Transmission enhancements in a-IOT system
The described methods and apparatuses optimize R2D and D2R transmissions in A-IoT systems, addressing efficiency and power consumption challenges by scheduling resources based on time offsets and previous transmissions, thereby enhancing overall system performance.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- LENOVO (BEIJING) LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-08-14
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-18
AI Technical Summary
Existing A-IoT systems require transmission enhancements to improve efficiency and reduce complexity and power consumption, particularly in various topologies involving A-IoT devices and network communication devices.
Implementing methods and apparatuses that support efficient reader-to-device (R2D) and device-to-reader (D2R) transmissions by determining or scheduling resources based on time offsets and previous transmissions, with options for frequency calibration signals and resource indications.
Enhances transmission efficiency and reduces complexity and power consumption in A-IoT systems by optimizing resource allocation and communication protocols.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025114842_18062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TRANSMISSION ENHANCEMENTS IN A-IOT SYSTEMTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to transmission enhancements in an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) system.BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. Each network communication device, such as a base station may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) . Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .
[0003] A wireless communication system may include an A-IoT device, which has a lower capability in terms of complexity and power consumption. In this case, the wireless communication system may also be referred to as an A-IoT system. Multiple topologies, for example, Topologies 1 to 4, are supported for the A-IoT device. In Topology 1, the A-IoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with a BS. In Topology 2, the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the A-IoT device and a BS. In Topology 3, the A-IoT device communicates unidirectionally with a BS and communicates unidirectionally with an assisting node. In Topology 4, the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with a UE. However, some transmission enhancements in the A-IoT system considering one or more of the above topologies are still needed.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure relates to methods, apparatuses, and systems that support transmission enhancements in an A-IoT system. With the apparatuses and methods, it is possible to support an efficient transmission in the A-IoT system.
[0005] In some implementations, there is provided a first device. The first device comprises a processor, and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: perform a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission to a second device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is one of the following: determined based on a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission received from the second device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; or scheduled by the first device; and receive a second D2R transmission from the second device.
[0006] In some implementations, there is provided a method performed by the first device. The method comprises: performing a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission to a second device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is one of the following: determined based on a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission received from the second device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; or scheduled by the first device; and receiving a second D2R transmission from the second device.
[0007] In some implementations, there is provided a processor for wireless communication. The processor comprises at least one memory, and a controller coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the controller to: perform a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission to a second device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is one of the following: determined based on a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission received from the second device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; or scheduled by the first device; and receive a second D2R transmission from the second device.
[0008] In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the first R2D transmission may carry at least one of the following: a frequency calibration signal; one or more resources for the second D2R transmission; or information associated with the second device. Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further including determining the one or more resources for the second D2R transmission based on whether the first R2D transmission carries the frequency calibration signal. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the information associated with the second device may comprise one of the following: an identifier of the second device; part of the identifier of the second device; or a random number generated by the second device.
[0009] In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the first D2R transmission may carry request information, and the request information may comprise at least one of the following: a first request for a frequency calibration signal to be carried in the first R2D transmission; a second request for a resource for the second D2R transmission; or information associated with the second device. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the request information may be carried by a sequence, and a chip duration for the request information may be pre-defined; and / or the sequence may comprise one or more fields for carrying one or more of the first request, the second request, or the information associated with the second device. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the request information may be carried by layer 1 (L1) control signaling or high layer control signaling, and the request information may be encoded by Manchester coding, or a chip duration for the request information may be as same as a chip duration for a second R2D transmission to the second device, wherein the second R2D transmission indicates a resource for the first D2R transmission. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the information associated with the second device may comprise one of the following: an identifier of the second device; part of the identifier of the second device; or a random number generated by the second device.
[0010] Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include performing a second R2D transmission to the second device, where the second R2D transmission indicates one or more resources for the first D2R transmission. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the second R2D transmission may indicate a window for the first D2R transmission. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the second R2D transmission may indicate a plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, and the second R2D transmission indicates a time offset between a resource for the second R2D transmission and a first resource of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, and a time interval between two adjacent resources of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission. In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the second R2D transmission may indicate information for determining a last resource of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, wherein the information for determining the last resource comprises a maximum number of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, or a maximum time latency for the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission.
[0011] Some implementations of the method and the first device described herein may further include performing a second R2D transmission to the second device, wherein the second R2D transmission indicates the resource for the first R2D transmission scheduled by the first device.
[0012] In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, to perform the second R2D transmission, the first device may perform one of the following: performing the second R2D transmission periodically; performing the second R2D transmission based on a transmission window; or performing the second R2D transmission based on a latency bound relative to a last resource for the first D2R transmission indicated by a third R2D transmission to the second device.
[0013] In some implementations of the method and the first device described herein, the first device may comprise one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS) , and the second device may comprise an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device.
[0014] In some implementations, there is provided a second device. The second device comprises a processor, and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: receive a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission from a first device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on one of the following: a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to the first device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; or an indication of the resource for the first R2D transmission from the first device; and perform a second D2R transmission to the first device.
[0015] In some implementations, there is provided a method performed by the second device. The method comprises: receiving a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission from a first device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on one of the following: a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to the first device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; or an indication of the resource for the first R2D transmission from the first device; and performing a second D2R transmission to the first device.
[0016] In some implementations, there is provided a processor for wireless communication. The processor comprises at least one memory, and a controller coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the controller to: receive a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission from a first device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on one of the following: a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to the first device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; or an indication of the resource for the first R2D transmission from the first device; and perform a second D2R transmission to the first device.
[0017] In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the first R2D transmission may carry at least one of the following: a frequency calibration signal; one or more resources for the second D2R transmission; or information associated with the second device. In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the information associated with the second device may comprise one of the following: an identifier of the second device; part of the identifier of the second device; or a random number generated by the second device.
[0018] In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the first D2R transmission may carry request information, and the request information may comprise at least one of the following: a first request for a frequency calibration signal to be carried in the first R2D transmission; a second request for a resource for the second D2R transmission; or information associated with the second device. In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the information associated with the second device may comprise one of the following: an identifier of the second device; part of the identifier of the second device; or a random number generated by the second device. In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the request information may be carried by a sequence, and a chip duration for the request information may be pre-defined; and / or the sequence may comprise one or more fields for carrying one or more of the first request, the second request, or the information associated with the second device. In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the request information may be carried by layer 1 (L1) control signaling or high layer control signaling, and the request information may be encoded by Manchester coding; and / or a chip duration for the request information may be as same as a chip duration for a second R2D transmission to the second device, wherein the second R2D transmission indicates a resource for the first D2R transmission.
[0019] Some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include receiving a second R2D transmission from the first device, where the second R2D transmission indicates one or more resources for the first D2R transmission. In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the second R2D transmission may indicate a window for the first D2R transmission. In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the second R2D transmission may indicate a plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, and the second R2D transmission may indicate a time offset between a resource for the second R2D transmission and a first resource of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, and a time interval between two adjacent resources of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission. In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the second R2D transmission may indicate information for determining a last resource of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, wherein the information for determining the last resource comprises a maximum number of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, or a maximum time latency for the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission.
[0020] Some implementations of the method and the second device described herein may further include receiving a second R2D transmission from the first device, wherein the second R2D transmission indicates the resource for the first R2D transmission scheduled by the second device.
[0021] In some implementations of the method and the second device described herein, the first device may comprise one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS) , and the second device may comprise an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports transmission enhancements in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 1B illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 1F illustrates another example of a wireless communications system associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 2 illustrates an example process flow in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIGS. 3A to 3D illustrate example transmission structures in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 3E and 3F illustrate example D2R transmissions in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 3G illustrates an example resource indication for a D2R transmission in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0032] FIG. 3H illustrates an example R2D transmission in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0033] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device that supports transmission enhancements in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0034] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor that supports transmission enhancements in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; and
[0035] FIGS. 6 through 7 illustrate flowcharts of methods that support frequency calibration in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0036] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0037] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0038] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0039] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment (s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment (s) . Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0040] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, a first element could also be termed as a second element, and similarly, a second element could also be termed as a first element, without departing from the scope of embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0041] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components, etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0042] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as 5G new radio (NR) , long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) , and so on. Further, the communications between a UE and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the 4G, 4.5G, the 5G communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will also be future type communication technologies and systems in which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned systems.
[0043] As used herein, the term “network device” generally refers to a node in a communication network via which a UE can access the communication network and receive services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , a radio access network (RAN) node, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , an infrastructure device for a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, a transmission and reception point (TRP) , a reception point (RP) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto a base station (BS) , a pico BS, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. The network device may further refer to a network function (NF) in the core network, for example, a service management function (SMF) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) , a policy control function (PCF) , a user plane function (UPF) or devices with the same function in future network architectures, and so forth.
[0044] As used herein, the term “user equipment (UE) ” generally refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communications. By way of example rather than a limitation, a UE may also be referred to as a communication device, a terminal device, an end user device, a subscriber station (SS) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) . The UE may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable UE, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture UE such as a digital camera, a gaming UE, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless UE, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device (for example, a remote surgery device) , an industrial device (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms: “UE, ” “communication device, ” “terminal, ” and “UE, ” may be used interchangeably.
[0045] As used herein, the term “A-IoT device” refers to a device without batteries or with limited energy storage capabilities. For the A-IoT device, energy is provided by harvesting radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other suitable source. The A-IoT device can also be called a zero-power terminal, a near-zero power terminal, a passive IoT device, an ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) device, a tag, etc. Compared with low-power and wide-coverage services, such as narrow band (NB) IoT, and enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) , A-IoT has lower complexity and lower power consumption, and is suitable for more application scenarios.
[0046] As used herein, the term “D2R transmission” refers to a transmission performed by an A-IoT device and transmitted to a reader (such as a BS, an intermediate node, an assisting node, or a UE) . As used herein, the term “R2D transmission” refers to a transmission performed by a reader and transmitted to an A-IoT device.
[0047] In the present disclosure, the term “aD2R transmission” and the phrase “an uplink transmission from an A-IoT device to a reader” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0048] In the present disclosure, the term “an R2D transmission” and the phrase “adownlink transmission from a reader to an A-IoT device” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0049] Principles and implementations of embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0050] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system (or referred to as a communication network) 100 that supports transmission enhancements in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment (NE) ) , one or more UEs 104, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0051] The one or more network entities 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the network entities 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a radio access network (RAN) , a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. A network entity 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
[0052] A network entity 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area 112. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network. In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102. Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0053] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100. In some other implementations, a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.
[0054] The one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in FIG. 1A. A UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the network entities 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or another network equipment) , as shown in FIG. 1A. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 104 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.
[0055] A UE 104 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 114. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
[0056] A network entity 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both. For example, a network entity 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The network entities 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the network entities 102) . In some other implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0057] In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 102 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.
[0058] An RU may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0059] Split of functionality between a CU, a DU, and an RU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU, a DU, or an RU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host upper protocol layer (e.g., a layer 3 (L3) , a layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU may be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs may host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, MAC layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU.
[0060] Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU and an RU such that the DU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs) . In some implementations, a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU, the DU, or the RU) .
[0061] A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU may be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU may be connected to one or more RUs via a fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some implementations, a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links.
[0062] The core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management functions (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.
[0063] The core network 106 may communicate with the packet data network 108 over one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The packet data network 108 may include an application server 118. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server 118. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the core network 106 via a network entity 102. The core network 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106) .
[0064] In the wireless communications system 100, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0065] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.
[0066] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0067] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., orthogonal frequency division multiplexing symbol (OFDM) symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0068] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0069] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0070] Reference is made to FIGS. 1B to 1E to give example illustrations of the above Topologies 1 to 4. Reference is first made to FIG. 1B, which illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1B, in Topology 1, an A-IoT device 121 communicates with a BS 122 directly and bi-directionally. The communication between the BS 122 and the A-IoT device 121 includes A-IoT data and / or signalling. This topology includes a possibility of a transmission from the BS 122 to the A-IoT device 121 and a different possibility of a transmission from the A-IoT device 121 to the BS 122.
[0071] FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1C, in Topology 2, an A-IoT device 131 communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node 132 between the A-IoT device 131 and the base station 133. In this topology, the intermediate node 132 may be a relay node, an IAB node, a UE, a repeater, etc., which is capable of A-IoT. The intermediate node 132 transfers A-IoT data and / or signalling between the BS 133 and the A-IoT device 131.
[0072] Topology 3 may comprise two topology types, i.e., Topology 3A and Topology 3B. FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 with a topology type of 3B associated with aspects of the present disclosure. In Topology 3B, an A-IoT device 141 receives data / signalling from a BS 142 and transmits data / signalling to an assisting node 143. In this topology, the assisting node 143 may be a relay, IAB, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of A-IoT. For Topology 3A, the example illustration of FIG. 1D also applies, only with the difference that it has the opposite direction of the A-IoT data / signaling. In Topology 3A, an A-IoT device 141 transmits data / signalling to a BS 142, and receives data / signalling from an assisting node 143.
[0073] FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1E, in Topology 4, an A-IoT device 151 communicates bidirectionally with a UE 152. The communication between the UE 152 and the A-IoT device 151 includes A-IoT data and / or signalling.
[0074] The above communication devices involved in Topologies 1 to 4 as discussed with reference to FIG. 1B to FIG. 1E may be implemented by devices involved in the wireless communications system 100 as described herein with reference to FIG. 1A. For example, the BS 122, the BS 133, or the BS 142 may be implemented by the base station 102 in FIG. 1A. For example, the BS intermediate node 132 (when implemented by a UE) , the assisting node 143 (when implemented by a UE) , or the UE 152 may be implemented by the UE 104 in FIG. 1A.
[0075] FIG. 1F illustrates another example of a wireless communications system 160 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1F, the wireless communications system 160 may comprise a first device 161 and a second device 162.
[0076] To transmit data and / or control information, the first device 161 and the second device 162 may perform communications. The communication between the first device 161 and the second device 162 may be direct or indirect. The first device 161 and / or the second device 162 may communicate with one or more further devices not shown in FIG. 1F.
[0077] In some embodiments for Topology 1 with reference to FIG. 1B, the first device 161 may comprise the BS 122, and the second device 162 may comprise the A-IoT device 121. In some embodiments for Topology 2 with reference to FIG. 1C, the first device 161 may comprise the intermediate node 132, and the second device 162 may comprise the A-IoT device 131. In some embodiments for Topology 3A and Topology 3B with reference to FIG. 1D, the first device 161 may comprise the BS 142 or the assisting node 143, and the second device 162 may comprise the A-IoT device 141. In some embodiments for Topology 4 with reference to FIG. 1E, the first device 161 may comprise the UE 152, and the second device 162 may comprise the A-IoT device 151.
[0078] It is to be understood that the particular number of various communication devices and the particular number of various communication links as shown in FIG. 1F is for illustration purposes only without suggesting any limitations. The communications system 160 may include any suitable number of communication devices and any suitable number of communication links for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. In addition, it should be appreciated that there may be various wireless as well as wireline communications (if needed) among all of the communication devices. Further, the communications (for example, between the first device 161 and the second device 162) in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future (such as 4G, 5G, 6G, etc. ) .
[0079] For A-IoT in the third generation partnership project (3GPP) , the D2R transmission of an active device is generated internally by the active device. In 3GPP release 20 (Rel-20) A-IoT, an active device may include device type 2b and / or device type C. Device type 2b is targeting an indoor scenario, while device type C is targeting an outdoor scenario. Device type C may consider a higher D2R transmission power than device type 2b.
[0080] For a D2R transmission, a large carrier frequency offset (CFO) causes increased frequency offset and hence requires excessive guard band, resulting in inefficient resource utilization. According to 3GPP release 19 (Rel-19) A-IoT study item (SI) , for example, a CFO of approximately 100 ppm at 900 MHz may necessitate 180 kHz guard bands on the two-sides of a D2R transmission, leading to low resource efficiency. For device 2b, it is required to calibrate its radio frequency (RF) frequency and ensure a residual CFO on the order of 10 ppm.
[0081] In 3GPP Rel-20 A-IoT, the support of A-IoT in outdoor scenarios is studied under the following condition: frequency range 1 (FR1) licensed spectrum in frequency division duplex (FDD) in-band to NR and in standalone bands, with an R2D transmission in downlink (DL) spectrum and a D2R transmission in uplink (UL) spectrum. To ensure coexistence with existing 3GPP technologies, active devices must adhere to stringent spectrum efficiency requirements. For device type C, this requires RF frequency calibration to reduce the frequency offset range and the guard-bandwidth of D2R transmission.
[0082] Moreover, in 3GPP Rel-19 A-IoT, the traffic types of device-terminated (DT) and device-originated -device-terminated triggered (DO-DTT) are supported. In DT, the traffic is terminated at the AIoT device. In DO-DTT, the device originated traffic is triggered by the device terminated traffic or signalling. In this case, to enable CFO calibration at the active device, the signal for the active device to calibrate CFO may be transmitted in the device terminated traffic or signalling, i.e., an R2D transmission.
[0083] Further, in 3GPP Rel-20 A-IoT, for Device 2b and Device C, the traffic type of device-originated –autonomous (DO-A) is considered. Since no device terminated traffic or signalling is transmitted before D2R, how to support efficient D2R transmission, especially considering how to resolve resource conflicts among multiple D2R transmissions from different devices and / or how to decrease excessive guard band required for the D2R transmission due to high initial CFO, is still an open issue to be solved.
[0084] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution to resolve the above issue that occurred in the A-IoT communication system or any other applicable issue that the solution can solve. In one aspect of the solution of the present disclosure, a first device (for example, a reader) performs a first R2D transmission to a second device (for example, an A-IoT device) . For example, a resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on a resource for a first D2R transmission received from the second device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission. As another example, the resource for the first R2D transmission is scheduled by the first device. Moreover, the first device receives a second D2R transmission from the second device.
[0085] By determining the resource for the first R2D transmission with reference to the first D2R transmission or scheduling the resource for the first R2D transmission directly, this solution can support efficient resource determination of the first R2D transmission and thus facilitate the subsequent D2R transmission. In this way, it is possible to improve communication performance in the A-IoT system.
[0086] FIG. 2 illustrates an example process flow 200 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1F. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 2 are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. It is to be understood that the process 200 may further include additional blocks not shown and / or omit some shown blocks, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0087] As shown in FIG. 2, the first device 161 performs (205) an R2D transmission (also referred to as a first R2D transmission) to the second device 162. The second device 162 performs (210) a D2R transmission (also referred to as a second D2R transmission) to the first device 161 based on the first R2D transmission. The second D2R transmission may comprise a DO-AD2R transmission.
[0088] In some embodiments, the first R2D transmission may carry a frequency calibration signal (FCS) . The frequency calibration signal may be used for the second device 162 to perform frequency calibration to facilitate the second D2R transmission. The frequency calibration signal may comprise an on-off keying (OOK) signal or a single-tone RF signal. Thus, the first R2D transmission may also be referred to as a FCS-R2D transmission or synchronization (Sync) -R2D transmission.
[0089] In some embodiments, the first R2D transmission may carry one or more resources (for example, one or more time / frequency resources) for the second D2R transmission. For example, the allocation of the one or more time / frequency resources for the second D2R transmission may be associated with the presence or absence of the frequency calibration signal in the first R2D transmission. In other words, the first device 161 may determine the one or more time / frequency resources for the second D2R transmission based on whether the first R2D transmission carries the frequency calibration signal. If the frequency calibration signal is present, the second device 162 may perform frequency calibration based on the frequency calibration signal, and in this case, the first device 161 may allocate narrower guard-band frequencies for the second D2R transmission. Conversely, if the frequency calibration signal is absent, the second device may not perform frequency calibration, and in this case, the first device 161 may allocate wider guard-band frequencies for the second D2R transmission.
[0090] In some embodiments, the first R2D transmission may carry information associated with the second device 162. For example, if the one or more time / frequency resources are be allocated to a single device (i.e., only the second device 162) for the second D2R transmission (for example, a single D2R transmission or multiple repetitions of a D2R transmission) , the information associated with the second device 162 may only comprise an identifier (ID) of the second device 162, part of the identifier of the second device 162, or a random number generated by the second device 162. If the one or more time / frequency resources are allocated for multiple A-IoT devices, including the second device 162, to decrease resource conflict, the information carried in the first R2D transmission may comprise multiple identifiers of the multiple A-IoT devices, part of multiple identifiers of the multiple A-IoT devices, or multiple random numbers generated by the multiple A-IoT devices.
[0091] In some embodiments, to trigger the first R2D transmission from the first device 161, the second device 162 may transmit a request, which may be carried by a D2R transmission (also referred to as a first R2D) . The first D2R transmission may carry request information. In other words, the first R2D transmission may comprise a request, and the request may contain the request information. Alternatively or additionally, the first D2R transmission may comprise a preamble, which is used to identify the starting of the first D2R transmission. The request may locate after the preamble. Thus, the first D2R transmission may also be referred to as a request (Req) -D2R transmission.
[0092] For example, the request information may comprise a request (also referred to as a first request) for a frequency calibration signal to be carried in the first R2D transmission. As an example implementation, the first request for the frequency calibration signal transmission may comprise a one-bit indicator. Alternatively or additionally, the first request for the frequency calibration signal transmission may be associated with (in other words, implicitly indicated by) the resource for the first D2R transmission. Alternatively or additionally, a dedicated pattern of the preamble used to identify the first D2R transmission may contain (i.e., indicate) the first request for the frequency calibration signal transmission.
[0093] As another example, the request information may comprise a request (also referred to as a second request) for a resource for the second D2R transmission. The second request for the resource for the second D2R transmission may comprise a one-bit indicator. Alternatively or additionally, the second request for the resource for the second D2R transmission may be indicated by the required resource of the expected D2R transmission, for example, a transport block size (TBS) of the first D2R transmission, a length of the first D2R transmission, and so on.
[0094] As a further example, the requested information may comprise information associated with the second device 162, for example, for resolving resource conflicts. As an example implementation, the information associated with the second device may comprise an identifier of the second device 162 (i.e., an identifier associated with the second device 162) . As another example implementation, the information associated with the second device may comprise part of the identifier (i.e., partial identifier (partial ID) ) of the second device 162 (for example, most significant bit (MSB) or least significant bit (LSB) associated with the second device 162. The number of bits in the MSB or LSB may be pre-defined. As a further example implementation, the information associated with the second device may comprise a random number generated by the second device 162. The number of bits in the random number may be pre-defined.
[0095] FIG. 3A illustrates an example structure of the first D2R transmission (i.e., Req-D2R transmission) . As shown in FIG. 3A, the first D2R transmission comprises a preamble used to identify the starting of the first D2R transmission and a request carrying the above request information.
[0096] The structure of the above example structure of the first D2R transmission may be further divided into multiple example implementations according to the signaling for carrying the request information.
[0097] As an example implementation, the request information may be carried by a sequence. A chip duration for the request information may be pre-defined. The sequence may comprise one or more fields for carrying one or more of the first request, the second request, or the information associated with the second device as described above. FIG. 3B illustrates an example structure of the first D2R transmission. As shown in FIG. 3B, the request information is carried by a sequence (denoted by Seq-Req) . The sequence is with a fixed chip duration as pre-defined. The sequence may be further divided into different fields for carrying one or more of the first request, the second request, or the information associated with the second device as described above.
[0098] As another example implementation, the request information may be carried by L1 control signaling. The request information may be encoded by Manchester coding. Chip duration for the request information may be as same as a chip duration for an R2D transmission (also referred to as a second R2D transmission) from the first device 161 to the second device 162. The second R2D transmission may indicate a resource for the first D2R transmission. More details regarding the second R2D transmission will be discussed in detail later. FIG. 3C illustrates an example structure of the first D2R transmission. As shown in FIG. 3C, the request information is carried by L1 control signaling (denoted by L1-Req) .
[0099] As a further example implementation, the request information may be carried by high layer control signaling. For example, the request information may be carried by a physical device-to-reader (PDRCH) , and the PDRCH may be used to carry high layer signaling for the request information. The request information may be encoded by Manchester coding. Chip duration for the request information may be as same as a chip duration for the second R2D transmission. FIG. 3D illustrates an example structure of the first D2R transmission. As shown in FIG. 3D, the request information is carried by high layer control signaling.
[0100] Moreover, resource allocation and indication for the first D2R transmission may need to be considered. For the resource allocation and indication for the first D2R transmission, the first device 161 may perform the second R2D transmission to the second device, and the second R2D transmission may indicate one or more resources for the first D2R transmission. The second device may also be referred to as random access (RA) -R2D transmission. The following implementations may be considered for the resource allocation and indication.
[0101] In some implementations, the second R2D transmission may indicate a window for the first D2R transmission (i.e., Req-D2R transmission) . In this case, the window length of the window may be indicated by the first device 161 to the second device 162. FIG. 3E illustrates an example of Req-D2R transmissions. The second device 162 may be expected to transmit the Req-D2R transmission within the window that starts from a reference point associated with the RA-R2D transmission.
[0102] In some implementations, the second R2D transmission may schedule one or more resources for the first D2R transmission. For example, the second R2D transmission may indicate a plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission. FIG. 3F illustrates an example of Req-D2R transmissions. As shown in FIG. 3F, the first device 161 may transmit a resource indication for the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission to the second device 162. In some embodiments, the second R2D transmission may indicate a time offset between a resource for the second R2D transmission and a first resource of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, and a time interval between two adjacent resources of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission. Alternatively or additionally, the second R2D transmission may indicate information for determining a last resource of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission. The information for determining the last resource may comprise the maximum number of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, or the maximum time latency for the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission. FIG. 3G illustrates an example resource indication for the Req-D2R transmission. As shown in FIG. 3G, the RA-R2D may indicate information a time offset (denoted as Toffset, 1) between the RA-R2D and the first resource for the Req-D2R transmission, a time interval (denoted as Tinterval) between two adjacent resources for the Req-D2R transmission, and information for determining the end of transmission resources for the Req-D2R transmission (such as the maximized number of time resources for the Req-D2R transmission or the maximized time latency (or a maximized window length) for all the resources for the Req-D2R transmission. As shown in FIG. 3G, the Tinterval may be between the staring of a first Req-D2R transmission and the staring of a second Req-D2R transmission. Alternatively or additionally, the Tinterval may be between the end of a first Req-D2R transmission and the staring of a second Req-D2R transmission.
[0103] The resource for the first R2D transmission may also need to be considered. Some implementations are discussed as follows.
[0104] In some implementations where the first D2R transmission to the first device 161 is performed by the second device 162, the resource for the first R2D transmission may be determined based on a resource for the first D2R transmission and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission. FIG. 3H illustrates an example of Sync-R2D transmission. As shown in FIG. 3H, the first device 161 may perform the Sync-R2D transmission based on a time offset (denoted as Toffset, 2) of the Sync-R2D transmission relative to the Req-D2R transmission.
[0105] In some implementations, the resource for the first R2D transmission may be scheduled by the first device, without any R2D transmission triggering the first R2D transmission. In this case, the first device 161 may perform a second R2D transmission indicating the resource for the first R2D transmission scheduled by the first device 161.
[0106] The first device 161 may perform the second R2D transmission in multiple ways. Some implementations may be considered as follows.
[0107] In some embodiments, the first device 161 may perform the second R2D transmission periodically. In this case, a period may be pre-defined for the second R2D transmission. Alternatively or additionally, the period may be determined according to a frequency for request transmission, variation in DO-Atraffic / service volume, or the number of devices, and so on. The determination of the period may be made by the first device 161.
[0108] In some embodiments, the first device 161 may perform the second R2D transmission based on a transmission window. In this case, a window length may be pre-defined for the second R2D transmission. At least one second R2D transmission may occur within each window. The length of the window may be determined according to a frequency for request transmission, variation in DO-Atraffic / service volume, or the number of devices, and so on. The determination of the length of the window may be made by the first device 161.
[0109] In some embodiments, the first device 161 may perform the second R2D transmission based on a latency bound relative to a last resource for the first D2R transmission indicated by a third R2D transmission (i.e., a last R2D transmission prior to the second R2D transmission) to the second device. In other words, the second R2D transmission may be determined by a latency bound relative to the last request resource indicated by the last R2D transmission before the second R2D transmission. In this case, a latency bound may be pre-determined for the second R2D transmission. Given the third R2D transmission and the Req-D2R resources for the Req-D2R transmissions indicated by the third R2D transmission, at least one second R2D transmission may occur within the latency bound relative to the last Req-D2R resource indicated by the third R2D transmission.
[0110] In view of the above discussion, if the first device 161 intends to support DO-A traffic for the second device 162, the behaviors of the first device 161 may be considered as follows. If the first device 161 receives the first D2R transmission from the second device 162, the first device 161 may determine one or more resources for the first R2D transmission according to the resource for the first D2R transmission and a time offset from the first D2R transmission. Alternatively or additionally, the resource of the first R2D transmission may be scheduled by the first device 161, and in this case, there is no request from the second device 162 needed. The first device 161 may then perform the first R2D transmission on the determined resource. The first R2D transmission may carry at least one of a frequency calibration signal, one or more time / frequency resources for succeeding D2R transmission, and information associated with the second device 162 for solving resource conflicts. If the first R2D transmission is triggered by the first D2R transmission, the one or more time / frequency resources may be allocated to a single device for repeated D2R transmissions. Otherwise, the one or more time / frequency resources can be allocated for multiple A-IoT devices to decrease resource conflict. The first device 161 may further detect the first D2R transmission from the second device 162, which carries one of a request for frequency calibration, a request for a resource for the second D2R transmission, and information associated with the second device 162. The first device 161 may further perform a second R2D transmission indicating resources for the first D2R transmission. The second R2D transmission may carry at least one of a time offset between the second R2D transmission and a first resource for the first D2R transmission, a time interval between adjacent resources for the first D2R transmission, a time offset between the first D2R transmission and associated first R2D transmission, and information for determining the end of the transmission resources for the first D2R transmission.
[0111] In view of the above discussions, if the second device 162 intends to transmit the second D2R transmission for the DO-Atraffic for the second device 162, the behaviors of the second device 162 may be considered as follows. The second device 162 may detect the first R2D transmission. For example, the resource for the first R2D transmission may be determined according to a resource for the first D2R transmission and a time offset between the first D2R transmission and the first R2D transmission. As another example, the resource for the first R2D transmission may be determined according to a resource indication for the first R2D transmission from the first device 161. Upon receiving the first R2D transmission, the second device 162 may perform frequency calibration on the FCS carried in the first R2D transmission. The second device 162 may determine one of the one or more resources indicated in the first R2D transmission. In the case where the first R2D transmission is triggered by the first D2R transmission, if the first R2D transmission carries information associated with the second device 162, the second device 162 may transmit the first D2R transmission on the indicated one or more resources. If the second device 162 fails to receive such a first R2D transmission, the second device may try again on the next one or more resources for the first D2R transmission. In the case where the first R2D transmission is not triggered by the first D2R transmission, the second device 162 may determine one resource within the indicated multiple resources. For example, the resource for the first D2R transmission may be determined by random selection. As another example, the resource for the first D2R transmission may be determined according to information associated with the second device 162. For example, if the first device 161 indicates M resources, the second device 162 may determine a resource with an index (ID of the second device 162) mod M. In the case where the first R2D transmission is not triggered by the first D2R transmission, the second device 162 may receive the first R2D transmission and determine the resource for the first D2R transmission, and then transmit the first D2R transmission carrying the information associated with the second device 162 on the determined resource.
[0112] It is to be understood that the first device 161 may comprise an active device in Rel-20 A-IoT. Alternatively or additionally, the first device 161 may also comprise any other A-IoT devices, and the scope of the present disclosure will not be limited in this regard.
[0113] According to some embodiments with reference to FIGS. 2 to 3H, it is allowed to support efficient transmission in the A-IoT system. In this way, it is possible to improve communication performance in the A-IoT system.
[0114] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device 400 that supports transmission enhancements in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 400 may be an example of a first device 161 or a second device 162 as described herein. The device 400 may support wireless communication with one or more other devices in the A-IoT system. The device 400 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 402, a memory 404, a transceiver 406, and, optionally, an I / O controller 408. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0115] The processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the operations described herein.
[0116] In some implementations, the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 402 and the memory 404 coupled with the processor 402 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 402, instructions stored in the memory 404) .
[0117] For example, the processor 402 may support wireless communication at the device 400 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for performing a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission to a second device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission received from the second device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission, or scheduled by the first device; and a means for receiving a second D2R transmission from the second device. The processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for receiving a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission from a first device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on one of the following: a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to the first device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; or an indication of the resource for the first R2D transmission from the first device; and a means for performing a second D2R transmission to the first device.
[0118] The processor 402 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 402 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 402. The processor 402 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 404) to cause the device 400 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0119] The memory 404 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The memory 404 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 402 cause the device 400 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 402 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 404 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0120] The I / O controller 408 may manage input and output signals for the device 400. The I / O controller 408 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device M02. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 402. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 400 via the I / O controller 408 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 408.
[0121] In some implementations, the device 400 may include a single antenna 410. However, in some other implementations, the device 400 may have more than one antenna 410 (i.e., multiple antennas) , including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 406 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 410, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 406 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 406 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 410 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 410. The transceiver 406 may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.
[0122] A transmit chain may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmit chain may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmit chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmit chain may also include one or more antennas 410 for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0123] A receive chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receive chain may include one or more antennas 410 for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receive chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receive chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receive chain may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0124] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor 500 that supports transmission enhancements in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 500 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may include a controller 502 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may optionally include at least one memory 504, such as L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 500 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 506. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0125] The processor 500 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0126] The controller 502 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 502 may operate as a control unit of the processor 500, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 500. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0127] The controller 502 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 504 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 502 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 504. The controller 502 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 502 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 502 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 500. The controller 502 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 500.
[0128] The memory 504 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 500 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 504 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the memory 504 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 500) .
[0129] The memory 504 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 500, cause the processor 500 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 502 and / or the processor 500 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 504 to cause the processor 500 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 500 and / or the controller 502 may be coupled with or to the memory 504, and the processor 500, the controller 502, and the memory 504 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 500 may include multiple processors and the memory 504 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0130] The one or more ALUs 506 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 506 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 506 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) . One or more ALUs 506 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 506 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 506 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 506 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 506 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0131] The processor 500 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for performing a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission to a second device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission received from the second device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission, or scheduled by the first device; and a means for receiving a second D2R transmission from the second device. The processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission from a first device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on one of the following: a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to the first device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; or an indication of the resource for the first R2D transmission from the first device; and a means for performing a second D2R transmission to the first device..
[0132] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method 600 that supports transmission enhancements in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 600 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 600 may be performed by a first device 161 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0133] At 610, the method may include performing a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission to a second device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is one of the following: determined based on a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission received from the second device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; or scheduled by the first device. The operations of 610 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 610 may be performed by a first device 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0134] At 620, the method may include receiving a second D2R transmission from the second device. The operations of 620 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 620 may be performed by a first device 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0135] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a method 700 that supports transmission enhancements in an A-IoT system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 700 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 700 may be performed by a second device 162 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0136] At 710, the method may include receiving a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission from a first device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on one of the following: a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to the first device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; or an indication of the resource for the first R2D transmission from the first device. The operations of 710 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 710 may be performed by a second device 162 with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0137] At 720, the method may include performing a second D2R transmission to the first device. The operations of 720 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 720 may be performed by a second device 162 with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0138] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0139] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
[0140] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0141] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.
[0142] As used herein, including in the claims, an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.
[0143] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A first device, comprising:a processor; anda transceiver coupled to the processor,wherein the processor is configured to:perform a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission to a second device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is one of the following:determined based on a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission received from the second device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; orscheduled by the first device; andreceive a second D2R transmission from the second device.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first R2D transmission carries at least one of the following:a frequency calibration signal;one or more resources for the second D2R transmission; orinformation associated with the second device.3.The first device of claim 2, wherein the processor is further configured to:determine the one or more resources for the second D2R transmission based on whether the first R2D transmission carries the frequency calibration signal.4.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first D2R transmission carries request information, and the request information comprises at least one of the following:a first request for a frequency calibration signal to be carried in the first R2D transmission;a second request for a resource for the second D2R transmission; orinformation associated with the second device.5.The first device of claim 2 or 4, wherein the information associated with the second device comprises one of the following:an identifier of the second device;part of the identifier of the second device; ora random number generated by the second device.6.The first device of claim 4, wherein the request information is carried by a sequence, and wherein at least one of the following:a chip duration for the request information is pre-defined; orthe sequence comprises one or more fields for carrying one or more of the first request, the second request, or the information associated with the second device.7.The first device of claim 4, wherein the request information is carried by layer 1 (L1) control signaling or high layer control signaling, and wherein at least one of the following:the request information is encoded by Manchester coding; ora chip duration for the request information is as same as a chip duration for a second R2D transmission to the second device, wherein the second R2D transmission indicates a resource for the first D2R transmission.8.The first device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:perform a second R2D transmission to the second device, where the second R2D transmission indicates one or more resources for the first D2R transmission.9.The first device of claim 8, wherein one of the following:the second R2D transmission indicates a window for the first D2R transmission;the second R2D transmission indicates a plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, and the second R2D transmission indicates a time offset between a resource for the second R2D transmission and a first resource of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, and a time interval between two adjacent resources of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission; orthe second R2D transmission indicates information for determining a last resource of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, wherein the information for determining the last resource comprises a maximum number of the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission, or a maximum time latency for the plurality of resources for the first D2R transmission.10.The first device of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:perform a second R2D transmission to the second device, wherein the second R2D transmission indicates the resource for the first R2D transmission scheduled by the first device.11.The first device of claim 8 or 10, wherein the processor is configured to perform the second R2D transmission by one of the following:performing the second R2D transmission periodically;performing the second R2D transmission based on a transmission window; orperforming the second R2D transmission based on a latency bound relative to a last resource for the first D2R transmission indicated by a third R2D transmission to the second device.12.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first device comprises one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS) , and the second device comprises an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device.13.A second device, comprising:a processor; anda transceiver coupled to the processor,wherein the processor is configured to:receive a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission from a first device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on one of the following:a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to the first device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; oran indication of the resource for the first R2D transmission from the first device; andperform a second D2R transmission to the first device.14.The second device of claim 13, wherein the first R2D transmission carries at least one of the following:a frequency calibration signal;one or more resources for the second D2R transmission; orinformation associated with the second device.15.The second device of claim 13, wherein the first D2R transmission carries request information, and the request information comprises at least one of the following:a first request for a frequency calibration signal to be carried in the first R2D transmission;a second request for a resource for the second D2R transmission; orinformation associated with the second device.16.The second device of claim 14 or 15, wherein the information associated with the second device comprises one of the following:an identifier of the second device;part of the identifier of the second device; ora random number generated by the second device.17.The second device of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to:receive a second R2D transmission from the first device, where the second R2D transmission indicates one or more resources for the first D2R transmission.18.The second device of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to:receive a second R2D transmission from the first device, wherein the second R2D transmission indicates the resource for the first R2D transmission scheduled by the second device.19.A method performed by a first device, the method comprising:performing a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission to a second device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is one of the following:determined based on a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission received from the second device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; orscheduled by the first device; andreceiving a second D2R transmission from the second device.20.A method performed by a second device, the method comprising:receiving a first reader-to-device (R2D) transmission from a first device, wherein a resource for the first R2D transmission is determined based on one of the following:a resource for a first device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to the first device and a time offset of the resource for the first R2D transmission relative to the resource for the first D2R transmission; oran indication of the resource for the first R2D transmission from the first device; andperforming a second D2R transmission to the first device.