new radio (NR) protocol, and the like. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may communicate using wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and / or to the Internet 150. The PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) , transmission control protocol (TCP) , user datagram protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and may incorporate one or multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0107] In addition, the communication system 100 may include a sensing agent (not shown) to manage the sensed data from ED 110 and / or any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In one implementation, the sensing agent may be part of any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. In another implementation, the sensing agent is a separate node that can communicate with the CN 130 and / or the RAN 120 (such as any one of TRPs 170a, 170b, 172) .
[0108] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration showing an apparatus 310 wirelessly communicating with another apparatus 320 within a communication system (e.g., the communication system 100) according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure. The apparatus 310 may be an electronic device (such as ED 110) . The apparatus 320 may be a network node (e.g., the network node 170) such as T-TRP 170 or an NT-TRP 172. Although only one apparatus 310, and one apparatus 320 are shown in the figure, the number of apparatuses 310 and / or number of apparatuses 320 can vary, potentially including one or more of each. For example, a single ED 110 may be served by a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) , or by multiple T-TRPs 170 (or multiple NT-TRPs 172) . Similarly, a single ED 110 may be served by one or more T-TRPs 170 and one or more NT-TRPs 172. Similarly, a single T-TRP 170 (or a single NT-TRP 172) may serve one or more EDs 110.
[0109] The apparatus 310 may include one or more processors 210. For clarity and to avoid overcrowding the illustration, only a single processor 210 is illustrated. The apparatus 310 may further include a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. For clarity, only a single antenna 204 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated into a single unit, for example, as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by the one or more antennas 204 or a network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver may also be configured to demodulate data or other content received by the one or more antennas 204. A transceiver may include any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or for processing signals received through wireless or wired communication. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. The apparatus 310 may include a memory 208. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 may include multiple memories 208. Only a single transmitter 201, receiver 203, processor 210, memory 208, and antenna 204 is illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 310 may include one or more other components. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0110] The memory 208 is configured to store instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 208 may also be configured to store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 310. For example, the memory 208 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or operations described herein and that which are executed by the one or more processors 210.
[0111] The apparatus 310 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces. The input / output devices or interfaces facilitate interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes suitable components for facilitating transmission of information to a user and reception of information from a user, and for various network interface communications. Such components may include, but are not limited to, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, and the like.
[0112] The processor 210 may be configured to perform (or control the apparatus 310 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 310. For example, the processor 210 performs or controls the apparatus 310 to perform the operations of: a) receiving one or more transport blocks (TBs) , b) using a resource for decoding at least one of the received TBs, c) releasing the resource for decoding another of the received TBs, and / or d) receiving configuration information configuring a resource. Specifically, the operations may include tasks related to: preparing a transmission for UL transmission to the apparatus 320, processing DL transmissions received from the apparatus 320, and handling SL transmission to and from another apparatus 310. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing DL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Processing operations related to processing SL transmissions may include operations such as, but not limited to, transmit / receive beamforming, modulating / demodulating and encoding / decoding symbols. Depending upon the implementation, a DL transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the DL transmission (such as by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, such as beam angle information (BAI) , received from the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 210 may be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, which includes operations for detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, such as using a reference signal received from the apparatus 320.
[0113] Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 210 may either be a part of the transmitter 201 or a part of the receiver 203 or a part of both the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the memory 208 may be a part of the processor 210.
[0114] The processor 210, along with the processing components of the transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may each be implemented by one or more processors that may the same or different. These processors are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (such as in the memory 208) .
[0115] The apparatus 320 includes one or more processors 260 (only one processor 260 is illustrated) . The apparatus 320 may further include one or more transmitters 252 and one or more receivers 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only a single antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid clutter in the illustration. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. In some implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 are separate from each other. In other implementations, the transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated into a single unit such as, for example, as a transceiver. The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may include multiple memories 258. The apparatus 320 may further include a scheduler 253. Only a single transmitter 252, receiver 254, processor 260, memory 258, antenna 256 and scheduler 253 are illustrated for simplicity, however the apparatus 320 may include one or more other components. In the present disclosure, in some implementations, the transceiver (or transmitter 252 and / or receiver254) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0116] In some implementations, various components of the apparatus 320 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the apparatus 320 may be located remotely from the equipment housing the antennas 256 for the apparatus 320 (and therefore also can be viewed as one or more nodes) . These modules, which can be considered as one or more nodes, may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) , sometimes referred to as front haul, such as the common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some implementations, the term apparatus 320 may also refer to network-side nodes that perform processing operations such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that which are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the apparatus 320. The nodes may also be coupled to other apparatuses 320. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may actually be a plurality of nodes that are operating together to serve the apparatus 310, such as through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions, or through the use of ORAN system as described above in the disclosure.
[0117] The processor 260 is configured to perform operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for DL transmission to the apparatus 310, processing an UL transmission received from the apparatus 310, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to another apparatus 320, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from another apparatus 320. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for DL or backhaul transmission may include operations such as, but not limited to, encoding, modulating, precoding (such as MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the UL or over backhaul may include operations such as, but not limited to, receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also be configured to perform operations relating to network access (such as initial access) and / or DL synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 is further configured to generate an indication of beam direction, such as BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by the scheduler 253 which will be described below. In some implementations, the processor 260 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (such as BAI) received from another apparatus 320. The processor 260 is configured to perform other network side processing operations described herein, such as, but not limited to, determining the location of the apparatus 310, determining where to deploy another apparatus 320, and the like. In some implementations, the processor 260 may generate signaling data, to configure one or more parameters of the apparatus 310 and / or one or more parameters of another apparatus 320. Any signaling data generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 implements physical layer processing. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may perform higher layer functions such as those at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layers in addition to physical layer processing. In the apparatus 320, the scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260 or integrated within the processor 260. In some implementations, the scheduler 253 may be integrated within the apparatus 320 or may be operated separately from the apparatus 320. The scheduler 253 may schedule UL, DL, SL, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (such as “configured grant” ) resources.
[0118] The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 258 that is configured to store instructions for performing the operations described herein. The memory 258 may also store data that is used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 258 can store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionalities and / or implementations described herein and that which are executed by the processor 260.
[0119] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may be implemented as part of the transmitter 252 and / or a part of the receiver 254. Although not illustrated, in some implementations, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253 and the memory 258 may be implemented as part of the processor 260.
[0120] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, such as in the memory 258.
[0121] The apparatus 320 and / or the apparatus 310 may include other components, not shown or described herein for the sake of clarity.
[0122] Note that the term “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be referred to as control signaling, control message, control information, or message for simplicity. Signaling between a base station (such as the TRP 170a. 170b, 172) and a UE or sensing device (such as ED 110) , or signaling between a different UE or sensing device (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be carried in physical layer signaling (also called as dynamic signaling) , which is transmitted in a physical layer control channel. For DL, the physical layer signaling may be known as downlink control information (DCI) which is transmitted in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . For UL, the physical layer signaling may be known as uplink control information (UCI) which is transmitted in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) . For SL, signaling between different UEs or sensing devices (such as between ED 110a and ED 110b) may be known as SL control information (SCI) which is transmitted in a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . Signaling may be carried in a higher layer (such as higher than physical layer) signaling, which is transmitted in a physical layer data channel, such as in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for downlink signaling, in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for uplink signaling, and in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for SL signaling. Higher layer signaling may also be called static signaling, or semi-static signaling. The higher layer signaling may include radio resource control (RRC) protocol signaling or media access control -control element (MAC-CE) signaling. Signaling may be included in a combination of physical layer signaling and higher layer signaling.
[0123] It should be noted that in the present disclosure, “information” , when different from “message” , may be carried within a single message, or may be carried in multiple separate messages.
[0124] FIG. 4 illustrates an example apparatus 410 according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure. The apparatus 410 may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device such as the ED 110 or the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172. For example, the apparatus 410 implemented in an ED may be an integrated circuit, which in some instances may be referred to as a chip, a modem, a modem chip, a baseband chip, or a baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into an SoC, an SiP, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus 410 can include one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within the ED 110, or within the apparatus 310. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be a module within one of the TRPs 170a, 170b, 172, or the apparatus 320.
[0125] In an example, the apparatus 410 may include one or more processors 411, and an interface circuit 412. The apparatus 410 may further include a memory 413. The one or more processors 411 are configured to process signals and execute one or more communication protocols. The memory 413 is configured to store at least a part of corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. In an example, the one or more processors 411 execute the computer program instructions stored in the memory 413 to implement related operations (for example, inputting, outputting, receiving, and transmitting) in the method implementations disclosed herein. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store all of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data for execution by the one or more processors 411. In some implementations, the memory 413 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 413 is configured to store a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. For example, the part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may include computer program instructions and / or data that need to be currently executed by the one or more processors 411. Thus, the memory 413 may store different parts of computer program instructions and / or data for a plurality of times for the one or more processors 411 to perform related operations in the method implementations disclosed herein. As a communication interface, the interface circuit 412 is configured to implement communication with another component. For example, the interface circuit 412 may communicate a signal with another apparatus or system, such as a radio frequency processing apparatus or another processor. The signal may include or carry information intended as a payload, such as user data, control information, etc. The signal may also include or carry information useful to a receiver, but not necessarily as a payload, such as a pilot signal or reference signal. Communicating the signal may include transmitting the signal to another component or device. Communicating the signal may additionally or alternatively include receiving the signal from another component or device. Transmitting the signal may include outputting the signal to a component or device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit 412. Receiving the signal may include inputting or obtaining the signal from a component or device that is directly or indirectly couped to the interface circuit 412. Optionally, to reduce a load of the one or more processors, a baseband signal processing circuit 414 may be also disposed to implement processing of at least a part of baseband signals, including signal demodulation, modulation, encoding, decoding, or the like.
[0126] The apparatus 410 may be the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) , in some scenarios, or may be included within the processor 210 (or 260) within the apparatus 310 (or 320) in some scenarios. The apparatus 410 may be a baseband chip or may include a baseband chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be independently packaged into a chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 (or 320) includes different types of chips. The apparatus 410 may be packaged into a processor chip (for example, an SoC or an SiP) with the different types of chips. In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may be packaged into a chip with some or all of circuits of a radio frequency processing system that may further be included in the apparatus 310 (or 320) .
[0127] FIG. 5 illustrates an example apparatus 510 according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure. The apparatus 510 may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or implementations described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus 510 includes a processing unit 512 and a communication unit 513. Optionally, the apparatus 510 may further include a storage unit 511 configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data.
[0128] The apparatus 510 may be an ED side apparatus, for example, an ED or a module in an ED, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in an ED. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be the apparatus 310. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 210. The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 201 and / or the receiver 203 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 208.
[0129] The apparatus 510 may be a base station side apparatus, for example, a base station or a module in a base station, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in a base station. In some implementations, apparatus 510 may be apparatus 320. The processing unit 512 may be the processor 260 (the scheduler 253 may also be included) . The communication unit 513 may comprise a receiving unit and / or a transmitting unit. The receiving unit and / or the transmitting unit may be the transmitter 252 and / or the receiver 254 respectively. The storage unit 511 may be the memory 258.
[0130] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is an ED 110 or a module in an ED 110, a function of the apparatus 510 may be implemented by one or more processors. Specifically, the processor may include a modem chip, or an SoC or an SiP that includes a modem core. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by a transceiver circuit.
[0131] In some implementations, when the apparatus 510 is a circuit or a chip that is responsible for a communication function in an ED 110, -such as a modem chip, an SoC or an SiP that includes a modem core -afunction of the processing unit 512 may be implemented by a circuit system within the chip which includes one or more processors. A function of the communication unit 513 may be implemented by an interface circuit or a data transceiver circuit on the chip.
[0132] It may be understood that the units in the apparatus 510 may be logical or functional. Each function may correspond to one functional unit, or two or more functions may be integrated into a single functional unit. In actual implementation, all or some of the units may be integrated into a single physical entity, or may be distributed across different physical entities. In addition, the functional units may be implemented in the form of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether a function is implemented in the form of hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for specific applications, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of this disclosure.
[0133] In an example, a functional unit in any one of the apparatuses may be configured as one or more integrated circuits for implementing the methods disclosed herein, for example, as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more microprocessors or microprocessor units (MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers or microcontroller units (MCUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , or a combination of these.
[0134] In an example, the storage unit 511 may include a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, and / or a register.
[0135] A processor may be referred to as a processor system, an application processor, a baseband processor, a processor circuit, or a processor core. The processor may include one or a combination of one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more microprocessors (microprocessor units, MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers (microcontroller units, MCUs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , one or more artificial intelligence processors (AI processors) , or one or more neural network processing units (NPUs) .
[0136] Memory or a storage unit may include one or more of the following storage media: a random access memory (RAM) , a static random access memory (static RAM, SRAM) , a dynamic random access memory (dynamic RAM, DRAM) , a phase-change memory (PCM) , a resistive random access memory (resistive RAM, ReRAM) , a magnetoresistive random access memory (magnetoresistive RAM, MRAM) , a ferroelectric random access memory (ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) , a cache, a register, a read-only memory (ROM) , a flash memory (flash memory) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (erasable programmable ROM, EPROM) , a hard disk, and the like. In an example, computer program instructions used to execute implementations may be stored in a non-volatile memory, for example, at least a part of a memory or storage unit (for example, one or more of a ROM, a flash memory, an EPROM, or a hard disk) . When a terminal such as an ED or base station runs, a part or all of corresponding computer program instructions may be loaded to a memory that has a higher transmission speed with the processor, for example, at least a part of a memory or a storage unit (for example, one or more of a RAM, an SRAM, a DRAM, a PCM, a RERAM, an MRAM, a FRAM, a cache, or a register) , so that the processor executes the computer program instructions to perform the steps in the method implementations disclosed herein.
[0137] In the aforementioned scenarios, communication occurs between two ends, such as between a UE and a base station, or between two UEs. However, a UE at a cell edge or in a coverage hole may suffer from degraded signal strength, leading to poor connection quality. Such a UE can be referred to as a remote UE. To address this, a relay can be introduced between the two communication ends to enhance performance. A relay is a device that forwards signals for the remote UE and / or the other communication end (e.g., a base station or another UE) , thereby improving the connection. This device could be a relay UE or a fixed relay device (or station) . In such relay-assisted scenarios, a signal does not travel directly from one end to the other. Instead, it is transmitted via one or more relay devices along a complete path. This path, which includes one or more relay devices, is termed a relay path. Depending on the number of relay devices involved, a relay path can be categorized as either a single hop or a multi-hop relay path. The relay manner along the single hop path may be referred to as single hop relay, and the relay manner along the multi-hop relay path may be referred to as multi-hop relay. The single hop relay may also be referred to as the single-hop relay. For the purposes of this disclosure, the term “relay device” is to be understood as encompassing equivalent terms such as “relay UE, ” “relay node, ” “relay station, ” “relay, ” and others, which may be fixed or mobile.
[0138] In 5G release 17 (Rel-17) and release 18 (Rel-18) , the single hop relay is studied and specified, and the discovery and (re-) selection of the relay UE in the single hop relay is also studied and specified. Two models are supported for the discovery and (re-) selection of the relay UE in the single hop relay, which include model A and model B. For model A, the relay UE transmits a discovery signal and the remote UE or the base station such as gNB could make decision to (re-) select the relay UE based on this discovery signal. For model B, the remote UE would transmit a soliciting signal and the relay UE could reply with a soliciting response signal, and then the remote UE or the base station such as gNB could make decision to (re-) select the relay UE based on this soliciting response signal.
[0139] For the purposes of this disclosure, the term “discovery signal” is to be understood as encompassing equivalent terms such as “discovery message, ” “discovery, ” and others. Similarly, “soliciting response signal” includes “soliciting response, ” “soliciting response message, ” and the like. Furthermore, “soliciting signal” also covers “soliciting message” and other names. This disclosure is not limited by the specific terminology used.
[0140] On the one hand, the information contained in the discovery signal or soliciting response for the single hop path is limited since only one relay UE is required in the single hop path and may not be enough to support the multi-hop relay. On the other hand, the discovery mechanism in 5G may not consider future wireless communication features that could provide more information based on locations, sensing, etc. In summary, some issues that are related to multi-hop relay discovery and (re-) selection shall be addressed, and other issues that are related to multi-hop relay discovery and (re-) selection with consideration of future wireless communication features and services shall be addressed.
[0141] Accordingly, in this disclosure, mechanism and procedure for multi-hop relay discovery and (re-) selection is provided, including discovery procedure for both model A and model B cases, and sometimes with assisted discovery information. For the purposes of this disclosure, the term “assisted discovery information” is to be understood as encompassing equivalent terms “assisted information, ” “assistance information, ” “assistance discovery information, ” or the like.
[0142] In one or more implementations, the multi-hop relay discovery is provided. In detail, the multi-hop U2N relay discovery using U2N relay + remote UE architecture is provided for examples, where the multi-hop U2N relay means the multi-hop relay between the remote UE and the base station (network, e.g., gNB) , and the relay UE closest to the base station (network, e.g., gNB) may refer to the U2N relay. It is understood that the multi-hop U2U relay discovery is also obtained by a person skilled in the art based on the multi-hop U2N relay discovery. The multi-hop U2U relay is between the remote UE and another UE, and the relay UE closest to the another UE may refer to the U2U relay.
[0143] FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an example multi-hop U2N relay according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6, a multi-hop U2N relay architecture refers to a scenario that a remote UE connects to a relay UE in its proximity, which further connects to another relay UE, and so on so forth, and in the end connects to a base station (for example gNB) . The last relay UE connects to the gNB or base station can be referred as a UE-to-network relay (or U2N relay, or last relay UE) . The rest of relay UE (s) can be referred as intermediate relay UE (s) , and the intermediate relay UE that connects to the remote UE can also be referred as the first relay UE.
[0144] The connection between the U2N relay UE to the gNB is a Uu link, while the connection between each intermediate relay UE and between an intermediate UE and the remote UE is referred as a sidelink, which can be a PC5 link or a non-3GPP link like wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) , Bluetooth link. Here the link refers to the air interface protocol stacks used on the link for communications. The communication on links between relay UE (s) , and between a relay UE and a remote UE, and between a relay UE and the gNB can be one direction or bi-directions.
[0145] In DL communication, the data from the gNB is transmitted to the U2N relay (UE) first, which is further relayed or forwarded to the next intermediate relay (UE) , and so on so forth until the data arrives its destination, the remote UE. In UL communication, the data is transmitted from the remote UE to the first intermediate relay (UE) which the remote UE is connected, which is further relayed or forwarded to the next intermediate relay (UE) and so on so forth, until it reaches the destination, the gNB.
[0146] All the relay UE (s) including the U2N relay and intermediate relay UE (s) forms a relay path for communication between the gNB and the remote UE. A hop along a relay path can be seen as one relaying operation by a relay UE, and the number of hop (s) along a relay path between the remote UE and the gNB indicates the number of relaying / forwarding operation (s) by the relay UE (s) , and it is equivalent to the number of relay UE (s) on the path.
[0147] To construct a multi-hop U2N relay, a single hop U2N relay architecture can be extended. FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an example extended U2N relay + remote UE architecture according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 7 as example, for this architecture, the intermediate UE#1 could behave like a remote UE first and search for and establish the connection with a U2N relay UE (as shown in FIG. 7) , then it could behave like a relay UE and broadcast the discovery message, and the next intermediate relay UE could act as a remote UE and establish a connection with the intermediate relay UE#1 first and further establish a connection with the gNB. This operation can be continued until the intermediate relay UE#k establishes a connection with the gNB via the other intermediate relay UE (s) and the U2N relay UE along the path. Then the intermediate relay UE#k will broadcast the discovery message so that the remote UE in its proximity could establish a connection with it, and further a connection with the gNB. In this architecture, for the remote UE, the U2N relay UE and all intermediate UE (s) could act as an extended U2N relay UE (or virtual U2N relay UE) after intermediate relay UE#k (or the first relay UE) has established the connection with the gNB. Here K is a positive integer. It is understood that the connection establishment is described based on mode A, and the connection establishment based on mode B can also be obtained by a person skilled in the art based on the connection establishment described based on mode A.
[0148] In the architecture, all the U2N relay UE and intermediate relay UEs are in RRC connected state and each has a RRC connection with the gNB, for serving as a relay for the communications between the remote UE and the gNB.
[0149] Although this architecture for the multi-hop relay is provided, one issue that needs to be resolved is discovery / (re-) selection of relay UE (s) for the multi-hop relay. Therefore, implementations of the present disclosure provide a method for communications, to provide a solution for discovery / (re-) selection of relay UE (s) where the multi-hop relay may be involved.
[0150] Then, the method for communications according to implementations of the present disclosure may be described with reference to FIG. 8. FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic illustration of an example method 800 for communications according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure. The method 800 may be performed by an apparatus in (or at) a remote UE (or a remote UE itself) and an apparatus in (or at) a relay UE (or a relay UE itself) . The apparatus in (or at) the remote UE may be a component in a remote UE. The component, which is responsible for communication and / or processing functions in the remote UE, may be a module, logic module, software, circuit, chip, or other similar element. The apparatus in (or at) the relay UE may be a component in a relay UE. The component, which is responsible for communication and / or processing functions in the relay UE, also may be a module, logic module, software, circuit, chip, or other similar element. The circuit or chip may be for example a modem chip, an SoC, or an SiP.
[0151] As illustrated in FIG. 8, the method 800 may be described by using the remote UE and the relay UE as an example. The method 800 may include steps 801 and 802.
[0152] In 801, the relay UE transmits signal (s) . Accordingly, the remote UE receives one or more signals. Although one relay UE is shown in FIG. 8, there may be one or more relay UEs in different scenarios.
[0153] In other words, the one or more signals may be transmitted by one or more relay UEs. A relay UE may transmit one signal. Alternatively, the relay UE may transmit multiple signals. The one or more signals can be of different types. For example: a portion of the one or more signals may be discovery signal (s) , while another portion may be solicitation response signal (s) ; the one or more signals all are discovery signal (s) ; or the one or more signals all are or solicitation response signal (s) .
[0154] The one or more signals indicate one or more relay paths between the remote UE and a network device. The one or more relay paths include at least one multi-hop relay path.
[0155] Each relay path in the one or more relay paths can be used to relay signals and / or data between the remote UE and the network device. For the downlink, signals and / or data are transmitted from the network device to the remote UE via the relay path. Conversely, for the uplink, signals and / or data are transmitted from the remote UE to the network device via the relay path. A “multi-hop relay path” refers to a relay path that includes two or more relay UEs. The relay UE may be mobile or fixed.
[0156] The one or more relay paths may be indicated by the one or more signals in different ways. In a first example, each signal in the one or more signals indicates one relay path, that is, there is a one-to-one relationship between the one or more signals and the one or more relay paths. In a second example, each signal in the one or more signals indicates multiple relay paths, that is, there is a one-to-many relationship between the one or more signals and the one or more relay paths. In a third example, a hybrid approach is used, where some signals each indicate one relay path (one-to-one) while others each indicate multiple relay paths (one-to-many) .
[0157] In 802, the remote UE communicates first data on at least one first relay path in the one or more relay paths.
[0158] The remote UE needs to communicate with the network device. However, the direction (or direct) connection between the remote UE and the network device suffers from weak signal strength. The remote UE may use the at least one first relay path in the one or more relay paths to establish another connection with the network device and further communicate with the network device based on this connection. Therefore, the remote UE communicates first data on the at least one first relay path. The first data between the remote UE and the network device may be transmitted and / or received via the at least one first relay path.
[0159] The solution in the method as described above enables the indication of the at least one multi-hop relay path, allowing the at least one multi-hop relay path to participate in the discovery / (re-) selection of relay UE (s) . This enhances the performance of relaying, which consequently increases the throughput for the remote UE and improves the overall system performance.
[0160] In some implementations, the method 800 further includes the following. The remote UE selects the at least one first relay path for communicating the first data based on the one or more signals. The information about the one or more relay paths may be carried in the one or more signals. The remote UE may select the at least one first relay path that is suitable for communicating the first data based on the information carried in the one or more signals. The at least one first relay path selected is more conducive to communication of the first data. In these implementations, the selection process is carried out locally by the remote UE.
[0161] In some implementations, the method 800 further includes the following. The remote UE receives an indication of selecting the at least one first relay path for communicating the first data. The selection process is carried out by other devices (e.g., the network device) , which transmits the result to the remote UE. This approach offloads the computational burden from the remote UE.
[0162] It is noted that whether the selection process is carried out locally or by other devices, they are not mutually exclusive and may be used in conjunction.
[0163] In some implementations, the method 800 further includes the following. The remote UE establishes a connection with a first relay UE on the at least one first relay path. The first relay UE is the one in closest proximity to the remote UE on the at least one first relay path. The remote UE establishes a connection with the network device by setting up a connection (e.g., via sidelink) with the first relay UE on the at least one first relay path. In an example, each first relay path may have one first relay UE that is in closest proximity to the remote UE, such that in this example, if there is one first relay path, it establishes a connection with the one first relay UE; if there are two first relay paths, it could establish two connections with the two first relay UEs, and so on. In another example, two or more first relay paths may share one first relay UE that is in closest proximity to the remote UE, and accordingly, in this example, two or more connections established may share the one first relay UE. Furthermore, in addition to a sidelink connection, other connection types (e.g., non-3GPP) may be established between two UEs. This disclosure does not limit the connection to any type.
[0164] It is noted that the aforementioned selection and establishment processes precede the communication of the first data.
[0165] In some implementations, the method 800 further includes the following. The remote UE communicates second data on at least one second relay path in the one or more relay paths, where the at least one second relay path is different from the at least one first relay path. Over time, the communication environment between the remote UE and the network device changes. The connection via the at least one first relay path may no longer be suitable. Therefore, at least one different relay path (the at least one second relay path) may need to be determined to adapt to the current environment.
[0166] In some implementations, the method 800 further includes the following. The remote UE reselects the at least one second relay path for communicating the second data based on the one or more signals. As mentioned above, the information about the one or more relay paths may be carried in the one or more signals. The remote UE may reselect the at least one second relay path that is suitable for communicating the second data based on the information carried in the one or more signals. The at least one second relay path reselected is more conducive to communication of the second data. In these implementations, the reselection process is carried out locally by the remote UE.
[0167] In some implementations, the method 800 further includes the following. The remote UE receives an indication of reselecting the at least one second relay path for communicating the second data. The reselection process is carried out by other devices (e.g., the network device) , which transmits the result to the remote UE. This approach offloads the computational burden from the remote UE.
[0168] It is noted that whether the reselection process is carried out locally or by other devices, they are not mutually exclusive and may be used in conjunction.
[0169] In some implementations, the method 800 further includes the following. The remote UE establishes a connection with a second relay UE on the at least one second relay path. The second relay UE is the one in closest proximity to the remote UE.The remote UE establishes a connection with the network device by setting up a connection (e.g., via sidelink) with the second relay UE on the at least one second relay path. In an example, each second relay path may have one second relay UE that is in closest proximity to the remote UE, such that in this example, if there is one second relay path, it establishes a connection with the one second relay UE; if there are two second relay paths, it establishes two connections with the two second relay UEs, and so on. In another example, two or more second relay paths may share one second relay UE that is in closest proximity to the remote UE, and accordingly, in this example, two or more connections established may share the one second relay UE. In these implementations, other connection types (e.g., non-3GPP) may be established between two UEs. This disclosure does not limit the connection to any type.
[0170] It is noted that the aforementioned reselection and establishment processes precede the communication of the second data.
[0171] It is further noted that the aforementioned selection may be the initial selection and the aforementioned reselection may be the reselection after the initial selection, or the aforementioned selection may be another reselection and the aforementioned reselection may be the reselection after the another reselection.
[0172] In some implementations, for each relay path in the one or more relay paths, a signal in the one or more signals indicates one or more of: a number of one or more relay hops on the relay path; beam information for one or more relay UEs on the relay path; a relay path identifier; identifiers of the one or more relay UEs on the relay path; a capacity of each relay UE in the one or more relay UEs on the relay path; a channel condition of each relay hop in the one or more relay hops on the relay path.
[0173] In a first example, the signal indicates the number of one or more relay hops on the relay path. The number of one or more relay hops on the relay path may also refer to a hop count on the relay path. Accordingly, the remote UE can determine whether this relay path is a single-hop relay path or a multi-hop relay path based on this number. Furthermore, the remote UE may select the first relay path and / or reselect the second relay path based on this number. For instance, a relay path with a fewer number of one or more relay hops may be preferred for selection or reselection.
[0174] In a second example, the signal indicates both the number of one or more relay hops on the relay path and the beam information for one or more relay UEs on the relay path. This beam information may be specified only for the relay UE closest to the remote UE along the relay path or for each relay UE along the relay path. When this beam information is provided, the remote UE can directly use this beam information to communicate the first and / or second data, thereby reducing communication delay and enhancing the performance of relaying. Furthermore, the remote UE may not only use this number to select the first relay path and / or reselect the second relay path, but also benefit from reduced delay in beam determination for data communication based on the beam information.
[0175] In a third example, the signal indicates the number of one or more relay hops on the relay path and the relay path identifier, or the signal indicates the number of one or more relay hops on the relay path, the beam information for one or more relay UEs on the relay path, and the relay path identifier. The relay path identifier serves to uniquely identify the relay path.
[0176] In some examples, the signal may further indicate the capacity of each relay UE in the one or more relay UEs on the relay path, and / or the channel condition of each relay hop in the one or more relay hops on the relay path. These metrics (capacity and / or channel condition) , combined with the number of one or more relay hops on the relay path, can be used to select the first relay path and / or reselect the second relay path. During selecting the first relay path and / or reselecting the second relay path, the capacity of each relay UE in the one or more relay UEs on the relay path may refer to the overall capacity on the relay path, and / or, the channel condition of each relay hop in the one or more relay hops on the relay path may refer to the overall channel condition on the relay path.
[0177] In some implementations, the beam information indicates one or more beams at least for transmitting the signal and transmitting and / or receiving the first data and / or the second data. For a relay UE on the relay path, the beam information can indicate a transmit and receive beam at least used for transmitting the signal and transmitting and / or receiving the first data, and / or the second data. Alternatively, the beam information can indicate a transmit beam at least for transmitting at least one of:the signal, the first data, the second data; and a receive beam for receiving at least one of: the first data, or the second data. It is noted that the beam information can indicate the one or more beams for each relay UE on the relay path, or indicate the one or more beams only for the relay UE that is closest to the remote UE on the relay path. Furthermore, if the signal is a discovery message, the beam used for transmitting the signal is used to receive a response to the discovery message; and if the signal is a soliciting response signal, the beam used for transmitting the signal is used to receive a soliciting signal.
[0178] In some implementations, for a relay UE in a corresponding relay path in the one or more relay paths, the beam information indicates one or more of: one or more beam indices at least for transmitting the signal and transmitting and / or receiving the first data and / or the second data; one or more locations; one or more angles of arrival (AoAs) for at least one of: the signal, the first data, or the second data; one or more angles of departure (AoDs) for at least one of: the signal, the first data, or the second data; sensing information related to beam directions.
[0179] It is also noted that the above beam information may be used for each relay UE on the relay path, or only for the relay UE that is closest to the remote UE on the relay path.
[0180] Beams can convey directional information, such as angles and locations. Using this information, communication ends (e.g., UEs) can identify optimal communication paths. Beams may be denoted in several ways. In some implementations, beam indices are used. For example, if there are 8 beam indices, 3 bits can be used to represent them. A communication end, such as a remote UE or a relay UE, can then easily determine the beams based on the information carried in these 3 bits.
[0181] In other implementations, beams may be denoted by their AoAs and / or AoDs. Based on AoAs and / or AoDs, communication ends can identify the direction and subsequently determine the optimal communication paths. In some cases, the AoA may be considered equivalent to the AoD, or vice versa.
[0182] In still other implementations, beams may be denoted sensing information related to beam directions. The sensing information related to beam directions includes RF maps of surroundings, sensing targets, and / or environmental objects.
[0183] In some implementations, for each multi-hop relay path in the at least one multi-hop relay path, a number of one or more relay hops is great than 1.
[0184] In some implementations, at least one of the one or more signals is received from a relay UE.
[0185] In some implementations, at least one of the one or more signals is received from a first relay UE on the at least one first relay path or a second relay UE on the at least one second relay path.
[0186] In some implementations, at least one of the one or more signals includes a discovery message.
[0187] In some implementations, at least one of the one or more signals includes a soliciting message signal in response to a soliciting signal.
[0188] In some implementations, when the relay UE is the one closest to the remote UE, as shown in FIG. 8, the relay UE transmits the signal, where the signal indicates a relay path, and the relay path is a multi-hop relay path between the remote UE and the network device. The relay UE relays at least one of first data or second data between the remote UE and another relay UE (not shown in FIG. 8) . The relay UE that is closest to the remote UE is responsible for delivering the signal to the remote UE, enabling the remote UE to perform subsequent operations.
[0189] When the relay UE is not the one closest to the remote UE (not shown in FIG. 8) , it does not transmit the signal directly to the remote UE but instead forwards the signal to the next relay UE. Each receiving relay UE in the path appends its own information and relays the signal onward until the signal reaches the remote UE.
[0190] With the architecture shown in FIG. 6 or FIG. 7 and the above method 800, the example discovery procedure can be described in the following.
[0191] FIG. 9 shows an example discovery procedure for model A for the multi-hop U2N relay according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure. The detailed description could refer to the description for FIG. 6 to FIG. 8 above.
[0192] As shown in FIG. 9, the U2N relay UE has established the connection with the gNB. Based on the connection with the gNB, the U2N relay UE may broadcast discovery message (s) (also called discover signal (s) ) and the intermediate relay UE#1 may receive the discovery message (s) and establishes the connection (e.g., PC5 connection (conn) establishment) with the U2N relay UE based on the received discovery message. Thus, the intermediate relay UE#1 establishes the connection with the gNB via the U2N relay UE. Based on the connection with the gNB, the intermediate relay UE#1 may broadcast discovery message (s) and the intermediate relay UE#2 may receive the discovery message (s) and establishes the connection (e.g., PC5 conn establishment) with the intermediate relay UE#1. Thus, the intermediate relay UE#2 establishes the connection with the gNB via the U2N relay UE and the intermediate relay UE#1. After the intermediate relay UE#2 establishes the connection with the gNB via a number of intermediate relay UEs (only one intermediate UE#1 is shown in FIG. 9) and the U2N relay UE, the intermediate relay UE#2 broadcasts discovery message (s) . The discovery message broadcasted by the intermediate relay UE#2 (that is the one closest to the remote UE) could contain one or more pieces of the following information: - Relay path identifier (ID) . The relay path ID could be a local ID for the network device and the remote UE to recognize / refer the relay path and the relay path’s corresponding component relay UE (s) . - Relay UE IDs for all the relay UE (s) on the relay path including intermediate relay UE (s) and U2N relay UE, that is, IDs of the one or more relay UEs on the relay path. - Number of hop (s) , which could be the number of relay UE (s) on the relay path, or the number of one or more relay hops on the relay path. - Channel condition (for example channel quality) of each hop including PC5 and Uu on the relay path, that is, channel condition of each relay hop in the one or more relay hops on the relay path. The channel condition can be indicated as reference signal received power (RSRP) , reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , received signal strength indicator (RSSI) etc. - Traffic load or capacity of each relay UE on the relay path, that is capacity of each relay UE in the one or more relay UEs on the relay path. The traffic load may include at least one of: the relay UE’s own traffic and the traffic the relay UE relays for other relay UE (s) and the remote UE (s) . The capacity may include the maxium capacity that the relay UE can support, or the spared capacity that the relay UE can serve for relaying traffic for other UE (s) . - Beam information for one or more relay UEs on the relay path.
[0193] If there are multi-path going through this intermediate relay UE, the intermediate relay UE could broadcast information for multi-path or it could select one or more relay paths based on some criterions: number of hop (s) on the relay path is smaller, traffic load or capacity for each relay UE on the relay path is less, and / or channel quality for each relay hop on the relay path is better, and could broadcast information for the one or more relay path selected. It is noted that the traffic load or capacity for each relay UE on the relay path may be understood as the overall traffic load or capacity for the relay path; and the channel quality for each relay hop on the relay path may be understood as the overall channel quality for the relay path.
[0194] When the remote UE receives the discovery message, it could make decisions for relay path selection (or first intermediate relay selection) . The decision could be based on at least one criterion: number of hop (s) on the relay path, traffic load or capacity for each relay UE on the relay path, and / or channel quality for each relay hop on the relay path. If the remote UE requires to connect with the gNB in multi-path connection, the remote UE could select multiple relay paths or use a combination of multiple relay paths and direct path (s) . The direct path means that the remote UE may connect the gNB directly without the relay UE.
[0195] The remote UE and / or intermediate relay UE could initiate the corresponding connection and establish the connection on selected relay path (s) (for example, PC5 between the intermediate UE and remote UE, PC5 between intermediate UEs, the connection between remote UE and the gNB) .
[0196] It should be noted that the above describes the discovery message broadcasted by the intermediate relay UE#2, and the discovery message broadcasted by the intermediate relay UE#1 or discovery message broadcasted by the U2N relay UE may also include the similar information. For example, the discovery message broadcasted by the U2N relay UE may include one or more of: relay path ID; relay UE IDs for all the relay UE (s) on the relay path including the U2N relay UE (in this example, it may be only the U2N relay UE ID) ; number of hop (s) (in this example, it may be 1) ; channel condition (for example channel quality) of each relay hop including Uu on the relay path (in this example, no PC5) ; traffic load or capacity of each relay UE on the relay path (in this example, it may be only traffic load or capacity of the U2N relay UE) ; and beam information for one or more relay UEs on the relay path (in this example, it may be only beam information of the U2N relay UE) . When the intermediate relay UE#1 broadcasts the discovery message, the intermediate relay UE#1 may add its information in the discovery message, for example, the number of hop (s) may be 2, and the relay UE ID, traffic load or capacity, channel condition, and / or beam information for the intermediate relay UE#1 may be included in the discovery message that is transmitted by the intermediate relay UE#1, and so on.
[0197] It should be noted that the above describes two intermediate relay UEs and one U2N relay UE, but it can be extended to any number of hops, that is, any number of intermediate relay UEs, such as one intermediate relay UE, three intermediate relay UEs, and so on.
[0198] It should be noted that the remote UE may receive more than one discovery messages from different intermediate relay UEs of different relay paths. In some implementations, if there are multiple discovery messages from multiple relay paths being received, the remote UE may (re-) select at least one relay path to perform data transmission with the gNB, via the selected relay path (s) . In some implementations, the remote UE (re-) selects the at least one relay path based on the relay path information carried in the discovery messages and / or channel condition between the remote UE and respective first relay UEs from each relay path. In some implementations, the remote UE (re-) selects the at least one relay path based on the indication from the network device.
[0199] It should be noted that a portion of discovery messages may carry information about the single hop relay path, and the single hop relay path may be also be used for the selection and / or reselection.
[0200] It should be noted that in FIG. 9, the discovery process between a U2N relay UE and an intermediate relay UE, and between two intermediate UE (s) , uses model A as example. But other methods such as model B can also be used. Also, as shown in FIG. 10, the example shows the three-hop relay path (one U2N relay UE and two intermediate relay UEs) for mode B, but it can be extended to any number of hops, that is, any number of intermediate relay UEs, such as one intermediate relay UE, three intermediate relay UEs, and so on.
[0201] FIG. 10 shows an example discovery procedure for model B for the multi-hop U2N relay according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure. The detailed description could refer to the description for FIG. 6 to FIG. 8 above. As shown in FIG. 10, a remote UE which likes to connect to the network (e.g., gNB) sends a soliciting message (also called a soliciting signal) . The soliciting message is to check if there is any relay UE in the remote UE’s proximity.
[0202] If there is a first relay UE (e.g., the intermediate relay UE#2 in FIG. 10) in the remote UE’s proximity and this intermediate relay UE#2 has already established the connection with the network (e.g., gNB) (for example, via the intermediate relay UE#1 and the U2N relay UE) , it could reply to the soliciting message, such as send a soliciting response. The soliciting response could include one or more pieces of information on the relay path (s) . The detailed information on the relay path (s) contained in the soliciting response could be similar as the information contained in the discovery message sent by the intermediate relay UE#2 described in FIG. 9.
[0203] If there are multi-path going through this intermediate relay UE, the intermediate relay UE could broadcast information for multi-path or it could select one or more relay paths based on some criterions: number of hop (s) on the relay path is smaller, traffic load or capacity for each relay UE on the relay path is less, and / or channel quality for each relay hop on the relay path is better, and broadcast information for the one or more relay paths selected, and carry information for the one or more relay paths selected in the soliciting response. It is noted that the traffic load or capacity for each relay UE on the relay path may be understood as the overall traffic load or capacity for the relay path; and the channel quality for each relay hop on the relay path may be understood as the overall channel quality for the relay path.
[0204] If there is a first relay UE (e.g., intermediate relay UE#2) in the remote UE’s proximity but this intermediate relay UE#2 has not established the connection with the network (e.g., gNB) , it could relay the soliciting message from the remote UE as shown in FIG. 10.
[0205] This process can be continued until the soliciting message reaches an intermediate relay that has established the connection with the network (e.g., gNB) , or the soliciting message reaches the U2N relay UE (connecting to the network) . As shown in FIG. 10, the soliciting message reaches the U2N relay UE.
[0206] Upon relaying the soliciting message, the intermediate relay UE could attach additional information along with the original soliciting message, and the additional information may include one or more of: channel quality along the relay path, relay UE ID, its traffic load or capacity information, number of hop (s) on the relay path (from the remote UE towards the network) . Or the intermediate relay UE could generate a new soliciting message to indicate the original soliciting message and may further includes the additional information.
[0207] When a U2N relay UE or an intermediate relay UE who already has the connection with the network (e.g., gNB) receives the soliciting message, it could send a soliciting response to the remote UE. As shown in FIG. 10, the U2N relay UE who already has the connection with the network (e.g., gNB) receives the soliciting message, and sends the soliciting response. The soliciting response is relayed to the remote UE along the relay path including the U2N relay UE, intermediate relay UE#1, and intermediate relay UE#2. The intermediate relay UE#2 may send the soliciting response to the remote UE.
[0208] In one implementation, the U2N relay UE or the intermediate relay UE could make some selection if there are multi-path from the remote UE to merge into the U2N relay UE or the intermediate relay UE to avoid redundancy. The selection could be based on the overall channel quality on the relay path, the number of hop (s) on the relay path, and / or the overall traffic load situation on the relay path (or the overall traffic load on the relay path) . Alternatively, the relay UE such as the U2N relay UE or the intermediate relay UE could leave these decisions to the remote UE and put information of all relay paths in the soliciting response to the remote UE. In another implementation, the relay UE could select a number of relay paths based on the similar criteria, such as the overall channel quality on the relay path, the number of hop (s) on the relay path, and / or the overall traffic load situation on the relay path.
[0209] The soliciting response could be sent to the remote UE via the selected relay path. The selected relay path could be the relay path that relays the soliciting message but in opposite direction or it could be a different relay path. The soliciting response could include one or more pieces of the information for each selected relay path (if multi-path information is sent) . The detailed information on the relay path could refer to the information on the relay path contained in the discovery message described in FIG. 9.
[0210] When the remote UE receives soliciting response (s) to the soliciting message, it could make decisions for relay path (re-) selection (or for first intermediate relay (re-) selection) .
[0211] The decision could be based on some criterion: number of hop (s) on the relay path, traffic load for each relay UE on the relay path, and / or channel quality for each relay hop on the relay path. It is noted that the traffic load for each relay UE on the relay path and the channel quality for each relay hop on the relay path may be understood as the overall traffic load on the relay path and the overall channel quality on the relay path respectively.
[0212] If the remote UE require to connect with the gNB in multi-path connection, it could determine multi-path selection decision based on criteria similar to single relay path selection decision.
[0213] The remote UE and / or intermediate relay UE could initiate the corresponding connection and establish the connection on selected path (s) (e.g., PC5 between the intermediate UE and the remote UE, PC5 between the intermediate UEs, PC5 between the intermediate UE and the U2N UE, the connection between remote UE and the gNB) .
[0214] It should be noted that the remote UE may receive more than one soliciting responses from different intermediate relay UEs (first relay UEs) of different relay paths. In some implementations, if there are multiple soliciting responses from multiple relay paths being received, the remote UE may select at least one relay path to perform data transmission with the gNB, via the selected relay path (s) . In some implementations, the remote UE selects the at least one relay path based on the relay path information carried in the soliciting responses and / or channel condition between the remote UE and respective first relay UEs from each relay path. In some implementations, the remote UE selects the at least one relay path based on the indication from the network device.
[0215] In other implementations, a discovery process with assisted information for the multi-hop relay is described. The assisted information may be the beam information described above. The beam information may also refer to the beam forming information.
[0216] In 5G, even though beam forming is specified and used, the relay discovery does not rely on the beam forming information, where the beam forming information may be assisted information such as locations and surrounding environment. In future wireless system, with the introduction of new techniques and application such as AI and sensing, such information could be available and easy to access and they could be beneficial to the discovery and establishing of a relay structure, especially for the multi-hop relay which may take longer time to establish / update etc.
[0217] As shown in FIG. 11 as an example, between the remote UE and the gNB, there are two relay paths, i.e., relay path #1 and relay path #2, and each of them may include a U2N relay UE and a few intermediate relay UE (s) . For relay path #1, one intermediate relay UE is included, and for relay path #2, two or more intermediate relay UEs are included. If beams are used for the discovery and communication, certain beam pairs could maximize the performance. In future wireless system, with more advanced techniques used such as positioning, sensing and AI, the gNB could collect more information about the UE(s) in its proximity including the relay UE (s) and the remote UE (s) . The information may be locations, relative positions, beams directions, mobility etc. It could even collect information about UE (s) not in its proximity via other sources such as relay UE (s) , other gNB (s) or TRP (s) , sensing nodes etc. Combining this information together with capability of UE (s) , the gNB could derive and provide more information to assist the discovery and establishment of a relay path connection, especially for the multi-hop / multi-path relay connection in a more efficient manner.
[0218] As shown in FIG. 12 as an example, the gNB could derive the information about intermediate relay UE (s) and U2N relay UE (s) for the remote UE (s) in its proximity, which may include the relay UE locations, beams direction / orientation, relay UE ID, potential list for one or more multi-hop relay paths etc. The information could derive from positioning, sensing services, etc.
[0219] Each relay path includes one or more pieces of information (also called as relay path information) in the following: - Relay path ID, the relay path ID could be a local ID for the network device and the remote UE to recognize / refer the relay path and the relay path’s corresponding component relay UE (s) . - The information of the relay path’s component intermediate relay UE (s) and / or U2N relay UE (s) like their UE IDs, locations, beam pair orientation / direction between relay UE (s) and between the relay UE and the remote UE, and (beam or beam-pair) associated reference signals (SL SSB, SL channel state information (CSI) -RS etc) , mobility. - Hop number on a multi-hop path and relations between relay UE (s) (e.g., first hop relay, second hop relay etc) . This could be equivalent to the number of one or more relay UEs on the relay path. - Channel quality of links between each pair of relay UE (s) and between the intermediate relay UE and the remote UE.
[0220] The relay path information could be broadcasted or unicasted to connected relay UE (s) , and / or relayed to other relay UE(s) including idle / inactive relay UE (s) or out of coverage (OOC) relay UE (s) . The relay UE could transmit such information in its discovery signal or soliciting response signal.
[0221] Multiple relay paths can be selected by the gNB or the remote UE. And additional relay path information could be added / updated on top of the existing relay paths.
[0222] The relay path could be re-selected or switched due to various reasons including channel quality, radio link failure (RLF) etc.
[0223] When one relay path connection is established between the network such as gNB and the remote UE, other relay path information including those for connected path as updates or those for not yet connected path can all be conveyed to the remote UE via the established connected path.
[0224] Using FIG. 12 as an example, from the positioning, sensing, or other advanced service, the gNB could configure one or two multi-hop relay paths for the remote UE, e.g., relay path #1 and relay path#2. Relay path#1 includes U2N relay #1_1, intermediate relay UE#1_2, and / or the remote UE, while relay path#2 includes U2N relay UE#2_1, intermediate relay UE#2_2, and a couple more intermediate relay UE including intermediate relay UE#2_k, and / or the remote UE. The relay path information and corresponding relay UE information including direction / orientation of selected beam / beam pair between connected (or potentially connected) pair of relay UE (s) and between the first intermediate relay UE and the remote UE could be sent to the relay UE on each path as well as to the remote UE. For example, on relay path#1, the selected beam for discovery such as discovery signal (s) or soliciting signal (s) or soliciting response (s) between the remote UE and the intermediate relay UE#1_2 is beam#1, while on relay path#2, the selected beam for transmitting discovery signal (s) between the remote UE and the intermediate relay UE#2_k is beam#4 of UE#2_k, and the selected beam for receiving discovery signal (s) is beam #6 of the remote UE. If channel reciprocity is assumed, beam#6 of the remote UE could be the selected beam for transmitting soliciting signal (s) and beam#4 of intermediate relay UE #2_k could be selected beam for receiving soliciting signal (s) and transmitting soliciting response (s) . The remote UE could obtain such information if it already has the connection with one of the intermediate relays, for example, it has already established a connection with a relay path. If the remote UE has no connection with any relay UE (s) or network device, it could conduct some beam searching for the discovery signal (s) or soliciting signal (s) or soliciting response (s) .
[0225] For relay or relay path re-selection and relay path addition case, as the remote UE already has the connection with the gNB, it may already obtain the relay path information including those to be re-selected or added, the remote UE could search for the discovery signal / soliciting response signal on a particular beam from a particular intermediate relay UE of a particular multi-hop relay path according to the relay path information.
[0226] In one implementation, for model A, the remote UE could search for the discovery signal on a particular beam from a particular immediate relay UE (of a particular path) in its proximity according to the relay path information. For the intermediate relay UE who knows the existence of the remote UE (s) in its proximity, it could transmit the discovery signal on a particular beam towards the remote UE (s) . For example, as shown in FIG. 12, if the intermediate relay UE#1_2 knows the existence of the remote UE in its proximity, it could transmit the discovery signal on beam #1. The discovery signal could also carry the relay path information and beam information such that the remote UE can use to establish the connection if the decision is made.
[0227] If the remote UE already has the connection with relay path #1, it could obtain information of relay path #2, and it could then try to receive the discovery signal from intermediate relay UE#2_k on beam #6 for relay path re-selection or addition. As the intermediate relay UE#2_k could also know the existence of the remote UE in its proximity, it could transmit the discovery signal on beam #4.
[0228] In one implementation, for model B, the remote UE could send the soliciting signal on a particular beam to a particular immediate relay UE (of a particular path) and wait for its soliciting response on a particular beam from a particular intermediate relay according to the relay path information. For the intermediate relay UE, it could transmit the soliciting response on a particular beam towards the remote UE (s) . For example, as shown in FIG. 12, if the intermediate relay UE#1_2 knows the existence of the remote UE in its proximity, it could transmit the soliciting response (could also referred as discovery signal) on beam #1. The soliciting response could also carry the relay path and beam information such that the remote UE can use to establish the connection if decision is made.
[0229] If the remote UE already has the connection with relay path #1, it could obtain information of relay path #2, and it could then try to transmit the soliciting signal on beam#6 associated with beam#4 towards intermediate relay UE#2_k. It could also try to receive the soliciting response on beam#6 associated with beam#4 from the intermediate relay UE#2_k.
[0230] For relay or relay path initial selection case, as the relay path information is not available including the beam information, the remote UE could search for the discovery signal / soliciting response signal from the intermediate relay UE. In this case, the intermediate relay UE and the remote UE could conduct some beam sweeping operations during the discovery which is shown in FIG. 13.
[0231] For model A, the intermediate relay UE could use beam sweeping carrying the discovery signal and the remote UE could search for the discovery signal from the immediate relay UE in its proximity.
[0232] For model B, the remote UE could use beam sweeping to transmit the soliciting signal and the intermediate relay UE could use the corresponding beam pair to send the soliciting response.
[0233] The beam information obtained from the discovery process can be used for PC5 establishment after the discovery process is accomplished.
[0234] The SL beam could carry SL SSB or SL CSI-RS for synchronization and beam search / identification purpose. In addition, the discovery signal or soliciting signal and its response could be carried on corresponding beam (s) .
[0235] As shown in FIG. 13 as an example, for the remote UE that does not have any connection with the network device such as the gNB via relay UE (s) , for model A, it could start search for discovery signal (s) from the intermediate relay UE (s) . In this case, the intermediate relay UE#1_2 and the intermediate relay UE#2_k on relay path#1 and relay path#2 respectively may be used. The discovery signals of the intermediate relay UE#1_2 and the intermediate relay UE#2_k could be transmitted on a number of beams as beam sweeping operation. If the intermediate relay UE#1_2 and the intermediate relay UE#2_k knows the proximity location of the remote UE (via, positioning, sensing or other services) , they could transmit discovery signals on particular beam (s) (also called partial beam sweeping as shown in FIG. 13) toward the remote UE, for example, beam#1 from the intermediate relay UE#1_2, or beam#4 from the intermediate relay UE#2_k. For model B, the remote UE could transmit soliciting signals on a number of beams using beam sweeping operation as well. For example, the remote UE transmit the soliciting signal using its transmit beams (not denoted in FIG. 13) associated with beam#1 and beam#2 towards the intermediate relay UE#1_2, or its transmit beams associated with beam#3, beam#4 and beam#5 towards the intermediate relay UE#2_k. Correspondingly, the remote UE could try to receive the soliciting response signal (s) from one or more such beams (or beam pairs) from the intermediate relay UE (s) . The beam sweeping operation can be used not only for the initial relay selection before any relay path information is available, it can also be used after initial relay selection is accomplished and an initial relay connection is established. For example, if the remote UE has established a relay connection with relay path#1 in FIG. 13 and it could start the path searching for (re-) selection of a 2nd relay path, or for addition of 2nd relay path, even with the relay path information, a partial beam sweeping could be used to transmit the discovery signal of the 2nd relay path. In this case, a limited number of beams could be indicated to the remote UE for the discovery process, either for receiving the discovery signal using model A or for transmitting the soliciting signal using model B. As an example, as shown in FIG. 13, after the remote UE establishes the connection with relay path #1, it could start the discovery process for another relay path (e.g., path#2) either for relay path re-selection or relay path addition. In either case, it could be indicated / configured to use beams (not indicated in the figure) at the remote UE associated with beam #3 and beam#4 at the intermediate relay UE#2_k respectively to either receive the discovery signals or to transmit soliciting signals, thus to improve the performance of the discovery process in case that UE (s) are moving (both the remote UE and the intermediate relay UE) or channel is changing.
[0236] After the remote UE received the discovery signal (model A) or the soliciting response (model B) , the decisions on relay path (re-) selection or addition could be made. The decisions could be based on one or more discovery signals or soliciting responses the remote UE collects from one or more (first) intermediate relay UE (s) . The decision is also based on other related information such as relay path information
[0237] The relay path selection or re-selection decision or addition could be determined by the gNB or by the remote UE.
[0238] If relay path selection or re-selection or addition decision is determined by the gNB, the remote UE could send the collected discovery signal or soliciting response information to the gNB including the signal strength and / or path information. The gNB could make the relay path (re-) selection or addition decision and indicate decision in its message to the remote UE. Such indication could be carried by the discovery message / signal or soliciting response or other message / signal. For example, the gNB could indicate the remote UE to select relay path #1 in FIG. 12, such indication could be carried by the discovery signal or soliciting response signal transmitted by the intermediate relay UE #1_2. Upon receiving such indication, the remote UE could connect with the intermediate relay UE#1_2.
[0239] If relay path selection or re-selection or addition decision is determined by the remote UE, the relay path information could be conveyed to the remote UE via the discovery signal or soliciting response signal and the remote UE could make the decisions on which relay path to select or re-select or add. The decision shall be sent back to the gNB. For example, as shown in FIG. 12, both relay path #1 and relay path#2 information can be conveyed to the remote UE via the discovery signal or soliciting response signal and the remote UE could make decision on selecting or re-selecting or adding one or both of the relay paths for connection.
[0240] The above describes the discovery and (re-) selection for the relay path, and an example of relay path (re-) selection and establishment with assisted information for the U2N relay and remote UE architecture is described with reference to FIG. 14.
[0241] FIG. 14 shows a signal flow as an example of relay path (re-) selection and establishment with assisted information for the U2N relay and remote UE architecture.
[0242] Step 1: The intermediate relay UE transmits the discovery signal or the soliciting response with the relay path information (info) .
[0243] Step 2: The remote UE or the network device (gNB) could make decision of relay path (or the intermediate relay UE) (re-) selection or addition.
[0244] Step 3: The remote UE or the network device (gNB) could send the relay path (re-) selection or addition indication. This step could be optional or be part of or after Step 4.
[0245] Step 4: The remote UE, and the intermediate relay UE (s) , and the network device (gNB) would establish the connection (s) among them according to the relay path (re-) selection or addition.
[0246] It should be noted that between the gNB and the intermediate relay UE, there could exist one or more intermediate relay UE (s) and a U2N relay UE, which are not shown in FIG. 14.
[0247] The above describes the method for communications according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure. The following describes the apparatus for communications according to one or more implementations of the present disclosure.
[0248] Referring back to FIG. 5, in a first implementation manner, the apparatus 510 may be applied to the remote UE described above and realize the above method implementations performed by the remote UE. The apparatus 510 may be implemented as the remote UE or an apparatus (for example, a chip or a circuit, such as a modem chip, a baseband chip, an SoC including a modem core, an SIP including a modem core, or the like) in the remote UE.
[0249] In some implementations, the apparatus 510 may include a processing unit 512 and a communication unit 513. The processing unit 512 is configured to control the communication unit 513. The communication unit 513 is configured to receive one or more signals, where the one or more signals indicate one or more relay paths between the apparatus 510 and a network device, and the one or more relay paths include at least one multi-hop relay path; and communicate first data on at least one first relay path in the one or more relay paths.
[0250] In some implementations, the apparatus 510 may further include a storage unit 511. The storage unit 511 is configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data. The processing unit 512 is further configured to read apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data to control the communication unit 513.
[0251] In some implementations, the processing unit 512 is further configured to select the at least one first relay path for communicating the first data based on the one or more signals.
[0252] In some implementations, the communication unit 513 is further configured to receive an indication of selecting the at least one first relay path for communicating the first data.
[0253] In some implementations, the communication unit 513 is further configured to establish a connection with a first relay UE on the at least one first relay path.
[0254] In some implementations, the communication unit 513 is further configured to communicate second data on at least one second relay path in the one or more relay paths, where the at least one second relay path is different from the at least one first relay path.
[0255] In some implementations, the processing unit 512 is further configured to reselect the at least one second relay path for communicating the second data based on the one or more signals.
[0256] In some implementations, the communication unit 513 is further configured to receive an indication of reselecting the at least one second relay path for communicating the second data.
[0257] In some implementations, the communication unit 513 is further configured to establish a connection with a second relay UE on the at least one second relay path.
[0258] Referring back to FIG. 5 again, in a second implementation manner, the apparatus 510 may be applied to the relay UE described above and realize the above method implementations performed by the relay UE. The apparatus 510 may be implemented as the relay UE or an apparatus (for example, a chip or a circuit, such as a modem chip, a baseband chip, an SoC including a modem core, an SiP including a modem core, or the like) in the relay UE.
[0259] In some implementations, the apparatus 510 may include a processing unit 512 and a communication unit 513. The processing unit 512 is configured to control the communication unit 513. The communication unit 513 is configured to transmit a signal, where the signal indicates a relay path, and the relay path is a multi-hop relay path between a remote UE and a network device; and relay at least one of first data or second data between a first UE and a second UE on the relay path.
[0260] In some implementations, the apparatus 510 may further include a storage unit 511. The storage unit 511 is configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data. The processing unit 512 is further configured to read apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data to control the communication unit 513.
[0261] In some implementations, the first UE or the second UE is the remote UE.
[0262] In some implementations, the first UE and / or the second UE is another relay UE.
[0263] In some implementations, the communication unit 513 is configured to establish a connection with the first UE and / or the second UE.
[0264] In some implementations, the communication unit 513 is configured to receive a soliciting signal, and the signal includes a soliciting response message.
[0265] In some implementations, the signal includes a discovery message.
[0266] Referring back to FIG. 4, in a third implementation manner, the apparatus 410 may be applied to the remote UE and realize the above method implementations performed by the remote UE. The apparatus 410 may include a processor 411 and an interface circuit 412. The processor 411 is configured to control the interface circuit 412. The interface circuit 412 is configured to receive one or more signals, where the one or more signals indicate one or more relay paths between the apparatus 410 and a network device, and the one or more relay paths include at least one multi-hop relay path; and communicate first data on at least one first relay path in the one or more relay paths.
[0267] In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may further include a memory 413. The processor 411 is configured to execute computer executable instructions stored in the memory 413 to control the interface circuit 412 to execute the above methods implemented by the remote UE.
[0268] In some implementations, the processor 411 is further configured to select the at least one first relay path for communicating the first data based on the one or more signals.
[0269] In some implementations, the interface circuit 412 is further configured to receive an indication of selecting the at least one first relay path for communicating the first data.
[0270] In some implementations, the interface circuit 412 is further configured to establish a connection with a first relay UE on the at least one first relay path.
[0271] In some implementations, the interface circuit 412 is further configured to communicate second data on at least one second relay path in the one or more relay paths, where the at least one second relay path is different from the at least one first relay path.
[0272] In some implementations, the processor 411 is further configured to reselect the at least one second relay path for communicating the second data based on the one or more signals.
[0273] In some implementations, the interface circuit 412 is further configured to receive an indication of reselecting the at least one second relay path for communicating the second data.
[0274] In some implementations, the interface circuit 412 is further configured to establish a connection with a second relay UE on the at least one second relay path.
[0275] Referring back to FIG. 4 again, in a fourth implementation manner, the apparatus 410 may be applied to a relay UE and realize the above method implementations performed by the relay UE. The apparatus 410 may include a processor 411 and an interface circuit 412. The processor 411 is configured to control the interface circuit 412. The interface circuit 412 is configured to transmit a signal, where the signal indicates a relay path, and the relay path is a multi-hop relay path between a remote UE and a network device; and relay at least one of first data or second data between a first UE and a second UE on the relay path.
[0276] In some implementations, the apparatus 410 may further include a memory 413. The processor 411 is configured to execute computer executable instructions stored in the memory 413 to control the interface circuit 412 to execute the above methods implemented by the relay UE.
[0277] In some implementations, the first UE or the second UE is the remote UE.
[0278] In some implementations, the first UE and / or the second UE is another relay UE.
[0279] In some implementations, the interface circuit 412 is configured to establish a connection with the first UE and / or the second UE.
[0280] In some implementations, the interface circuit 412 is configured to receive a soliciting signal, and the signal includes a soliciting response message.
[0281] In some implementations, the signal includes a discovery message.
[0282] The same or similar part for the above apparatus implementations with the method for communications may not be repeated herein. Beneficial effects of the apparatus implementations are the same as the beneficial effects of the methods for communication as described in some of the above implementations, and details will not be repeated here.
[0283] For instance, it is understood that a disclosure in connection with a described method may also hold true for a corresponding apparatus, device, or system configured to perform the method and vice versa. For example, if one or a plurality of specific method steps are described, a corresponding apparatus, device, or system may include one or a plurality of units, e.g. functional units, to perform the described one or plurality of method steps (e.g. one unit performing the one or plurality of steps, or a plurality of units each performing one or more of the plurality of steps) , even if such one or more units are not explicitly described or illustrated in the drawings. On the other hand, for example, if a specific apparatus, device, or system is described based on one or a plurality of units, e.g. functional units, a corresponding method may include one step to perform the functionality of the one or plurality of units (e.g. one step performing the functionality of the one or plurality of units, or a plurality of steps each performing the functionality of one or more of the plurality of units) , even if such one or plurality of steps are not explicitly described or illustrated in the drawings. Further, it is understood that the features of the various implementations and / or aspects described herein may be combined with each other, unless specifically noted otherwise.
[0284] One or more implementations of the present disclosure provide a communication system including the remote UE for realizing the method performed by the remote UE and the relay UE for realizing the method performed by the relay UE.
[0285] One or more implementations of the present disclosure provide a computer-readable storage medium (e.g. a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium) . The computer-readable storage medium has stored thereon program instructions that, when run on a remote UE and / or relay UE, cause the remote UE and / or relay UE to execute one or more steps of the method for communications as described in any one of the above implementations.
[0286] For example, the computer-readable storage medium includes, but is not limited to, a magnetic storage device (e.g. a hard disk, a floppy disk or a magnetic tape) , an optical disk (e.g. a compact disk (CD) , or a DVD) , a smart card, and a flash memory device (e.g. an EPROM, a card, a stick or a key driver) . Various computer-readable storage media described in the implementations of the present disclosure may represent one or more devices and / or other machine-readable storage media, which are used for storing information. The term “computer-readable storage medium” may include, but is not limited to, wireless channels and various other media capable of storing, containing and / or carrying instructions and / or data.
[0287] One or more implementations of the present disclosure further provide a computer program product. The computer program product includes program instructions carried on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. When executed on a remote UE and / or relay UE, the computer program instructions cause the remote UE and / or relay UE to perform one or more steps of the method for communications as described in the above implementations.
[0288] Beneficial effects of the communication system, the computer-readable storage medium, and the computer program product are the same as the beneficial effects of the methods for communication as described in some of the above implementations, and details will not be repeated here.
[0289] One or more implementations of the present disclosure provide a computer program including instructions. The instructions, when executed by a processor, may cause the processor to implement the method for communications in the present disclosure.
[0290] One or more implementations of the present disclosure provide an integrated circuit. The integrated circuit includes one or more logic circuits for executing the steps of the method for communications in the present disclosure.
[0291] One or more implementations of the present disclosure provide an apparatus including means (e.g. at least one processor) to implement the method for communications in the present disclosure. The apparatus may be device (that is, a terminal device or a network device) or a module or component in the device. The at least one processor may execute instructions stored in a computer-readable medium to implement the method.
[0292] The apparatus may be a device or an apparatus implemented in a device. For example, the apparatus implemented in a device may be an integrated circuit, which in some contexts may be known by other colloquial names, such as chip, modem, modem chip, baseband chip, or baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus may include one or more integrated circuits or include one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components.
[0293] It will be appreciated that any module, component, or device disclosed herein that executes instructions may include, or otherwise have access to, a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e. DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device / apparatus or accessible or connectable thereto. Computer / processor readable / executable instructions to implement a method, an application or a module described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
[0294] The present disclosure encompasses various implementations, including not only method implementations, but also other implementations such as apparatus implementations and implementations related to non-transitory computer readable storage media. Implementations may incorporate, individually or in combinations, the features disclosed herein.
[0295] Features disclosed herein in the context of any particular implementations may also or instead be implemented in other implementations. Method implementations, for example, may also or instead be implemented in apparatus, system, and / or computer program product implementations. In addition, although implementations are described primarily in the context of methods and apparatus, other implementations are also contemplated, as instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable media, for example. Such media may store programming or instructions to perform any of various methods consistent with the present disclosure.
[0296] Acronyms and abbreviations in the disclosure are listed as the following table 1. Table 1
[0297] In the present disclosure, the terms “a” or “an” are defined to mean “at least one” , that is, these terms do not exclude a plural number of items, unless stated otherwise.
[0298] In the present disclosure, terms such as “substantially” , “generally” and “about” , which modify a value, condition or characteristic of a feature of an example implementation, should be understood to mean that the value, condition or characteristic is defined within tolerances that are acceptable for the proper operation of the example implementation for its intended disclosure.
[0299] In the present disclosure, unless stated otherwise, the terms “connected” and “coupled” , and derivatives and variants thereof, refer herein to any structural or functional connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. For example, the connection or coupling between the elements can be acoustical, mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, logical, or any combinations thereof.
[0300] In the present disclosure, expressions such as “match” , “matching” and “matched” , including variants and derivatives thereof, are intended to refer herein to a condition in which two or more elements are either the same or within some predetermined tolerance of each other. That is, these terms are meant to encompass not only “exactly” or “identically” matching the two elements but also “substantially” , “approximately” or “subjectively” matching the two or more elements, as well as providing a higher or best match among a plurality of matching possibilities.
[0301] In the present disclosure, the expression “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partly on” , that is, this expression can mean “based solely on” or “based partially on” , and so should not be interpreted in a limited manner. More particularly, the expression “based on” could also be understood as meaning “depending on” , “representative of” , “indicative of”, “associated with” or similar expressions.
[0302] In the present disclosure, the terms “system” and “network” may be used interchangeably in different implementations of this disclosure. “At least one” means one or more, and “aplurality of” means two or more. The term “and / or” describes an association relationship of associated objects, and indicates that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may indicate the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists, where A and B may be singular or plural. The character “ / ” indicates an “or” relationship between associated objects. “At least one of the following items (pieces) ” or a similar expression thereof indicates any combination of these items, including a single item (piece) or any combination of a plurality of items (pieces) . For example, “at least one of A, B, or C” includes: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C, and “at least one of A, B, and C” may also be understood as including: only A; only B; only C; A and B; A and C; B and C; or A, B, and C. In addition, unless otherwise specified, ordinal numbers such as “first” and “second” in implementations of this disclosure are used to distinguish between a plurality of objects, and are not used to limit a sequence, a time sequence, priorities, or importance of the plurality of objects.
[0303] A person skilled in the art should understand that implementations of this disclosure may be provided as a method, an apparatus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this disclosure may use a form of a hardware-only implementation, a software-only implementation, or an implementation with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this disclosure may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0304] This disclosure is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of the method, the device (system) , and the computer program product according to this disclosure. It should be understood that computer program instructions may be used to implement each process and / or each block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams and a combination of a process and / or a block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may be provided for a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, an embedded processor, or a processor of another programmable data processing device and enable a machine to execute the instructions. When executed by any computer or the processor of a programmable data processing device, the instructions cause the apparatus to implement specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may alternatively be stored in a computer-readable memory that can indicate a computer or another programmable data processing device to work in a specific manner, so that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory generate an artifact that includes an instruction apparatus. The instruction apparatus implements a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0305] The computer program instructions may alternatively be loaded onto a computer or another programmable data processing device, so that a series of operations and steps are performed on the computer or the another programmable device, so that computer-implemented processing is generated. Therefore, the instructions executed on the computer or on another programmable device provide steps for implementing specific functions as described in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0306] It is clear that a person skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to this disclosure without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This disclosure is intended to cover these modifications and variations of this disclosure provided that they fall within the scope of protection defined by the following claims and their equivalent technologies.
[0307] In some implementations, we provide methods shown below. 1. An example method performed at a UE, comprising: receiving one or more discovery signals, wherein the one or more discovery signals is associated with one or more relay paths respectively and each of the one or more discovery signals indicates at least one of: relay path ID, a number of relay hops, IDs of relay UEs in the relay path, a relay UE capacity of each of the relay UEs in the relay path, channel condition of each relay hop of the relay hops, relay UE beam orientation information for each of the UEs in the relay path; and communicating first data with a relay UE in at least one first relay path within the one or more relay paths, wherein the first data is data between the UE and a network device. 2. The method of example method 1, wherein at least one of the one or more discovery signals is a discovery response signal, and the method further comprising: transmitting a soliciting signal; wherein the receiving the one or more discovery signals comprising: in response to transmitting the soliciting signal, receiving the at least one discovery response signal. 3. The method of example method 1 or 2, further comprising: selecting the at least one first relay path based on the one or more discovery signals. 4. The method of example method 1 or 2, further comprising: receiving an indication, wherein the indication indicates to select the at least one first relay path. 5. The method of any one of example methods 1 to 4, further comprising: reselect at least one second relay path, wherein at least one of the at least one second relay path is different from the at least one of the at least one first relay path; and communicating second data on at least one second relay path. 6. The method of any one of example methods 1 to 5, the number of relay hops is great than 1. 7. The method of any one of example methods 1 to 6, wherein at least one of the one or more discovery signals is received from a relay UE. 8. The method of any one of example methods 1 to 7, further comprising: establishing sidelink connection with at least one relay UE. 9. The method of any one of example methods 1 to 8, wherein the relay UE beam orientation information for each of the UEs in the relay path comprising information indicating directions of beams for at least transmitting or receiving discovery signal and other communication signals. 10. The method of any one of example methods 1 to 9, wherein the relay UE beam orientation information for each of the UEs in the relay path comprising information of at least one or more of locations, angle of arrival for signals, angle of departure for signals, sensing information including radio frequency (RF) maps of surroundings, relevant sensing target and environmental objects. 11. An example method performed at a relay UE, comprising: transmitting a discovery signal, wherein the discovery signal is associated with a relay path indicates at least one piece of first information: relay path ID, a number of relay hops, relay UE IDs of UEs in the relay path, a relay UE capacity of each of the UEs in the relay path, channel condition of each relay hop of the relay hops, relay UE beam orientation for each of the UEs in the relay path; and relaying first data between a first UE and a second UE, wherein the first UE and the second UE are UEs in the relay path, and the first data is data between a remote UE and a network device. 12. The method of example method 11, wherein the discovery signal is a first discovery response signal, and the method further comprising: receiving a first soliciting signal; wherein the transmitting the discovery signal comprising: in response to receiving the first soliciting signal, transmitting the first discovery response signal. 13. The method of example method 12, further comprising: transmitting a second soliciting signal; and receiving a second discovery response signal indicating at least one piece of second information: the relay path ID, a number of relay hops, relay UE IDs of UEs in the relay path, a relay UE capacity of each of the UEs in the relay path, channel condition of each relay hop of the relay hops, relay UE beam orientation for each of the UEs in the relay path, wherein the at least one piece of information is based on the at least one piece of second information. 14. The method of any one of example methods 11 to 13, further comprising: establishing an RRC connection with the network device. 15. The method of any one of example methods 11 to 14, wherein each of the relay UEs in the relay path has an RRC connection with the network device. 16. The method of any one of example methods 11 to 15, wherein one of the first UE or the second UE is the remote UE. 17. The method of any one of example methods 11 to 16, further comprising: establishing sidelink connection with the first UE and the second UE respectively. 18. An example apparatus comprising means to perform the method of any one of example methods 1 to 17. 19. An example non-transitory medium storage storing instruction to perform the method of any one of example methods 1 to 17. 20. An example commination system comprising an apparatus performing the method of any one of example methods 1 to 10, an apparatus performing the method of any one of example methods 11 to 17, and a network device.
Claims
1.A method for comunications at a user equipment (UE) , the method comprising:receiving one or more signals, wherein the one or more signals indicate one or more relay paths between the UE and a network device, and the one or more relay paths comprise at least one multi-hop relay path; andcommunicating first data on at least one first relay path in the one or more relay paths.2.The method of claim 1, further comprising:selecting the at least one first relay path for communicating the first data based on the one or more signals.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, further comprising:receiving an indication of selecting the at least one first relay path for communicating the first data.4.The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising:establishing a connection with a first relay UE on the at least one first relay path.5.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising:communicating second data on at least one second relay path in the one or more relay paths, wherein the at least one second relay path is different from the at least one first relay path.6.The method of claim 5, further comprising:reselecting the at least one second relay path for communicating the second data based on the one or more signals.7.The method of claim 5 or 6, further comprising:receiving an indication of reselecting the at least one second relay path for communicating the second data.8.The method of any one of claims 5 to 7, further comprising:establishing a connection with a second relay UE on the at least one second relay path.9.The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein for each relay path in the one or more relay paths, a signal in the one or more signals indicates one or more of:a number of one or more relay hops on the relay path;beam information for one or more relay UEs on the relay path;a relay path identifier;identifiers of the one or more relay UEs on the relay path;a capacity of each relay UE in the one or more relay UEs on the relay path;a channel condition of each relay hop in the one or more relay hops on the relay path.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the beam information indicates one or more beams at least for transmitting the signal and transmitting and / or receiving the first data and / or the second data.11.The method of claim 9 or 10, wherein for a relay UE in a corresponding relay path in the one or more relay paths, the beam information indicates one or more of:one or more beam indices at least for transmitting the signal and transmitting and / or receiving the first data and / or the second data;one or more locations;one or more angles of arrival for at least one of: the signal, the first data, or the second data;one or more angles of departure for at least one of: the signal, the first data, or the second data;sensing information related to beam directions.12.The method of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein at least one of the one or more signals is received from a first relay UE on the at least one first relay path or a second relay UE on the at least one second relay path.13.The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein at least one of the one or more signals comprises a discovery message.14.The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein at least one of the one or more signals comprises a soliciting response message in response to a soliciting signal.15.A method for comunications at a relay UE, the method comprising:transmitting a signal, wherein the signal indicates a relay path, and the relay path is a multi-hop relay path between a remote UE and a network device; andrelaying at least one of first data or second data between a first UE and a second UE on the relay path.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the first UE or the second UE is the remote UE.17.The method of claim 15 or 16, wherein the first UE and / or the second UE is another relay UE.18.The method of any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein for the relay path, the signal indicates one or more of:a number of one or more relay hops on the relay path;beam information for one or more relay UEs on the relay path;a relay path identifier;identifiers of the one or more relay UEs on the relay path;a capacity of each relay UE in the one or more relay UEs on the relay path;a channel condition of each relay hop in the one or more relay hops on the relay path.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the beam information indicates one or more beams at least for transmitting the signal and transmitting and / or receiving the first data and / or the second data.20.The method of claim 18 or 19, wherein for a relay UE in the relay path, the beam information indicates one or more of:one or more beam indices at least for transmitting the signal and transmitting and / or receiving the first data and / or the second data;one or more locations;one or more angles of arrival for at least one of: the signal, the first data, or the second data;one or more angles of departure for at least one of: the signal, the first data, or the second data;sensing information related to beam directions.21.The method of any one of claims 15 to 20, further comprising:establishing a connection with the first UE and / or the second UE.22.The method of any one of claims 15 to 21, wherein the signal comprises a discovery message.23.The method of any one of claims 15 to 21, wherein the signal comprises a soliciting response message, and the method further comprises:receving a soliciting signal.24.An apparatus for communications, configured to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, or any one of claims 15 to 23.25.The apparatus of claim 24, comprising:a communication unit configured to:receive one or more signals, wherein the one or more signals indicate one or more relay paths between the apparatus and a network device, and the one or more relay paths comprise at least one multi-hop relay path; andcommunicate first data on at least one first relay path in the one or more relay paths.26.The apparatus of claim 24, comprising:a communication unit configured to: transmit a signal, wherein the signal indicates a relay path , and the relay path is a multi-hop relay path between a remote UE and a network device; anda processing unit configured to: relay at least one of first data or second data between a first UE and a second UE on the relay path.27.The apparatus of claim 24, comprising:one or more processors; andan interface circuit configured, under a control of the one or more processors, to:receive one or more signals, wherein the one or more signals indicate one or more relay paths between the apparatus and a network device, and the one or more relay paths comprise at least one multi-hop relay path; andcommunicate first data on at least one first relay path in the one or more relay paths.28.The apparatus of claim 24, comprising:an interface circuit configured to transmit a signal, wherein the signal indicates a relay path , and the relay path is a multi-hop relay path between a remote UE and a network device; andone or more processors configured to relay at least one of first data or second data between a first UE and a second UE on the relay path.29.The apparatus of claim 27 or 28, wherein the interface circuit comprises one or more transceivers.30.An apparatus comprising:one or more processors; anda memory storing instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the apparatus to: perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 14 or any one of claims 15 to 23.31.A communication system, wherein the communication system comprises a first apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 14 and a second apparatus configured to perform the method of any one of claims 15 to 23.32.A computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method according to any one of claims 1 to 14 or any one of claims 15 to 23.33.A computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to the method according to any one of claims 1 to 14 or any one of claims 15 to 23.