Methods, apparatus and systems to support extended reality (XR) services
The method for provisioning parameters and establishing data sessions in mobile networks addresses the challenges of synchronized data delivery in XR applications, enhancing the consistency and quality of XR experiences by managing resource allocation and synchronization.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HUAWEI TECH CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-06
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-04
AI Technical Summary
Existing extended reality (XR) applications face challenges in synchronized and responsive data delivery due to variability in data transmission and resource allocation, leading to inconsistent user experiences across multiple devices and networks.
A method for provisioning parameters and establishing data sessions in mobile networks, including quality of service (QoS) profiles, to support XR services by utilizing application control functions (ACF), connection management functions (CMF), and access network nodes (AN) to manage and synchronize data delivery.
Enhances the consistency and quality of XR experiences by ensuring synchronized data delivery and resource allocation across devices, addressing the challenges of data bursts and variability in XR applications.
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Figure CN2025081146_04062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Methods, Apparatus and Systems to Support Extended Reality (XR) ServicesCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to United States Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 725,373, filed November 26, 2024, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure pertains to the field of communication networks, and in particular to systems and methods to support extended reality (XR) services, including the handling of multimodal data, synchronized data delivery, and resource management to support one or more applications.BACKGROUND
[0003] Extended Reality (XR) applications, including augmented reality (AR) , virtual reality (VR) , and mixed reality (MR) , often involve the transmission of multimodal data such as video, audio, text, and sensor information. Delivering such data in a manner that supports synchronized and responsive rendering at user devices presents certain challenges. Variability in data transmission and delivery timing may introduce inconsistencies, potentially impacting the overall quality of the XR experience.
[0004] Challenges may become more apparent in scenarios where data from multiple sources is synchronized and transmitted concurrently. For example, some XR applications may involve periods of high data transmission, leading to large bursts of data that may need to be properly handled by the network. These data bursts may place substantial demands on the network's ability to allocate resources and manage transmission.
[0005] Additionally, ensuring consistent performance across multiple users and devices may add further complexity. For example, in some XR applications, traffic generated by various devices may need to be handled in a manner that maintains uniform quality across all users. Differences in how data traffic is handled could lead to uneven experiences, potentially limiting the effectiveness of the application. The coordination required between involved devices, access networks, and backend systems may also raise technical challenges. Networks and connected systems may need to account for both the periodic nature of data bursts and the synchronized delivery requirements of related applications, including XR applications.
[0006] Therefore, there is a need for systems and methods to support one or more services including XR services that obviates or mitigates one or more limitations of existing technologies.
[0007] This background information is provided to reveal information believed by the applicant to be of possible relevance to the present application. No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that any of the preceding information constitutes prior art against the present application.SUMMARY
[0008] Embodiments of the present application provides apparatus, systems and methods to support one or more services including Extended Reality (XR) applications or services. According to an embodiment, a method is provided for provisioning one or more parameters associated with one or more applications to a mobile network. The method includes, receiving, by an application control function (ACF) of the mobile network from an application function (AF) , a parameter provisioning request. The parameter request includes one or more parameters associated with one or more applications that are managed by the ACF. The one or more parameters includes device group information and information related to a data session. The method further includes sending, by the ACF to the AF, a parameter provisioning response indicating that the data session is supported by the mobile network. The parameter provisioning response includes one or more of: one or more supported quality of service (QoS) profiles for the group of devices, and a set of supported QoS parameters corresponding to the one or more supported QoS profiles.
[0009] In some embodiments, the ACF receives the parameter provisioning request from the AF via a control plane gateway (CPGW) . In some embodiments, the device group information is related to a group of devices associated with the data session. In some embodiments, the ACF sends the parameter provisioning response to the AF via the CPGW. In some embodiments, the one or more applications are digital world applications, wherein the ACF is a digital world control function (DWCF) that manages the digital world applications.
[0010] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters further include one or more of: a start time for the data session, a duration for the data session, an end time for the data session, an application server (AS) location, an identifier (ID) of the AF, an ID of an application of the one or more applications, a data network name (DNN) of a data network (DN) that hosts the one or more applications, and network slice information indicating at least one network slice.
[0011] In some embodiments, the ACF is selected by the CPGW based on an associated profile that includes one or more of:an indication to support the one or more applications, a data network name (DNN) that the ACF can support, network slice information, a service location, and an identifier (ID) of an application of the one or more applications.
[0012] In some embodiments, the method further includes sending, by the ACF to a data storage function (DSF) , a parameter storage request to store the information related to the data session. The parameter storage request may include the one or more parameters associated with the one or more applications and an identifier (ID) of the ACF. In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the ACF from the DSF, a parameter storage response acknowledging receipt of the parameter storage request.
[0013] In some embodiments, the method further includes sending, by the ACF to a connection management function (CMF) , a session information provisioning request including the information related to the data session. The session information provisioning request includes a second set of parameters associated with the one or more applications. The second set of parameters includes one or more of: the device group information, the start time for the data session, the duration for the data session, the end time for the data session, the ID of the AF, an ID of the ACF, the ID of the application, and the network slice information indicating the at least one network slice.
[0014] In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the ACF from the CMF, a session information provisioning response indicating that the data session can be supported by the mobile network. The session information provisioning response further includes one or more of: the one or more supported QoS profiles for the group of devices, and the set of supported QoS parameters corresponding to the one or more supported QoS profiles.
[0015] According to an embodiment, a method is provided and performed by a node of an access network (AN) . The method includes receiving, by the node of the AN from a connection management function (CMF) , a first message including information related to a data session associated with one or more applications. The first message further indicates a group of devices associated with the data session. The method further includes sending, by the node of the AN to the CMF, a second message indicating that the data session is supported.
[0016] In some embodiments, the first message is a session information provisioning request including a first set of parameters associated with the one or more applications. In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes a device group information identifying the group of devices associated with the one or more applications. In some embodiments, the second message is a session information provisioning response indicating that the AN can support the data session associated with the one or more applications.
[0017] In some embodiments, the first set of parameters further include one or more of: a start time for the data session, a duration for the data session, an end time for the data session, an identifier (ID) of an application function (AF) , an ID of an application control function (ACF) that manages the one or more applications, an ID of an application of the one or more applications, and network slice information indicating one or more network slices.
[0018] In some embodiments, the one or more applications are digital world applications, wherein the ACF is a digital world control function (DWCF) that manages the digital world applications. In some embodiments, the session information provisioning response includes one or more of: one or more supported quality of service (QoS) profiles, and a set of supported QoS parameters corresponding to the one or more supported QoS profiles.
[0019] In some embodiments, the first message is a data session establishment response including a data container associated with the AN and a data container associated with a device of the group of devices. In some embodiments, the second message is a data session establishment acknowledgment message indicating that the device has established resources to support the data session.
[0020] In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the node of the AN from the device, a first data session establishment request to establish the data session. The first data session establishment request includes a set of parameters associated with the data session. In some embodiments, the method further includes sending, by the node of the AN to the CMF, a second data session establishment request including the set of parameters associated with the data session and location information of the device including one or more of: an identifier (ID) of the AN, and an ID of a cell of the AN.
[0021] In some embodiments, the set of parameters associated with the data session includes one or more of: an ID of the device, an ID of the data session, a data network name (DNN) of a data network (DN) that hosts the one or more applications, network slice information indicating at least one network slice, an ID of an application that the device wants to access, and one or more quality of service (QoS) parameter requirements for the device.
[0022] In some embodiments, the method further includes sending, by the node of the AN to the device, a second data session establishment response including the data container associated with the device. In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the node of the AN from the device, a second data session establishment acknowledgement message including an indication that the device has established resources to support the data session.
[0023] In some embodiments, the data container associated with the AN includes one or more of: an ID of the device, an ID of the data session, a list of IDs of a set of data flows related to the data session, a quality of service (QoS) parameter profile for each data flow of the set of data flows, uplink (UL) tunnel information indicating an uplink tunnel for the group of devices to send uplink packets, a list of IDs of devices in the group of devices, an indication for the AN to provide a same QoS for all the devices of the group of devices, a second indication for the AN to obtain device location data periodically, a periodicity for reporting a location of the device, mobility information associated with one or more devices of the group of devices, geometric arrangement of the devices in the group of devices.
[0024] In some embodiments, the data container associated with the device includes one or more of: an ID of the data session, an indication for the device indicating that a request of the device for data session establishment is accepted, the list of IDs of the set of data flows, the QoS parameter profile for each data flow of the set of data flows, an indication for the device to obtain the device location data periodically if the device is to report the location of the device, and a second periodicity for reporting the location of the device.
[0025] In some embodiments, the method further includes selecting, by the node of the AN, one or more quality of service (QoS) parameter profiles that the AN can support for the device based on the data container associated with the AN. In some embodiments, the method further includes establishing, by the node of the AN for the device, radio resources for a set of data flows of the data session.
[0026] In some embodiments, the data session establishment acknowledgment message includes the second data session establishment acknowledgment message received from the device. In some embodiments, the data session establishment acknowledgment message further includes a set of values corresponding to a set of quality of service (QoS) parameters supported by the AN. In some embodiments, the data session establishment acknowledgment message further includes IDs of one or more QoS parameter profiles that are supported by the AN for the device. In some embodiments, the data session establishment acknowledgment message further includes downlink (DL) tunnel information associated with the AN, the DL tunnel information including one or more of: an internet protocol (IP) address, a port number, and a DL tunnel endpoint ID (TEID) .
[0027] In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the node of the AN from the device, a radio resource request including one or more of: a volume of data, a number of packets corresponding to the volume of data, and a packet marker indicating that a corresponding packet of the device is associated with a multi-device packet set of the group of devices. In some embodiments, the method further includes broadcasting, by the node of the AN, a radio resource response, the radio resource response including resource assignment parameters identifying a radio channel that can be used by the device. In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the node of the AN from the device, one or more packets via the radio channel, each of the one or more packets including a corresponding packet marker.
[0028] In some embodiments, the method further includes classifying, by the node of the AN, each packet of the one or more packets into a corresponding multi-device packet set based on the corresponding packet marker. In some embodiments, the method further includes buffering, by the node of the AN, each packet of the one or more packets in a buffer associated with the corresponding multi-device packet set. In some embodiments, the method further includes sending, by the node of the AN to a destination node, each packet of the one or more packets in the buffer according to a delay budget associated with the corresponding multi-device packet set.
[0029] In some embodiments, the destination node is a data plane function (DPF) . In some embodiments, the DPF is a digital world data processing function (DWDPF) .
[0030] According to an embodiment, a method is provided for establishing a data session by a session management function (SMF) . The method includes receiving, by the SMF from a connection management function (CMF) , a data session establishment request to establish a data session associated with a device and one or more applications. The method further includes sending, by the SMF to a data management function (DMF) , a device subscription data request to request subscription data of the device. The method further includes receiving, by the SMF from the DMF, a device subscription data response indicating that the device subscription data request is accepted. In some embodiments, the device subscription data response includes device group information identifying a group of devices associated with the data session, the group of devices including the device.
[0031] In some embodiments, the data session establishment request includes a first set of parameters associated with the data session. The first set of parameters may include one or more of: an ID of the device, an ID of the data session, a data network name (DNN) of a data network (DN) that hosts the one or more applications, network slice information indicating at least one network slice, an ID of an application of the one or more applications that the device wants to access, and one or more quality of service (QoS) parameter requirements for the device, and an ID of an access network (AN) node associated with the device, and an ID of a cell of the AN.
[0032] In some embodiments, the SMF serves the group of devices associated with the data session. In some embodiments, the device subscription data request includes one or more of: an ID of the device, a data network name (DNN) of a data network (DN) that hosts the one or more applications, network slice information indicating at least one network slice, and an ID of an application that the device wants to access, where the application one of the one or more applications.
[0033] In some embodiments, the method further includes selecting, by the SMF, an application control function (ACF) based on the ACF serving one or more devices in the group of devices. In some embodiments, the method further includes selecting, by the SMF, the ACF further based on the ACF supporting one or more of: a data network name (DNN) of a data network (DN) that hosts the one or more applications, network slice information indicating at least one network slice associated with the one or more applications, and an ID of an application that the device wants to access, where the application is one of the one or more applications.
[0034] In some embodiments, the method further includes sending, by the SMF to an application control function (ACF) , an information request for information associated with a data plane function (DPF) for establishing the data session. In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the SMF from the ACF, an information response including an identifier (ID) of the DPF and uplink (UL) tunnel information. The UL tunnel information may include one or more of: an internet protocol (IP) address of the DPF, a port number of the DPF, and an UL tunnel endpoint ID (TEID) . In some embodiments, the method further includes sending, by the SMF to the CMF, a data session establishment response including one or more data containers. In some embodiments, the DPF is a digital world data processing function (DWDPF) .
[0035] In some embodiments, the information request includes one or more of: an ID of the device, an ID of an access network (AN) node associated with the device, and an ID of a cell of the AN associated with the device, the device group information, an ID of an application that the device wants to access, where the application is one of the one or more applications.
[0036] In some embodiments, the one or more data containers include a data container associated with the CMF, a data container associated with the AN, and a data container associated with the device. In some embodiments, the data container associated with CMF includes one or more of: a list of IDs of devices in the group of devices, an indication for the CMF to obtain device location data periodically if the CMF provides a location of the device, and a periodicity for reporting the location of the device.
[0037] In some embodiments, the data container associated with the AN includes one or more of: an ID of the device, an ID of the data session, a list of IDs of a set of data flows, a quality of service (QoS) parameter profile for each data flow of the data session, the UL tunnel information indicating an uplink tunnel for the group of devices to send uplink packets, the list of IDs of devices in the group of devices, an indication for the AN to provide a same QoS for all the devices in the group of devices, a second indication for the AN to obtain device location data periodically, a second periodicity for reporting the location of the device, mobility information associated with one or more devices of the group of devices, geometric arrangement of the devices in the group of devices.
[0038] In some embodiments, the data container associated with the device includes one or more of: an ID of the data session, an indication for the device indicating that a request of the device for data session establishment is accepted, the list of IDs of the set of data flows, a QoS parameter profile for each data flow of the set of data flows, an indication for the device to obtain device location data periodically if the device is to report the location of the device, and a third periodicity for reporting the location of the device.
[0039] In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the SMF from the CMF, a data session establishment acknowledgement message indicating that the data session is supported by an access network (AN) associated with the device. In some embodiments, the data session establishment acknowledgement message includes a data session establishment acknowledgment message associated with the device indicating that the device has established resources to support the data session. In some embodiments, the data session establishment acknowledgement message further includes a set of values corresponding to a set of quality of service (QoS) parameters supported by the AN. In some embodiments, the data session establishment acknowledgement message further includes IDs of one or more QoS parameter profiles that are supported by the AN for the device. In some embodiments, the data session establishment acknowledgement message further includes downlink (DL) tunnel information associated with the AN, the DL tunnel information including one or more of: an IP address, a port number, and a DL tunnel endpoint ID (TEID) .
[0040] In some embodiments, the method further includes sending, by the SMF to the DPF, a data plane (DP) configuration update request to provide the DL tunnel information. The DP configuration update request may include one or more of: an ID of the device, an ID of the data session, an ID of the DP session to identify a communication between the SMF and the DPF to support the data session, the set of values corresponding to the set of QoS parameters supported by the AN, a set of IDs corresponding to a set of QoS parameter profiles that the AN supports. In some embodiments, the method further includes receiving, by the SMF from the DPF, a DP configuration update response acknowledging reception of the DP configuration update request.
[0041] According to an embodiment, a method is provided for obtaining radio resources for a group of devices. The method includes receiving, by a device from a node of an access network (AN) , a message including a radio resource response. The device may be a member of a group of devices associated with one or more applications. The radio resource response may include resource assignment parameters identifying a radio channel. The method further includes adding, by the device, a packet marker to each packet of one or more packets for transmission to the node of the AN. The packet marker may indicate that said each packet of the one or more packets are associated with a multi-device packet set of the group of devices. The method further includes sending, by the device to the node of the AN, the one or more packets using the radio channel, said each packet of the one or more packets including the packet marker.
[0042] In some embodiments, the resource assignment parameters include one or more of: an identifier (ID) of a carrier, an ID of a resource block, and an ID of a physical channel. In some embodiments the method further includes sending, by the device to the node of the AN, a radio resource request including one or more of: a volume of data, a number of packets corresponding to the volume of data, and the packet marker. In some embodiments, the radio resource request is a request for radio resources of the group of devices.
[0043] In some embodiments, the packet marker is one or more of: a timestamp, and a number based on an order. In some embodiments, the packet marker is indicated in a field of one or more of: an internet protocol (IP) packet header, an IP packet extension header, a header of a higher layer. In some embodiments, the higher layer is one or more of: a real-time protocol (RTP) , a real-time transport control protocol (RTCP) , and a media over QUIC (MoQ) protocol. In some embodiments, the group of devices is time synchronized.
[0044] According to another aspect, a (e.g., non-transitory) computer readable medium, computer program, or computer program product, includes stored thereon statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer processor perform one or more methods described herein.
[0045] According to another aspect, an apparatus or system is provided, where the apparatus includes modules configured to perform one or more methods described herein. According to another aspect, another apparatus or system is provided that includes computing electronics and is configured to perform the methods described herein. According to another aspect, another apparatus is provided that includes processing and wireless communication electronics and is configured to operate as described herein.
[0046] According to another aspect, a method is provided for execution by processing and wireless communication electronics. The method includes performing operations as described herein. In some embodiments a computer program product is provided. The computer program product includes a non-transitory computer readable medium having recorded thereon statements and instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform one or more methods described herein.
[0047] According to another aspect, a chip is provided, where the chip includes a processor and a data interface, and the processor reads, by using the data interface, an instruction stored in a memory, to perform the different aspects described herein.
[0048] Other aspects of the application provide for apparatus, and systems configured to implement the methods according to the different aspects disclosed herein. For example, wireless stations and access points can be configured with machine readable memory containing instructions, which when executed by the processors of these devices, configures the device to perform the methods disclosed herein.
[0049] Embodiments have been described above in conjunction with aspects of the present application upon which they can be implemented. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that embodiments may be implemented in conjunction with the aspect with which they are described but may also be implemented with other embodiments of that aspect. When embodiments are mutually exclusive, or are incompatible with each other, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Some embodiments may be described in relation to one aspect, but may also be applicable to other aspects, as will be apparent to those of skill in the art.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0050] Further features and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in combination with the appended drawings, in which:
[0051] FIG. 1 illustrates a 6G system conceptual structure, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0052] FIG. 2 illustrates an example deployment of a 6G system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0053] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of two apparatuses communicating within a communication system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0054] FIG. 4 illustrates data transmission in a communication network, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0055] FIG. 5 illustrates a network architecture model to support one or more applications, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0056] FIG. 6 illustrates an example network architecture that employs some network functions, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0057] FIG. 7 illustrates a procedure for an application server (AS) to provide parameters associated with one or more applications to a communication system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0058] FIG. 8 illustrates a procedure for data session establishment triggered by a device, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0059] FIG. 9 illustrates a procedure for uplink (UL) data transmission, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0060] FIG. 10 illustrates an example communication system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0061] FIG. 11 illustrates another example communication system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0062] FIG. 12A illustrates an example apparatus, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0063] FIG. 12B illustrates another example apparatus, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0064] FIG. 13 illustrates a method for provisioning one or more parameters associated with one or more applications to a mobile network, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0065] FIG. 14 illustrates a method related to a data session associated with one or more applications, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0066] FIG. 15 illustrates a method for establishing a data session, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0067] FIG. 16 illustrates a method for obtaining radio resources for a group of devices, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0068] It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0069] Embodiments of the present application provides apparatus, systems and methods to support one or more services including Extended Reality (XR) services. According to embodiments of the present application, various methods are provided for provisioning parameters, establishing data sessions, and handling packet data in mobile networks.
[0070] According to some embodiments, a method is provided for provisioning one or more parameters associated with one or more applications to a mobile network. The method includes receiving, by an application control function (ACF) , a parameter provisioning request from an application function (AF) . The parameter provisioning request includes device group information, data session details, and Quality of Service (QoS) profiles. The ACF responds with a parameter provisioning response indicating data session support and specifying supported QoS profiles or QoS parameters.
[0071] According to some embodiments, a method is provided at a node of an access network (AN) for provisioning session information. The method includes receiving, from a connection management function (CMF) , a first message containing data session details and device group information. The AN node responds with a second message indicating support for the session.
[0072] According to some embodiments, a method is provided for establishing a data session. The method involves receiving, by the AN node from the CMF, a first message including data session details and device group information. The AN node sends a second message to the CMF indicating support for the session. In some embodiments, the messages include data containers associated with the AN and a device in the group.
[0073] According to some embodiments, a method is provided for handling uplink packets. The method includes receiving, by the AN node, a radio resource request from a device. The request may specify a data volume, packet count, and / or a packet marker identifying a multi-device packet set. The AN node broadcasts a radio resource response with resource assignment parameters. Subsequently, the AN node receives packets, classifies them into multi-device sets based on markers, buffers them, and forwards them according to a delay budget.
[0074] According to some embodiments, a method is provided for establishing a data session by a session management function (SMF) . The method includes receiving a data session establishment request from the CMF and sending a device subscription data request to a data management function (DMF) . The SMF receives a response including device group information identifying the group of devices associated with the data session.
[0075] According to some embodiments, a method is provided for transmitting uplink data by a device. The method includes receiving, from the AN node, a radio resource response with resource assignment parameters. The device adds packet markers to packets indicating association with a multi-device packet set, and transmits the packets to the AN node using an assigned radio channel.
[0076] XR may be a common terminology representing augmented reality (AR) , virtual reality (VR) , and mixed reality (MR) applications. A server (e.g., an XR server) may send multimodal data to devices (e.g., XR devices) of users. Multimodal data may include one or more of, but not limited to: video, audio, voice, text, 6 degree of freedom (6DoF) sensor data, tactile sensor data, environment data. Multimodal data may be sampled synchronously. The sampled data may be rendered at a user device. All packets belonging to a same multimodal data sample may need to be transferred from the server to the user device within a delay budget. In fifth generation (5G) mobile networks (MN) , the packets of the same sampled multimodal data to be transferred to one device or electronic device (e.g., user equipment (UE) ) may be grouped into a protocol data unit (PDU) set. 5G network functions (NF) , such as radio access network (RAN) node and user plane function (UPF) of the MN may assign suitable resources to transfer all the packets of the PDU set within the delay budget of the PDU set.
[0077] According to embodiments, a sixth generation (6G) system architecture design and procedure design are described herein. In some embodiments, the 6G system architecture design and procedure design are based on or developed as enhancements to the of 5G system.
[0078] The 6G network architecture design may be based on principles and requirements including one or more of: openness, trustworthiness, simplicity in standardization, scalability, rapid deployment of 6G networks and future-proofing. The 6G network architecture design may apply modularization strategy, utilize service-based (anything-as-a-service (XaaS) ) concepts and network virtualization techniques.
[0079] One or more procedure designs may be based on modularization of procedures. A procedure of the 6G system may include reusable procedures defined as basic procedures. A complex procedure can thus include multiple sequential or parallel basic procedures, simplifying procedure designs. In some embodiments, the 6G system leverages a service-based architecture and XaaS concept, with XaaS services categorized into three layers as illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 illustrates a 6G system conceptual structure, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The 6G system conceptual structure 100 may include one or more layers including a service layer 102 a control and management (C / M) layer 104 and an infrastructure layer 106.
[0080] Infrastructure layer 102 includes infrastructures supporting 6G services. Among them are wireless networks (radio access network (RAN) , core network (CN) ) infrastructures, cloud and data center infrastructures, satellite networks, storage and / or database infrastructures, sensing networks, etc. These infrastructures can be provided by a single provider or by multiple providers.
[0081] In the 6G system conceptual structure 100, each XaaS service may be provided by one or more identified 5G logical functions. Some embodiments may enable an XaaS service to be provided with 5G enhancements through multiple approaches. The 6G system conceptual structure 100 is an illustrative example of the design where 5G logical functions, along with their enhancements, are utilized to support XaaS services in a 6G framework.
[0082] In some embodiments, the service layer 102 includes one or more services, such as network for artificial intelligence (NET4AI) , network for data (NET4Data) , data analysis and management (DAM) , network for blockchain (NET4BC) , network for digital world (NET4DW) , network for connectivity (NET4CON) , and other potential services.
[0083] In some embodiments, NET4AI is a type of service in 6G CN / RAN that enables the network to conduct or execute artificial intelligence (AI) training and inferencing tasks (e.g., AI tasks (s) ) using network-based computing and communication resources. In some embodiments, the network data analytics function (NWDAF) in 5G system may be enhanced to support NET4AI service.
[0084] In some embodiments, the NET4Data service provides a decentralized architecture for data stakeholders to collaboratively manage data lifecycle events, including data storage and data sharing. The data managed may be public, private, sensitive, or confidential. In some embodiments, the NET4Data service may be integrated into the 5G system or enhanced by it.
[0085] In some embodiments, the DAM analyzes and / or manages different types of data, including network data (e.g., data collected from network functions and XaaS services) , integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) data (e.g., 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) -based sensing data from devices (e.g., UEs) and RAN, and non-3GPP-based sensing data from Radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) , and Wi-Fi sensing) , sensor data (e.g., data from camera sensors and video sensors and other sensors) , and other data (e.g., digital user data, third-party data, synthesized data, and AI data) . In some embodiments, DAM provides services for a variety of data consumers, such as XaaS services, third parties, NFs, device, etc. In some embodiments, 5G system logical functions, such as the NWDAF, data collection coordination function (DCCF) , and messaging framework adapter function (MFAF) of the control plane, may be enhanced to support one or more DAM services.
[0086] In some embodiments, NET4DW as a service provides the capability of intelligent integration and / or synthesis of information from the physical world and the digital world (DW) . Customers of NET4DW, which may include individuals, industries, and governments, can create, control, and manage a variety of applications running in the DW, such as virtual reality applications. In some embodiments, one or more applications (e.g., DW service, XR services) can be supported by enhancing 5G functions and adding functions where necessary.
[0087] In some embodiments, NET4CON as a service provides the capability to support the exchange of messages and data among 6G services. One or more capabilities of NET4CON include managing logical topology among XaaS services and between 6G XaaS services and various types of 6G system customers. Further capabilities may include introducing intelligent gateways (GWs) for controlling dynamic forwarding based on configured procedure principles and supporting anonymous interactions among these XaaS services and customers through the introduced intelligent GWs. In some embodiments, the NET4CON service may be provided by enhancing the 5G system.
[0088] In some embodiments, the C / M layer 404 includes one or more services related to one or more of: resource management (RM) , mission management (MM) , service provisioning management (SPM) , connectivity management (CM) , CONfederation NETwork (CONET) , protocol, and network security management.
[0089] In some embodiments, RM as a service provides the capability for life-cycle management of various slices and over-the-air resource assignment to wireless devices.
[0090] In some embodiments, MM as a service provides the capability to program the provisioning of XaaS services at the service layer to deliver mission services. A mission aims to achieve a designated goal, known as the mission goal, which may include providing protocol data unit (PDU) connectivity and data processing. MM services may include mission information management, mission session management, and mission execution and access management.
[0091] In some embodiments, SPM as a service provides control and management of 6G service access by customers, along with the provisioning of requested services. This capability may be provided by identifier (ID) management, unified authentication, anonymous service authorization, and key management.
[0092] In some embodiments, CM as a service provides the capability to manage the reachability management of 6G wireless devices and digital users (D-users) within NET4DW. This supports the establishment of connectivity between wireless devices / D-users and XaaS services of the 6G system. In some embodiments, the physical locations of D-users may change. In some embodiments, a CM service can be deployed across multiple basic architecture structure (BAS) domains.
[0093] In some embodiments, protocol as a service provides the capability to design service customized protocol stacks for identified interfaces. In some embodiments, network security management as a service provides customized security solutions based on services and users. For example, banking services and social media services may need different security solutions.
[0094] FIG. 2 illustrates an example deployment of the 6G system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The 6G system deployment or network architecture 200 illustrated highlights the interaction between various layers, logical connections, and services. The network architecture 200 demonstrates the relationships among components such as 6G customers, infrastructure layers, protocol handlers, and network functions.
[0095] The network architecture 600 may include various types of 6G customers such as wireless devices / sensors and wireline connections, which may be connected to the 6G system through the over-the-air interface and / or wired connections. These connections may establish the C / M plane logical connections and the data plane logical connections necessary for service delivery.
[0096] In some embodiments, within the infrastructure layer, the RAN infrastructure and CN infrastructure are deployed across various cloud environments, including RAN clouds, CN clouds, and third-party clouds. These infrastructures support multiple RB handlers, which manage protocol stacks for control and management radio bearers (C / M RBs) and data radio bearers (Data RBs) . Each 6G customer can establish multiple RBs, facilitating diverse communication needs.
[0097] In some embodiments, the service communication proxy+ (SCP+) and the user plane function+ (UPF+) are designated as gateways for the C / M plane and the data plane, respectively. These enhanced 5G functions are represented as C / M-TW-GW (C / M plane transport gateway) and Data-TW-GW (Data plane transport gateway) , illustrating their role in ensuring robust and efficient transport for session management.
[0098] The network architecture 200 further includes the deployment of various enhanced functions, such as CM: utilizing access and mobility management function (AMF) -Mobility+ and radio resource control+ (RRC+) to manage connectivity for devices. The network architecture 200 further details the deployment of MM including enhanced session and exposure functions like SMF+ and network exposure function+ (NEF+) . The network architecture 200 further details the deployment of SPM providing security and access capabilities through authentication server function+ (AUSF+) , AMF-Security+, RRC-Security+, and IDentifier Management+ (IDM+) . The network architecture 200 further details the deployment of protocol services, supporting advanced communication protocols such as QUIC+, General packet radio service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol User plane+ (GTPU+) , and Service Data Adaption Protocol+ (SDAP+) . The network architecture 200 further details the deployment of NET4CON Services, facilitating logical topologies and data / message exchanges among XaaS services and customers using an enhanced network repository function (NRF+) and other enhancements.
[0099] In some embodiments, the 6G NET4CON service is integrated across the architecture, enabling communication between services, devices, and customers. The deployment also illustrates logical endpoints, including RB endpoints and session endpoints, which may be flexibly allocated based on the needs of 6G customers. The network architecture further incorporates a diverse range of D-User / D-Infbox entities operating within the NET4DW service domain, displaying the system’s ability to support a wide variety of applications, including internet of things (IoT) , AR / VR, and digital twin implementations.
[0100] In some embodiments, for example, in reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the “+” symbol may represent an enhanced or an improved version of the feature, technology or functionality described. It is to be understood that the “+” symbol may be similarly representative in other situations used elsewhere herein. For example, the 5G access and mobility management function (AMF) -mobility function may be enhanced and denoted as AMF-mobility+. Similarly, the 5G radio resource control (RRC) function may be enhanced and denoted as RRC+, the 5G network repository function (NRF) may be enhanced and denoted as NRF+, the 5G session management function (SMF) may be enhanced and denoted as SMF+, and the 5G network exposure function (NEF) may be enhanced and denoted as NEF+. Additionally, the 5G authentication server function (AUSF) may be enhanced and denoted as AUSF+. Other enhanced functions may also be included.
[0101] In some embodiments, a C / M Radio Bearer (C / M RB) of a 6G device is an the over-the-air connection that carries control signaling for managing the over-the-air interface and C / M plane messages. A 6G device can have multiple C / M RBs. In some embodiments, a Data Radio Bearer (Data RB) of a 6G device is an over-the-air connection responsible for carrying Data plane traffic. A 6G device can also have multiple Data RBs.
[0102] In some embodiments, an RB endpoint is an endpoint of an RB on the network side. An endpoint of an RB protocol stack (e.g., packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) ) can be located in a RAN BAS domain, among other possible locations. An RB endpoint can be flexibly deployed or selected for a device.
[0103] In some embodiments, an RB handler is an over-the-air interface protocol stack handler. An RB handler may be a logical function that performs RB protocol stack operations after receiving configurations. A protocol handler can be a PDCP-only handler or a whole protocol stack handler. The RB handler may accept RB configurations from the CM service. The RB handler may further accept security configurations, such as keying material, from the SPM service.
[0104] In some embodiments, the NET4CON service, which may impact the 6G system architecture, is implemented by enhancing the 5G Service Communication Proxy (SCP+) as the C / M plane gateway and the 5G User Plane Function (UPF+) as the data plane gateway. In some embodiments, the per device / D-User C / M session and data session are logical connections between a device / D-User and its serving SCP+ (C / M-TW-GW) and serving UPF+ (Data-TW-GW) as shown. In some embodiments, one or more XaaS services are deployed across multiple BAS / clouds.
[0105] In some embodiments, a 6G customer can be of various types, including a device (e.g., electronic device (ED) or terminal device) , apparatus, a chip, an equipment (e.g., user equipment) etc. For example, the customer may be an individual customer, a business customer, etc. The 6G customer is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The 6G customer may be widely used in various scenarios including, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , machine-type communication (MTC) , internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0106] In some embodiments, each 6G customer represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to but not limited to) as a UE or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus in (e.g. module, modem, or chip) or comprising the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation 6G customer may be referred to by other terms. When a 6G customer performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED, one or more module (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, may perform the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0107] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of two apparatuses communicating within a communication system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The communication system may refer to a communication system based on the future generation network architecture illustrated in FIG. 2, or communication system 1000 or 1100. Although there is only one apparatus 310, and one apparatus 320 shown in the figure, the number of apparatus 310 and / or 320 could be one or more.
[0108] Apparatus 310 includes at least one processor 312. Only one processor 312 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. In some embodiments, when the apparatus 310 is the AN (or RAN) , components of the AN or the apparatus is the device, the apparatus 310 may further include a transmitter 301 and a receiver 303 coupled to one or more antennas 304. Only one antenna 304 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 304 may alternatively be panels.
[0109] The transmitter 301 and the receiver 303 may be integrated, e.g., as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna 304 or network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver is also configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 304. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 304 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. The apparatus 310 may include at least one memory 308. Only the transmitter 301, receiver 303, processor 312, memory 308, and antenna 304 is illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 310 may include one or more other components. In present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 301 and / or receiver 303) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0110] The memory 308 stores instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 308 may also store data used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 310. For example, the memory 308 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by one or more processor 312.
[0111] The apparatus 310 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces. The input / output devices or interfaces permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes any suitable structure for providing information to or receiving information from a user, and / or for network interface communications. Suitable structures include, for example, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, etc.
[0112] The processor 312 may perform (or control the apparatus 310 to perform) operations (or methods) described herein as being performed by the apparatus 310. For example, the processor 312 performs or controls the apparatus 310 to perform receiving transport blocks (TBs) , using a resource for decoding of one of the received TBs, releasing the resource for decoding of another of the received TBs, and / or receiving configuration information configuring a resource. In detail, the operation may include those operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink (UL) transmission to the apparatus 320; those operations related to processing downlink (DL) transmissions received from the apparatus 320; and those operations related to processing sidelink (SL) transmission to and from another apparatus 310. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for UL transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing DL transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Processing operations related to processing SL transmissions may include operations such as transmit / receive beamforming, modulating / demodulating and encoding / decoding symbols. Depending upon the embodiment, a DL transmission may be received by the receiver 303, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 312 may extract signaling from the DL transmission (e.g., by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 312 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, e.g., beam angle information (BAI) , received from the apparatus 320. In some implementations, the processor 312 may perform operations relating to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, etc. In some implementations, the processor 312 may perform channel estimation, e.g., using a reference signal received from the apparatus 320.
[0113] Although not illustrated, the processor 312 may form part of the transmitter 301 and / or part of the receiver 303. Although not illustrated, the memory 308 may form part of the processor 312.
[0114] The processor 312, the processing components of the transmitter 301, and the processing components of the receiver 303 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g., in the memory 308) .
[0115] The apparatus 320 includes one or more processors 360 (only one processor 360 is illustrated to in the figure) . The apparatus 320 may further include at least one transmitter 352 and at least one receiver 354 coupled to one or more antennas 356. Only one antenna 356 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 356 may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 352 and the receiver 354 may be integrated as a transceiver. The apparatus 320 may further include at least one memory 358. The apparatus 320 may further include scheduler 353. Only the transmitter 352, receiver 354, processor 360, memory 358, antenna 356 and scheduler 353 are illustrated for simplicity, but the apparatus 320 may include one or more other components. In present disclosure, the transceiver (or transmitter 352 and / or receiver 354) may be viewed as an interface circuit.
[0116] In some implementations, the parts of the apparatus 320 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the apparatus 320 may be located remote from the equipment that houses the antennas 356 for the apparatus 320 (thereby also can be viewed as one of more nodes) and may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 356 over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some implementations, the term apparatus 320 may also refer to nodes on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the apparatus 310, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 356 of the apparatus 320. The nodes may also be coupled to other apparatus 320s. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may actually be a plurality of nodes that are operating together to serve the apparatus 310, e.g., through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0117] The processor 360 performs operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for DL transmission to the apparatus 310, processing an UL transmission received from the apparatus 310, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to another apparatus 320, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from another apparatus 320. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for DL or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g., multiple input multiple output (MIMO) precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the UL or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 360 may also perform operations relating to network access (e.g., initial access) and / or DL synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, etc. In some implementations, the processor 360 also generates an indication of beam direction, e.g., BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by a scheduler 353 which will be described below. In some implementations, the processor 360 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g., BAI) received from another apparatus 320. The processor 360 performs other network side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the apparatus 310, determining where to deploy another apparatus 320, etc. In some implementations, the processor 360 may generate signaling, e.g., to configure one or more parameters of the apparatus 310 and / or one or more parameters of another apparatus 320. Any signaling generated by the processor 360 is sent by the transmitter 352. In some implementations, the apparatus 320 implements physical layer processing.
[0118] In some implementations, the apparatus 320 may implement higher layer functions such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer in addition to physical layer processing. The apparatus 320 may further comprise scheduler 353 coupled to the processor 360 or integrated in the processor 360. The scheduler 353 may be included within or operated separately from the apparatus 320. The scheduler 353 may schedule UL, DL, SL, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (e.g., “configured grant” ) resources.
[0119] The apparatus 320 may further include a memory 358 storing instructions used to perform operations described herein. The memory 358 may also store data used, generated, or collected by the apparatus 320. For example, the memory 358 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 360.
[0120] Although not illustrated, the processor 360 may form part of the transmitter 352 and / or part of the receiver 354. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 360 may implement the scheduler 353. Although not illustrated, the memory 358 may form part of the processor 360.
[0121] The processor 360, the scheduler 353, the processing components of the transmitter 352, and the processing components of the receiver 354 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g., in the memory 358.
[0122] The apparatus 320 and / or the apparatus 310 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0123] In some embodiments, the apparatus 310 or the apparatus 320 may be configured to perform one or more operations in one or more embodiments described herein. For example, the apparatus 310 or the apparatus 320 may comprise, be implemented in, or correspond to one or more of the following: a UE, an electronic device or a device, a network node, a network element, a component of a network, or any other type of entity, function, or device associated with embodiments described herein. In certain embodiments, the apparatus 310 or the apparatus 320 may represent or include any element within an access network (AN) , a core network (CN) , or both, including but not limited to one or more network functions (NFs) or components thereof.
[0124] In some embodiments, the apparatus 310 may be a device 502 or an electronic device (e.g., ED 1010) . The apparatus 320 may be a network node (e.g., network node 1070) such as transmit and receive point (T-TRP) 1070 or a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 1072.
[0125] By way of example, the apparatus 310 or the apparatus 320 may be implemented as or correspond to an ACF, a digital world control function (DWCF) , an SMF, or other network functions within the CN. Alternatively, or additionally, the apparatus 310 or the apparatus 320 may represent a node, module, or entity within the AN, the CN, or another part of the communication system, which may include an access node (AN) , components of an access node, or other functional entities as described herein.
[0126] In some embodiments, the apparatus 310 or the apparatus 320 may be a physical device, such as a server, a computing system, or another type of electronic device. Alternatively, or in addition, the apparatus 310 or the apparatus 320 may be a virtualized or cloud-based instance, including a virtualized network function (VNF) or containerized function deployed within a multi-domain, multi-party, or cloud-computing environment.
[0127] Moreover, the apparatus 310 or the apparatus 320 may be implemented in or integrated with any system, subsystem, or module that facilitates or supports the functionalities described in the embodiments herein. These functionalities may include, but are not limited to, data processing, data exposure, network management, resource allocation, communication control, or any other operations described in the context of the embodiments herein. The apparatus 310 or the apparatus 320 may also encompass any other entity, system, or functional component described explicitly or implicitly in the embodiments, regardless of its location, role, or operational context within the communication network or ecosystem.
[0128] As discussed herein, some applications (e.g., XR applications) may rely on the transmission of multimodal data (e.g., video, audio, sensor data) from a server to one or more devices (e.g., user devices) , and vice versa. In 5G networks, this data, sampled synchronously and rendered at the device or server, may need to be delivered within a delay budget. To achieve this, packets from the same data sample may be grouped into protocol data unit (PDU) sets, with network functions like RAN and UPF ensuring timely resource allocation for their transfer.
[0129] While the PDU set for one device may be useful (e.g., improve data delivery) for a single device, other applications (e.g., XR applications) may introduce additional challenges.
[0130] FIG. 4 illustrates data transmission in a communication network, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. . The communication network may be a wireless communication system 400 that supports data transmission between a studio 402, which may be a volumetric XR (VXR) studio, and a server (e.g., XR server) 404 and / or 406. The communication system 400 may further support data transmission between the server 404 and / or 406 and one or more consumer devices 408, such as a smart phone and a head mounted device (HMD) which may be VXR devices. The studio 402 may be configured for use in various environments, including indoor or outdoor settings.
[0131] In the studio 402, a large number of depth cameras, e.g., tens to hundreds, may be used to capture three-dimensional (3D) video of objects or a humans from various angles. Video data from multiple cameras may be rendered at the server 404 and / or 406, which may be hosted in the MN 410 and / or outside MN, e.g., in a data network (DN) , respectively. Multiple data video streams from different cameras may be considered or treated as one data source.
[0132] The operation of multiple cameras may be synchronized (or highly synchronized) so that the video frames (VXR video frames) can be adequately rendered at the server. This synchronization of multiple cameras may lead to periodic large data bursts of video frames from multiple devices that need to be transferred in the uplink (UL) of the air interface between the device and the radio node. Additionally, the interface between the radio node or node of an access network (AN) and the data plane function of the server may need to be designed efficiently to handle these periodic large data bursts.
[0133] FIG. 5 illustrates a network architecture model to support one or more applications, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The network architecture 500 may represent a communication framework to support one or more applications (e.g., DW services, XR services) . These services may enable users to communicate and interact with other users and objects through digital media. The architecture 500 integrates multiple NFs within the AN 510, CN 520, and DN 550 to enable interaction between real-world and virtual-world elements.
[0134] In some embodiments, the CN 520 includes a control plane (CP) 522 and a data plane (DP) 540. In some embodiments, the CP 522 includes various NFs including one or more of: an Autonomous capability programming (A-CAP) function 523 (A-CAP may also be referred to as Automatic network capability programming) , a connection management function (CMF) 524, a session management function (SMF) 525, a data storage function (DSF) 526, a data management function (DMF) 527, ACF 528 (which may be DW control function (DWCF) ) , a policy function (PF) 529, a security function (SF) 530, a location management function (LMF) 531, a network entity repository (NER) 532 function, a data collection and distribution function (DCDF) 533, a sensor data storage functions (SDSF) 534, an object context repository function (OCRF) 535 and a control plane gateway (CPGW) 536.
[0135] In some embodiments, the A-CAP function 523 provides automatic network programing capability by identifying the capabilities of other NFs and selecting them to perform tasks requested by network service consumers, such as device 502 (e.g., a UE) , an application function (AF) , or other NFs.
[0136] In some embodiments, the CMF 524 provides functionalities to support CP signaling between one or more devices (e.g., EDs, UEs) and NFs in the CN. The CMF may also manage the mobility of the one or more devices. In some embodiments, the SMF 525 provides CP functionalities to create and manage user plane or data plane connections between one or more devices and NFs, and between the one or more devices and the DN.
[0137] In some embodiments, the DSF 526 provides functionalities to store various types of data, including device data, user data, NF data, application data, network operation data, and any other types of data. The DSF may be a unified data repository (UDR) function in a 5G system.
[0138] In some embodiments, the DMF 527 provides functionalities to manage one or more DSFs or instances of DSF. For example, an NF may send a data record of a data type to the DMF. Then the DMF may select a DSF instance to store certain types of data. The DMF may be a unified data management (UDM) function in a 5G system.
[0139] In some embodiments, the DMF may manage one or more devices and / or user subscription data. In some embodiments, the one or more device and / or user subscription data may be provided by the operations, administration, and maintenance (OAM) function. For example, the OAM function of the network may provide or configure one or more parameters of user subscription data. In some embodiments, the one or more devices and / or user subscription data may be provided by a network entity (NE) , such as an ED and an ACF (e.g., DWCF) , which may provide one or more parameters of device or user subscription data. In some embodiments, the ACF 528 manages real-time digital twin (DT) information of the device, e.g., real-time location, or assigned / expected service location of an ED. The ACF may send the real-time DT information of the ED to the DMF and the DMF may store the DT information of ED in a DSF.
[0140] In some embodiments, the PF 529 creates policies for different operations of the network and may provide policies to NFs, devices, AN, and DN. In some embodiments, the SF 530 provides one or more functionalities related to authorization, authentication, and data security protection for one or more devices, NFs in the AN, NFs in the CN, AN, and NFs in the DN. In some embodiments, the LMF 531 provides one or more functionalities including detecting a location of the device, estimating the location of the device, and tracking the mobility of the device.
[0141] In some embodiments, the NER 532 function provides functionalities for a network entity (NE) to register its NE profile so that other NEs can discover, select, and use the services of this NE. In some embodiments, the DCDF 533 provides functionalities for data collection from NEs (such as sensors and devices) , NFs in the mobile network, and NFs in the DN. In some embodiments, the DCDF 533 provides for data storage management of the collected data stored in one or more sensor data storage functions (SDSF) 534. In some embodiments, the DCDF 533 provides for data distribution to other NFs that request data.
[0142] In some embodiments, the OCRF 535 provides one or more services including storing object context in real-time and distributing object contexts to subscribed NFs. In some embodiments, the CPGW 536 provides an interface for NFs in the DN 550 to access the services provided by NFs of the mobile network.
[0143] In some embodiments, the DP 540 includes various NFs including one or more of: a data plane function (DPF) 541, a data plane function such as a digital world data processing function (DWDPF) 542, a model training function (MTF) 543, a model repository function (MRF) 544 and a data plane gateway (DP GW) 545.
[0144] In some embodiments, the DPF 541 provides one or more services including receiving data of UE and NFs, processing the received data, forwarding the received data, and sending processed data. In some embodiments, the DP GW 545 provides an interface to send or receive data between the mobile network and other entities in the DN.
[0145] In some embodiments, the mobile network provides NFs to host or support one or more applications including digital world (DW) applications. Some example of DW applications may include digital twin applications, metaverse applications, and other applications. In some embodiments, one or more NFs support DW applications. The one or more applications include one or more of: DCDF, ACF (e.g., DWCF) , DW artificial intelligence and machine learning (AIML) model training function (MTF) , DW artificial intelligence and machine learning (AIML) model repository function (MRF) , OCRF, and other related NFs.
[0146] As described herein, the DCDF may provide one or more functionalities including data collection from NEs, such as sensors, devices, NFs in the mobile network, and NFs in the DN. The DCDF may further provide data storage management for the collected data stored in one or more SDSF. The DCDF may further provide data distribution to other NFs that request the data. The ACF (e.g., DWCF) may perform one or more tasks to create and manage one or more applications (e.g., DW applications) , including managing the operation of DW applications.
[0147] In some embodiments, the DW AIML MTF or MTF 543 uses the collected sensor data, or any other types of data such as partially developed AI or machine learning (ML) models developed by other NEs during a federated learning process, to derive an AI or ML model to support DW applications.
[0148] In some embodiments, the DW AIML MRF or MRF 544 provides one or more services including storing the AIML models derived by the MTF and distributing AIML models to other NFs and ED. An AIML model may be complete or incomplete. If the AIML model is complete, other NEs can use the complete AIML model to infer the data. If the AIML model is incomplete, other NEs may use the incomplete AIML model to further develop the incomplete AIML independently or jointly to create a complete AIML model.
[0149] In some embodiments, the OCRF 535 provides one or more services including storing object context in real-time and distributing object contexts to subscribed NFs. In some embodiments, object context may refer to, for example, device context, and / or NF context.
[0150] In some embodiments, the DWDPF 542 provides one or more services including obtaining one or more AIML models from the MRF. In some embodiments, the DWDPF 542 obtains sensor data from one or more of: the device and NFs. In some embodiments, the DWDPF 542 uses one or more of AIML models or other methods to process the collected sensor data to detect real world (RW) objects and convert the detected RW objects into one or more virtual world (VW) objects that can be used by one or more DW applications. In some embodiments, the DWDPF 542 runs application software of DW applications. In some embodiments, the DWDPF 542 generates actuator data for actuator devices, for example, video data for video games, patient monitoring videos in hospitals, robot monitoring in smart factories, vehicle monitoring for intelligent transport system operator, and lighting control in smart city or performance data. In some embodiments, the DWDPF 542 sends actuator control command and actuator data to actuator devices.
[0151] In some embodiments, the DN 550 hosts one or more applications, e.g., DW applications. The DW applications may be implemented by having a DW Controller (DWC) hosted in an AF 552 and a DW application hosted in an application server (AS) 554. The DWC may provide control functionalities. The DW AS may host application software of DW applications.
[0152] In some embodiments, the AN 510 includes one or more functions including radio management 511, a transmitter (Tx) and / or receiver (Rx) point 512, an localization function (LF) 513 and an AN SF 514.
[0153] FIG. 6 illustrates an example network architecture that employs one or more network functions, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the one or more network functions may refer to modified or enhanced 5G NFs as described herein. In some embodiments, the functionalities of one or more NFs in network architecture 500 may be implemented by modifying NFs of the 5G network. As describe herein, in some embodiments, the “+” symbol may represent an enhanced or an improved version of the feature, technology or functionality described.
[0154] In some embodiments, the network architecture 600 includes the MN 602 and the DN 550. The MN 602 includes the AN 510 and CN 620 which may be similar to the CN 520. In some embodiments, the CN 620 includes a CP 622 and a DP 640. In some embodiments, the CP 622 includes various NFs including one or more of: an AMF+ 623, an SMF+ 624, a UDM+ 625, a UDR+ 626, an enhanced policy control function (PCF+) 627, an AUSF+ 628, a NEF+ 629, an A-CAP 523, an ACF 528 (e.g., DWCF) , an SCP+ 630, an LMF+ 631, a DCCF+ 632, and an NRF+ 633.
[0155] In some embodiments, the 5G AMF may be enhanced (5G AMF+) to provide functionalities of the CMF. In some embodiments, the 5G SMF may be enhanced (5G SMF+) to provide functionalities of the SMF. In some embodiments, the 5G PCF may be enhanced (5G PCF+) to provide functionalities of the PF. In some embodiments, the 5G NEF may be enhanced (5G NEF+) to provide functionalities of the CPGW.
[0156] In some embodiments, the 5G NRF may be enhanced (5G NRF+) to provide functionalities of the NER. In some embodiments, the 5G UDM function may be enhanced (5G UDM+) to provide functionalities of the DMF. In some embodiments, the 5G UDR may be enhanced (5G UDR+) to provide functionalities of the SDSF. In some embodiments, the 5G AUSF may be enhanced (5G AUSF+) to provide functionalities of the SF. In some embodiments, the 5G DCCF may be enhanced (5G DCCF+) to provide functionalities of the DCDF. In some embodiments, the 5G LMF may be enhanced (5G LMF+) to provide functionalities of the LMF. In some embodiments, the 5G SCP may be enhanced (5G SCP+) to support the ACF (e.g., DWCF) indirect communications with other CP functions.
[0157] In some embodiments, the DP 640 includes various NFs including one or more of: a UPF+ 641, a DWDPF 542, an enhanced analytics data repository function (ADRF+) 642, an enhanced network data analytics function (NWDAF) model training logical function (MTLF) (NWDAF-MTLF+) 643, and a GW UPF+ 644.
[0158] In some embodiments, the 5G UPF may be enhanced (5G UPF+) to provide functionalities of one or more of: DPF (e.g., DWDPF) , and DP GW. In some embodiments, the 5G ADRF may be enhanced (5G ADRF+) to provide functionalities of one or more of: the OCRF, SDSF, MRF. In some embodiments, the 5G NWDAF MTLF may be enhanced (5G NWDAF-MTLF+) to provide functionalities of the MTF.
[0159] Some embodiments may provide for provisioning of one or more parameters associated with one or more applications. In some embodiments, one or more parameters may refer to XR or VXR parameters. In some embodiments, device group information includes one or more parameters associated with one or more applications (e.g., DW applications, XR applications) and a group of devices. In some embodiment, device group information may refer to an XR (e.g., VXR) device group information. In some embodiments, the one or more parameters of the device group information include an ID of a device group (or a device group ID) , e.g., external device group ID if the AF provides this information. In some embodiments, the one or more parameters further include a list of device IDs identifying one or more devices (or device members) in the group of devices (or device group) . In some embodiments, the one or more parameters further include an indication to provide the same QoS profile for all device members in the group of devices.
[0160] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters of the device group information further include mobility information. In some embodiments, mobility information may indicate a mobile or a static status, for example, mobility information may indicate whether, for example, a device (e.g., a device member or member device) is mobile or static. In some embodiments, mobility information indicates a mobility area associated with one or more devices for example, a mobility area may be defined within which the one or more devices of the group of devices are expected to move. In some embodiments, mobility information indicate a mobility trajectory, which represent a path or a route, one or more devices of the group of devices are likely to follow.
[0161] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters of the device group information include geometric arrangement of one or more devices of the group of devices. In some embodiment, geometric arrangement of devices may indicate the relative three-dimensional (3D) positions of devices in the group. This information may enable the network to better estimate the location (s) of devices in the group. For example, the MN 602 may estimate the locations of one or more devices in a group of devices (e.g., an XR or VXR device group) and interpolate the locations of other devices based on their geometric arrangement. This approach may help reduce system resource usage compared to scenarios where the MN has to estimate locations of all devices, such as when doing so independently.
[0162] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters of the device group information further include an indication to support protocol data unit (PDU) sets for all devices (e.g., device members or device group members) in the uplink. In some embodiments, the delay budget for all PDU sets of a group of devices may be the same, so that, for example, video packets of the same pose from all devices may be processed together.
[0163] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters of the device group information further include one or more QoS profiles. In some embodiments, each QoS profile includes one or more of: an average bit rate, a maximum bit rate, a packet loss rate, a packet delay budget, a PDU set delay budget, and a video frame rate. In some embodiments, the one or more parameters of the device group information include an indication to obtain device location periodically. This indication may specify a periodicity of location updates, such as 30 samples per second. In some embodiments, the indication to obtain device location periodically may indicate that the timing of location information to be synchronized with the time when data (e.g., volumetric data such as video poses) is captured at the device. In some embodiments the indication to get device location periodically may further include a location information latency (e.g., 5 milliseconds) and a location accuracy (e.g., 0.1 meters) .
[0164] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters of the device group information further include a data sampling frequency, such as a video frame rate (e.g., 30 frames per second) so that the network can predict the timing of next or subsequent data burst (s) . In some embodiments, the one or more parameters of the device group information further include an ID of an application or an Application ID to identify the one or more applications (e.g., XR or VXR application) .
[0165] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters of the device group information further include DN information such as a data network name (DNN) of a data network that hosts the one or more applications (e.g., DW service, an XR or VXR service) . In some embodiments, the one or more parameters of the device group information further include network slice information indicating at least one network slice associated with (e.g., used by) the one or more applications, such as the single network slice selection assistance information (S-NSSAI) .
[0166] In order to adequately handle traffic from multiple devices in the UL, the network may initially identify the devices that generate the traffic data and determine the traffic characteristics associated with the one or more applications. For example, traffic may include XR or VXR data captured by multiple devices. Additionally, the traffic associated with all devices related to the one or more applications (e.g., providing the XR service) may need to be treated equally (with a same QoS) to ensure consistent video quality across both space and time.
[0167] According to some embodiments, an AF 552 or an ACF 528 (e.g., DWCF) configured to provide control functionalities for one or more applications may transmit device group information (or XR device group information) to the MN and other NFs, as illustrated in FIG. 7. FIG. 7 illustrates a procedure for an AS to provide parameters associated with one or more applications to a communication system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the communication system includes a mobile system. In some embodiments, the parameters may refer to XR (e.g., VXR) parameters.
[0168] According to an embodiment, procedure 700 includes, the AF 552 sending a parameter provisioning request message 702 to the mobile network. In some embodiments, the message 702 is sent via the CPGW 536. In some embodiments, the message 702 includes device group information. In some embodiments, the message 702 further includes information about a data session associated with the one or more applications. A data session may refer to a session of, for example, a UE, in the data plane. In some embodiments, the message 702 includes one or more of: a start time for the data session, a duration for the data session, and an end time for the data session. In some embodiments, the message 702 further includes an AS location, which may be a location of AS that receives the data captured by, for example, one or more sensors. In some embodiments, the message 702 further includes one or more of: an ID of the AF (AF ID) to identify the AF, an ID of an application (Application ID) to identify an application. In some embodiments, the message 702 further includes DN information, for example, one or more DNNs of one or more data networks that hosts the one or more applications. In some embodiments, the message 702 further includes network slice information indicating at least one network slice that is associated with (e.g., used by) the one or more application, such as S-NSSAI.
[0169] In some embodiments, if the CPGW 536 receives the message 702, the CPGW may select an ACF 528 and forward the message 702 to the ACF by sending a parameter provisioning request message 704. In some embodiments, the ACF 528 is selected by using a service of NER to discover the ACF that can serve the group of devices (or device group) . For example, the ACF profile in the NER may include one or more parameters including indication that the ACF supports the one or more applications. The one or more parameters of the ACF profile may further include one or more DNNs indicating the DN that the ACF can support. The one or more parameters of the ACF profile may further include the network slice information, one or more service locations, and one or more application IDs. The one or more DNNs, network slice information and the one or more application IDs may be the same as or similar to those in message 702.
[0170] In some embodiments, the ACF 528 is a CP function that manages the one or more applications of the mobile network. In some embodiments, the ACF 528 generates session configuration for each session (e.g., VXR session) associated with the one or more applications. In some embodiments, the ACF receives the parameter provisioning request message 704 from the AF 552. The ACF 528 may send a parameter storage request message 706 to the DSF 526 to store the information associated with the data session in the DSF. In some embodiments, the message 706 includes the device group information. In some embodiments, the message 706 further includes one or more of: a start time for the data session, a duration for the data session, and an end time for the data session. In some embodiments, the message 706 further includes an AS location, which may be a location of AS that receives the data captured by, for example, one or more sensors. In some embodiments, the message 706 further includes one or more NF IDs, e.g., the AF ID, and ACF ID, to identify one or more NFs that control and manage the one or more applications. In some embodiments, the message 706 further includes an application ID to identify an application. In some embodiments the message 706 further includes DN information, for example, a DNN of the data network that hosts the one or more applications. In some embodiments, the message 706 further includes network slice information indicating at least one network slice that is associated with (e.g., used by) the one or more applications, such as S-NSSAI.
[0171] In some embodiments, the DSF 526 stores the received information in the parameter storage request message 706. The DSF 526 may send a parameter storage response message 708 to the ACF 528 to acknowledge the receipt of the parameter storage request message 706.
[0172] In some embodiments, the ACF 528 may send a session information provisioning request message 710 to the CMF 524. In some embodiments, the message 710 provides session information to the AN 510 so that the AN can prepare the AN resource to support the data session. In some embodiments, the message 710 includes the device group information. In some embodiments, the message 710 further includes one or more of: a start time for the data session, a duration for the data session, and an end time for the data session. In some embodiments, the message 710 further includes one or more NF IDs, e.g., the AF ID, and ACF ID, to identify one or more NFs that control and manage the one or more applications. In some embodiments, the message 710 further includes an application ID to identify an application. In some embodiments, the message 710 further includes network slice information indicating at least one network slice that is associated with (e.g., used by) the one or more applications, such as S-NSSAI.
[0173] In some embodiments, the CMF 524 selects 712 one or more ANs that can support the data session. In some embodiments the CMF 524 selects 712 one or more radio nodes of the one or more ANs that can support the data session. For example, the CMF may select an AN that can provide large bandwidth to support high data rate of many devices simultaneously.
[0174] In some embodiments, the CMF sends a session information provisioning request message 714 to an AN 510, which may refer to one or more of: selected one or more ANs or selected one or more radio nodes of one or more ANs. In some embodiments, the message 714 includes device group information. In some embodiments, the message 714 further includes one or more of: a start time for the data session, a duration for the data session, and an end time for the data session. In some embodiments, the message 714 further includes one or more NF IDs, e.g., the AF ID, and ACF ID, to identify one or more NFs that control and manage the one or more applications. In some embodiments, the message 714 further includes an application ID to identify an application. In some embodiments, the message 714 further includes network slice information indicating at least one network slice that is associated with (e.g., used by) the one or more application, such as S-NSSAI.
[0175] In some embodiments, the AN 510 determines whether the AN resources are sufficient to support one or more or all devices of the data session. In some embodiments, the AN 510 checks the AN resources that provide connections for each device of the group of devices. For example, the AN 510 may check to ensure that resources are available to support the same QoS parameters for all devices in the group of devices.
[0176] In some embodiments, the AN 510 sends a session information provisioning response message 716 to the CMF 524. In some embodiments, the message 716 includes one or more parameters including an indication indicating whether the AN can support the data session. In some embodiments, the one or more parameters in message 716 further include one or more supported QoS parameters. In some embodiments the one or more parameters in message 716 further include one or more supported QoS profiles, where each QoS profile may include a set of QoS parameters.
[0177] In some embodiments, the CMF 524 receives the session information provisioning response message 716. In some embodiments, the CMF 524 sends a session information provisioning response message 718 to the ACF 528. In some embodiments, the session information provisioning response message 718 includes one or more parameters of the session information provisioning response message 716.
[0178] In some embodiments, the ACF 528 receives the session information provisioning response message 718. In some embodiments, based on the response message 718, the ACF 718 determines whether the data session can be supported in the network and one or more QoS parameters of the data session. In some embodiments, the ACF 528 sends a parameter provisioning response message 720 to the AF. In some embodiments, the message 720 may be sent via the CPGW 536, where ACF 528 sends the parameter provisioning response message 720 to CPGW 536, which sends a parameter provision response message 722 including the information in the message 720 to AF 552. In some embodiments, each message 720 and 722 includes an indication indicating whether the mobile network can support the data session. In some embodiments, each message 720 and 722 further includes one or more supported QoS parameters. In some embodiments, each message 720 and 722 further includes supported QoS profiles, where each QoS profile may include a set of QoS parameters.
[0179] Some embodiments may provide for the establishment of a data session. In some embodiments, the establishment of a data session is triggered by a device, which may be a member of a group of devices. FIG. 8 illustrates a procedure for data session establishment triggered by a device, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the device 502 is a member of a group of devices.
[0180] In some embodiments, a device 502 requests the network to establish a data session to communicate with a server. The data session may allow the device to send (provide) data packets to the server and / or receive data packets from the server. The AN may need to know or identify which data sessions of which devices belong to the same session so that the AN can provide resources to meet all the QoS requirements, including packet delay for all PDU sets of the devices in the group of devices. In some embodiments, a DWDPF 542 receives all data streams from sensors in the devices to generate, for example, a media content such as videos, so that the media content may be distributed to consumers in real-time or in a non-real-time.
[0181] FIG. 8 illustrates a procedure for data session establishment triggered by the device, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Procedure 800 includes the device 502 sending a device data session establishment request message 802 to the AN 520. The AN 520 may refer to an AN or a node of an AN. In some embodiments, the message 802 requests the network to establish a data session between the device and an application server, e.g., a DWDPF 542, in the mobile network. In some embodiments, the message 802 includes an ID of the device (or device ID) to identify the device. In some embodiments, the message 802 further includes an ID of the data session (or a data session ID) to uniquely identify the data session of the device. In some embodiments, the message 802 further includes one or more of: a DNN, a network slice information (e.g., S-NSSAI) , and an ID of an application (or application ID) that indicate the application the device wants to access. In some embodiments, the message 802 further includes one or more QoS parameter requirements for the device. In some embodiments, any combination of DNN, network slice information, and application ID may be sufficient to identify which application the device wants to access.
[0182] The AN 520 may receive the data session establishment request message 802 sent from the device. In some embodiments, the AN 520 sends an AN data session establishment request message 804 to the CMF 524, which may include one or more information in the message 802 received from the device. In some embodiments, the AN data session establishment request message 804 further includes location information of the device, which may include one or more of: an ID of the AN (or AN ID) , and an ID of a cell (or cell ID) of the AN.
[0183] The CMF 524 may receive the message 804 from the AN 520. In some embodiments, the CMF 524 selects an SMF 525 to establish a data plane connection for the device 502. In some embodiments, the CMF has knowledge of the device group information, and the CMF may select the same SMF or SMF set that has (already) been selected to serve one more devices within the group of devices to which the device 502 belongs.
[0184] In some embodiments, the CMF 524 sends a CMF data session establishment request message 806 to the selected SMF 525. In some embodiments, the CMF data session establishment request message 806 includes one or more information included in the AN data session establishment request message 804.
[0185] In some embodiments, if the SMF does not have the device subscription data, the SMF sends a device subscription data request message 810 to the DMF 527 to obtain the device subscription data. In some embodiments, the device subscription data request message 810 includes one or more of: the device ID, the DNN of the DN that hosts the one or more applications, network slice information, and the application ID that the UE device wants to access.
[0186] In some embodiments, the DMF 527 sends a device subscription data retrieval request message 812 to the DSF 526. The message 812 may include the device ID. In some embodiments, the DSF 526 sends a device subscription data retrieval response 814 to the DMF 527, which includes the device subscription data and device group information.
[0187] In some embodiments, the DMF 527 checks whether the device subscription data indicates that the device has subscription for one or more parameters including: the DNN, the network slice information, and the application ID. If the device subscription data does not include one or more of these parameters, the DMF may reject the device data session establishment request.
[0188] In some embodiments, the DMF 527 sends a device subscription data response message 816 to the SMF 525. The response message 816 may include an indication indicating whether the device’s request for data session establishment is rejected or accepted. In some embodiments, the response message 816 further includes a cause of rejection if the device’s request for the data session establishment is rejected. In some embodiments, the response message 816 further includes device subscription data if the device’s request for data session establishment is accepted. In some embodiments, the device subscription data includes the device group information.
[0189] In some embodiments, if the device is allowed to establish the data session (e.g., device’s request for data session establishment is accepted) , the SMF selects an ACF 528 to obtain the information of the DWDPF 542. For example, the SMF 525 may select the same ACF that serves other devices of the same group of devices. In some embodiments, the SMF may select an ACF that can support one or more parameters: DNN, network slice ID, and application ID.
[0190] In some embodiments, the SMF 525 sends a DPF information request message 818 to the ACF 528 for information associated with a DPF for establishing the data session. In some embodiments, the DPF information request message 818 includes one or more of: the device ID, the location of the device, the device group information, and the application ID to identify the application. In some embodiments, the location of the device includes one or more of: the AN ID, and the cell ID of a radio node that provides connection for the device.
[0191] In some embodiments, the ACF 528 selects a DWDPF 542 to host one or more applications for one or more devices of the group of devices if the ACF has not done so already. In some embodiments, based on the parameters in the device group information, the ACF 528 identifies a DPF that can provide the necessary computing and communication resources, as well as software, to support the data session. In some embodiments, the ACF 528 sends a DPF establishment request message 820 to the selected DWDPF 542. In some embodiments, the request message 820 includes one or more of: the device ID, the application ID to identify the application, the device group information, a start time for the data session, a duration for the data session, an end time for the data session, and UL tunnel information. In some embodiment the UL tunnel information includes one or more of: an IP address of the DPF, a port number of the DPF, and an UL tunnel endpoint ID (TEID) .
[0192] In some embodiments, the DWDPF 542 instantiates the computing and communication resources to host the data session. In some embodiments, the DPF sends a DPF establishment response 822 to the ACF 528 to confirm that the DPF is ready to fulfill the requested service. In some embodiments, the DPF establishment response 822 includes the UL tunnel information if this information is not provided by the ACF. In some embodiments, the same UL tunnel information may be used to transfer packets of one or more (or all) devices of the group of devices from the same AN to the DPF.
[0193] In some embodiments, the ACF 528 sends a DPF information response message 824 to the SMF 525. In some embodiments, the information response message 824 includes one or more of: an ID of the DPF (or a DPF ID) identifying the DPF and the UL tunnel information. The UL tunnel information may include one or more of: an IP address of the DPF, a port number of the PDF, and a TEID.
[0194] In some embodiments, the SMF 525 sends a CMF data session establishment response message 826 to the CMF 524. The response message 826 may include one or more data containers. In some embodiments, the one or more data containers include one or more of: a data container associated with the CMF (or a CMF data container) , a data container associated with the AN (or an AN data container) , and a data container associated with the device (or a device data container) .
[0195] In some embodiments, the CMF data container is intended or expected to be received by the CFM. In some embodiments, the CMF data container includes one or more of the following parameters: a list of IDs of devices (or device IDs) in the group of devices, an indication to obtain device location data periodically if the CMF provides the device location, and a periodicity for reporting the device location. In some embodiments, if other devices in the group of devices request other data sessions associated with the same one or more applications, the CMF 524 may select the same SMF, or the same SMF may be set to handle the data session establishment requests of these other devices.
[0196] In some embodiments, the AN data container is intended or expected to be received by the AN 520. In some embodiments, the AN data container includes one or more of: parameters for the device, UL tunnel information, and parameters for the group of devices. In some embodiments, the parameters for the device includes one or more of: the device ID, the data session ID, list of IDs of a set of data flows (or data flow IDs) , and one or more QoS parameter profiles for each data flow (of the set of data flows) of the data session of the device. In some embodiments, the AN selects at least one QoS parameter profile that includes one or more QoS parameters that the AN resource can support. In some embodiments, the AN 520 notifies the device 502 and the SMF 525 of the selected QoS parameter profile, allowing the device to adjust or select application parameters accordingly, such as, the video data rate, audio data rate, or 6DoF data rate.
[0197] In some embodiments, the UL tunnel information in the AN data container indicates an uplink tunnel for the group of devices to send uplink packets. In some embodiments, the UL tunnel information of the DPF is provided to the AN to enable the transmission of UL data packets to the DPF. In some embodiments, the same tunnel may be used to transmit packets from all devices within the group of devices.
[0198] In some embodiments, the parameters for the group of devices includes one or more of: a list of IDs of devices in the group of devices, an indication for the AN to provide a same QoS for all the devices in the group of devices, a second indication for the AN to obtain device location data periodically, a periodicity for reporting the location of the device, mobility information associated with one or more devices of the group of devices, and geometric arrangement of one or more devices in the group of devices.
[0199] In some embodiments, the device data container is intended or expected to be received by the device. In some embodiments, the device data container includes one or more of: the data session ID, an indication for the device indicating that a request of the device for data session establishment is accepted, the list of IDs of a set of data flows, a QoS parameter profile for each data flow of the set of data flows, an indication for the device to obtain device location data periodically if the device is to report the location of the device, and a periodicity for reporting the location of the device.
[0200] In some embodiments, the CMF 524 receives the CMF data session establishment response message 826. The CMF 524 may store one or more parameters included in the CMF data container. In some embodiments, the CMF sends an AN data session establishment response message 828 to the AN 520. In some embodiments, the response message 828 includes one or more of: the AN data container and the device data container received from the SMF.
[0201] In some embodiments, the AN 520 receives the AN data session establishment response message 828 from the SMF 525, sent via the CMF 524. In some embodiments, the AN sends a device data session establishment response message 830 to the device 502. The message 830 may include the device data container.
[0202] In some embodiments, the AN 520 uses parameters in the AN data container to select suitable QoS parameter profiles that the AN may support for the device and other devices within the same group of devices. The AN may also communicate with the device to establish radio resources for the data flows of the data session.
[0203] In some embodiments, the AN 520 may configure 832 radio resources for the device 502. In some embodiments, the AN 520 selects one or more devices in the group of devices to send a radio resource request when the one or more devices has data associated with one or more applications to transmit to the AN in the UL. In some embodiments, if a device is selected to send an UL radio resource request, the AN sends a parameter or command, such as “device or UE is requested to request UL radio resource. ” In some embodiments, if a device is not selected to send an UL radio resource request, the AN sends another parameter or command, such as “device or UE is not requested to request UL radio resource. ”
[0204] In some embodiments, the device 502 sends a device data session establishment acknowledgment message 834 to the AN 520. In some embodiments, this acknowledgment message 834 confirms that the device 502 has finished establishment of resources to support the data session. In some embodiments, this message is sent to the SMF.
[0205] In some embodiments, the AN send an AN data session establishment acknowledgment message 836 to the CMF 524. In some embodiments, the AN data session establishment acknowledgment message 836 includes the UE data establishment acknowledgment message 834. In some embodiments, the acknowledgment message 836 further includes a set of values corresponding to a set of QoS parameters supported by the AN. In some embodiments, the acknowledgment message 836 further includes one or more IDs of one or more QoS parameter profiles that are supported by the AN for the device 502 and other devices of the same group of devices. In some embodiments, the acknowledgment message 836 further includes DL tunnel information associated with the AN so that other data plane functions, such as the DWDPF 542, have the DL tunnel information for sending data packets. In some embodiments, the DL tunnel information includes one or more of: an IP address, a port number, and DL TEID.
[0206] In some embodiments, the CMF 524 receives the AN data session establishment acknowledgement message 836 from the AN. In some embodiments, the CMF 524 may send a CMF data session establishment acknowledgement message 838 to the SMF 525. In some embodiments, the CMF data session establishment acknowledgement message 838 includes the AN data session establishment acknowledgement message 836.
[0207] In some embodiments, the SMF 525 receives the DL tunnel information of the AN in the acknowledgement message 838. In some embodiments, the SMF sends a DP configuration update request message 840 to the DWDPF 542 to provide the DL tunnel information of the AN.
[0208] In some embodiments, the request message 840 includes one or more of the device ID, the data session ID of the device, and an ID of the DP session (or DP session ID) to identify a communication between the SMF and the DPF to support the data session. In some embodiments, the request message 840 further includes the DL tunnel information of the AN. In some embodiments, the request message 840 further includes one or more of: a set of values corresponding to the set of QoS parameters supported by the AN, and a set of IDs corresponding to a set of QoS parameter profiles that the AN supports.
[0209] In some embodiments, the DWDPF 542 sends a date plane (DP) configuration update response message 842 to acknowledge the receipt of request message 840.
[0210] According to some embodiments, procedure 800 may facilitate the establishment of the data tunnels in the UL and DL between the AN and DPF (e.g., DWDPF) . In some embodiments, a DPF or a UPF+ may be inserted or positioned between the AN and DPF. The SMF may establish two tunnels, one between the AN and DPF (or UPF) , and another between the DPF (or UPF+) and DWDPF, for each UL and DL directions.
[0211] In some embodiments, a device initiates a request to establish a data session with an AS in the DN, where the AS is associated with the one or more applications. The SMF may configure a user plane gateway (UPGW) in the data path between the device and the AS in the DN. The UPGW may subsequently forward data packets between the device and the AS in the DN.
[0212] Some embodiments of the present application relate to handling of UL data packets. In some embodiments, the data packets, such as video frames and audio frames from multiple devices, are synchronized to meet latency requirements, to permit, for example, immersive video experiences for consumers. In some embodiments, one or more operation of devices within the same group of devices is time-synchronized. In some embodiments, one or more devices within the same group of devices mark their packets by including or adding packet markers to the header of their respective packets, allowing network entities, such as the AN and DPF, to transfer or process the packets in accordance with multi-device packet set latency requirements. For example, all video frame packets from the devices captured at a specific time, T, may be marked with the same packet marker, which may be assigned by the application running on each of the devices.
[0213] FIG. 9 illustrates a procedure for UL data transmission, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. According to some embodiments, if a device 502 of a group of devices receives an indication or command from the AN 520 to request radio resources for data transmission in UL, or if the device independently determines to do so, procedure 900 may be implemented. In this procedure, the device 502 may send a radio resource request message 902 to the AN 520. In some embodiments, the request message 902 includes one or more of: a volume of data (or data volume) , a number of packets corresponding to the volume of data, and a packet marker. The data volume may refer to the amount of data the device intends to transfer to the network. This data may correspond to a multi-device packet set. The number of packets may refer to the number of packets that carry the data volume.
[0214] In some embodiments, the radio resource request 902 may be a request sent from one device of a device group, e.g., 502, on behalf the whole device group. Accordingly, the associated signaling messages (e.g., associated with requesting radio resources) may be reduced.
[0215] The packet marker may refer to a marker intended to be added to the packet header to indicate that the marked packet belongs to a multi-device packet set. In some embodiments, the packet marker is a timestamp. In some other embodiments, the packet marker includes numbers arranged in specific orders.
[0216] In some embodiments, one or more network entities, such as the AN, may use the packet marker to identify packets belonging to the same multi-device packet set. In some embodiments, when the packet marker is a timestamp, one or more network entities may use the timestamp information to schedule packet transmission in a manner that meets the latency requirements associated with the multi-device packet set.
[0217] According to some embodiments, if a device receives an indication or command from the AN indicating that the device is not required to request UL radio resources for data transmission, the device may omit or skip sending a request for UL radio resources. In such cases, one or more other devices in the group of devices may still need to request UL radio resources based on the data traffic statistics of all devices in the group of devices, which may be similar and may change slowly or gradually over time. As a result, the need for frequent signaling messages on control channels from the device to the AN may be reduced.
[0218] According to some embodiments, the AN 520 sends a radio resource response message 904 to the device 502. The response message 904 may include resource assignment parameters, such as one or more carrier ID (s) , one or more resource block ID (s) , and one or more physical channel ID (s) . In some embodiments, the resource assignment parameters assign one or more radio channels to the device for UL data transmission. In some embodiments, the AN broadcasts the radio resource response message 904.
[0219] In some embodiments, the device 502 adds 906 a packet marker to each packet of one or more packets of a multi-device packet set prior to transmission to the AN 520. In some embodiments, the packet marker is included in a field of one or more of: an IP packet header, an IP packet extension header, and a header of higher layer protocol. In some embodiments, the higher layer protocol is one or more of: a real-time protocol (RTP) , a real-time transport control protocol (RTCP) , and a media over QUIC (MoQ) protocol. As may be appreciated, QUIC may refer to Quick user datagram protocol (UDP) Internet Connection.
[0220] In some embodiments, the device 502 transmits or sends one or more UL data packets 908 to the AN using the one or more assigned radio channels. In some embodiments, each packet of the one or more packets includes a packet marker. In some embodiments, the AN 520 receives the UL data packets 908. The AN 520 may check 910 the packet markers to classify which packets belong to the same multi-device packet set. In some embodiments, the AN 520 classifies each packet of the one or more packets into a corresponding multi-device packet set based on a packet marker corresponding to said each packet.
[0221] In some embodiments, if the AN 520 identifies one or more marked packets, each marked packet indicative of being associated with a multi-device packet set, the AN may transfer 912 each marked packet of the one or more marked packets to a shared multi-device packet set buffer. In some embodiments, the shared buffer may store packets with the same marker received from one or more or all devices in the group of devices. In some embodiments, the AN 520 buffers each packet of the one or more packets in a buffer associated with the corresponding multi-device packet set.
[0222] In some embodiments, the AN 520 sends or transmits 914 packets from the multi-device packet set buffer to a destination node according to a delay budget (e.g., a multi-device packet set delay) associated with the corresponding multi-device packet set. In some embodiments, packets from multiple devices within the group of devices may be transmitted using the same tunnel between the AN and the DPF.
[0223] Embodiments described herein, including embodiments associated with FIGS. 7, 8, and 9, may be applicable to a variety of applications, including DW applications such as XR and VXR applications. In this regard, the terminology used to describe these embodiments may also encompass XR and VXR environments. For example, the term "device group information, " as used herein, may also include "XR or VXR device group information, " and the term "parameters" or "group parameters" similarly may include "XR or VXR parameters" or "XR or VXR group parameters. "
[0224] Similarly, in some embodiments, the "one or more applications" as referenced herein, including in connection with FIGS. 7, 8 and 9, may include a DW service, such as an XR or VXR service, and may further refer to XR or VXR applications. Similarly, a "session" as described herein may correspond to an XR session or a VXR session, while "data" or "data streams" may correspond to XR (or VXR) data or XR (or VXR) data streams, respectively. Furthermore, references to "sensors" may be inclusive of VXR sensors, and a "service" may include XR or VXR services.
[0225] Additionally, the processes for "data session establishment, " as illustrated in FIG. 8, may also apply to the establishment of XR or VXR data sessions. Likewise, references to "packets, " "data packets, " or "data transmission" may include "XR (or VXR) packets, " "XR (or VXR) data packets, " or "XR (or VXR) data transmission, " respectively. In addition, the term "AS" , as used herein, may encompass "XR or VXR AS" in the context of XR and VXR applications. Accordingly, the embodiments described herein, including those in connection with FIGS. 7, 8, and 9 may capture and support XR and VXR implementations.
[0226] FIG. 10 illustrates an example communication system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The communication system 1000 includes a RAN 1020 (which may be similar to the AN 510) , one or more communication EDs 1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d, 1010e, 1010f, 1010g, 1010h, 1010i, 1010j (collectively referred to as 1010 and may include device 502) , a core network 1030 (which may be similar to CN 520) , a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 1040, the internet 1050, and other networks 1060.
[0227] The RAN 1020 may include, but is not limited to, a future generation RAN, or a legacy RAN such as, but not limited to, 5th generation (5G) , 4th generation (4G) , 3rd generation (3G) or 2nd generation (2G) radio access network. The RAN 1020 may be, for example, an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) , a NextGen RAN (NG RAN) , or some other type of RAN. Examples of RAN 1020 based on the evolution of telecommunications standards include, but is not limited to, GSM (global system for mobile communications) and CDMA (code division multiple access) for 2G, UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) based on WCDMA (wideband code division multiple access) and CDMA2000 for 3G, LTE (long-term evolution) and WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) for 4G, and NR (New Radio) for 5G. In some implementations, the RAN 1020 may use any radio access technology (RAT) in the wireless interface between the one or more EDs 1010 and the RAN 1020. In some implementations, the term “radio access” may refer to the future generation air interface standards which may include both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) . The one or more communication EDs 1010 (also referred to as “user equipment” ) may be configured to connect (e.g., communicatively couple) with each other or to one or more network nodes 1070a, 1070b (collectively referred to as 1070) in the RAN 1020.
[0228] The CN 1030 is a part of the communication system 1000 and may include one or more network nodes (e.g., 1070a , 1070b) which provide support for the network features and telecommunication services. In some implementations, the CN 1030 may be dependent on the RAT used in the communication system 1000. In other implementations, the CN 1030 may be access-agnostic, i.e., the CN 1030 may be independent of the RAT used in the communication system 1000. There are different types of CN 1030, for different 3GPP system generations. For example, the CN 1030 is the evolved packet core (EPC) in 4G, also known as the evolved packet system (EPS) . In another example, the CN 1030 is the 5G Core (5GC) which was developed as part of the 5G system (5GS) . The CN 1030 also enables integration of different 3GPP and non-3GPP access types. In some implementations, the CN 1030 also provides the interface towards external networks that may include the PSTN 1040, the Internet 1050, and other networks 1060 in the communication system 1000.
[0229] In general, the communication system 1000 facilitates interaction between multiple wireless or wired elements. The communication system 1000 may transmit different types of content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, through different transmission methods such as, but not limited to, broadcast, multicast, groupcast, and unicast. Additionally, the communication system 1000 operates by allocating and / or sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, among its constituent elements.
[0230] The communication system 1000 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications including, but not limited to, enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) services, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) services, massive machine type communication (mMTC) services, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) , immersive communication, ultra-massive machine-type communication (uMTC) , hyper reliable and low-latency communication, ubiquitous connectivity, integrated AI and communication, and other services that can be provided by a future generation communication system. The communication system 1000 may provide other services and applications such as, but not limited to, earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility and the like.
[0231] FIG. 11 illustrates another example communication system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. One or embodiments described herein may apply to or be implemented by the communication system 1100. The communication system 1100 may be similar to and based on the communication system 1000 and includes EDs 1010a, 1010b, 1010c, 1010d (collectively referred to as ED 1010) , RANs 1020a, 1020b, one or more CNs 1030, a PSTN 1040, the internet 1050, and other networks 1060. Additionally, the communication system 1100 may also include a non-terrestrial network (NTN) 1020c. The RANs 1020a and 1020b may include network nodes 1070a and 1070b, respectively. Examples of network nodes 1070a, 1070b include base stations, which can be generally referred to as terrestrial network (TN) devices or terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 1070a and 1070b (collectively referred to as 1070) . TRP may refer to a base station in some embodiments. The T-TRPs 1070a, 1070b may be base stations mounted on a building or tower. In one implementation, the NTN 1020c includes a RAN node such as a base station 1072, which may be generally referred to as an NTN device, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, or a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 1072.
[0232] A base station 1070 (which may also refer to as a TRP) is a network element within a radio access network responsible for radio transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the ED (such as a user equipment) . In different implementations, the base station 1070 may also be known as a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, a non-terrestrial base station, and a positioning node, among other possibilities. The base station 1070 may be a macro base station (BS) , a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or combinations thereof. When the base station 1070 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the base station itself, one or more modules (or units) in the base station, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions within the base station.
[0233] The EDs 1010a-1010d and TRPs 1070a-1070b, 1072 are examples of communication equipment configured to implement some or all of the operations and / or implementations described herein. The T-TRP 1070a forms part of the RAN 1020a, which may include other TRPs, and / or other devices. Also, the TRP 1070b forms part of the RAN 1020b, which may include other TRPs, and / or devices. Each TRP 1070a, 1070b may transmit and / or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area, sometimes referred to as a “cell” or a “coverage area” . The TRPs 1070a-1070b may be responsible for allocating and / or configuring resources and transmission and / or reception in a set of cell (s) . A cell is a radio network object that can be uniquely identified by a cell identification that is broadcasted over a geographical region or area from base stations associated with the cell. The number of RANs 1020a-1020b shown is merely an example. Any number of RANs may be contemplated when designing the communication system 1100.
[0234] A base station may be a single element, as shown in the figures, or multiple elements distributed throughout the corresponding RAN, or otherwise configured. In some implementations, a plurality of RAN nodes coordinate to assist the ED 1010 in implementing radio access, and different RAN nodes separately implement and handle different functions of the base station. For example, the RAN node may be a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a CU-control plane (CP) , a CU-user plane (UP) , or a radio unit (RU) etc. The CU and the DU may be separately deployed, or included within the same element (i.e., a baseband unit (BBU) ) .
[0235] Furthermore, communication between different devices / apparatuses in various implementations of this disclosure may refer to direct communication (that is, without the need of forwarding by another device / apparatus) , or may refer to communication (s) between different devices / apparatuses via another device / apparatus (that is, requiring forwarding by another device / apparatus) . Alternatively, such communication (s) may involve one functional unit inside a device / apparatus using another functional unit within the device / apparatus to communicate with another device / apparatus. In other words, phrases such as "sending (or transmitting) information to. . . (an ED or a base station) " in this disclosure may be understood as a destination endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including, sending / transmitting information directly or indirectly to an ED or a base station. Similarly, phrases like "receiving information from. . . (an ED or a base station) " may be understood as a source endpoint of the information being an ED or a base station, including directly or indirectly receiving information from an ED or a base station. Between the source endpoint that sends the information and the destination endpoint, necessary processing such as, but not limited to, format conversion, digital-to-analog conversion, amplification, and filtering may be performed on the information. However, the destination endpoint may understand valid information from the source endpoint. A similar understanding applies to other descriptions in this disclosure without reiterating details already described. In the present disclosure, the terms "send" and "transmit" may be used interchangeably in different implementations of this disclosure.
[0236] The ED 1010 may be used to connect people, objects, machines, and other entities. The ED 1010 may be widely used in various scenarios including, but not limited to, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, and autonomous delivery and mobility.
[0237] Each ED 1010 may represent any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to as, but not limited to) a user equipment (UE) or a user device or a terminal device, a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , an MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus (such as a module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 1010 may be referred to by other terms. When an ED 1010 performs (or is configured to perform) a method described herein, it may be interpreted as the ED itself, one or more modules (or units) in the ED, a circuit or chip, or a combination thereof, performing the method. For example, the circuit or chip may include a modem chip, also referred to as a baseband chip, a system on chip (SoC) including a modem core, or system in package (SIP) ) , and the like, and may be responsible for one or more communication functions in the ED.
[0238] Each ED 1010 connected to TRPs 1070a-1070b, and / or TRPs 1072 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0239] Any ED 1010 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any of the TRPs 1070a, 1070b and 1072, the Internet 1050, the CN 1030, the PSTN 1040, the other networks 1060, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the ED 1010a may communicate an UL and / or DL transmission over a terrestrial air interface 1090a with station-TRP 1070a. In some examples, the EDs 1010a, 1010b, 1010c, and 1010d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 1090b. In some examples, the EDs 1010a, 1010d may communicate using an UL and / or DL transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 1090c with NT-TRP 1072.
[0240] An air interface (such as, for example, 1090a, 1090b, 1090c) generally includes a number of components and associated parameters that collectively specify how a transmission is intended or expected to be sent and / or received over a wireless communications link between two or more communicating devices such as EDs and base station (s) . For example, an air interface may include one or more components defining the waveform (s) , frame structure (s) , multiple access scheme (s) , protocol (s) , coding scheme (s) and / or modulation scheme (s) for conveying information (such as, data) over a wireless communications link. The air interfaces 1090a and 1090b may use similar communication technology, which may include any suitable radio access technology.
[0241] The non-terrestrial air interface 1090c can enable communication between the EDs 1010a, 1010d and one or more NT-TRPs 1072 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 1010 and one or more NT-TRPs 1072 for multicast transmission. In some embodiments, one ED 1010 may be served by only one T-TRP 1070 (or one NT-TRP 1072) , by more than one T-TRP 1070 (or more than one NT-TRP 1072) . One ED 1010 may be served by one or more T-TRP 1070 and one or more NT-TRP1072. Similarly, one T-TRP 1070 (or one NT-TRP1072) may serve one or more ED 1010
[0242] The TRPs 1070a-1070b, 1072 may communicate with one another over one or more air interfaces 1090e, 1090f using wireless communication links (such as radio frequency (RF) , microwave, infrared (IR) , etc. ) or wired communication links. The air interfaces 1090e, 1090f may utilize any suitable radio access technology, and may be substantially similar to the air interfaces 1090a, 1090c over which the EDs 1010a-1010d communicate with one or more of the TRP 1070a-1070b, 1072 or they may be substantially different. For example, the communication system 1000 or 1100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , code division multiple access (CDMA) , single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) , low density signature multicarrier code division multiple access (LDS-MC-CDMA) , non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) , pattern division multiple access (PDMA) , lattice partition multiple access (LPMA) , resource spread multiple access (RSMA) , and sparse code multiple access (SCMA) .
[0243] The RANs 1020a and 1020b may be in communication with the CN 1030 to provide the EDs 1010a 1010b, and 1010c with various services such as voice, data, multimedia, and other services. The RANs 1020a and 1020b and / or the CN 1030 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by the CN 1030, and may employ different radio access technologies from RAN 1020a and / or RAN 1020b. The CN 1030 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 1020a and 1020b and / or the EDs 1010a 1010b, and 1010c, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 1040, the Internet 1050, and the other networks 1060) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 1010a 1010b, and 1010c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. For example, the EDs 1010a 1010b, and 1010c communicate using different cellular communications protocols, such as, but not limited to, a global system for mobile communications (GSM) protocol, a code-division multiple access (CDMA) network protocol, a push-to-talk (PTT) protocol, a PTT over cellular (POC) protocol, a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) protocol, a 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) protocol, a fifth generation (5G) protocol, a new radio (NR) protocol, and the like. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 1010a 1010b, and 1010c may communicate using wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and / or to the Internet 1050. The PSTN 1040 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . The Internet 1050 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as internet protocol (IP) , transmission control protocol (TCP) , user datagram protocol (UDP) . EDs 1010a 1010b, and 1010c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and may incorporate one or multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0244] FIG. 12A illustrates an example apparatus 1210, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The apparatus 1210 may be a communication device or an apparatus implemented in a communication device such as the ED 1010, 502, or the TRPs 1070a, 1070b, 1072. For example, the apparatus 1210 implemented in an ED may be an integrated circuit, which in some instances may be referred to as a chip, a modem, a modem chip, a baseband chip, or a baseband processor. In some implementations, one or more integrated circuits can be packaged into a system-on-chip, a system-in-package, or a multi-chip module. The apparatus 1210 can include one or more integrated circuits and other discrete components. In some embodiments, apparatus 1210 is similar to, based on, or includes apparatus 310 or 320. In some implementations, the apparatus 1210 may be a module within one of the TRPs 1070a, 1070b, 1072, or the apparatus 310, 320.
[0245] In an example, the apparatus 1210 may include one or more processors 1211, and an interface circuit 1212. The apparatus 1210 may further include a memory 1213. The one or more processors 1211 may be configured to process signals and execute one or more communication protocols. The memory 1213 is configured to store at least a part of corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. In an example, the one or more processors 1211 execute the computer program instructions stored in the memory 1213 to implement related operations (for example, inputting, outputting, receiving, and transmitting) in the method embodiments disclosed herein. In some implementations, the memory 1213 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 1213 is configured to store all of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data for execution by the one or more processors 1211. In some implementations, the memory 1213 being configured to store the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may mean that the memory 1213 is configured to store a part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data. For example, the part of the corresponding computer program instructions and / or data may include computer program instructions and / or data that need to be currently executed by the one or more processors 1211. Thus, the memory 1213 may store different parts of computer program instructions and / or data for a plurality times for the one or more processors 1211 to perform related operations in the method embodiments disclosed herein.
[0246] As a communication interface, the interface circuit 1212 is configured to implement communication with another component. For example, the interface circuit 1212 may communicate a signal with another apparatus or system, such as a radio frequency processing apparatus or another processor. The signal may include or carry information intended as a payload, such as user data, control information, etc. The signal may also include or carry information useful to a receiver, but not necessarily as a payload, such as a pilot signal or reference signal. Communicating the signal may include transmitting the signal to another component or device. Communicating the signal may additionally or alternatively include receiving the signal from another component or device. Transmitting the signal may include outputting the signal to a component or device that is directly or indirectly coupled to the interface circuit 1212. Receiving the signal may include inputting or obtaining the signal from a component or device that is directly or indirectly couped to the interface circuit 1212. Optionally, to reduce a load of the one or more processors, a baseband signal processing circuit 1214 may be also disposed to implement processing of at least a part of baseband signals, including signal demodulation, modulation, encoding, decoding, or the like.
[0247] Apparatus 1210 may be processor 312 (or 360) in apparatus 310 (or 320) , in some scenario, or included in processor 312 (or 360) in apparatus 310 (or 320) in some scenario. Apparatus 1210 may be or include a baseband chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 1210 may be independently packaged into a chip. In some implementations, the apparatus 310 (or 320) includes different types of chips. The apparatus 1210 may be packaged into a processor chip (for example, a SoC chip or an SIP chip) with the different types of chips. In some implementations, the apparatus 1210 may be packaged into a chip with some or all of circuits of a radio frequency processing system that may further included in the apparatus 310 (or 320) .
[0248] FIG. 12B illustrates another example apparatus 1230 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The apparatus 1230 may include corresponding modules or units configured to implement methods and / or implementations described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus 1230 includes a processing unit 1232 and a communication unit 1233. Optionally, the apparatus 1230 may further include a storage unit 1231 configured to store apparatus program code (or instructions) and / or data.
[0249] The apparatus 1230 may be an ED side apparatus, for example, an ED or a module in an ED, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in an ED. In some implementations, apparatus 1230 may be implemented as apparatus 310, accordingly, the processing unit 1232 is implemented as processor 312, the communication unit 1233 is implemented as transmitter 301 and / or receiver 303, and the storage unit 1231 is implemented as memory 308.
[0250] The apparatus 1230 may be a base station side apparatus, for example, a base station or a module in a base station, or a circuit or a chip responsible for a communication function in a base station. In some implementations, apparatus 1230 may be implemented as apparatus 320, accordingly, the processing unit 1232 is implemented as processor 360 (the scheduler 353 may also be included) , the communication unit 1233 is implemented as transmitter 352 and / or receiver 354, and the storage unit 1231 is implemented as memory 358.
[0251] In some implementations, when the apparatus 1230 is an ED 1010 or a module in an ED 1010, a function of the apparatus 1230 may be implemented by one or more processors. The processor may include a modem chip, or a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core. A function of the communication unit 1233 may be implemented by a transceiver circuit.
[0252] In some implementations, when the apparatus 1230 is a circuit or a chip that is responsible for a communication function in an ED 1010 –such as a modem chip, a system on chip (SoC) chip or an SIP chip that includes a modem core –a function of the processing unit 1232 may be implemented by a circuit system within the chip which includes one or more processors. A function of the communication unit 1233 may be implemented by an interface circuit or a data transceiver circuit on the chip.
[0253] It may be understood that the units in the apparatus 1230 may be logical or functional. Each function may correspond to one functional unit, or two or more functions may be integrated into a single functional unit. In actual implementation, all or some of the units may be integrated into a single physical entity, or may be distributed across different physical entities. In addition, the functional units may be implemented in the form of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether a function is implemented in the form of hardware or software depends on particular applications and design constraint conditions of the technical solutions. A person skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for specific applications, but it should not be considered that the implementation goes beyond the scope of this disclosure.
[0254] In an example, a functional unit in any one of the apparatuses may be configured as one or more integrated circuits for implementing the methods disclosed herein, for example, as one or more application-specific integrated circuits (application-specific integrated circuits, ASICs) , one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more microprocessors or microprocessor units (MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers or microcontroller units (MCUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , or a combination of these.
[0255] In an example, the storage unit 1231 may include a random access memory, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a programmable read-only memory, an electrically erasable programmable memory, and / or a register.
[0256] A processor may be referred to as a processor system, an application processor, a baseband processor, a processor circuit, or a processor core. The processor may include one or a combination of one or more central processing units (CPUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more microprocessors (microprocessor units, MPUs) , one or more microcontrollers (microcontroller units, MCUs) , one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , one or more artificial intelligence processors (AI processors) , or one or more neural network processing units (NPUs) .
[0257] Memory or a storage unit may include one or more of the following storage media: a random access memory (RAM) , a static random access memory (static RAM, SRAM) , a dynamic random access memory (dynamic RAM, DRAM) , a phase-change memory (PCM) , a resistive random access memory (resistive RAM, ReRAM) , a magnetoresistive random access memory (magnetoresistive RAM, MRAM) , a ferroelectric random access memory (ferroelectric RAM, FRAM) , a cache, a register, a read-only memory (ROM) , a flash memory (flash memory) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (erasable programmable ROM, EPROM) , a hard disk, and the like. In an example, computer program instructions used to execute embodiments may be stored in a non-volatile memory, for example, at least a part of a memory or storage unit (for example, one or more of a ROM, a flash memory, an EPROM, or a hard disk) . When a terminal runs, a part or all of corresponding computer program instructions may be loaded to a memory that has a higher transmission speed with the processor, for example, at least a part of a memory or a storage unit (for example, one or more of a RAM, an SRAM, a DRAM, a PCM, a RERAM, an MRAM, a FRAM, a cache, or a register) , so that the processor executes the computer program instructions to perform the steps in the method embodiments disclosed herein.
[0258] FIG. 13 illustrates a method for provisioning one or more parameters associated with one or more applications to a mobile network, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 1300 may be performed by an ACF of mobile network. In some embodiments, method 1300 may be based on and include one or more operations in method 700. The method includes, receiving 1301, by the ACF of the mobile network from an AF, a parameter provisioning request. This request may be similar to the parameter provisioning request 704 and 702. The parameter request may include one or more parameters associated with one or more applications that are managed by the ACF. The one or more parameters includes device group information and information related to a data session. The method further includes sending 1302, by the ACF to the AF, a parameter provisioning response indicating that the data session is supported by the mobile network. The parameter provisioning response may be similar to response 720 and 722. The parameter provisioning response may include one or more of:one or more supported quality of service (QoS) profiles for the group of devices, and a set of supported QoS parameters corresponding to the one or more supported QoS profiles.
[0259] FIG. 14 illustrates a method related to a data session associated with one or more applications, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 1400 may be performed by a node of the AN. In some embodiments, method 1500 may be based on and include one or more operations in one or more methods 700, 800 and 900. The method includes receiving 1401, by the node of the AN from a CMF, a first message including information related to a data session associated with one or more applications. The first message may further indicate a group of devices associated with the data session. The method further includes sending 1402, by the node of the AN to the CMF, a second message indicating that the data session is supported. In some embodiments, the first message is a session information provisioning request including a first set of parameters associated with the one or more applications. The session information provisioning request may be similar to request 714. In some embodiments, the first set of parameters includes a device group information identifying the group of devices associated with the one or more applications. In some embodiments, the second message is a session information provisioning response, similar to response 716, indicating that the AN can support the data session associated with the one or more applications. In some embodiments, the first message is a data session establishment response, similar to response 828, including a data container associated with the AN and a data container associated with a device of the group of devices. In some embodiments, the second message is a data session establishment acknowledgment message, similar to message 836, indicating that the device has established resources to support the data session.
[0260] FIG. 15 illustrates a method for establishing a data session, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 1500 may be performed by a SMF. In some embodiments, the method 1500 may be based on and include one or more operations in method 800. The method 1500 includes receiving 1501, by the SMF from a CMF, a data session establishment request to establish a data session associated with a device and one or more applications. The data session establishment request may be similar to the request 806. The method may further include sending 1502, by the SMF to a DMF, a device subscription data request to request subscription data of the device. The device subscription data request may be similar to the request 810. The method may further include receiving 1503, by the SMF from the DMF, a device subscription data response indicating that the device subscription data request is accepted. The device subscription data response may be similar to the response 816. In some embodiments, the device subscription data response includes device group information identifying a group of devices associated with the data session, the group of devices including the device.
[0261] FIG. 16 illustrates a method for obtaining radio resources for a group of devices, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The method 1600 may be performed by a device of the group of devices. In some embodiments, method 1600 may be based on and include one or more operations in method 900. The method 1600 includes receiving 1601, by a device from a node of an AN, a message including a radio resource response. In some embodiments, the message is the radio resource response 904. The device may be a member of a group of devices associated with one or more applications. The radio resource response may include resource assignment parameters identifying a radio channel. The method may further include adding 1602, by the device, a packet marker to each packet of one or more packets for transmission to the node of the AN. In some embodiments, the adding step may be similar to operation 906 of marking packets of multi-UE (or multi-device) packet set. The packet marker may indicate that said each packet of the one or more packets are associated with a multi-device packet set of the group of devices. The method may further includes sending 908, by the device to the node of the AN, the one or more packets using the radio channel, said each packet of the one or more packets including the packet marker.
[0262] A person skilled in the art should understand that embodiments of this application may be provided as a method, an apparatus (or system) , computer-readable storage medium, or a computer program product. Therefore, this application may use a form of a hardware-only embodiment, a software-only embodiment, or an embodiment with a combination of software and hardware. Moreover, this application may use a form of a computer program product that is implemented on one or more computer-usable storage media (including but not limited to a disk memory, an optical memory, and the like) that include computer-usable program code.
[0263] Embodiments of the present application can be implemented using electronics hardware, software, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the application is implemented by one or multiple computer processors executing program instructions stored in memory. In some embodiments, the application is implemented partially or fully in hardware, for example using one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) to rapidly perform processing operations.
[0264] In the present disclosure, the terms “a” or “an” are defined to mean “at least one” , that is, these terms do not exclude a plural number of items, unless stated otherwise.
[0265] In the present disclosure, terms such as “substantially” , “generally” and “about” , which modify a value, condition or characteristic of a feature of an example embodiment, should be understood to mean that the value, condition or characteristic is defined within tolerances that are acceptable for the proper operation of the example embodiment for its intended application.
[0266] In the present disclosure, unless stated otherwise, the terms “connected” and “coupled” , and derivatives and variants thereof, refer herein to any structural or functional connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. For example, the connection or coupling between the elements can be acoustical, mechanical, optical, electrical, thermal, logical, or any combinations thereof.
[0267] In the present disclosure, expressions such as “match” , “matching” and “matched” , including variants and derivatives thereof, are intended to refer herein to a condition in which two or more elements are either the same or within some predetermined tolerance of each other. That is, these terms are meant to encompass not only “exactly” or “identically” matching the two elements but also “substantially” , “approximately” or “subjectively” matching the two or more elements, as well as providing a higher or best match among a plurality of matching possibilities.
[0268] In the present disclosure, the expression “based on” is intended to mean “based at least partly on” , that is, this expression can mean “based solely on” or “based partially on” , and so should not be interpreted in a limited manner. More particularly, the expression “based on” could also be understood as meaning “depending on” , “representative of” , “indicative of” , “associated with” or similar expressions.
[0269] In the present disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably in different embodiments of this application. "At least one" means one or more, and "a plurality of" means two or more. The term "and / or" describes an association relationship of associated objects, and indicates that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may indicate the following three cases: Only A exists, both A and B exist, and only B exists, where A and B may be singular or plural. The character " / " indicates an "or" relationship between associated objects. "At least one of the following items (pieces) " or a similar expression thereof indicates any combination of these items, including a single item (piece) or any combination of a plurality of items (pieces) . For example, "at least one of A, B, or C" includes A, B, C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A, B, and C, and "at least one of A, B, and C" may also be understood as including A, B, C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A, B, and C. In addition, unless otherwise specified, ordinal numbers such as "first" and "second" in embodiments of this application are used to distinguish between a plurality of objects, and are not used to limit a sequence, a time sequence, priorities, or importance of the plurality of objects.
[0270] It will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the technology have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the technology. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded simply as an illustration of the application as defined by the appended claims, and are contemplated to cover any and all modifications, variations, combinations or equivalents that fall within the scope of the present application. In particular, it is within the scope of the technology to provide a computer program product or program element, or a program storage or memory device such as a magnetic or optical wire, tape or disc, or the like, for storing signals readable by a machine, for controlling the operation of a computer according to the method of the technology and / or to structure some or all of its components in accordance with the system of the technology.
[0271] This application is described with reference to the flowcharts and / or block diagrams of the method, the device (system) , and the computer program product according to this application. It should be understood that computer program instructions may be used to implement each process and / or each block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams and a combination of a process and / or a block in the flowcharts and / or the block diagrams. The computer program instructions may be provided for a general-purpose computer, a dedicated computer, an embedded processor, or a processor of another programmable data processing device to generate a machine, so that the instructions executed by the computer or the processor of the another programmable data processing device generate an apparatus for implementing a specific function in one or more procedures in the flowcharts and / or in one or more blocks in the block diagrams.
[0272] Acts associated with the method described herein can be implemented as coded instructions in a computer program product. In other words, the computer program product is a computer-readable medium upon which software code is recorded to execute the method when the computer program product is loaded into memory and executed on the microprocessor of the wireless communication device.
[0273] Further, each operation of the method may be executed on any computing device, such as a personal computer, server, PDA, or the like and pursuant to one or more, or a part of one or more, program elements, modules or objects generated from any programming language, such as C++, Java, or the like. In addition, each operation, or a file or object or the like implementing each said operation, may be executed by special purpose hardware or a circuit module designed for that purpose.
[0274] Through the descriptions of the preceding embodiments, the present application may be implemented by using hardware only or by using software and a necessary universal hardware platform. Based on such understandings, the technical solution of the present application may be embodied in the form of a software product. The software product may be stored in a non-volatile or non-transitory storage medium, which can be a compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , USB flash disk, or a removable hard disk. The software product includes a number of instructions that enable a computer device (personal computer, server, or network device) to execute the methods provided in the embodiments of the present application. For example, such an execution may correspond to a simulation of the logical operations as described herein. The software product may additionally or alternatively include a number of instructions that enable a computer device to execute operations for configuring or programming a digital logic apparatus in accordance with embodiments of the present application.
[0275] Although the present application has been described with reference to specific features and embodiments thereof, it is evident that various modifications and combinations can be made thereto without departing from the application. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded simply as an illustration of the application as defined by the appended claims, and are contemplated to cover any and all modifications, variations, combinations or equivalents that fall within the scope of the present application.
Claims
A method comprising:receiving, by an application control function (ACF) of a mobile network from an application function (AF) , a parameter provisioning request including one or more parameters associated with one or more applications that are managed by the ACF, the one or more parameters including device group information and information related to a data session, the device group information related to a group of devices associated with the data session; andsending, by the ACF to the AF, a parameter provisioning response indicating that the data session is supported by the mobile network, the parameter provisioning response including one or more of: one or more supported quality of service (QoS) profiles for the group of devices, and a set of supported QoS parameters corresponding to the one or more supported QoS profiles.The method of claim 1, wherein the ACF receives the parameter provisioning request from the AF via a control plane gateway (CPGW) .The method of claim 2, wherein the ACF sends the parameter provisioning response to the AF via the CPGW.The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the one or more applications are digital world applications, wherein the ACF is a digital world control function (DWCF) that manages the digital world applications.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the one or more parameters further include one or more of: a start time for the data session, a duration for the data session, an end time for the data session, an application server (AS) location, an identifier (ID) of the AF, an ID of an application of the one or more applications, a data network name (DNN) of a data network (DN) that hosts the one or more applications, and network slice information indicating at least one network slice.The method of claim 2 or 3, wherein the ACF is selected by the CPGW based on an associated profile that includes one or more of: an indication to support the one or more applications, a data network name (DNN) that the ACF can support, network slice information, a service location, and an identifier (ID) of an application of the one or more applications.The method of any one of claims 1 to 6 further comprising:sending, by the ACF to a data storage function (DSF) , a parameter storage request to store the information related to the data session, the parameter storage request including the one or more parameters associated with the one or more applications and an identifier (ID) of the ACF; andreceiving, by the ACF from the DSF, a parameter storage response acknowledging receipt of the parameter storage request.The method of claim 5 further comprising:sending, by the ACF to a connection management function (CMF) , a session information provisioning request including the information related to the data session, the session information provisioning request including a second set of parameters associated with the one or more applications, the second set of parameters including one or more of: the device group information, the start time for the data session, the duration for the data session, the end time for the data session, the ID of the AF, an ID of the ACF, the ID of the application, and the network slice information indicating the at least one network slice; andreceiving, by the ACF from the CMF, a session information provisioning response indicating that the data session can be supported by the mobile network, the session information provisioning response further including one or more of: the one or more supported QoS profiles for the group of devices, and the set of supported QoS parameters corresponding to the one or more supported QoS profiles.A method comprising:receiving, by a node of an access network (AN) from a connection management function (CMF) , a first message including information related to a data session associated with one or more applications, the first message further indicating a group of devices associated with the data session; andsending, by the node of the AN to the CMF, a second message indicating that the data session is supported.The method of claim 9, wherein:the first message is a session information provisioning request including a first set of parameters associated with the one or more applications, the first set of parameters including a device group information identifying the group of devices associated with the one or more applications; andthe second message is a session information provisioning response indicating that the AN can support the data session associated with the one or more applications.The method of claim 10, wherein the first set of parameters further include one or more of: a start time for the data session, a duration for the data session, an end time for the data session, an identifier (ID) of an application function (AF) , an ID of an application control function (ACF) that manages the one or more applications, an ID of an application of the one or more applications, and network slice information indicating one or more network slices.The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more applications are digital world applications, wherein the ACF is a digital world control function (DWCF) that manages the digital world applications.The method of claim 10, wherein the session information provisioning response includes one or more of: one or more supported quality of service (QoS) profiles, and a set of supported QoS parameters corresponding to the one or more supported QoS profiles.The method of claim 9, wherein:the first message is a data session establishment response including a data container associated with the AN and a data container associated with a device of the group of devices; andthe second message is a data session establishment acknowledgment message indicating that the device has established resources to support the data session.The method of claim 14 further comprising:receiving, by the node of the AN from the device, a first data session establishment request to establish the data session, the first data session establishment request including a set of parameters associated with the data session; andsending, by the node of the AN to the CMF, a second data session establishment request including the set of parameters associated with the data session and location information of the device including one or more of: an identifier (ID) of the AN, and an ID of a cell of the AN.The method of claim 15, wherein the set of parameters associated with the data session includes one or more of: an ID of the device, an ID of the data session, a data network name (DNN) of a data network (DN) that hosts the one or more applications, network slice information indicating at least one network slice, an ID of an application that the device wants to access, and one or more quality of service (QoS) parameter requirements for the device.The method of any one of claims 14 to 16 further comprising:sending, by the node of the AN to the device, a second data session establishment response including the data container associated with the device; andreceiving, by the node of the AN from the device, a second data session establishment acknowledgement message including an indication that the device has established resources to support the data session.The method of claim 14, wherein:the data container associated with the AN includes one or more of: an ID of the device, an ID of the data session, a list of IDs of a set of data flows related to the data session, a quality of service (QoS) parameter profile for each data flow of the set of data flows, uplink (UL) tunnel information indicating an uplink tunnel for the group of devices to send uplink packets, a list of IDs of devices in the group of devices, an indication for the AN to provide a same QoS for all the devices of the group of devices, a second indication for the AN to obtain device location data periodically, a periodicity for reporting a location of the device, mobility information associated with one or more devices of the group of devices, geometric arrangement of the devices in the group of devices; andthe data container associated with the device includes one or more of: an ID of the data session, an indication for the device indicating that a request of the device for data session establishment is accepted, the list of IDs of the set of data flows, the QoS parameter profile for each data flow of the set of data flows, an indication for the device to obtain the device location data periodically if the device is to report the location of the device, and a second periodicity for reporting the location of the device.The method of claim 14 further comprising:selecting, by the node of the AN, one or more quality of service (QoS) parameter profiles that the AN can support for the device based on the data container associated with the AN; andestablishing, by the node of the AN for the device, radio resources for a set of data flows of the data session.The method of claim 17, wherein the data session establishment acknowledgment message includes one or more of:the second data session establishment acknowledgment message received from the device;a set of values corresponding to a set of quality of service (QoS) parameters supported by the AN;IDs of one or more QoS parameter profiles that are supported by the AN for the device; anddownlink (DL) tunnel information associated with the AN, the DL tunnel information including one or more of: an internet protocol (IP) address, a port number, and a DL tunnel endpoint ID (TEID) .The method of any one of claims 9 to 20 further comprising:receiving, by the node of the AN from the device, a radio resource request including one or more of: a volume of data, a number of packets corresponding to the volume of data, and a packet marker indicating that a corresponding packet of the device is associated with a multi-device packet set of the group of devices;broadcasting, by the node of the AN, a radio resource response, the radio resource response including resource assignment parameters identifying a radio channel that can be used by the device; andreceiving, by the node of the AN from the device, one or more packets via the radio channel, each of the one or more packets including a corresponding packet marker.The method of claim 21 further comprising:classifying, by the node of the AN, each packet of the one or more packets into a corresponding multi-device packet set based on the corresponding packet marker;buffering, by the node of the AN, each packet of the one or more packets in a buffer associated with the corresponding multi-device packet set; andsending, by the node of the AN to a destination node, each packet of the one or more packets in the buffer according to a delay budget associated with the corresponding multi-device packet set.The method of claim 22, wherein the destination node is a data plane function (DPF) .The method of claim 23, wherein the DPF is a digital world data processing function (DWDPF) .A method comprising:receiving, by a session management function (SMF) from a connection management function (CMF) , a data session establishment request to establish a data session associated with a device and one or more applications;sending, by the SMF to a data management function (DMF) , a device subscription data request to request subscription data of the device; andreceiving, by the SMF from the DMF, a device subscription data response indicating that the device subscription data request is accepted, the device subscription data response including device group information identifying a group of devices associated with the data session, the group of devices including the device.The method of claim 25, wherein the data session establishment request includes a first set of parameters associated with the data session, the first set of parameters including one or more of: an ID of the device, an ID of the data session, a data network name (DNN) of a data network (DN) that hosts the one or more applications, network slice information indicating at least one network slice, an ID of an application that the device wants to access, and one or more quality of service (QoS) parameter requirements for the device, and an ID of an access network (AN) node associated with the device, and an ID of a cell of the AN.The method of claim 25, wherein the SMF serves the group of devices associated with the data session.The method of claim 25, wherein the device subscription data request includes one or more of: an ID of the device, a data network name (DNN) of a data network (DN) that hosts the one or more applications, network slice information indicating at least one network slice, and an ID of an application that the device wants to access.The method of claim 25 further comprising selecting, by the SMF, an application control function (ACF) based on one or more of the following:the ACF serving one or more devices in the group of devices; andthe ACF supporting one or more of: a data network name (DNN) of a data network (DN) that hosts the one or more applications, network slice information indicating at least one network slice associated with the one or more applications, and an ID of an application that the device wants to access.The method of claim 25 further comprising:sending, by the SMF to an application control function (ACF) , an information request for information associated with a data plane function (DPF) for establishing the data session;receiving, by the SMF from the ACF, an information response including an identifier (ID) of the DPF and uplink (UL) tunnel information, the UL tunnel information including one or more of: an internet protocol (IP) address of the DPF, a port number of the DPF, and an UL tunnel endpoint ID (TEID) ; andsending, by the SMF to the CMF, a data session establishment response including one or more data containers.The method of claim 30, wherein the DPF is a digital world data processing function (DWDPF) .The method of claim 30, wherein the information request includes one or more of: an ID of the device, an ID of an access network (AN) node associated with the device, and an ID of a cell of the AN associated with the device, the device group information, an ID of an application that the device wants to access.The method of claim 30, wherein:the one or more data containers include a data container associated with the CMF, a data container associated with the AN, and a data container associated with the device;the data container associated with CMF includes one or more of: a list of IDs of devices in the group of devices, an indication for the CMF to obtain device location data periodically if the CMF provides a location of the device, and a periodicity for reporting the location of the device;the data container associated with the AN includes one or more of: an ID of the device, an ID of the data session, a list of IDs of a set of data flows, a quality of service (QoS) parameter profile for each data flow of the data session, the UL tunnel information indicating an uplink tunnel for the group of devices to send uplink packets, the list of IDs of devices in the group of devices, an indication for the AN to provide a same QoS for all the devices in the group of devices, a second indication for the AN to obtain device location data periodically, a second periodicity for reporting the location of the device, mobility information associated with one or more devices of the group of devices, geometric arrangement of the devices in the group of devices; andthe data container associated with the device includes one or more of: an ID of the data session, an indication for the device indicating that a request of the device for data session establishment is accepted, the list of IDs of the set of data flows, a QoS parameter profile for each data flow of the set of data flows, an indication for the device to obtain device location data periodically if the device is to report the location of the device, and a third periodicity for reporting the location of the device.The method of claim 30 further comprising:receiving, by the SMF from the CMF, a data session establishment acknowledgement message indicating that the data session is supported by an access network (AN) associated with the device.The method of claim 34, wherein the data session establishment acknowledgement message includes one or more of:a data session establishment acknowledgment message associated with the device indicating that the device has established resources to support the data session;a set of values corresponding to a set of quality of service (QoS) parameters supported by the AN;IDs of one or more QoS parameter profiles that are supported by the AN for the device; anddownlink (DL) tunnel information associated with the AN, the DL tunnel information including one or more of: an IP address, a port number, and a DL tunnel endpoint ID (TEID) .The method of claim 35 further comprising:sending, by the SMF to the DPF, a data plane (DP) configuration update request to provide the DL tunnel information, the DP configuration update request including one or more of: an ID of the device, an ID of the data session, an ID of the DP session to identify a communication between the SMF and the DPF to support the data session, the set of values corresponding to the set of QoS parameters supported by the AN, a set of IDs corresponding to a set of QoS parameter profiles that the AN supports; andreceiving, by the SMF from the DPF, a DP configuration update response acknowledging reception of the DP configuration update request.A method comprising:receiving, by a device from a node of an access network (AN) , a message including a radio resource response, the radio resource response including resource assignment parameters identifying a radio channel, the device being a member of a group of devices associated with one or more applications;adding, by the device, a packet marker to each packet of one or more packets for transmission to the node of the AN, the packet marker indicating that said each packet of the one or more packets is associated with a multi-device packet set of the group of devices; andsending, by the device to the node of the AN, the one or more packets using the radio channel, said each packet of the one or more packets including the packet marker.The method of claim 37, wherein the resource assignment parameters include one or more of: an identifier (ID) of a carrier, an ID of a resource block, and an ID of a physical channel.The method of claim 37 or 38 further comprising: sending, by the device to the node of the AN, a radio resource request including one or more of: a volume of data, a number of packets corresponding to the volume of data, and the packet marker.The method of claim 39, wherein the radio resource request is a request for radio resources of the group of devices.The method of any one of claims 37 to 40, wherein:the packet marker is one or more of: a timestamp, and a number based on an order;the packet marker is indicated in a field of one or more of: an internet protocol (IP) packet header, an IP packet extension header, a header of a higher layer; andwherein the higher layer is one or more of: a real-time protocol (RTP) , a real-time transport control protocol (RTCP) , and a media over QUIC (MoQ) protocol.The method of any one of claims 37 to 41, wherein the group of devices is time synchronized.An apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one machine-readable medium storing instructions which when executed by the at least one processor configure the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 42.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 42.A computer program product storing instructions which, when executed, cause an apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 42.An apparatus for implementing the method according to any one of claims 1 to 42.An apparatus comprising computing electronics and configured to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 42.