Devices, systems and methods for provisioning of reference coverage information for receipt of public warning messages for NTN with delayed data transmission

Abstract

A user equipment (UE) configured to: receive, from a satellite of a first non-terrestrial network (NTN), a notification including a public warning message and one or more parameters for monitoring information transmitted by a satellite of a second NTN, the second NTN having a shorter delay of data transmission than the first NTN; and based on the one or more parameters, periodically monitoring the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.

Description

P-641023-PCDEVICES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROVISIONING OF REFERENCE COVERAGE INFORMATION FOR RECEIPT OF PUBLIC WARNING MESSAGES FOR NTN WITH DELAYED DATA TRANSMISSIONFIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of distribution of public warning messages, and more particularly, to distribution of public warning messages in non-terrestrial networks with delayed data transmission.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Some non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), such as Store and Forward (S&F) NTN and / or noncontiguous coverage NTN (e.g., NTN in which coverage areas are not continuous or adjacent geographically), may distribute public warning messages with delays. For example, a satellite in such NTN may transmit a public warning message to user equipments (UEs) in a geographic area. However, in a time period required for the satellite to reappear or for another satellite of the NTN to reach the geographic area, the public warning message for the geographic area may be changed. For example, the public warning message may be canceled or an indication of an urgency of the public warning message may be updated (e.g., increased or decreased). During that period of time, the UEs in the geographic area cannot be updated about the change in the public warning message. Accordingly, during at least a portion of that period of time, the UEs in that the area may operate under wrong or not updated information concerning the public warning message.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Some embodiments of the present invention may provide a user equipment (UE) configured to: receive, from a satellite of a first non-terrestrial network (NTN), a notification including a public warning message and one or more parameters for monitoring information transmitted by a satellite of a second NTN, the second NTN having a shorter delay of data transmission than the first NTN; and based on the one or more parameters, periodically monitoring the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.

[0004] In some embodiments, the UE is registered to the first NTN.

[0005] In some embodiments, the UE is not registered to the second NTN.P-641023-PC

[0006] In some embodiments, the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN relates to the public warning message.

[0007] In some embodiments, the information is transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN via a broadcast channel.

[0008] In some embodiments, the information is transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN in a system information broadcast (SIB).

[0009] In some embodiments, upon receipt of the notification from the satellite of the first NTN, the UE is configured to deliver the public warning message to a user.

[0010] In some embodiments, if the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN indicates that the public warning message is in force, the UE is configured to continuously deliver the public warning message to a user.

[0011] In some embodiments, if information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN indicates that the public warning message is not in force, the UE is configured to terminate the monitoring of the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.

[0012] In some embodiments, the UE is configured to receive, from next visible satellite of the first NTN, a notification indicating that the public warning message is not in force, and, in response, terminate the monitoring of the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.

[0013] In some embodiments, the UE is configured to: determine a mismatch in an information included in a notification transmitted by one or more satellites of the first NTN and the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN, and upon the determination, at least one of rely on the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN and ignore the notification transmitted by the one or more satellites of the first NTN.

[0014] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters include a frequency band at which the satellite of the second NTN transmits the information.

[0015] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters include at least one of a time at which the UE is to start and a periodicity at which the UE is to monitor the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.

[0016] In some embodiments, the UE is configured to update the periodicity based on an urgency measure of the public warning message.

[0017] Some embodiments of the present invention may provide a satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN), the satellite may be configured to: receive, via a feeder link, a notificationP-641023-PC including a public warning message for a geographic area and one or more parameters for a user equipment (UE) registered to the NTN to monitor information transmitted by a satellite of a second NTN to which the UE is not registered, the second NTN having a shorter delay of data transmission than the NTN; and upon reaching the geographic area, transmit the notification.

[0018] In some embodiments, the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN relates to the public warning message.

[0019] In some embodiments, the information is transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN via a broadcast channel.

[0020] In some embodiments, the information is transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN in a system information broadcast (SIB).

[0021] In some embodiments, the satellite is configured to transmit the notification in a system information broadcast (SIB).

[0022] In some embodiments, the satellite is configured to transmit a message instructing the UE to listen to a system information broadcast (SIB), the SIB including the notification.

[0023] In some embodiments, the satellite is configured to transmit the message in at least one of paging and dedicated signaling.

[0024] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters include a frequency band at which the satellite of the second NTN transmits the information.

[0025] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters include at least one of a time at which the UE is to start and a periodicity at which the UE is to monitor the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.

[0026] In some embodiments, upon reappearing in the geographic area, the satellite is configured to transmit a notification indicating that the public warning message is not in force.

[0027] In some embodiments, the NTN is at least one of a store and forward NTN and a noncontiguous coverage NTN.

[0028] Some embodiments of the present invention may provide a core network element configured to: receive, from a public warning system, a public warning message for a geographic area; and transmit, via a feeder link of a first non-terrestrial network (NTN), to a satellite of the first NTN, a notification including the public warning message and one or more parameters for a user equipment (UE) registered to the first NTN to monitor information transmitted by a satelliteP-641023-PC of a second NTN to which the UE is not registered, the second NTN having a shorter delay of public warning messages distribution than the first NTN.

[0029] In some embodiments, the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN relates to the public warning message.

[0030] In some embodiments, the information is transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN via a broadcast channel.

[0031] In some embodiments, the information is transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN in a system information broadcast (SIB).

[0032] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters include a frequency band at which the satellite of the second NTN transmits information.

[0033] In some embodiments, the one or more parameters include at least one of a time at which the UE is to start and a periodicity at which the UE is to monitor the information from the satellite of the second NTN.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0034] For a better understanding of embodiments of the invention and to show how the same can be carried into effect, reference will now be made, purely by way of example, to the accompanying drawings in which like numerals designate corresponding elements or sections throughout. In the accompanying drawings:

[0035] Figs. 1A, IB and 1C are schematic illustrations of devices for provisioning of reference coverage information for receipt of public warning messages for NTNs with delayed data transmission, according to some embodiments of the invention;

[0036] Fig. 2 is an example of a process for provisioning of reference coverage information for receipt of public warning messages for NTNs with delayed data transmission, according to some embodiments of the invention;

[0037] Fig. 3 is a flowchart of a method of operating a user equipment (UE), according to some embodiments of the invention;

[0038] Fig. 4 is a flowchart of a method of operating a satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN), according to some embodiments of the invention;

[0039] Fig. 5 is a flowchart of a method of operating a core network element, according to some embodiments of the invention;P-641023-PC

[0040] Fig. 6 is a block diagram of an exemplary computing device which may be used with embodiments of the present invention;

[0041] Fig. 7 is a block diagram of an exemplary user equipment which may be used with embodiments of the present invention; and

[0042] Fig. 8 is a block diagram of an exemplary satellite which may be used with embodiments of the present invention.

[0043] It will be appreciated that, for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0044] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components, modules, units and / or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention.

[0045] Embodiments of the present invention may improve distribution of public warning messages in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) with (e.g., having) delayed data transmission, for example Store and Forward (S&F) NTNs and / or non-contiguous coverage NTNs (e.g. NTNs in which coverage areas are not continuous or adjacent geographically).

[0046] Embodiments of the present invention may provide a core network element. The core network element may receive, for example from a public warning system, a public warning message for a geographic area. Based on the geographic area, the core network element may generate a notification related to the public warning message. The core network element may transmit the notification to a satellite (e.g., Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite) of a first NTN, for example via a feeder link of the first NTN. The first NTN may be a NTN with delayed data transmission such as a S&F NTN and / or a non-contiguous coverage NTN. The notification may include the public warning message. The notification may include one or more parameters required for a user equipment (UE) disposed in the geographic area and registered to the first NTN toP-641023-PC monitor information (e.g., information related to the public warning message) from a second NTN to which the UE may not be registered, for example during a period or periods of time in which none of satellites of the first NTN is visible to the UE in the geographic area. The second NTN may have a shorter delay of data distribution than the first NTN. The second NTN may have a shorter delay of data distribution than the first NTN at least in the geographic area for which the public warning message has been issued. For example, the second NTN may include one or more satellites (e.g., Geostationary Orbit (GEO) satellites) providing real-time (e.g., or substantially realtime) coverage and / or contiguous coverage of the geographic area for which the public waring message has been issued. Real time may mean, for example, without a delay, or without a significant delay in data transmission, e.g. the total time for the satellite to receive and transmit the public warning message (e.g. event to system response) to the UE may be of the order of milliseconds or seconds. The second NTN may have a shorter delay of data distribution than the first NTN for example by having a substantially zero delay (e.g. real-time / substantially real time).

[0047] Embodiments of the present invention may provide the satellite in the first NTN. The satellite of the first NTN may receive, e.g. from the core network element, e.g. via the feeder link, the notification related to the public warning message. The satellite of the first NTN may transmit the notification to a user equipment (UE) disposed in the geographic area when the satellite reaches the geographic area.

[0048] Embodiments of the present invention may provide the UE. The UE may receive, from the satellite of the first NTN (e.g. to which the UE may be registered), the notification related to the public warning message in the geographic area. Based on the one or more parameters included in the notification, the UE may monitor (e.g., periodically monitor) information, for example information related to the public warning message, transmitted by a satellite of the second NTN (e.g., to which the UE may not be registered). The UE may monitor the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN at least during the period or periods of time in which none of the satellites of the first NTN is visible to the UE. If the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN indicates that the public warning message is in force, the UE may deliver (e.g., continuously deliver) the public warning message to a user. The satellite of the second NTN may provide real-time (e.g., or substantially real-time) coverage of the geographic area for which the public warning message has been issued. Accordingly, the UE may receive and deliver (e.g., continuously deliver) the most updated public warning message to the user, for example evenP-641023-PC during the period or periods of time in which none of satellites of the first NTN to which the UE is registered is visible to the UE. If the information from the satellite of the second NTN indicates that the public warning message is not in force, the UE may stop delivering the public waring message to the user and / or terminate the monitoring of the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.

[0049] Embodiments of the present invention may allow the UE to monitor information and / or receive updates related to the public warning message in the geographic area during the period or periods of time in which none of the satellites of the NTN with delayed data transmission to which the UE is registered is visible to the UE. Therefore, embodiments of the present invention may improve the distribution of the public warning messages in NTNs with delayed data transmission, such as S&F NTNs and / or non-contiguous coverage NTNs.

[0050] Reference is made to Figs. 1A, IB and 1C, which are schematic illustrations of devices for provisioning of reference coverage information for receipt of public warning messages for NTNs with delayed data transmission, according to some embodiments of the invention.

[0051] In the case of hazard, emergency and / or critical situation in a geographic area 80, a public warning system 90 may issue a public warning message 92 for geographic area 80. Such a situation may include sever weather, emergency evacuation, natural disaster, security threat and / or any other hazard, emergency and / or critical situation. Public warning message 92 may include an indication of geographic area 80 in which the situation is happening or to happen, an indication of whether the situation is happening or an indication of a time at which the situation is to happen in geographic area 80, the type of the situation, an urgency measure of the situation and / or any other suitable information related to the situation. An urgency measure of the situation may be or may correspond to, for example: a watch, warning, or advisory indication as used by the United States of America National Weather Service; a yellow, amber, or red weather warning as used by the United Kingdom’s Met (meteorological) Office; a level III, level II, or level I disaster indication as used by the United States of America Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA); or the like.

[0052] A first NTN 110 may include a satellite 112 (e.g., such as satellite 800 described hereinbelow) and a feeder link 114. First NTN 110 may be a NTN with delayed data transmission. For example, first NTN 110 may be a S&F NTN and / or a non-contiguous coverage NTN. For example, satellite 112 of first NTN 110 may be a LEO satellite. While one satellite 112 and oneP-641023-PC feeder link 114 is shown in Figs. 1 A-1C, first NTN 110 may include any suitable number (e.g., two or more) of satellites 112 and feeder links 114.

[0053] A second NTN 120 may include a satellite 122 (e.g., such satellite 800 described hereinbelow) and a feeder link 124. Second NTN 120 may have a shorter delay of data distribution than first NTN 110. Second NTN 120 may have a shorter delay of data distribution than first NTN 110 at least in geographic area 80 for which public warning message 92 has been issued. For example, satellite 122 of second NTN 120 may provide real-time (e.g., or substantially real-time) coverage and / or contiguous coverage of geographic area 80 for which public warning message 92 has been issued. Satellite 122 of second NTN 120 may be a GEO satellite. While one satellite 122 and one feeder link 124 is shown in Figs. 1A-1C, second NTN 120 may include any suitable number (e.g., two or more) of satellites 122 and feeder links 124.

[0054] A user equipment (UE) 130 (e.g., such as user equipment 700 described hereinbelow) may be disposed in geographic area 80 for which public warning message 92 has been issued. UE 130 may be registered to (e.g., camp on) first NTN 110. UE 130 may not be registered to second NTN 120. While one UE 130 is shown in Figs. 1A-1C, any suitable number (e.g., two or more) of UEs 130 may be disposed in geographic area 80.

[0055] A core network element 140 may receive, e.g. from public warning system 90, public warning message 92 for geographic area 80. Core network element 140 may include a computing device (e.g., such as computing device 600 described hereinbelow). Based on geographic area 80, core network element 140 may generate a notification 102 related to public warning message 92. Notification 102 may include public warning message 92. Notification 102 may include one or more parameters 104 required for UE 130 to monitor information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 (e.g., to which UE 130 may not be registered). Information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 may include public warning message 92. Information 106 may be transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 via a broadcast channel. Information 106 may be transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 as part of a system information broadcast (SIB) (e.g., SIB-10, SIB-11 and / or SIB-12).

[0056] One or more parameters 104 may include a frequency band at which satellite 122 of second NTN 120 transmits information 106. One or more parameters 104 may include an ephemeris information of satellite 122 of second NTN 120 (e.g., an orbital trajectory and / or position of satellite 122 relative to Earth). One or more parameters 104 may include a time at which UE 130P-641023-PC to start monitoring information 106 from satellite 122 of second NTN 120. One or more parameters 104 may include a periodicity at which UE 130 is to monitor information 106 from satellite 122 of second NTN 120. For example, the periodicity may range between once every few minutes to once every hour, depending on type of the satiation and the urgency measure thereof. One or more parameters 104 may include any other suitable parameter that may allow UE 130 to monitor information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120.

[0057] For example, core network element 140 may store satellite ephemerides information providing orbital trajectories and / or positions of a plurality of satellites. Core network element 140 may store transmission parameters information (e.g., frequency bands) of the plurality of satellites. Based on the satellite ephemerides data and geographic area 80 for which public warning message 92 has been issued, core network element 140 may select a satellite of the plurality of satellites that may provide real-time (e.g., or substantially real-time) coverage and / or contiguous coverage of geographic area 80, for example during the period or periods of time at which none of satellites of first NTN 110 (e.g., to which UE 130 may be registered) covers geographic area 80. In the example of Figs. 1 A-1C, the selected satellite is satellite 122 of second NTN 120. Based on the transmission parameters information, core network element may determine one or more parameters 104 required for UE 130 to monitor information (e.g., information related to public warning message 92) transmitted by the selected satellite (e.g., satellite 122 of second NTN 120 in the example of Figs. 1A-1C). Core network element 140 may transmit notification 102 to first NTN 110.

[0058] While in the example of Figs. 1A-1C, first NTN 110 receives notification 102 from core network element 140, first NTN 110 may receive notification 102 from any other suitable source, for example from public warning system 90.

[0059] In operation, satellite 112 of first NTN 110 may receive notification 102 via feeder link 114 of first NTN 110 when satellite 112 is visible to feeder link 114 (e.g., as shown in Fig. 1 A). Satellite 122 of second NTN 120 may receive public warning message 92 from public warning system 90 via feeder link 124 of second NTN 120 (e.g., as shown in Fig. 1A) and / or from any other source.

[0060] Upon reaching geographic area 80, satellite 112 of first NTN 110 may transmit notification 102 to UE 130 (e.g., as shown in Fig. IB). Satellite 112 may transmit notification 102 in a system information broadcast (SIB) (e.g., SIB-10, SIB-11 (e.g., typically used for ETWS Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) and / or SIB-12 (e.g., typically used for CMAS Commercial Mobile Alert System)). Satellite 112 may transmit to UE 130 a message instructing UE 130 to listen to theP-641023-PCSIB with notification 102. Satellite 112 may transmit the message via paging (e.g., if UE 130 is in idle mode) or via dedicated signaling.

[0061] In some embodiments, UE 130 (e.g., in the case UE 130 is an Internet of Things (loT) device) may be restricted to perform a dedicated operation and may not be able to receive a paging message while performing the dedicated operation. In various embodiments, UE 130 may go or may be sent to an idle mode to follow an idle mode reception procedure (e.g., to allow UE 130 to listen to the SIB).

[0062] UE 130 may receive notification 102 from satellite 112 of first NTN 110 (e.g., to which UE 130 may be registered), for example as shown in Fig. IB. Upon receipt of notification 102, EU 130 may deliver public warning message 92 to a user. Based on one or more parameters 104 (e.g., included in notification 102), UE 130 may monitor (e.g., periodically monitor) information 106 (which may include public warning message 92) transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 (e.g., to which UE 130 may not be registered), for example as shown in Figs. 1B-1C. For example, UE 130 may search or scan the frequency band (e.g., indicated by one or more parameters 104 included in notification 102) in which satellite 122 of second NTN 120 may transmit information 106 to receive information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 (e.g., to which UE 130 may not be registered). UE 130 may set the time to start and / or the periodicity to monitor information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 as indicated by one or more parameters 104 included in notification 102. UE 130 may monitor information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 at least during the period or periods of time in which none of satellites of first NTN 110 is visible to UE 130 (e.g., as shown in Fig. 1C).

[0063] Information 106 may be transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 in a system information broadcast (SIB). Information 106 may be transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 via a broadcast channel. Information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 may include public warning message 92 (e.g. as indicated by reference numeral 106(92)). If information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 indicates that public warning message 92 is in force (e.g., if information 106 includes public warning message 92), UE 130 may deliver (e.g., continuously deliver) public warning message 92 to a user. UE 130 may deliver public warning message 92 to the user by, for example, displaying a visual indication and / or playing an audio indication to the user. Satellite 122 of second NTN 120 may provide real-time (e.g., or substantially real-time) coverage of geographic area 80 for which public warning message 92 has been issuedP-641023-PC(e.g., as described hereinabove). Accordingly, public warning message 92 included in information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 may include the most updated (e.g., the most recent) information related to the situation due to which public warning message 92 has been issued. For example, if during the period or periods of time in which none of satellites of first NTN 110 is visible to UE 130 the urgency measure of public warning message 92 has been updated (e.g. increased or decreased), UE 130 may be notified of the updated urgency measure by information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120. In this way, UE 130 may receive and deliver (e.g., continuously receive and deliver) the most updated public warning message 92 to the user even during the period or periods of time in which none of satellites of first NTN 110 to which UE 130 is registered is visible to UE 130.

[0064] The coverage area of satellite 122 of second NTN 120 may be greater than geographic area 80 in which the situation for which public warning message 92 has been issued is happening or to happen. A UE disposed externally to geographic area 80 but within the coverage area of satellite 122 of second NTN 120 may receive information 106 and deliver public warning message 92 to the user, although the UE is not within geographic area 80 in which the situation is happening to happen. In order to, for example, avoid delivering false public warning messages to the user, UE 130 may determine whether or not to deliver public warning message 92 to the user based on a geolocation of UE 130 (e.g., derived based on a geolocation sensor of UE 130) and the indication of geographic area 80 in which the situation is happening or to happen as indicated, for example, in public warning message 92. If it is determined by UE 130 that UE 130 is disposed within geographic area 80 in which the situation is happening or to happen, UE 130 may deliver public warning message 92 to the user. If it is determined by UE 130 that UE 130 is not disposed in geographic area 80, UE 130 may ignore and / or not deliver public warning message 92 to the user (e.g., and thus avoiding delivery of false messages to the user).

[0065] UE 130 may update the periodicity at which UE 130 is to monitor information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120. For example, UE 130 may update the periodicity at which UE 130 is to monitor information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 based on the urgency measure of public warning message 92. The urgency measure may be indicated in public warning message 92. For example, if the urgency measure of public warning message 92 has increased, UE 130 may increase the periodicity at which UE 130 is to monitor information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120. In another example, if the urgencyP-641023-PC measure of public warning message 92 has decreased, UE 130 may decrease the periodicity at which UE 130 is to monitor information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120. Updating the periodicity at which UE 130 is to monitor information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 based on the urgency measure of public warning message 92 may prevent UE 130 from performing unnecessary monitoring cycles and reduce power consumption of UE 130.

[0066] In one example, UE 130 may terminate monitoring information 106 from satellite 122 of second NTN 120 if information 106 from satellite 122 of second NTN 120 indicates that public warning message 92 is not in force (e.g., if information 106 does not include public warning message 92). In another example, the next satellite of first NTN 110 that becomes visible to UE 130 and / or satellite 112 (e.g., when satellite 112 reappears in geographic area 80) may transmit to UE 130 a notification indicating that public warning message 92 is not in force. Upon receipt of the notification, UE 130 may stop monitoring information 106 from satellite 122 of second NTN 120. For example, upon receipt of the notification that public warning message 92 is not in force, UE 130 may stop searching or scanning the frequency band in which satellite 122 of second NTN 120 transmits information.

[0067] If UE 130 determines a mismatch in the information related to public warning message 92 provided by satellites of first NTN 110 and satellite 122 of second NTN 120, UE 130 may rely on (e.g., select or operate as indicated by) information 106 provided by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 and / or ignore the information provided by the satellites of first NTN 110. This is because the information provided by the satellites of first NTN 110, which may be a S&F NTN and / or a noncontiguous coverage NTN, may be, in some embodiments, outdated while information 106 provided by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 may be the most updated (e.g., the most recent) information related to the situation due to which public warning message 92 has been issued (e.g., as described hereinabove). For example, if a notification provided by a satellite of first NTN 110 indicates that public warning messages 92 is in force but information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 indicates that public warning messages 92 has been revoked, UE 130 may rely on information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 and / or ignore the notification received from the satellite of first NTN 110. In another example, if a notification provided by a satellite of first NTN 110 indicates a first urgency measure of public warning message 92 and information 106 transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 120 indicates a secondP-641023-PC urgency measure of public warning message 92, UE 130 may ignore the notification received from the satellite of first NTN 110 and / or operate under the circumstances of the second urgency measure of public warning message 92 as indicated in information 106 from satellite 122 of second NTN 120.

[0068] Reference is made to Fig. 2, which is an example of a process 200 for provisioning of reference coverage information for receipt of public warning messages for NTNs with delayed data transmission, according to some embodiments of the invention.

[0069] In operation 201, a satellite 212 (e.g., such as satellite 112) of a first NTN 210 (e.g., such as first NTN 110) may receive from a feeder link 214 of first NTN 210, a notification (e.g., such as notification 102) related to a public warning message (e.g., such as public warning message 92) issued for a geographic area. The notification may include the public warning message (indicated in Fig. 2 as “PWM”) and one or more parameters (e.g., such as parameters 104; indicated in Fig. 2 as “Prm”) required for a UE 230 disposed in the geographic area and registered to first NTN 210 to monitor information (e.g., such as information 106 related to the public warning message) transmitted by a satellite 222 (e.g., such as satellite 122) of a second NTN 220 (e.g., such as second NTN 120) to which UE 230 may not be registered. The one or more parameters may include, for example, one or more of: a frequency band at which satellite 222 of second NTN 220 transmits the information, an ephemeris information of satellite 222 of second NTN 220, an indication of time at which UE 230 is to start monitoring of the information from satellite 222, a periodicity at which UE 230 is to monitor the information from satellite 222 and / or any other suitable parameter (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C).

[0070] First NTN 210 may be a NTN with delayed data transmission, such as a S&F NTN and / or a non-contiguous coverage NTN. Second NTN 220 may have a shorter delay of data distribution than first NTN 210, for example at least in the geographic area for which the public warning message has been issued (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C). For example, second NTN 220 may provide real-time (e.g., or substantially real-time) coverage and / or contiguous coverage of the geographic area for which the public warning message has been issued (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C). For example, second NTN 220 may include a GEO satellite covering the geographic area for which the public warning message has been issued.P-641023-PC

[0071] In operation 202, upon reaching the geographic area, satellite 212 of first NTN 210 may transmit (e.g., forward) the notification (e.g., including the public warning message and the one or more parameters) to UE 230. Satellite 212 may transmit (e.g., forward) the notification in an SIB. Satellite 212 may transmit a message (e.g., in a dedicated signaling and / or in paging) instructing UE 230 to listen to the SIB (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C).

[0072] In operation 203, UE 230 may receive the notification from satellite 212 of first NTN 210. In operation 204, based on the one or more parameters included in the notification received in operation 203 and based on capabilities of UE 230, UE 230 may check for the best match to second NTN 220. For example, UE 230 may be a NB-IoT device supporting a certain frequency range band. UE 230 may check for a NB-IoT frequency band it is capable to support. If UE 230 supports eMTC / Cat-M, UE 130 may first check for the NB-IoT without mode change, and only if no suitable NB-IoT frequency band is found UE 230 may switch its operation mode to Cat-M, if available. Any other suitable operation to check for the best match may be performed by UE 230.

[0073] In operation 205, based on the one or more parameters included in the notification received in operation 203, UE 230 may monitor (e.g., periodically monitor) the information (e.g., the information related to the public warning message) transmitted by satellite 222 of second NTN 220 (e.g., to which UE 230 may not be registered) in operation 206. If the information transmitted by satellite 222 of second NTN 220 in operation 206 indicates that public warning message 92 is in force (e.g., if the information includes the public warning message), UE 230 may deliver (e.g., continuously deliver) the public warning message to a user in operation 207. As indicated in Fig. 2, UE 230 may repeat operations 205 and 207 until the public warning message is revoked (e.g., no longer in force).

[0074] UE 230 may set the time to start and / or the periodicity to monitor the information transmitted by satellite 222 of second NTN 220 as indicated by the one or more parameters included in the notification received in operation 203. UE 230 may update the periodicity at which UE 330 is to monitor the information transmitted by satellite 222 of second NTN 220. For example, UE 230 may update the periodicity at which UE 230 is to monitor the information transmitted by satellite 222 of second NTN 220 based on the urgency measure of the public warning message (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C).

[0075] In one example, when satellite 212 of first NTN 220 reappears in the geographic area or when the next satellite of first NTN 210 becomes visible to UE 230, that satellite may, in operationP-641023-PC208, transmit to UE 230 a notification indicating that the public warning message is not in force. Upon receipt of the notification, in operation 209, UE 230 may stop the monitoring of the information transmitted by satellite 222 of second NTN 220. In another example, UE 230 may stop the monitoring of the information from satellite 222 of second NTN 220 if the information transmitted by satellite 122 of second NTN 220 (e.g., in operation 206) indicates that the public warning message is not in force (e.g., if the information does not include the public warning message).

[0076] Reference is made to Fig. 3, which is a flowchart of a method of operating a user equipment (UE), according to some embodiments of the invention.

[0077] The method may be performed using UE 130, UE 230, UE 700 and / or any other suitable equipment.

[0078] In operation 302, a notification (e.g., such as notification 102) may be received by the UE from a satellite (e.g., such as satellite 112, 212) of a first NTN (e.g., such as first NTN 110). The notification may include a public warning message (e.g., such as public warning message 92) and one or more parameters (e.g., such as one or more parameters 104) for monitoring information (e.g., such as information 106 related to the public warning message) transmitted by a satellite (e.g., such as satellite 122, 222) of a second NTN (e.g., such as second NTN 120, 220). The second NTN may have a shorter delay of data transmission than the first NTN (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C). The UE may be registered to the first NTN. The UE may not be registered to the second NTN.

[0079] The one or more parameters may include one or more of: a frequency band at which the satellite of the second NTN transmits information, an ephemeris information of the satellite of the second NTN, an indication of time at which the UE is to start monitoring of the information from the satellite of the second NTN, a periodicity at which the UE is to monitor the information from the satellite of the second NTN and / or any other suitable parameter (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C).

[0080] Upon receipt of the notification from the satellite of the first NTN, the UE may deliver the public warning message to a user.

[0081] In operation 304, based on the one or more parameters, the information (e.g., such as information 106) transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C and 2) may be monitored (e.g., periodically monitored) by the UE (e.g., asP-641023-PC described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C and 2). The time to start and / or the periodicity to monitor the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN may be set by the UE as indicated by the one or more parameters included in the notification.

[0082] If the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN indicates that the public warning message is in force (e.g., if the information includes the public warning message), the public warning message may be delivered (e.g., continuously delivered) to the user by the UE. The public warning message may be delivered by the UE by displaying a visual indication and / or playing an audio indication to the user.

[0083] The satellite of the second NTN may provide real-time (e.g., or substantially real-time) coverage of the geographic area for which the public warning message has been issued (e.g., as described hereinabove). Accordingly, the public warning message included in the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN may include the most updated (e.g., the most recent) information related to the situation due to which the public warning message has been issued. For example, if during the period or period of time in which none of satellites of the first NTN is visible to the UE the urgency measure of the public warning message has been updated, the UE may be notified of the updated urgency measure by the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN. In this way, the most updated public warning message may be received and delivered to the user by the UE even during the period or periods of time in which none of satellites of the first NTN to which the UE is registered is visible to the UE.

[0084] A mismatch in an information included in a notification transmitted by one or more satellites of the first NTN and the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN may be determined by the UE. Upon the determination, the notification transmitted by the one or more satellites of the first NTN may be ignored by the UE and / or the UE may rely on the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.

[0085] The periodicity at which the UE is to monitor the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN may be updated by the UE. For example, the periodicity at which the UE is to monitor the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN may be updated by the UE based on the urgency measure of the public warning message (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C).

[0086] In one example, the monitoring of the information from the satellite of the second NTN may be terminated by the UE if the information from the satellite of the second NTN indicates thatP-641023-PC the public warning message is not in force (e.g., if the information does not include the public warning message) (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C).

[0087] In another example, the monitoring of the information from the satellite of the second NTN may be terminated by the UE upon receipt of a notification form the next satellite of the first NTN that becomes visible to the UE indicating that the public warning message is not in force (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C).

[0088] Reference is made to Fig. 4, which is a flowchart of a method of operating a satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN), according to some embodiments of the invention.

[0089] The method may be performed by a satellite 112, satellite 222, satellite 800 and / or any other suitable satellite in an NTN with delayed data transmission such as S&F NTN and / or non- contagious coverage NTN.

[0090] In operation 402, a notification (e.g., such as notification 102) may be received by a satellite (e.g., such as satellite 112, 212) of the NTN (e.g., such as first NTN 110, 210). The notification may include a public warning message (e.g., such as public warning message 92) for a geographic area and one or more parameters (e.g., such as one or more parameters 104) for a UE registered to the NTN to monitor information (e.g., such as information 106 related to the public warning message) transmitted by a satellite (e.g., such as satellite 122, 222) of a second NTN (e.g., such as second NTN 120, 220) to which the UE may not be registered. The second NTN may have a shorter delay of data transmission than the NTN (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C).

[0091] The one or more parameters may include one or more of: a frequency band at which the satellite of the second NTN transmits the information, an ephemeris information of the satellite of the second NTN, an indication of time at which the UE is to start monitoring of the information from the satellite of the second NTN, a periodicity at which the UE is to monitor the information from the satellite of the second NTN and / or any other suitable parameter (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C).

[0092] In operation 404, when the satellite reaches the geographic area, the notification may be transmitted by the satellite (e.g., to the UE). The notification may be transmitted by the satellite in a system information broadcast (SIB). A message instructing the UE to listen to the SIB may be transmitted by the satellite via paging and or in a dedicated signaling (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C).P-641023-PC

[0093] When the satellite of the NTN reappears in the geographic area, a notification indicating that the public warning message is not in force may be transmitted by the satellite.

[0094] Reference is made to Fig. 5, which is a flowchart of a method of operating a core network element, according to some embodiments of the invention.

[0095] The method may be performed by core network element 140 and / or any other suitable core network element of a core network.

[0096] In operation 502, a public warning message (e.g., such as public warning message 92) for a geographic area (e.g., such as geographic area 80) may be received by the core network element (e.g., such as core network element 140). The public warning message may be received from a public warning system.

[0097] In operation 504, a notification (e.g., such as notification 102) including the public warning message (e.g., such as public warning message 92) and one or more parameters (e.g., such as one or more parameters 104) for a user equipment (UE) disposed in the geographic area and registered to a first NTN (e.g., such as first NTN 110, 210) to monitor information (e.g., such as information 106 related to the public warning message) from a satellite (e.g., such as satellite 122, 222) of a second NTN (e.g., such as second NTN 120, 220) to which the UE is not registered may be transmitted by the core network element to a satellite (e.g., such as satellite 112, 212) of the first NTN. The second NTN may have a shorter delay of public warning messages distribution than the first NTN (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C).

[0098] The one or more parameters may include one or more of: a frequency band at which the satellite of the second NTN transmits the information, an ephemeris information of the satellite of the second NTN, an indication of time at which the UE is to start monitoring of the information from the satellite of the second NTN, a periodicity at which the UE is to monitor the information from the satellite of the second NTN and / or any other suitable parameter (e.g., as described above with respect to Figs. 1A-1C).

[0099] Embodiments of the present invention may allow the UE to monitor information and / or receive updates related to the public warning message in the geographic area during the period or periods of time in which none of the satellites of the NTN with delayed data transmission to which the UE is registered is visible to the UE.

[0100] According to embodiments of the present invention, the UE may receive, from a satellite of a first NTN to which the UE is registered a notification including one or more parameters forP-641023-PC the UE to monitor information (e.g., information related to the public warning message) transmitted by a satellite of a second NTN to which the UE may not be registered. The second NTN may have a shorter delay of data transmission at least in the geographic area than the first NTN. For example, the satellite of the second NTN may provide real-time (e.g., or substantially real-time) coverage of the geographic area for which the public warning message has been issued. Based on the one or more parameters, the UE may monitor (e.g., periodically monitor) the information (e.g., the information related to the public warning message) transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN. Since the satellite of the second NTN may provide real-time (e.g., or substantially real-time) coverage of the geographic area, the public warning message included in the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN may include the most updated (e.g., the most recent) information related to the situation due to which the public warning message has been issued. In this way, the most updated public warning message may be received and delivered to the user by the UE even during the period or periods of time in which none of satellites of the first NTN to which the UE is registered is visible to the UE.

[0101] In the case of mismatch in the information related to the public warning message provided by satellites of the first NTN and the satellite of the second NTN, the UE may rely on the information provided by the satellite of the second NTN and / or ignore the information provided by the satellites of the first NTN. This is because the information provided by the satellites of the first NTN, which may be a S&F NTN and / or a non-contiguous coverage NTN, may be outdated while the information provided by the satellite of the second NTN may be the most updated (e.g., the most recent) information related to the situation due to which the public warning message has been issued. Accordingly, a confusion that may be potentially caused by the mismatch in the information related to the public warning message provided by satellites of the first NTN and the satellite of the second NTN may be avoided.

[0102] Therefore, embodiments of the present invention may improve the distribution of the public warning messages in NTNs with delayed data transmission, such as S&F NTNs and / or noncontiguous coverage NTNs.

[0103] Reference is now made to Fig. 6, which is a block diagram of an exemplary computing device 600 which may be used with embodiments of the present invention.

[0104] Computing device 600 may include a controller or processor 605 that may be, for example, a central processing unit processor (CPU), a chip or any suitable computing orP-641023-PC computational device, an operating system 615, a memory 620, a storage 630, input devices 635 and output devices 640.

[0105] Operating system 615 may be or may include any code segment designed and / or configured to perform tasks involving coordination, scheduling, arbitration, supervising, controlling or otherwise managing operation of computing device 600, for example, scheduling execution of programs. Memory 620 may be or may include, for example, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Synchronous DRAM (SD-RAM), a double data rate (DDR) memory chip, a Flash memory, a volatile memory, a nonvolatile memory, a cache memory, a buffer, a short term memory unit, a long term memory unit, or other suitable memory units or storage units. Memory 620 may be or may include a plurality of, possibly different, memory units. Memory 620 may store for example, instructions to carry out a method (e.g., code 625), and / or data such as user responses, interruptions, etc.

[0106] Executable code 625 may be any executable code, e.g., an application, a program, a process, task or script. Executable code 625 may be executed by controller 605 possibly under control of operating system 615. In some embodiments, more than one computing device 600 or components of device 600 may be used for multiple functions described herein. For the various modules and functions described herein, one or more computing devices 600 or components of computing device 600 may be used. Devices that include components similar or different to those included in computing device 600 may be used, and may be connected to a network and used as a system. One or more processor(s) 605 may be configured to carry out embodiments of the present invention by for example executing software or code. Storage 630 may be or may include, for example, a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a Compact Disk (CD) drive, a CD-Recordable (CD- R) drive, a universal serial bus (USB) device or other suitable removable and / or fixed storage unit. In some embodiments, some of the components shown in Fig. 6 may be omitted.

[0107] Input devices 635 may be or may include a mouse, a keyboard, a touch screen or pad or any suitable input device. It will be recognized that any suitable number of input devices may be operatively connected to computing device 600 as shown by block 635. Output devices 640 may include one or more displays, speakers and / or any other suitable output devices. It will be recognized that any suitable number of output devices may be operatively connected to computing device 600 as shown by block 640. Any applicable input / output (I / O) devices may be connected to computing device 600, for example, a wired or wireless network interface card (NIC), a modem,P-641023-PC printer or facsimile machine, a universal serial bus (USB) device or external hard drive may be included in input devices 635 and / or output devices 640.

[0108] Embodiments of the invention may include one or more article(s) (e.g., memory 620 or storage 630) such as a computer or processor non- transitory readable medium, or a computer or processor non-transitory storage medium, such as for example a memory, a disk drive, or a USB flash memory, encoding, including or storing instructions, e.g., computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by a processor or controller, carry out methods disclosed herein.

[0109] Reference is made to Fig. 7, which is a block diagram of an exemplary user equipment (UE) 700 which may be used with embodiments of the present invention.

[0110] UE 700 may include a radio interface 705. Radio interface 705 may include an antenna, a transceiver and / or any other suitable component to allow communication between UE 700 and a telecommunications network.

[0111] UE 700 may include a user identity module 710. User identity module 710 may store user-specific information such as the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and may be used for authentication and authorization on the telecommunications network.

[0112] UE 700 may include connectivity module 715. Connectivity module 715 may support various connectivity options, including cellular networks (e.g., 4G / LTE, 5G), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and NFC (Near Field Communication), allowing UE 700 to connect to other devices and telecommunications networks.

[0113] UE 700 may include a computing device 720 (e.g., such as computing device 600 described above with respect to Fig. 6). Computing device 720 may include components of computing device 600 (e.g., as described above with respect to Fig. 6). Computing device 720 may include at least one of a processor, an operating system, a memory, an executable code, a storage, input devices and / or output devices (e.g., as described above with respect to Fig. 6). In some embodiments, some of the components of computing device 600 may be omitted in computing device 720. Computing device 720 may manage operation of UE 700.

[0114] UE 700 may include sensors 725. Sensors 725 may include accelerometers, gyroscopes, GPS, and ambient light sensors, cameras and / or any other suitable sensors known in the art. Sensors 725 may allow features such as orientation detection, location-based services, and any other suitable features known in the art.P-641023-PC

[0115] UE 700 may include security components 730. Security components 730 may be responsible for ensuring the security and privacy of user data and communications. Security components 730 may include encryption / decryption hardware and software, as well as security features to protect against malware and unauthorized access.

[0116] UE 700 may include a battery 735. Battery 735 may provide power to UE 700, allowing it to operate without being connected to an external power source. UE 700 may include a charging port 740 for recharging battery 735.

[0117] In some embodiments, some of the components shown in Fig. 7 may be omitted. In some embodiments, UE 700 may include additional components in accordance with standards specifications (e.g., 3GPP specifications) that are not shown in Fig. 7.

[0118] Reference is now made to Fig. 8, which is a block diagram of an exemplary satellite 800 which may be used with embodiments of the present invention.

[0119] Satellite 800 may include transponders 805. Transponders 805 may receive signals from base stations and / or user equipment. Transponders 805 may transmit signals to base stations and / or user equipment. Transponders 805 may be configured for different frequency bands and services. Transponders 805 may include modulation and demodulation equipment to encode and decode the transmitted data. Satellite 800 may include antennas 810 for receiving and transmitting signals.

[0120] Satellite 800 may include a computing device 815 (e.g., such as computing device 600 described above with respect to Fig. 6). Computing device 815 may include components of computing device 600 (e.g., as described above with respect to Fig. 6). Computing device 815 may include at least one of a processor, an operating system, a memory, an executable code, a storage, input devices and / or output devices (e.g., as described above with respect to Fig. 6). In some embodiments, some of the components of computing device 600 may be omitted in computing device 815. Computing device 815 may manage operation of satellite 800. For example, computing device 815 may maintain satellite's 800 orbital position, attitude, and health. Computing device 815 may handle adjustments to the satellite's 800 transponders 805, power levels, and other settings. Computing device 815 may manage communication protocols, routing of signals, process and relay data efficiently between the uplink and downlink and other data-related functions.

[0121] Satellite 800 may include a power system 820. Powe system 820 may, for example, include solar panels to generate electrical power from sunlight. This power may be stored in onboard batteries and used to operate the satellite's systems, including the communication payloadP-641023-PC(e.g., transponders 805). Power system 820 may include regulators and converters to ensure a stable power supply.

[0122] Satellite 800 may include a base station (BS) 825.

[0123] In some embodiments, satellite 800 may act as relay of radio signals.

[0124] In some embodiments, some of the components shown in Fig. 8 may be omitted. In some embodiments, satellite 800 may include additional components that are not shown in Fig. 8 and that may be required for supporting the communication of the satellite with base stations and / or user equipment.

[0125] One skilled in the art will realize the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting of the invention described herein. Scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims, rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.

[0126] In the foregoing detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components, modules, units and / or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention. Some features or elements described with respect to one embodiment can be combined with features or elements described with respect to other embodiments.

[0127] Although embodiments of the invention are not limited in this regard, discussions utilizing terms such as, for example, “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” “establishing”, “analyzing”, “checking”, or the like, can refer to operation(s) and / or process(es) of a computer, a computing platform, a computing system, or other electronic computing device, that manipulates and / or transforms data represented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within the computer’s registers and / or memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer’s registers and / or memories or other information non-transitory storage medium that can store instructions to perform operations and / or processes.

[0128] Although embodiments of the invention are not limited in this regard, the terms “plurality” and “a plurality” as used herein can include, for example, “multiple” or “two or more”.P-641023-PCThe terms “plurality” or “a plurality” can be used throughout the specification to describe two or more components, devices, elements, units, parameters, or the like. The term set when used herein can include one or more items. Unless explicitly stated, the method embodiments described herein are not constrained to a particular order or sequence. Additionally, some of the described method embodiments or elements thereof can occur or be performed simultaneously, at the same point in time, or concurrently.

Claims

P-641023-PCCLAIMS1. A user equipment (UE) configured to: receive, from a satellite of a first non-terrestrial network (NTN), a notification comprising a public warning message and one or more parameters for monitoring information transmitted by a satellite of a second NTN, the second NTN having a shorter delay of data transmission than the first NTN; and based on the one or more parameters, periodically monitoring the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.

2. The UE of claim 1 , wherein the UE is registered to the first NTN.

3. The UE of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the UE is not registered to the second NTN.

4. The UE of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN relates to the public warning message.

5. The UE of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the information is transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN via a broadcast channel.

6. The UE of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the information is transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN in a system information broadcast (SIB).

7. The UE of any one of claims 1-6, wherein upon receipt of the notification from the satellite of the first NTN, the UE is configured to deliver the public warning message to a user.

8. The UE of any one of claims 1-7, wherein if the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN indicates that the public warning message is in force, the UE is configured to continuously deliver the public warning message to a user.

9. The UE of any one of claims 1-8, wherein if the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN indicates that the public warning message is not in force, the UE is configured to terminate the monitoring of the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.P-641023-PC10. The UE of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the UE is configured to receive, from a next visible satellite of the first NTN, a notification indicating that the public warning message is not in force, and, in response, terminate the monitoring of the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.

11. The UE of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the UE is configured to: determine a mismatch in an information included in a notification transmitted by one or more satellites of the first NTN and the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN, and upon the determination, at least one of rely on the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN and ignore the notification transmitted by the one or more satellites of the first NTN.

12. The UE of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the one or more parameters comprise a frequency band at which the satellite of the second NTN transmits the information.

13. The UE of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the one or more parameters comprise at least one of a time at which the UE is to start and a periodicity at which the UE is to monitor the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.

14. The UE of claim 13, wherein the UE is configured to update the periodicity based on an urgency measure of the public warning message.

15. A satellite in a non-terrestrial network (NTN), the satellite is configured to: receive, via a feeder link, a notification comprising a public warning message for a geographic area and one or more parameters for a user equipment (UE) registered to the NTN to monitor information transmitted by a satellite of a second NTN to which the UE is not registered, the second NTN having a shorter delay of data transmission than the NTN; and upon reaching the geographic area, transmit the notification.P-641023-PC16. The satellite of claim 15, wherein the satellite is configured to transmit the notification in a system information broadcast (SIB).

17. The satellite of any one of claims 14-16, wherein the satellite is configured to transmit a message instructing the UE to listen to a system information broadcast (SIB), the SIB comprising the notification.

18. The satellite of claim 17, wherein the satellite is configured to transmit the message in at least one of paging and dedicated signaling.

19. The satellite of any one of claims 15-18, wherein the one or more parameters comprise a frequency band at which the satellite of the second NTN transmits the information.

20. The satellite of any one of claims 15-19, wherein the one or more parameters comprise at least one of a time at which the UE is to start and a periodicity at which the UE is to monitor the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.

21. The satellite of any one of claims 15-20, wherein upon reappearing in the geographic area, the satellite is configured to transmit a notification indicating that the public warning message is not in force.

22. The satellite of any one of claims 15-21, wherein the NTN is at least one of a store and forward NTN and a non-contiguous coverage NTN.

23. A core network element configured to: receive, from a public warning system, a public warning message for a geographic area; and transmit, via a feeder link of a first non-terrestrial network (NTN), to a satellite of the first NTN, a notification comprising the public warning message and one or more parameters for a user equipment (UE) registered to the first NTN to monitor information transmitted by aP-641023-PC satellite of a second NTN to which the UE is not registered, the second NTN having a shorter delay of public warning messages distribution than the first NTN.

24. The core network element of claim 23, wherein the one or more parameters comprise a frequency band at which the satellite of the second NTN transmits the information.

25. The core network element of any one of claims 23-24, wherein the one or more parameters comprise at least one of a time at which the UE is to start and a periodicity at which the UE is to monitor the information transmitted by the satellite of the second NTN.28

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