Radioactive porous microspheres and their use in separate administration for radiotherapy and / or imaging
Radioactive porous microspheres with a porous matrix and metal-coated surface efficiently bind non-metallic radionuclides, addressing SIRT challenges by enhancing treatment efficacy, reducing costs, and integrating diagnosis and treatment without infrastructure upgrades.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HANGZHOU SAIHE BIOTECHNOLOGY CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-12-11
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-18
AI Technical Summary
Existing radioactive microspheres for Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) face challenges such as long neutron activation times, short half-lives, limited production, high costs, and inefficiencies in binding with radionuclides, leading to compromised efficacy and the need for specialized handling and infrastructure upgrades.
Radioactive porous microspheres with a porous matrix and metal layers coated on its surface, binding non-metallic radionuclides like astatine and iodine, allowing efficient intra-arterial or intra-tumoral administration, compatible with existing medical systems and enabling integrated diagnosis and treatment.
The porous microspheres enhance radionuclide binding, reduce the number of microspheres needed, allow longer half-life radionuclides, lower costs, and enable imaging without slowing blood flow, facilitating precise treatment and diagnosis without requiring infrastructure upgrades.
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Figure PCTCN2025141782-FTAPPB-I100001 
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Abstract
Description
RADIOACTIVE POROUS MICROSPHERES AND THEIR USE IN SEPARATE ADMINISTRATION FOR RADIOTHERAPY AND / OR IMAGINGTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a radioactive porous microsphere having a diameter in the range of from 10-200 μm, wherein the radioactive porous microsphere comprises a porous matrix, one or more metal layers coated on a surface of the porous matrix, and non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal layer by the interaction therebetween to form the radioactive porous microsphere, to a method for the production of the radioactive porous microsphere, and to their use in separate administration for radiotherapy and / or imaging.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Many attempts have been made to deliver radioactive materials locally as therapy to patients with cancer. Among these, the radioactive materials have been incorporated into small particles, seeds, wires and similar related configurations that can be directly implanted into the cancer. When radioactive particles are administered into the blood supply of the target organ, the technique is termed Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) . Generally, the main application form of SIRT has been to treat liver cancers.
[0003] There are many potential advantages of SIRT over conventional, external beam radiotherapy. Firstly, the radiation is delivered preferentially to the cancer within the target organ. Secondly, the radiation is slowly and continually delivered as the radionuclide decays. Thirdly, by manipulating the arterial blood supply with vasoactive substances (such as Angiotensin-II) , a greater proportion of radioactive particles can be directed to the cancerous part of the organ, but not to the healthy and normal tissues. This achieves the effect of preferentially increasing the radiation dose to the cancer while maintaining the radiation dose to the normal tissues at a lower level (Burton, M. A. et al.; Effect of Angiotensin-II on blood flow in the transplanted sheep squamous cell carcinoma. Europ. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 1988, 24 (8) : 1373-1376) .
[0004] Recent developments in SIRT have shown that radioactive microspheres represent a promising treatment option for patients with a variety of cancers. This treatment option selectively delivers therapeutic radioactive microspheres into the tumor while causing minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissues. It is particularly valuable for cancers with poor prognosis and limited treatment options, such as primary and metastatic liver malignancies.
[0005] So far, the FDA-approved Y-90 microspheres are available in two forms: Y-90 glass microspheres (Y-90 inside the microspheres) and Y-90 resin microspheres (Y-90 on the surface of the microspheres) , both using Y-90 radionuclide. Although Y-90 is often used in radionuclide therapy, it has some major disadvantages in radiotherapy. First, a long neutron activation time period (>2 weeks) is required to achieve the therapeutic activity of Y-90, because the precursor of Y-90 has a small thermal neutron cross section of 1.28 barns. Second, the half-life of the Y-90 is short, only 2 days and 16 hours, hindering its transportation and clinical use. Third, the production of Y-90 is limited, resulting in high costs.
[0006] In addition, some liver cancer patients have tumor where arteries and veins are connected to each other directly but not through capillaries. In such cases, direct administration of radioactive microspheres will cause them entering into the veins and then the lungs. Consequently, existing Y-90 therapy requires imaging microspheres to evaluate liver cancer patients in advance to determine whether their tumor has aberrant arteriovenous connection. Moreover, in the administration mode where microspheres and radionuclides are administrated separately, the reduction in blood flow will seriously prevent the combination of radionuclides and microspheres, ultimately compromising the efficacy of radiotherapy or imaging.
[0007] Furthermore, direct application of radioactive microspheres requires significant modifications to the current medical system, and the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) room would require upgrades to handle isotopes safely. In addition, relevant medical personnel would need specialized certification for handling radioactive isotopes. Therefore, there is a need to provide a method for separately administering microspheres and other radionuclides (such as non-metallic radionuclides) for radiotherapy and / or imaging.
[0008] Therefore, there remains a need to design radioactive microspheres having another structure to improve the binding of microspheres and radionuclides in the mode administration of separate administrations of microspheres and radionuclides.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] In order to solve the above technical problem, the present invention provides radioactive microspheres with a new structure, i.e., radioactive porous microspheres, to improve the binding efficiency of microspheres and radionuclides in the mode of separate administration.
[0010] The present invention relates to a radioactive porous microsphere having a diameter in the range of from 10-200 μm comprising a porous matrix, one or more metal layers coated on a surface of the porous matrix, and non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal layer by the interaction therebetween to form radioactive porous microspheres, to a method for the production thereof and their use in separate administration for radiotherapy or imaging.
[0011] The present invention can achieve a highly efficient combination of microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides (such as isotopes of astatine, iodine or fluorine) by designing the porous structure of the microspheres for use in radiotherapy or imaging. In particular, the present invention efficiently binds the non-metallic radionuclides (such as isotopes of astatine, iodine or fluorine) to the porous microspheres through the interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and metal layers coated on a surface of the porous matrix.
[0012] The present invention provides radioactive porous microspheres with a size of 10-200 μm, which are administered by intra-arterial injection (such as liver tumor) or intra-tumoral injection (such as prostate tumor) . When administered by intra-arterial injection of the tumor, the microspheres are larger than the capillaries and will get stuck in the capillaries of the tumor; when administered by intra-tumoral injection, the microspheres will get stuck in the tumor. The radioactive porous microspheres continue to perform radiotherapy or imaging without slowing down the blood flow rate.
[0013] Compared with the prior art, the radioactive porous microspheres designed in the present invention have the following beneficial effects:
[0014] 1) The radioactive porous microspheres provided by the present invention have a large surface area, which is conducive to the binding of radionuclides to microspheres and improves the adsorption efficiency, and thus can load more radionuclides per microsphere and , and thus the number of microspheres used per patient is less. In addition, radioactive porous microspheres allow blood carrying with non-metallic radionuclides to flow through without causing blockage and could accelerate the accumulation of radionuclides in the blood on the porous microspheres. That is to say, the retained radioactive porous microspheres in vivo can perform efficient radiotherapy or imaging without slowing down the blood flow rate, especially in the mode of separate administration of microspheres and radionuclides.
[0015] 2) The porous microspheres provided in the present invention can be used with a variety of radionuclides, such as At-211 for alpha particle radiotherapy, I-131 for beta particle radiotherapy, I-123 / 1-131 for SPECT imaging, I-124 for PET, I-125 for gamma ray radiotherapy, and F-18 for PET imaging.
[0016] 3) The non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211) provided in the present invention can be used for alpha particle radiotherapy and can treat cancers that are resistant to Y-90 beta particle radiotherapy.
[0017] 4) The non-metallic radionuclides (such as I-131) provided in the present invention has a half-life of 192 hours, which is longer than other radionuclide in the prior art, e.g., Y-90 (64 hours) , making it more convenient for transportation and clinical use.
[0018] 5) The non-metallic radionuclides (such as I-131) provided in the present invention can be easily accessed, and its cost is much lower than that of many radionuclides in the prior art, e.g., Y-90.
[0019] 6) Since metals can attenuate X-ray, the radioactive porous microspheres provided in the present invention can be imaged under X-ray, which allows the distribution of the radioactive porous microspheres provided in the present invention can be observed.
[0020] 7) The porous microspheres of the present invention possess excellent coupling properties, and could be coupled and obtained by simple mixing. This makes it possible to prepare radioactive porous microspheres in hospitals, and allows to avoid the problem that the radioactivity on porous microspheres decreases during transportation and storage, which is common with traditional radioactive microspheres. It can ensure that the radioactivity on the microspheres injected into patients is sufficient and can be precisely controlled.
[0021] By administering non-radioactive porous microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides separately, the following advantages are achieved:
[0022] 1) The present invention firstly proposes the separate administration of non-radioactive microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides, and achieves binding of non-metallic radioncudes to microspheres in the target tissue (e.g. tumor) in vivo. Also, the present invention firstly achieves the binding of the non-metallic radionuclides, such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 and F-18, etc., with microspheres in the target tissue (e.g. tumor) in vivo for the purpose of both imaging and / or treatment.
[0023] 2) The present invention firstly provides a new concept that one same microsphere can be used as therapeutic microsphere and imaging microsphere at the same time, and thereby achieving the integration of diagnosis and treatment for precise treatment.
[0024] 3) The present invention is compatible with the existing medical system, and there is no need to upgrade the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) suite to meet the requirements of radioactive isotope usage. In addition, relevant personnel in the DSA suite do not need to certify the usage of radioactive isotopes.
[0025] 4) Before administering therapeutic radionuclides, imaging radionuclides (I-123 and I-131 for SPECT / CT, and I-124 and F-18 for PET / CT) can be used to screen patients by imaging and determining the distribution of radionuclides in the tumor and normal tissues through SPECT / CT or PET / CT. Moreover, the porous microspheres provided in the present invention can be imaged to determine their distribution of porous microspheres in tumors and other tissues. Therefore, there is no need to test the patient with an additional interventional injection of imaging microspheres in advance to determine whether arteriovenous shunts exist within the tumor.
[0026] In summary, on the one hand, the separate administration of porous microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides can achieve integrated diagnosis and treatment and screening of cancer patients. On the other hand, the separate administration of porous microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides can be compatible with the existing medical system and does not require major infrastructure upgrades.
[0027] In one aspect, the present invention provides a radioactive porous microsphere, comprising
[0028] a porous matrix,
[0029] one or more metal layers coated on a surface of the porous matrix, and
[0030] non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal layer by the interaction therebetween to form radioactive porous microspheres, and
[0031] optionally, an outer layer for protecting the non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal layer from dissociating,
[0032] wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, and
[0033] the radionuclides provide a specific activity to the microsphere, the specific activity ranging from 1-1000000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 500000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 400000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 300000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 200000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 100000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 50000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 40000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 30000 Bq per microsphere, or 1 to 10000 Bq per microsphere.
[0034] In another aspect, the present invention provides the use of the radioactive porous microspheres in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,
[0035] wherein radioactive porous microspheres are administered to the patient for providing the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0036] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a patient with radiotherapy, comprising:
[0037] b) administering to the patient at a target site porous microsphere,
[0038] c) optionally, administering first non-metallic radionuclides to the patient for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo,
[0039] d) optionally, observing the distributions of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed inside the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, and
[0040] e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo,
[0041] wherein each porous microsphere comprises a porous matrix, and one or more metal layers coated on the surface of the porous matrix; preferably, the metal layers are distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of the porous matrix,
[0042] wherein the non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound the metal layer of the porous microspheres by coordinate bonds between them; more preferably by metal-halogen chemical bonds between them.
[0043] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a patient with radiotherapy, comprising the following steps:
[0044] a) optionally, saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,
[0045] b) administering to the patient at a target site porous microsphere,
[0046] c) optionally, observing the concentrations and distributions of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy,
[0047] d) administering to the patient non-metal radionuclides, wherein the non-metal radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo, and
[0048] e) optionally, monitoring the dose of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the non-metallic radionuclides when the dose is insufficient, and
[0049] f) optionally, surgical removal of the target site.
[0050] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:
[0051] optionally, a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;
[0052] b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel, optionally in a DSA operating room, and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;
[0053] c) administering the radioactive porous microsphere of the present invention to the patient via the catheter for imaging by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan to obtain the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere, and wherein the radioactive porous microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131, I-123 or I-124;
[0054] d) if the amount of the radioactive porous microsphere accumulated in tumor is higher than that in normal tissues or there is no radioactive porous microsphere in normal tissues, administering the radioactive porous microsphere of the present invention to the patient via the catheter, and wherein the radioactive porous microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131 and / or At-211, and
[0055] optionally, e) and SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere meet expectation; or
[0056] f) if the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere does not meet expectation, the patient is orally administered with a large dose of NaI solution to elute the non-metallic radionuclides of the radioactive porous microsphere.
[0057] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:
[0058] optionally, a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;
[0059] b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel, optionally in a DSA operating room, and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;
[0060] c) administering porous microspheres to the patient optionally via the catheter;
[0061] d) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo, and wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are I-131, I-123 or I-124
[0062] e) observing the distribution of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan;
[0063] f) if the amount of the porous microspheres accumulated in tumor is higher than that in normal tissues or there is no microsphere in normal tissues, administering second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo, and wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are I-131 and / or At-211; and
[0064] optionally, g) and SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the microsphere meet expectation; or
[0065] h) if the distribution of the porous microsphere does not meet expectation, the patient is orally administered with a large dose of NaI solution to elute the non-metallic radionuclides of the microsphere.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0066] Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram for the structure of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au radioactive porous hydroxyapatite microspheres.
[0067] Figure 2 shows the microscope image of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au radioactive porous hydroxyapatite microspheres.
[0068] Figure 3 shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au radioactive porous hydroxyapatite microspheres.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0069] The present invention is described below by reference to certain identified embodiments, nonetheless the skilled reader will appreciate that the invention so identified herein presents a principal that has broad and general application. It provides a hitherto unknown and unexpected refocusing and refinement of SIRT technology with significant advantages to both the patient and the clinician in the treatment of patients with a tumor.
[0070] The following detailed description is to be understood having regard to the following definitions and interpretations.
[0071] Definitions
[0072] The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein, which are intended for exemplification only. Functionally equivalent products, compositions and methods are clearly within the scope of the invention as described herein. Similarly, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the invention includes all such variations and modifications. The invention also includes all the steps, features, compositions and compounds referred to or indicated in the specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations or any two or more of the steps or features.
[0073] The entire disclosures of all publications (including patents, patent applications, journal articles, manuals, books, or other documents) cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. No admission is made that any of the references constitute prior art or are part of the common general knowledge of those working in the field to which this invention relates.
[0074] Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" , shall be construed as synonymous and open-ended, unless otherwise indicated. A list of elements following the transitional phrases comprising or including is a non-exclusive list, such that elements in addition to those specifically recited in the list may also be present.
[0075] As used herein, the terms “enrich” , “aggregate” and “uptake” are used interchangeably, and refer to that the porous microspheres of the present invention are enriched in the tumor.
[0076] The invention described herein includes various values. A range of values will be understood to include all values within the range, including the values defining the range, and values adjacent to the range that lead to the same or substantially the same outcome as the values immediately adjacent to that value which defines the boundary to the range. For example, a person skilled in the field will understand that a 10%variation in upper or lower limits of a range can be totally appropriate and is encompassed by the invention. More particularly, the variation in upper or lower limits of a range will be 5%or as is commonly recognised in the art, whichever is greater.
[0077] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the term "interaction" as used herein includes any chemical or physical interaction, including covalent bonding, ionic bonding, coordinate bonding, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic associations, dipole-dipole interactions and van der Waals interactions.
[0078] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the term "microsphere" as used herein includes all particulate materials that meet the parameters of the present invention preferably without sharp edges or points that could damage patients'arteries or catch in unintended locations. It is not limited to spheres. Preferably, the microsphere is substantially spherical or oval, but need not be regular or symmetrical in shape. Any microspheres may be used in the present invention provided the microspheres can receive a radionuclide such as through impregnation, absorbing, coating.
[0079] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the term "porous" or "pore" as used herein is open and connected, which allows blood to flow through the porous microspheres.
[0080] As used herein treat, "treatment" and "treated" includes:
[0081] (i) preventing a disease, disorder or condition from occurring in a patient who may be predisposed to the disease, disorder and / or condition, but has not yet been diagnosed as having it;
[0082] (ii) inhibiting a disease, disorder or condition, i.e., arresting its development; or
[0083] (iii) relieving a disease, disorder or condition, i.e., causing regression of the disease, disorder and / or condition.
[0084] Reference herein to use of microspheres in a therapy will be understood to be equally applicable to human and non-human, such as veterinary, applications. Hence it will be understood that, except where otherwise indicated, reference to a "patient" , "subject" or "individual" means a human or non-human species, such as an individual of any species of social, economic or research importance including but not limited to lagomorph, ovine, bovine, equine, porcine, feline, canine, primate and rodent species.
[0085] As used herein the term "kit" will be understood to include devices which may be used in therapy, including prevention and treatment of an actual condition or symptom, and those which may be used in diagnosis, including where the diagnosis is performed on or in the body of a patient and where the diagnosis is performed on or with a sample obtained from the body of a patient.
[0086] As used herein, the “two-step administration” and “separate administration” can be used interchangeably, and mean a separate administration of the non-metallic radionuclides and the porous microsphere.
[0087] Other definitions for selected terms used herein are found within the detailed description of the invention and apply throughout. Unless otherwise defined, all scientific and technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs.
[0088] Abbreviation
[0089] SIRT: Selective Internal Radiotherapy
[0090] SPECT scan: single-photon emission computerized tomography sacn
[0091] PET scan: positron emission tomography scan
[0092] DSA: digital subtraction angiography
[0093] PEG: polyethylene glycol
[0094] PLGA: poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
[0095] A radioactive porous microsphere
[0096] The present invention provides a radioactive porous microsphere, comprising
[0097] a porous matrix,
[0098] one or more metal layers coated on a surface of the porous matrix, and
[0099] non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal layer by the interaction therebetween to form radioactive porous microspheres, and
[0100] optionally, an outer layer for protecting the non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal layer from dissociating,
[0101] wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, and
[0102] the radionuclides provide a specific activity to the microsphere, the specific activity ranging from 1-1000000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 500000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 400000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 300000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 200000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 100000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 50000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 40000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 30000 Bq per microsphere, or 1 to 10000 Bq per microsphere,
[0103] preferably, wherein the non-metallic radionuclides are bound to the metal layer by positive and negative charge attraction (such as ionic bond) , chemical bond, or coordination bond between them; preferably by coordinate bonds between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal layer; more preferably by metal-halogen chemical bonds between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal layer,
[0104] preferably, the porous matrix is porous hydroxyapatite microsphere; more preferably the porous matrix is porous hydroxyapatite microsphere with surface thiolation,
[0105] preferably, the metal layers are distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of the porous matrix.
[0106] In some embodiments, the radioactive porous microsphere comprises a porous matrix, one or more metal layers coated on a surface of the porous matrix, and on-metal radionuclides bound to the metal layer by coordinate bonds between them, and the metal layers are distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of the porous matrix.
[0107] In some embodiments, the non-metallic radionuclide comprised in the radioactive porous microspheres is an isotope selected from isotopes of astatine, iodine or fluorine, such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18.
[0108] In some embodiments, the metal layer comprised in the radioactive porous microsphere comprises one or more metal (s) or metal nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg, Ca, and any combination thereof; preferably, one metal layer comprises a layer of metal or a layer of metal nanoparticles; or two metal layers comprise a layer of metal nanoparticles and a layer of metal; more preferably, the two metal layers comprise a layer of Au and a layer of Zn nanoparticles.
[0109] In some embodiments, the specific activity of the radioactive porous microspheres ranges from 1-1000000 Bq per microsphere, preferably ranges from 20-50000 Bq per microsphere, more preferably ranges from 100-40000 Bq per microsphere, and most preferably the specific activity is about 25000 Bq per microsphere.
[0110] In some embodiments, the matrix comprised in the radioactive porous microsphere comprises a material selected from the group consisting of SiO2, CaCO3, polylactic acid and other biocompatiable materials.
[0111] In some embodiments, the porous microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, preferably ranging from 20-80 μm, more preferably ranging from 20-50 μm, and most preferably the microsphere has a diameter of 30 μm.
[0112] In some embodiments, the diameter of pore in the porous matrix comprised in the radioactive porous microspheres ranges from 1-30 μm, preferably ranges from 2-20 μm, more preferably ranges from 2-10 μm, and most preferably the diameter of the pore in the porous matrix is about 5 μm.
[0113] In some embodiments, the metal layer comprised in the radioactive porous microspheres has a thickness ranging from 10-1000 nm.
[0114] In some embodiments, the porous matrix comprised in the radioactive porous microspheres is modified with a linker, preferably, the linker is –SH, and the metal layer comprises gold nanoparticles.
[0115] In some embodiments, the outer layer comprised in the radioactive porous microsphere comprises a material, such as one or more metal (s) selecting from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg and Ca, or polymers selecting from the group consisting from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) , agarose, resin and other biocompatiable materials.
[0116] In some embodiments, the porous microsphere is non-biodegradable or biodegradable in vivo.
[0117] In some embodiments, the non-metallic radionuclide comprised in the radioactive porous microspheres is an isotope of fluorine, such as F-18, and the metal layer comprises Al.
[0118] In some embodiments, the non-metallic radionuclide comprised in the radioactive porous microspheres is an isotope of astatine or iodine, such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124 or I-125, and the metal layer comprises Au or gold nanoparticles.
[0119] In some embodiments, the radioactive porous microsphere can be used in admixture with an X-ray contrast agent, such as iodate, bariate;
[0120] optionally, the radioactive porous microsphere is loaded with a substance that absorbs X-ray to allow imaging, wherein the substance that absorbs X-ray is seleted from:
[0121] Preparation Method
[0122] The present invention provides a method to synthesize the above mentioned radioactive porous microsphere, comprising
[0123] i) synthesize a porous microsphere, comprising a porous matrix,
[0124] ii) modify a surface of the porous matrix with -SH group for reacting with a solution of metal nanoparticles to form a metal layer; and / or coat metals on a surface of the porous matrix or the formed metal layer by chemical reaction to form another metal layer,
[0125] iii) mix a radionuclide solution of non-metallic radionuclide salts with the porous microspheres to form radioactive porous microspheres, wherein the solution further comprises sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, phosphate buffered saline and the like,
[0126] iv) optionally, mix the radioactive porous microspheres with a solution of metals or polymers to form an outer layer.
[0127] Methods and Uses
[0128] The present invention provides a use of the above mentioned radioactive porous microspheres in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a patient with radiotherapy,
[0129] wherein radioactive porous microspheres are administered to the patient for providing the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0130] In some embodiments, the disease is cancers that are treated by intra-arterial injection or intra-tumoral injection, such as prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, bile duct cancer, breast cancer, uterine fibroids, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer or pharyngeal cancer.
[0131] In some embodiments, the radiotherapy is internal radiotherapy.
[0132] In some embodiments, the radioactive porous microspheres are immobilized at a site of administration.
[0133] In some embodiments, the radionuclides comprised in the radioactive porous microspheres comprise at least one of an alpha-emitting radionuclide, such as At-211, a beta-emitting radionuclide, such as I-131, or a gamma-emitting radionuclide, such as I-125.
[0134] The present invention provides the above mentioned radioactive porous microspheres for use in treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,
[0135] wherein radioactive porous microspheres are administered to the patient for providing the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0136] The present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising administering to the patient in need of the radiotherapy the above mentioned radioactive porous microspheres,
[0137] wherein the radioactive porous microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0138] The present invention provides a method of imaging a target organ or a tumor in a patient comprising:
[0139] a) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient the above mentioned radioactive porous microspheres;
[0140] b) detecting the radioactive porous microspheres, wherein the detection provides the image of the target organ or the tumor.
[0141] The present invention provides a method of imaging concentrations and distributions of the radioactive porous microspheres in the target organ or tumor, comprising
[0142] a) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient the above mentioned radioactive porous microspheres;
[0143] b) detecting the radioactive porous microspheres by X-ray, wherein the detection provides the image of the concentration and distribution of radioactive porous microspheres in the target organ or the tumor.
[0144] The present invention provides a method of diagnosing cancer in a patient suspected of having a tumor comprising:
[0145] a) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient, the above mentioned radioactive porous microspheres;
[0146] b) detecting the radioactive porous microspheres; and
[0147] c) determining from the detection whether the patient has the tumor.
[0148] The present invention provides a kit, comprising:
[0149] the above mentioned radioactive porous microspheres, and
[0150] an interventional device for injecting the radioactive porous microspheres to a targeted site by intra-arterial injection or intra-tumoral injection.
[0151] The present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a patient with radiotherapy, comprising:
[0152] b) administering to the patient at a target site porous microsphere,
[0153] c) optionally, administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo,
[0154] d) optionally, observing the distributions of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed inside the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, and
[0155] e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo,
[0156] wherein each porous microsphere comprises a porous matrix, and one or more metal layers coated on the surface of the porous matrix; preferably, the metal layers are distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of the porous matrix,
[0157] wherein the non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound the metal layer of the porous microspheres by coordinate bonds between them; more preferably by metal-halogen chemical bonds between them.
[0158] In some embodiments, wherein before step b) further comprising step a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil; preferably saturating the patient’s thyroid by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil.
[0159] In some embodiments, further comprising step f) monitoring the dose of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the dose is insufficient.
[0160] In some embodiments, further comprising step g) surgical removal of the target site.
[0161] In some embodiments, the method of the prestn invention comprises the following steps:
[0162] a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,
[0163] b) administering to the patient at a target site porous microsphere,
[0164] c) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo,
[0165] d) observing the distributions of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed inside the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment,
[0166] e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, which are directly bound to microspheres by interaction between the second non-metallic radionuclides and the metallayer, and
[0167] f) monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient, and
[0168] g) surgical removal of the target site;
[0169] preferably comprising the following steps,
[0170] a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,
[0171] b) administering to the patient at a target site porous microsphere optionally by intra-tumoral injection,
[0172] c) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging optionally by orally administered sodium salt of the first non-metallic radionuclides, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo,
[0173] d) observing the distributions of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed inside the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment,
[0174] e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment optionally by orally administered sodium salt of the second non-metallic radionuclides (such as I-131) , which are directly bound to microspheres by interaction between the second non-metallic radionuclides and the metallayer, and
[0175] f) monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient, and
[0176] g) surgical removal of the target site.
[0177] In some embodiments, wherein in step d) the patients suitable for the radiotherapy are patients who meet one or more of the following criterions:
[0178] i) the porous microspheres are substantially distributed inside the tumor;
[0179] ii) the patient does not suffer the direct connection between arteries and veins in human tissues.
[0180] In some embodiments, wherein the imaging technique is a PET scan ora SPECT scan.
[0181] In some embodiments, wherein the administration route of the porous microspheres is intra-arterial injection, intra-tumoral injection, intraperitoneal injection, oral administration, intra-vein administration, bladder instillation, or uterine instillation; and wherein the administration route of the non-metallic radionuclides is oral administration, intravenous injection, intra-muscle injection or intra-peritoneal injection of non-metallic radionuclide salts.
[0182] In some embodiments, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclide for imaging is selected from I-124, F-18, I-123 or I-131; preferably I-124 or F-18 for PET scan, and I-123 or I-131 for SPECT scan; wherein the second non-metallic radionuclide for treatment is selected from At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18.
[0183] In some embodiments, wherein the metal layer comprises metals selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg, Ca and any combination of the above metals; preferably, one metal layer comprises a layer of metal or a layer of metal nanoparticles; or two metal layers comprise a layer of metal nanoparticles and a layer of metal; more preferably, the two metal layers comprise a layer of Au and a layer of Zn nanoparticles.
[0184] In some embodiments, wherein the porous microspheres are used in combination with X-ray contrast agent, such as iodate, bariate, and wherein the imaging technique in step d) and step f) is imaging by X-ray.
[0185] The present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a patient with radiotherapy, comprising the following steps:
[0186] a) optionally, saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil
[0187] b) administering to the patient at a target site porous microspheres,
[0188] c) optionally, observing the concentrations and distributions of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy,
[0189] d) administering to the patient non-metal radionuclides, wherein the non-metal radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo, and
[0190] e) optionally, monitoring the dose of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the non-metallic radionuclides when the dose is insufficient, and
[0191] f) optionally, surgical removal of the target site.
[0192] In some embodiments, the first non-metallic radionuclides in the above method are I-124 or F-18 for PET imaging the distribution of microspheres in the patient.
[0193] In some embodiments, the first non-metallic radionuclides in the above method are I-123 or I-131 for SPECT imaging the distribution of microspheres in the patient.
[0194] In some embodiments, in the above-mentioned method, approved agents (such as ascorbic acid, sodium citrate) are added as adjuvants for PET imaging or SPECT imaging.
[0195] In some embodiments, in the above-mentioned method, before step a) , comprising the step of saturating the patient’s thyroid gland with KI / NaI intravenously or orally with KI / NaI capsules.
[0196] The present application provides a use of a combination of porous microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a patient with radiotherapy,
[0197] wherein the porous microsphere comprises a porous matrix, and one or more metal layers coated on the surface of the porous matrix, and
[0198] non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are bound to the porous microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal layer to form radioactive porous microspheres,
[0199] wherein the porous microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides are administrated separately, and
[0200] the radioactive porous microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0201] The present application provides a combination of porous microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides for use in treating a disease in a patient with radiotherapy,
[0202] wherein the porous microsphere comprises a porous matrix, and one or more metal layers coated on the surface of the porous matrix, and
[0203] non-metallic radionuclides are bound to the porous microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal layer to form radioactive porous microspheres,
[0204] wherein the porous microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are administrated separately, and
[0205] the radioactive porous microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0206] The present application provides a kit, comprising:
[0207] porous microsphere comprises a porous matrix, and one or more metal layers coated on the surface of the porous matrix, and
[0208] non-metallic radionuclides for binding to the porous microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal layer to form radioactive porous microspheres,
[0209] wherein the porous microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are administrated separately, and
[0210] the radioactive porous microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0211] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:
[0212] optionally, a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;
[0213] b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel, optionally in a DSA operating room, and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;
[0214] c) administering the radioactive porous microsphere of the present invention to the patient via the catheter for imaging by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan to obtain the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere, and wherein the radioactive porous microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131, I-123 or I-124;
[0215] d) if the amount of the radioactive porous microsphere accumulated in tumor is higher than that in nomal tissues or there is no radioactive porous microsphere in nomal tissues, administering the radioactive porous microsphere of the present invention to the patient via the catheter, and wherein the radioactive porous microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131 and / or At-211, and
[0216] optionally, e) and SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere meet expectation; or
[0217] f) if the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere does not meet expectation, the patient is orally administered with a large dose of NaI solution to elute the non-metallic radionuclides of the radioactive porous microsphere.
[0218] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising the following steps:
[0219] a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;
[0220] b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;
[0221] c) transferring the patient from the DSA suite to nuclear medicine department;
[0222] d) administering low dose of the radioactive porous microsphere of the present invention to the patient via the catheter for imaging by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan to obtain the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere, and wherein the radioactive porous microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131, I-123 or I-124;
[0223] e) verifying whether all or most of the radioactive porous microspheres are uniformly distributed in tumor, and whether there is accumulation in other normal organs, such as lung;
[0224] f) if the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere meet expectation, administering therapeutic dose of the the radioactive porous microsphere of the present invention to the patient via the catheter for treatment, and wherein the radioactive porous microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131 and / or At-211;
[0225] g) after administering the radioactive porous microsphere for treatment, SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere meets expectations, and whether the therapeutic dose is enough;
[0226] h) if the therapeutic dose is not enough, administering the radioactive porous microsphere for treatment to achieve precise and potent treatment; and
[0227] i) if the radioactive porous microspheres are highly uptaken in non-target organs, the patient can be orally administered with NaI solution without radioactivity to replace the non-metallic radionuclides on the radioactive porous microsphere, and the eluted radionuclide ions can be cleared out of the body through the kidney.
[0228] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:
[0229] optionally, a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;
[0230] b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel, optionally in a DSA operating room, and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;
[0231] c) administering porous microspheres to the patient optionally via the catheter;
[0232] d) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo, and wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are I-131, I-123 or I-124
[0233] e) observing the distribution of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan;
[0234] f) if the amount of the porous microspheres accumulated in tumor is higher than that in nomal tissues or there is no microsphere in nomal tissues, administering second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo, and wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are I-131 and / or At-211; and
[0235] optionally, g) and SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the microsphere meet expectation; or
[0236] h) if the distribution of the porous microsphere does not meet expectation, the patient is orally administered with a large dose of NaI solution to elute the non-metallic radionuclides of the microsphere.
[0237] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising the following steps:
[0238] a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;
[0239] b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;
[0240] c) administering porous microspheres to the patient via the catheter;
[0241] d) transferring the patient from the DSA suite to nuclear medicine department;
[0242] e) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging via the catheter or by intravenous injection, and wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are I-131, I-123 or I-124;
[0243] f) observing the distribution of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan;
[0244] g) if the porous microspheres are uniformly distributed in tumor and very less distributed in non-target organs, administering the therapeutic dose of second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment via the catheter or by intravenous injection, and wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are I-131 and / or At-211;
[0245] h) after administering the second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure whether the therapeutic dose is enough;
[0246] i) if the therapeutic dose is not enough, administering the second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment to achieve effective dose; and
[0247] j) if the porous microspheres are highly uptaken in non-target organs, the patient can be orally administered with NaI solution without radioactivity to replace the non-metallic radionuclides on the porous microsphere, and the eluted radionuclide ions can be cleared out of the body through the kidney.
[0248] It should be noted that the embodiments listed in the above microspheres are also be applied to the above method, combination, use and kit thereof. In addition, the embodiments listed in the above methods are also be applied to the above combination, use and kit thereof.
[0249] EXAMPLES
[0250] To make the objects and technical solutions of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific examples. It should be understood that the examples are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Further, specific experimetal methods not mentioned in the following examples were carried out in accordance with a conventional experimetal method.
[0251] Example 1: Preparation of various metal nanoparticles
[0252] 1.1 Synthesis of gold nanoparticles
[0253] 100 mL of ultrapure water was placed in a flask and heated to boiling under vigorous stirring. 0.2 mL of 0.5 M HAuCl4 solution was quickly added to the boiling water, and continued to heat with stirring for 10 s. At this point, the solution was pale yellow. 15 mL of 1% (w / v) sodium citrate solution was immediately added, and the color of the solution rapidly turned black and gradually became wine red, indicating that the gold nanoparticles formed. The boiling reaction was maintained for 30 min, with distilled water added as needed to maintain a constant reaction volume. After the reaction was completed, the solution was naturally cooled to room temperature and filtered through a 0.22 μm microporous membrane to remove large particles and impurities. Then, the solution of purified gold nanoparticles were obtained.
[0254] 1.2 Synthesis of silver nanoparticles
[0255] Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical reduction method comprising specific steps as follows: 14.7 mg of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and 104.6 mg of sodium citrate dihydrate (Na3Cit·H2O) were weighed and dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water. The solution was magnetically stirred at room temperature until fully dissolved. Then, 1.2 mg / mL sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solution was slowly added dropwise to the above reaction solution and continuously stirred. The reaction was performed at room temperature for 30 min. The color of the solution changed, indicating that the silver nanoparticles formed. The obtained Ag NPs colloidal solution could be used directly in subsequent experiments. Unless otherwise specified, no further purification was required.
[0256] 1.3 Synthesis of zinc nanoparticles
[0257] Zinc nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical reduction method comprising specific steps as follows: 11.8 mg of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and 104.6 mg of sodium citrate dihydrate (Na3Cit·H2O) were weighed and dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water. The solution was magnetically stirred at room temperature until fully dissolved. Then, 1.2 mg / mL sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solution was slowly added dropwise to the above reaction solution and continuously stirred. The reaction was performed at room temperature for 30 min. The color of the solution changed, indicating that the zinc nanoparticles formed. The obtained Zn NPs colloidal solution could be used directly in subsequent experiments. Unless otherwise specified, no further purification was required.
[0258] Example 2: Preparation of radioactive porous microspheres
[0259] 2.1 Synthesis of porous microspheres
[0260] 20 mg of porous hydroxyapatite (HAp) microspheres were weitghted and added in 19 mL of anhydrous ethanol and 1 mL of ultrapure water. The mixture was sonicated for 5 min to obtain a homogeneous suspension. 15 μL of glacial acetic acid was added into the rteaction system to adjust the pH of the solution to approximately 4.5. And then added 400 μL of (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTS) . The solution was performed on a shaker at room temperature (approximately 25 ℃) for 8 h. After the reaction was completed, the reaction system was centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 5 min, and the supernatant was discarded. Washed twice with anhydrous ethanol, then twice with ultrapure water to obtain porous hydroxyapatite microspheres with surface thiolation (HAp-SH) .
[0261] 2.2 Synthesis of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au radioactive porous microspheres
[0262] Step 1: 20 mL of the gold nanoparticle solutions prepared in Example 1, 20 mL of the silver nanoparticle solution prepared in Example 1 and 10 mL of pure water were taken and placed in a round-bottom flask. 100 mg of porous hydroxyapatite microspheres with surface thiolation (HAp-SH) obtained in Example 2.1 were added. Heated in an oil bath to increase temperature. The reaction temperature was increased to 60℃ and maintained for 30 min, to 70℃ and maintained for 20 min, and to 80℃ and maintained for 10 min. When the reaction temperature reached 90℃, it was observed that the color of the solution in the flask changed. Generally, it changed from wine red to grayish-black. Reacted for 10 min after the color was stable. After the reaction was completed, the porous microspheres were centrifuged to wash at 500 rpm for 3 min
[0263] Step 2: The porous microspheres from Step 1 was dispersed in 47 mL of ultrapure water and pre-cooled to 4 ℃. 1 mL of 50 mM AgNO3, 2.5 mL of 20 mg / mL PVP (molecular weight 8000) and 1 mL of 50 mM K2CO3 were sequentially added, and were stirred rapidly for 1 minute. 1 mL of 100 mM NaBH4 (freshly prepared in cold water) was rapidly added. The color of the solution rapidly changed from yellow to yellow metallic luster. Continued stirring in an ice bath for 5-10 minutes, then reacted at room temperature in the dark for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the porous microspheres were centrifuged to wash at 500 rpm for 3 min
[0264] Step 3: The porous microspheres from Step 2 was dispersed in 100mL of pure water, and then 100 mg of HAuCl4·3H2O and 1.5 mL of 10%Na3Cit·H2O (sodium citrate) were sequentially added. When the color of the solution gradually changed to purplish-black, and after the color was stable, reacted for 40 min. After the reaction was completed, the porous microspheres were centrifuged to wash at 500 rpm for 3 min.
[0265] Step 4: The porous microspheres from Step 3 were resuspended in 5 mL of ice ultrapure water and pre-cooled to 4 ℃ in an ice bath. 5 mL of ice-cold 1%hydrogen peroxide and 5 mL of ice-cold 1%ammonia solution were added and reacted for 5 min. 150 mL of ice ultrapure water were immediatedly added to quench the reaction. After the reaction was completed, the porous microspheres were centrifuged to wash at 500 rpm for 3 min.
[0266] Step 5: The porous microspheres from Step 4 were added to 100 mL of the prepared zinc nanoparticle solution and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. After the reaction was completed, the porous microspheres were centrifuged to wash at 500 rpm for 3 min.
[0267] Step 6: The obtained microspheres were dispersed in sodium vitamin C and stored at a concentration of 10 mg / mL.
[0268] Example 3: The characterization of radioactive porous microspheres
[0269] The structure of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au radioactive porous hydroxyapatite microspheres prepared in Example 2 is shown in Figure 1. In the radioactive porous microsphere of the present invention, porous hydroxyapatite (HAp) microsphere is taken as porous matrix, and coated inside (including pore canal in the microsphere) and outside of the microsphere by rough gold layer (Au layer) as the layer. The surface of gold layer is uniformly distributed Zn nanoparticles. As shown in Figure 2, it can be seen from the microscope image that the radioactive porous microsphere of the present invention shows sphere shape with rough surface.
[0270] The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au radioactive porous hydroxyapatite microspheres prepared in Example 2 is shown in Figure 3. The overall morphology and surface structure of the porous microspheres are shown at different magnifications: (a) ×300, scale bar 100 μm; (b) ×1100, scale bar 50 μm; (c) ×2200, scale bar 10 μm; and (d) ×50,000, scale bar 1 μm. It can be observed that the radioactive porous microsphere of the present invention shows sphere shape with rough surface.
[0271] Example 4: Radioactive activity of radioactive porous microspheres
[0272] 4.1 The method for radioactive labeling at 37℃
[0273] The Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au radioactive porous hydroxyapatite microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at 37℃, and was continuously shaken in a constant-temperature shaker for 10 min to react. After the reaction was completed, the sample was centrifuged to remove unbound 131I, and the porous microspheres were collected. Then, the radioactive activity of the porous microspheres was measured to calculate the labeling rate. Experimental results showed that the labeling rate of this method was 98.97%.
[0274] 4.2 Maximum radioactive loading of microspheres
[0275] To evaluate the maximum radioactive loading capacity of the porous microspheres, 0.1 mg of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au radioactive porous hydroxyapatite microspheres were taken, and Na131I solution with 4.65 mCi of radioactive activity was added. The reaction system was placed in a constant temperature shaker at 37 ℃ and shaken for 10 min. After the reaction was completed, the unbound free Na131I was removed by centrifugation. The porous microspheres were collected and the radioactive activity thereof was measured to calculate the labeling rate. The experimental results showed that the labeling rate was 87.3%. According to this calculation, the maximum radioactive loading of the porous microspheres was calculated to be 40.6 mCi / mg, corresponding to a radioactive loading of a single microsphere as approximately 15022 Bq / microsphere.
[0276] Example 5: Stability of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres
[0277] The method for radioactive labeling: with reference to the method as described above, Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au radioactive porous hydroxyapatite microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at 37℃ with shaking for 10 min for the labeling. Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au radioactive porous hydroxyapatite microspheres, which had been successfully labeled, were added to various different test media (specific media shown in Table 1) , and incubated at 37℃ with shaking for 1 hour and 24 hours. After incubation, the microspheres were collected by centrifugation, the radioactive activity thereof was determined and the radioactive activity retention rate was calculated, which were shown in Table 1. The experiment results showed that the radioactive microspheres exhibited a high radioactive activity retention rate (which was approximately above 95%) in various media after one-hour and 24-hour incubations, which showed excellent stability in vitro.
[0278] Table 1
[0279] Example 6: Toxicity test of the radioactive porous microspheres
[0280] 6.1. Animal MTD Toxicity Test of the One-step Administration (radioactive porous microspheres) in New Zealand Rabbits
[0281] Objective: To evaluate the acute toxicity of 131I-labeled radioactive porous microspheres administered to New Zealand rabbits by one injection via marginal ear vein and to determine the maximal tolerance dose (MTD) . To observe the embolic effect caused by the radioactive porous microspheres (mainly retained in the lungs) and the radioactive toxicity of the radioactive porous microspheres.
[0282] Animals and Feeding: New Zealand rabbits weighing 3.5-4.0 kg. The rabbits were fed in an SPF-level animal facility for a 7-day acclimatization period under constant temperature and humidity, with a 12-hour light-dark cycle and free access to water and feed. The rabbits were grouped according to dose, n = 3 rabbits per group. The acute toxicity was evaluated with 3 rabbits per group, and the number of rabbits in each group was increased to 5 for more precise derermination of MTD.
[0283] Administration Route and Dose Design: Intravenous injection via marginal ear vein (aseptic conditions) . Dose grading (based on microsphere mass in mg / kg, in 3-fold increment) : Control Group: intravenous injection with physiological saline (or carrier) ; Low-dose Group: 0.5 mg / kg; Medium-dose Group: 1.5 mg / kg; High-dose Group: 4.5 mg / kg; Extremely High-dose Group: 13.5 mg / kg. According to the body weight of rabbits, the doses were calculated as approximately 2-54 mg / rabbit based on 3.5-4.0 kg / rabbit. Three activity levels (approximately 1, 5 and 10 mCi) were set for each dose group to evaluate the radioactive contribution.
[0284] Experimental Procedure:
[0285] Observation: The rabbits were frequently observed at the first 24 hours after administration and recored every 0.5-1 hour for the first 8 hours, then 24 hours and 48 hours, followed by daily observation until day 14 (or extended to day 21 as per institutional guidelines) . Behavioral characteristics (activity, posture) , respiration (frequency, difficulty) , heart rate, coat color, appetite, excretion, oral and nasal secretions, presence or absence of wheezing / coughing, etc. were observed and recorded. The rabbits should be immediately euthanized and recorded when observing severe respiratory distress. The rabbits were weighed and recored before injection (baseline) , at Day 0.5, Day 1, Day 2, Day 4, Day 7 and Day 14 (or at additional time points) . The respiratory distress, degree of distress, activity limitation etc. were rated according to a pre-set scoring scale.
[0286] Hematological and Bbiochemical Test: Blood samples were taken at baseline (before injection) , Day 3, Day 7 and Day 14 to determine complete blood count (WBC, RBC, Hgb, PLT) , liver and kidney function (ALT, AST, ALP, TBIL, BUN, CRE) , electrolytes, etc.
[0287] Euthanasia Criteria and Clinical Management: Euthanasia should be performed immediately and recorded if any one of the following occurs: persistent / severe respiratory distress, weight loss >20%, severe altered consciousness disorder or inability to eat, or severe pain that cannot be unrelieved by supportive care. The execution shall be performed in accordance with the procedures approved by the ethics committee.
[0288] Anatomy, Histology and Radioactivity Determination: A full autopsy was performed at the endpoint or after early death, weighing wet weights of major organs including lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, thyroid, bladder, skeletal muscle, etc.
[0289] Histology: Samples were fixed and embedded in paraffin. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain was conducted. A focused pathological evaluation of the lung was conducted, including evaluation of embolism, hemorrhage, inflammatory reactions, etc.
[0290] Deteremination of Radioactivity: The radioactive activities of all organs were measured based on the same geometric conditions (counter efficiency calibration, background subtraction and decay correction) , which could be converted to Bq or ID% / g to evaluate radioactivity distribution.
[0291] Criteria of MTD: MTD Candidate Definition (Examplary) : In the highest dose group, ≤ 20%of mortality and ≤ 20%of average body weight loss were observed within the 14-day observation period, with no irreversible severe organ damage (confirmed by pathology / biochemistry) . If ≥ 2 / 3 or ≥ 2 / 5 of the animals died in a dose group, it could be considered to exceed the MTD. The final determination was based on clinical manifestations, blood biochemistry and pathological results, and was confirmed through discussion by the experimental group leader and toxicology experts.
[0292] Data Processing and Statistics: Body weight, blood / biochemical parameters, and organ weight were expressed as mean ± SD. Intergroup Comparisons: ANOVA or nonparametric tests (depending on data distribution) . Survival data could be plotted as Kaplan-Meier curves and analyzed with Log-rank test (if multiple deaths occur) . Significance is defined as p < 0.05.
[0293] 6.2. Animal MTD Toxicity Test of the Two-step Administration (non-radioactive porous microspheres + free Na131I) in New Zealand Rabbits
[0294] Objective: To evaluate the acute toxicity of two-step administration (involving the injection of non-radioactive porous microspheres followed by administration of free Na131I) in New Zealand rabbits. The effects of microsphere embolization on the organism and the contribution of adsorption / retention of the porous microspheres to free iodine were mainly inspected.
[0295] Animals and Feeding: New Zealand rabbits weighing 3.5-4.0 kg. The rabbits were fed in an SPF-level animal facility for a 7-day acclimatization period under constant temperature and humidity, with a 12-hour light-dark cycle and free access to water and feed. The rabbits were grouped according to dose, n = 3 rabbits per group. The acute toxicity was evaluated with 3 rabbits per group, and the number of rabbits in each group was increased to 5 for more precise derermination of MTD.
[0296] Administration Route and Dose Design: Intravenous injection via marginal ear vein (aseptic conditions) . Step I: Injected non-radioactive porous microspheres via the marginal ear vein. Dose (mass) grading was same as that described in Section 6.1. Step II: The solution of free Na131I (approximately 1, 5 and 10 mCi) were injected via marginal ear vein at 0.5 h after microsphere injection, which could be adjusted according to pilot experiment. Dose grading (based on microsphere mass in mg / kg, in 3-fold increment) : Control Group: intravenous injection with physiological saline (or carrier) ; Low-dose Group: 0.5 mg / kg; Medium-dose Group: 1.5 mg / kg; High-dose Group: 4.5 mg / kg; Extremely High-dose Group: 13.5 mg / kg. According to the body weight of rabbits, the doses were calculated as approximately 2-54 mg / rabbit based on 3.5-4.0 kg / rabbit. Three activity levels (approximately 1, 5 and 10 mCi) were set for each dose group to evaluate the radioactive contribution.
[0297] Experimental Procedure:
[0298] Observation: The rabbits were frequently observed at the first 24 hours after administration and recored every 0.5-1 hour for the first 8 hours, then 24 hours and 48 hours, followed by daily observation until day 14 (or extended to day 21 as per institutional guidelines) . Behavioral characteristics (activity, posture) , respiration (frequency, difficulty) , heart rate, coat color, appetite, excretion, oral and nasal secretions, presence or absence of wheezing / coughing, etc. were observed and recorded. The rabbits should be immediately euthanized and recorded when observing severe respiratory distress. The rabbits were weighed and recored before injection (baseline) , at Day 0.5, Day 1, Day 2, Day 4, Day 7 and Day 14 (or at additional time points) . The respiratory distress, degree of distress, activity limitation etc. were rated according to a pre-set scoring scale.
[0299] Hematological and Bbiochemical Test: Blood samples were taken at baseline (before injection) , Day 3, Day 7 and Day 14 to determine complete blood count (WBC, RBC, Hgb, PLT) , liver and kidney function (ALT, AST, ALP, TBIL, BUN, CRE) , electrolytes, etc.
[0300] Euthanasia Criteria and Clinical Management: Euthanasia should be performed immediately and recorded if any one of the following occurs: persistent / severe respiratory distress, weight loss >20%, severe altered consciousness disorder or inability to eat, or severe pain that cannot be unrelieved by supportive care. The execution shall be performed in accordance with the procedures approved by the ethics committee.
[0301] Anatomy, histology and Radioactivity Determination: A full autopsy was performed at the endpoint or after early death, weighing wet weights of major organs including lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, thyroid, bladder, skeletal muscle, etc.
[0302] Histology: Samples were fixed and embedded in paraffin. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain was conducted. A focused pathological evaluation of the lung was conducted, including evaluation of embolism, hemorrhage, inflammatory reactions, etc.
[0303] Deteremination of Radioactivity: The radioactive activities of all organs were measured based on the same geometric conditions (counter efficiency calibration, background subtraction and decay correction) , which could be converted to Bq or ID% / g to evaluate radioactivity distribution.
[0304] Criteria of MTD: MTD Candidate Definition (Examplary) : In the highest dose group, ≤ 20%of mortality and ≤ 20%of average body weight loss were observed within the 14-day observation period, with no irreversible severe organ damage (confirmed by pathology / biochemistry) . If ≥ 2 / 3 or ≥ 2 / 5 of the animals die in a dose group, it could be considered to exceed the MTD. The final determination was based on clinical manifestations, blood biochemistry and pathological results, and was confirmed through discussion by the experimental group leader and toxicology experts.
[0305] Data Processing and Statistics: Body weight, blood / biochemical parameters, and organ weight were expressed as mean ± SD. Intergroup Comparisons: ANOVA or nonparametric tests (depending on data distribution) . Survival data could be plotted as Kaplan-Meier curves and analyzed with Log-rank test (if multiple deaths occur) . Significance is defined as p < 0.05.
[0306] Example 7: Pharmacodynamic test in animals
[0307] 7.1. Pharmacodynamic Test for One-step DSA Administration in a Rabbit Model of Liver Cancer
[0308] Rabbit models of liver cancer were randomly divided into the following two groups:
[0309] Experimental Group: In rabbit models of liver cancer (established by a conventional method) , 131I-labeled radioactive porous microspheres were directly injected into the hepatic artery branch of lobe of left liver via a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) catheter. Tumor size was determined by 18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging before administration. Tumor size changes were determined by 18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging at 3, 7 and 14 days after administration. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability.
[0310] Control Group: Rabbit models of liver cancer received no treatment. Tumor size was determined by 18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging before administration. Tumor size changes were determined by 18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging at 3, 7 and 14 days after administration. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability.
[0311] Survival Observation: The survival status and death date of the animals from each group were recorded until the experimental endpoint (day 28) or upon meeting the euthanasia criteria. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted based on the records.
[0312] Tumor Volume Measurement: Tumor size changes were determined by 18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging.
[0313] Record of Weight: The weights (g) of the rabbit models of liver cancer were measured and recorded at each follow-up visit, and trend curves of weight change over time were plotted for each group.
[0314] Additional Endpoint: Tumors and major organs were collected for pathological or radiological / biochemical analysis at the experimental endpoint or upon meeting the criteria for euthanasia.
[0315] Euthanasia Criteria and Ethical Requirements: Euthanasia should be performed immediately and recorded if any one of the following occurs: weight loss >20%, severe paralysis, obvious pain, inability to eat, limited mobility. The execution shall be performed in accordance with the procedures approved by the ethics committee.
[0316] 7.2. Pharmacodynamic Test for Two-step DSA Administration in a Rabbit Model of Liver Cancer
[0317] Rabbit models of liver cancer were randomly divided into the following two groups:
[0318] Experimental Group: In rabbit models of liver cancer, non-radioactive porous microspheres were firstly injected into the hepatic artery branch of lobe of left liver via a DSA catheter, followed by injecting solution of free Na131I immediately or at pre-determined short intervals via intravenous / catheter. Free iodine could be bound to the local microspheres. Tumor size was determined by 18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging before administration. Tumor size changes were determined by 18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging at 3, 7 and 14 days after administration. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability.
[0319] Control Group: Rabbit models of liver cancer received no treatment. Tumor size was determined by 18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging before administration. Tumor size changes were determined by 18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging at 3, 7 and 14 days after administration. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability.
[0320] Survival Observation: The survival status and death date of the animals from each group were recorded until the experimental endpoint (day 28) or upon meeting the euthanasia criteria. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted based on the records.
[0321] Tumor Volume Measurement: Tumor size changes were determined by 18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging.
[0322] Record of Weight: The weights (g) of the rabbit models of liver cancer were measured and recorded at each follow-up visit, and trend curves of weight change over time were plotted for each group.
[0323] Additional Endpoint: Tumors and major organs were collected for pathological or radiological / biochemical analysis at the experimental endpoint or upon meeting the criteria for euthanasia.
[0324] Euthanasia Criteria and Ethical Requirements: Euthanasia should be performed immediately and recorded if any one of the following occurs: weight loss >20%, severe paralysis, obvious pain, inability to eat, limited mobility. The execution shall be performed in accordance with the procedures approved by the ethics committee.
[0325] Example 8: The concentration and distribution of radioactive porous microspheres in vivo
[0326] 8.1 The distribution of radioactive porous microspheres in vivo
[0327] 8.1.1 One-step Administration in Rabbit Model
[0328] Healthy rabbits weighing approximately 3.5-4.0 kg were selected. Radioactive porous microspheres labeled with 131I were injected via the marginal ear vein and mainly remained in lungs due to embolic effect. Rabbits were sacrificed at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 7 d and 14 d after administration. The heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, stomach, stomach contents, brain, thyroid, large intestine, small intestine, urine, bladder, gallbladder, bones and muscles were taken sequentially. Each tissue was weighed and measured for the radioactive activity. The radiotracer uptake rate of each tissue was calculated.
[0329] 8.1.2 Two-step Administration in Rabbit Model
[0330] Healthy rabbits weighing approximately 3.5-4.0 kg were selected. Non-radioactive porous microspheres were firstly injected via the marginal ear vein, and the solution of free Na131I were injected via vein at 0.5 h after microsphere injection. Free iodine could be adsorbed / bound to the porous microspheres. The radioactivity was mainly enriched in lungs due to embolic effect. Rabbits were sacrificed at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 7 d and 14 d after administration. The heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, stomach, stomach contents, brain, thyroid, large intestine, small intestine, urine, bladder, gallbladder, bones and muscles were taken sequentially. Each tissue was weighed and measured for the radioactive activity, and ID% / g of each tissue was calculated.
[0331] 8.1.3 One-step DSA Administration in a Rabbit Model of Liver Cancer
[0332] In rabbit models of liver cancer (established by a conventional method) , 131I-labeled radioactive porous microspheres were directly injected into the hepatic artery branch of lobe of left liver via a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) catheter. SPECT / CT scans were performed at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h after administration to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution in vivo. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability. Data were collected using a SPECT / CT system, and images were reconstructed using MILabs software. The reconstructed images were imported into PMOD software for post-processing and quantitative analysis. Volumetric Interest Areas (VOI) of organs including tumor, liver, lung and thyroid were delineated in PMOD, and the radioactive signal intensity of each VOI was calculated using quantitative tools (which could be further converted to ID% / g or Bq / cm3) . The imaging results were used to evaluate the intrahepatic distribution, tumor accumulation, and ectopic enrichment of microspheres after injection.
[0333] 8.1.4 Two-step DSA Administration in a Rabbit Model of Liver Cancer
[0334] In rabbit models of liver cancer, non-radioactive porous microspheres were firstly injected into the hepatic artery branch of lobe of left liver via a DSA catheter, followed by injecting solution of free Na131I immediately or at pre-determined short intervals via intravenous / catheter. Free iodine could be bound to the local microspheres. SPECT / CT scans were performed at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h after administration. As described in Section 8.1.3, the images were collected and processed to conduct quantitative analysis of radioactive signals. This protocol was used to evaluate the capture / enrichment effect of the porous microspheres to free iodine and their spatiotemporal distribution in the liver / tumor.
[0335] 8.2 The imaging of radioactive porous microspheres in vivo
[0336] 8.2.1 One-step Administration in Rabbit Model
[0337] Healthy rabbits weighing approximately 3.5-4.0 kg were selected. Radioactive porous microspheres labeled with 131I were injected via the marginal ear vein and mainly remained in lungs due to embolic effect. SPECT / CT scans were performed at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h after administration to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution in vivo. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability. Data was collected using a SPECT / CT system.
[0338] 8.2.2 Two-step Administration in Rabbit Model
[0339] Healthy rabbits weighing approximately 3.5-4.0 kg were selected. Non-radioactive porous microspheres were firstly injected via the marginal ear vein, and the solution of free Na131I were injected via vein at 0.5 h after microsphere injection. Free iodine could be adsorbed / bound to the porous microspheres. The radioactivity was mainly enriched in lungs due to embolic effect. SPECT / CT scans were performed at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h after administration to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution in vivo. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability. Data was collected using a SPECT / CT system.
[0340] 8.2.3 One-step DSA Administration in a Rabbit Model of Liver Cancer
[0341] In rabbit models of liver cancer (established by a conventional method) , 131I-labeled radioactive porous microspheres were directly injected into the hepatic artery branch of lobe of left liver via a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) catheter. SPECT / CT scans were performed at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h after administration to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution in vivo. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability. Data was collected using a SPECT / CT system.
[0342] 8.2.4 Two-step DSA Administration in a Rabbit Model of Liver Cancer
[0343] In rabbit models of liver cancer, non-radioactive porous microspheres were firstly injected into the hepatic artery branch of lobe of left liver via a DSA catheter, followed by injecting solution of free Na131I immediately or at pre-determined short intervals via intravenous / catheter. Free iodine could be bound to the local microspheres. SPECT / CT scans were performed at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h after administration to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution in vivo. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability. Data was collected using a SPECT / CT system.
[0344] While embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it will be understood that they have been presented by way of example instead of limitation. Without departing from the principles and purposes of the present invention, those skilled in the art may make changes, modifications, substitutions and variations to the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention, and the changes, modifications, substitutions and variations are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.
Claims
1.A radioactive porous microsphere, comprising a porous matrix,one or more metal layers coated on a surface of the porous matrix, andnon-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal layer by the interaction therebetween to form the radioactive porous microsphere, and optionally, an outer layer for protecting the non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal layer from dissociating,wherein the radioactive porous microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, andthe non-metallic radionuclides provide a specific activity to the radioactive porous microsphere, and the specific activity ranges from 1-1000000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 500000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 400000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 300000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 200000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 100000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 50000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 40000 Bq per microsphere, 1 to 30000 Bq per microsphere, or 1 to 10000 Bq per microsphere,preferably, wherein the non-metallic radionuclides are bound to the metal layer by positive and negative charge attraction (such as ionic bond) , chemical bond, or coordination bond between them; preferably by coordinate bonds between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal layer; more preferably by metal-halogen chemical bonds between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal layer,preferably, the porous matrix is a porous hydroxyapatite microsphere; more preferably the porous matrix is a porous hydroxyapatite microsphere with surface thiolation,preferably, the metal layers are distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of the porous matrix.2.The radioactive porous microsphere of claim 1, wherein the non-metallic radionuclide is an isotope selected from isotopes of astatine, iodine or fluorine, such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18.3.The radioactive porous microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the metal layer comprises one or more metal (s) or metal nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg, Ca, and any combinationof the above metals; preferably, one metal layer comprises a layer of metal or a layer of metal nanoparticles; or two metal layers comprise a layer of metal nanoparticles and a layer of metal; more preferably, the two metal layers comprise a layer of Au and a layer of Zn nanoparticles.4.The radioactive porous microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the specific activity ranges from 1-1000000 Bq per microsphere; preferably ranges from 20-50000 Bq per microsphere; more preferably the specific activity is about 25000 Bq per microsphere.5.The radioactive porous microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the porous matrix comprises a material selected from the group consisting of SiO2, CaCO3, polylactic acid and other biocompatiable materials.6.The radioactive porous microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, preferably ranging from 20-80 μm, more preferably ranging from 20-50 μm, and most preferably the microsphere has a diameter of 30 μm.7.The radioactive porous microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the diameter of pore in the porous matrix ranges from 1-30 μm, preferably ranges from 2-20 μm, more preferably ranges from 2-10 μm, and most preferably the diameter of pore in the porous matrix is about 5 μm.8.The radioactive porous microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the metal layer has a thickness ranging from 10-1000 nm.9.The radioactive porous microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the matrix is modified with a linker.10.The radioactive porous microsphere of claim 9, wherein the linker is –SH, and the metal layer comprises gold nanoparticles.11.The radioactive porous microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the outer layer comprises a material, such as one or more metal (s) selecting from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg and Ca, or polymers selecting from the group consisting from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) , agarose, resin and other biocompatiable materials.12.The radioactive porous microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the microsphere is non-biodegradable or biodegradable in vivo.13.The radioactive porous microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-metallic radionuclide is an isotope of fluorine, such as F-18, and the metal layer comprises Al.14.The radioactive porous microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-metallic radionuclide is an isotope of astatine or iodine, such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124 or I-125, and the metal layer comprises Au or gold nanoparticles.15.The radioactive porous microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the radioactive porous microsphere can be used in admixture with an X-ray contrast agent, such as iodate, bariate;optionally, the radioactive porous microsphere is loaded with a substance that absorbs X-ray to allow imaging, wherein the substance that absorbs X-ray is seleted from:16.A method to prepare the radioactive porous microsphere of any one of claims 1-15, comprisingi) synthesize a porous microsphere, comprising a porous matrix,ii) modify a surface of the porous matrix with -SH group for reacting with a solution of metal nanoparticles to form a metal layer; and / or coat metals on a surface of the porous matrix or the formed metal layer by chemical reaction to form another metal layer,iii) mix a radionuclide solution of non-metallic radionuclide salts with the porous microspheres to form radioactive porous microspheres, wherein the solution further comprises sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, phosphate buffered saline et al and the like,iv) optionally, mix the radioactive porous microspheres with a solution of metals or polymers to form an outer layer.17.Use of the radioactive porous microspheres of any one of claims 1-15 in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,wherein radioactive porous microspheres are administered to the patient for providing the radiotherapy to the patient.18.The use of claim 17, wherein the disease is cancers that are treated by intra-arterial injection or intra-tumoral injection, such as prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, bile duct cancer, breast cancer, uterine fibroids, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer or pharyngeal cancer.19.The use of claim 17, wherein the radiotherapy is internal radiotherapy.20.The use of claim 17, wherein the radioactive porous microspheres are immobilized at a site of administration.21.The use of claim 17, wherein the radionuclides comprise at least one of an alpha-emitting radionuclide, such as At-211, a beta-emitting radionuclide, such as I-131, or a gamma-emitting radionuclide, such as I-125.22.The radioactive porous microspheres of any one of claims 1-15 for use in treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,wherein radioactive porous microspheres are administered to the patient for providing the radiotherapy to the patient.23.A method of treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising administering to the patient in need of the radiotherapy the radioactive porous microspheres of any one of claims 1-15,wherein the radioactive porous microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.24.A method of imaging a target organ or a tumor in a patient, comprising:a) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient the radioactive porous microspheres of any one of claims 1-15; andb) detecting the radioactive porous microspheres, wherein the detection provides the imaging of the target organ or the tumor.25.A method of imaging the concentrations and distributions of the radioactive porous microspheres of any one of claims 1-15 in a target organ or a tumor, comprising a) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient the radioactive porous microspheres of any one of claims 1-15; andb) detecting the radioactive porous microspheres by X-ray, wherein the detection provides the imaging of the concentration and distribution of the radioactive porous microspheres in the target organ or the tumor.26.A method of diagnosing a tumor in a patient suspected of having the tumor comprising:a) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient, the radioactive porous microspheres of any one of claims 1-15;b) detecting the radioactive porous microspheres; and c) determining from the detection whether the patient has the tumor.27.A kit, comprising:the radioactive porous microspheres of any one of claims 1-15, and an interventional device for injecting the radioactive porous microspheres to a targeted site by intra-arterial injection or intra-tumoral injection.28.A method of treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:b) administering to the patient at a target site porous microspheres,c) optionally, administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo,d) optionally, observing the distributions of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed inside the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, ande) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo,wherein each porous microsphere comprises a porous matrix, and one or more metal layers coated on the surface of the porous matrix; preferably, the metal layers are distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of the porous matrix,wherein the non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound the metal layer of the porous microspheres by coordinate bonds therebetween; more preferably by metal-halogen chemical bonds therebetween.29.The method of claim 28, wherein before step b) , the method further comprises step a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil; preferably saturating the patient’s thyroid by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil.30.The method of claim 28 or 29, further comprising step f) monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient.31.The method of any one of the claims 28-30, further comprising step g) surgical removal of the target site.32.The method of any one of claims 28-31, wherein the method comprising the following steps:a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,b) administering to the patient at a target site porous microspheres,c) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo,d) observing the distributions of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy, and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed inside the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment,e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, which are directly bound to microspheres by interaction between the second non-metallic radionuclides and the metallayer, andf) monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient, and g) surgical removal of the target site;preferably comprising the following steps:a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,b) administering to the patient at a target site porous microspheres optionally by intra-tumoral injection,c) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging optionally by orally administered sodium salt of the first non-metallic radionuclides, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo,d) observing the distributions of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed inside the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment,e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment optionally by orally administered sodium salt of the second non-metallic radionuclides (such as I-131) , which are directly bound to microspheres by interaction between the second non-metallic radionuclides and the metallayer, andf) monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient, and g) surgical removal of the target site.33.The method of any one of the claims 28-32, wherein in step d) the patient suitable for the radiotherapy is a patient who meets one or more of the following criterions:i) the porous microspheres are substantially distributed inside the tumor;and ii) the patient does not have the direct connection between arteries and veins in human tissues.34.The method of any one of claims 28-33, wherein the imaging technique is a PET scan or a SPECT scan.35.The method of any one of claims 28-34, wherein the administration route of the porous microspheres is intra-arterial injection, intra-tumoral injection, intraperitoneal injection, oral administration, intra-vein administration, bladder instillation, or uterine instillation; and wherein the administration route of the non-metallic radionuclides is oral administration, intravenous injection, intra-muscle injection or intra-peritoneal injection of non-metallic radionuclide salts.36.The method of any one of claims 28-35, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclide for imaging is selected from I-124, F-18, I-123 or I-131; preferably I-124 or F-18 for PET scan, and I-123 or I-131 for SPECT scan; wherein the second non-metallic radionuclide for treatment is selected from At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18.37.The method of any one of claims 28-36, wherein the metal layer comprises one or more metals or metal nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg, Ca and any combination of the above metals; preferably, one metal layer comprises a layer of metal or a layer of metal nanoparticles; or two metal layers comprise a layer of metal nanoparticles and a layer of metal; more preferably, the two metal layers comprise a layer of Au and a layer of Zn nanoparticles.38.The method of any one of claims 28-37, wherein the porous microspheres are used in combination with X-ray contrast agent, such as iodate, bariate, and wherein the imaging technique in step d) and step f) is imaging by X-ray.39.A method of treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising the following steps:a) optionally, saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,b) administering to the patient at a target site porous microspheres,c) optionally, observing the concentrations and distributions of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy,d) administering to the patient non-metal radionuclides, wherein the non-metal radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo, ande) optionally, monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient, and f) optionally, surgical removal of the target site.40.Use of a combination of porous microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,wherein each of the porous microspheres comprise a porous matrix, and one or more metal layers coated on the surface of the porous matrix; preferably, the metal layers are distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of the porous matrix, andnon-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are bound to the porous microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal layer to form radioactive porous microspheres,wherein the radioactive porous microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides are administrated separately, and the radioactive porous microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.41.A combination of porous microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides for use in treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,wherein each of the porous microspheres comprises a porous matrix, and one or more metal layers coated on the surface of the porous matrix; preferably, the metal layers are distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of the porous matrix, andnon-metallic radionuclides are bound to the porous microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal layer to form radioactive porous microspheres,wherein the radioactive porous microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are administrated separately, and the radioactive porous microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.42.A kit, comprising:porous microspheres, each of the porous microspheres comprises a porous matrix, and one or more metal layers coated on the surface of the porous matrix; preferably, the metal layers are distributed on the inner and outer surfaces of the porous matrix, and non-metallic radionuclides for binding to the porous microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal layer to form radioactive porous microspheres,wherein the radioactive porous microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are administrated separately, and the radioactive porous microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.43.A method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:optionally, a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel, optionally in a DSA operating room, and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;c) administering the radioactive porous microsphere of any one of claims 1-15 to the patient via the catheter for imaging by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan to obtain the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere, and wherein the radioactive porous microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131, I-123 or I-124;d) if the amount of the radioactive porous microsphere accumulated in tumor is higher than that in nomal tissues or there is no radioactive porous microsphere in nomal tissues, administering the radioactive porous microsphere of any one of claims 1-15 to the patient via the catheter, and wherein the radioactive porous microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131 and / or At-211, andoptionally, e) and SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere meet expectation; orf) if the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere does not meet expectation, the patient is orally administered with a large dose of NaI solution to elute the non-metallic radionuclides of the radioactive porous microsphere.44.The method of claim 43, wherein the method comprises the following steps:a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;c) transferring the patient from the DSA suite to nuclear medicine department;d) administering low dose of the radioactive porous microsphere of any one of claims 1-15 to the patient via the catheter for imaging by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan to obtain the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere, and wherein the radioactive porous microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131, I-123 or I-124;e) verifying whether all or most of the radioactive porous microspheres are uniformly distributed in tumor, and whether there is accumulation in other normal organs, such as lung;f) if the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere meet expectation, administering therapeutic dose of the the radioactive porous microsphere of any one of claims 1-15 to the patient via the catheter for treatment, and wherein the radioactive porous microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131 and / or At-211;g) after administering the radioactive porous microsphere for treatment, SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the radioactive porous microsphere meets expectations, and whether the therapeutic dose is enough;h) if the therapeutic dose is not enough, administering the radioactive porous microsphere for treatment to achieve precise and potent treatment; and i) if the radioactive porous microspheres are highly uptaken in non-target organs, the patient can be orally administered with NaI solution without radioactivity to replace the non-metallic radionuclides on the radioactive porous microsphere, and the eluted radionuclide ions can be cleared out of the body through the kidney.45.A method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:optionally, a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel, optionally in a DSA operating room, and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;c) administering porous microspheres to the patient optionally via the catheter;d) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo, and wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are I-131, I-123 or I-124;e) observing the distribution of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan;f) if the amount of the porous microspheres accumulated in tumor is higher than that in nomal tissues or there is no microsphere in nomal tissues, administering second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the porous microspheres in vivo, and wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are I-131 and / or At-211; andoptionally, g) and SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the porous microsphere meet expectation; orh) if the distribution of the porous microsphere does not meet expectation, the patient is orally administered with a large dose of NaI solution to elute the non-metallic radionuclides of the porous microsphere.46.The method of claim 45, wherein the method comprises the following steps:a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;c) administering porous microspheres to the patient via the catheter;d) transferring the patient from the DSA suite to nuclear medicine department;e) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging via the catheter or by intravenous injection, and wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are I-131, I-123 or I-124;f) observing the distribution of the porous microspheres in the patient in vivo by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan;g) if the porous microspheres are uniformly distributed in tumor and very less distributed in non-target organs, administering the therapeutic dose of second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment via the catheter or by intravenous injection, and wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are I-131 and / or At-211;h) after administering the second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure whether the therapeutic dose is enough;i) if the therapeutic dose is not enough, administering the second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment to achieve effective dose; andj) if the porous microspheres are highly uptaken in non-target organs, the patient can be orally administered with NaI solution without radioactivity to replace the non-metallic radionuclides on the porous microsphere, and the eluted radionuclide ions can be cleared out of the body through the kidney.