Novel synthesis of sulfoximines containing a heterocyclic moiety

Abstract

A process for the preparation of enantiomerically enriched sulfoximines of formula (I) containing a heterocyclic moiety useful as insect control agents is provided, wherein R1, R2, S*, R3, R4, X1 and X2 are as defined in the description and claims.

Description

[0001] PAT-111640_FF

[0002] 1

[0003] NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF SULFOXIMINES CONTAINING A HETEROCYCLIC MOIETY

[0004] The present invention relates to the synthesis of sulfoximines containing a heterocyclic moiety useful as insect control agents.

[0005] Pesticidally active heterocyclic sulfoximine derivatives have previously been described in the literature, for example, in WO2015 / 071180, WO2016 / 039441 , WO2018 / 206348, WO2019 / 219689, WO2019 / 229089, WO 2019 / 234158, WO 2020 / 084075 and W02020 / 141136. A stereoselective synthesis of a particular class of sulfoximines has also been reported (WO2022 / 253841 and WO2024 / 121335).

[0006] The present invention provides an improved novel synthesis of a similar class of sulfoximines leading to a compound of formula (I) wherein

[0007] R1is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C4-haloalkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkoxy, or cyano-Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl; R2is Ci-C4-alkyl or phenyl;

[0008] R3is hydrogen, Ci-C4-alkyl, or phenyl;

[0009] R4is hydrogen, halogen, or Ci-C4-haloalkyl;

[0010] X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0011] Methods for preparing heterocyclic sulfoximine compounds have been disclosed for example in WO2019 / 234158, WO2022 / 253841 and WO2024 / 121335.

[0012] WO2022 / 253841 discloses the enantioselective oxidation of sulfide compounds followed by a stereospecific imination at sulfur. This method is fully amenable for making a wide variety of analogues however for a large- scale synthesis this method is not ideal. The reagent used for imination must be synthesized separately and is difficult to use on a large scale due to safety concerns. Additionally, in the case of stereoselective synthesis obtained selectivity was often modest and conditions had to be adjusted for every analogue. Therefore, it would be desirable to develop a new more general method which would overcome these difficulties.

[0013] Such there is a need for an industrial large-scale production process for heterocyclic sulfoximine compounds, which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art.

[0014] The current invention provides an industrial large-scale, environmentally friendly, highly selective and costefficient electrochemical oxidative cyclization of amidines with sulfoxides. Furthermore, fast conversion and PAT-111640_FF

[0015] 2 high selectivity is achieved, at moderate reaction temperatures with high yields of the required heterocyclic sulfoximine compounds.

[0016] Herein we describe a new synthesis of compounds of formula (I) proceeding via cyclic sulfoximine intermediates according to compounds of formula (V) as shown in Scheme 1. Scheme 1

[0017] A compound of formula (II), wherein R1and R2are as defined for the compound of formula (I), is oxidized to yield a compound of formula (III), wherein R1, R2and *S are as defined for the compound of formula (I). Optionally this oxidation can be performed in the presence of a chiral catalyst leading to compounds of formula (I), wherein S* is a stereogenic sulfur atom, which is in R or S configuration.

[0018] Nucleophilic addition of formamide in the presence of a base to the cyano moiety provides an amidine of formula (IV) which is oxidized electrochemically to yield a cyclic imino sulfoximine of formula (V). The compound of formula (V) is reacted with a compound of formula (VI) wherein R3, R4, X1and X2are as defined for the compound of formula (I) to yield a compound of formula (I). Such electrochemical oxidative cyclization of amidines with sulfoxides has not been previously reported. The condensation of compounds of formula (V) with a compound of formula (VI) to yield a compound of formula (I) is unprecedented and constitutes a novel approach in this class of compounds.

[0019] As stated above, the present invention provides an improved novel synthesis of a similar class of sulfoximines leading to a compound of formula (I) PAT-111640_FF

[0020] 3 wherein

[0021] R1is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C4-haloalkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkoxy, or cyano-Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl;

[0022] R2is Ci-C4-alkyl or phenyl;

[0023] R3is hydrogen, Ci-C4-alkyl, or phenyl;

[0024] R4is hydrogen, halogen, or Ci-C4-haloalkyl;

[0025] X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0026] In one option within this process, X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is nitrogen.

[0027] In another option within this process, X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is CH.

[0028] In another option within this process, X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N.

[0029] In another option within this process, X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N.

[0030] In another option within this process, R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyanocyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl; R3is methyl; R4is Ci-Cs-haloalkyl; X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)- configuration.

[0031] According to a first aspect, the present invention provides a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) in an enantiomerically pure or enantiomerically enriched form wherein

[0032] R1is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C4-haloalkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkoxy, or cyano-Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl;

[0033] R2is Ci-C4-alkyl or phenyl;

[0034] R3is hydrogen, Ci-C4-alkyl, or phenyl; PAT-111640_FF

[0035] 4

[0036] R4is hydrogen, halogen, or Ci-C4-haloalkyl;

[0037] X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration; wherein said process comprises an electrochemical oxidation of a compound of formula (IV) wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); in an electrolytic cell comprising of an anode and a cathode, in the presence an electrolyte, an organic solvent with controlled current density and measured charge passed, to produce a compound of formula (V) w are as defined for the compound of formula (I); and condensing said compound of formula (V) with a compound of formula (VI) wherein R3, R4, X1and X2are as defined for the compound of formula (I); in the presence of an acid additive to produce said compound of formula (I).

[0038] In one embodiment of this aspect, X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is nitrogen.

[0039] In one embodiment of this aspect, X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is CH.

[0040] In a preferred embodiment of this aspect, X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N.

[0041] In a further preferred embodiment of this aspect, X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N.

[0042] In a further preferred embodiment of this aspect, R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl; R3is methyl; R4is Ci-Cs-haloalkyl; X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration. PAT-111640_FF

[0043] 5

[0044] According to a second aspect, the present invention provides a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) in an enantiomerically pure or enantiomerically enriched form wherein

[0045] R1is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C4-haloalkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkoxy, or cyano-Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl;

[0046] R2is Ci-C4-alkyl or phenyl;

[0047] R3is hydrogen, Ci-C4-alkyl, or phenyl;

[0048] R4is hydrogen, halogen, or Ci-C4-haloalkyl;

[0049] S* is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in R or S configuration;

[0050] X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; wherein said process comprising

[0051] Step A) oxidation of a sulfanyl compound of formula (II)

[0052] (II), wherein R1, R2, and X3are as defined for compounds of formula (I); in the presence of an oxidant, optionally in the presence of a chiral reagent or catalyst, and optionally in the presence of a suitable acid additive; to produce a sulfinyl compound of formula (III) w are as defined for the compound of formula (I);

[0053] Step B) reacting said compound of formula (III), from step A, with formamide in the presence of a base, followed by aqueous hydrolysis to produce a compound of formula (IV) PAT-111640_FF

[0054] 6 wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I);

[0055] Step C) an electrochemical oxidation of said compound of formula (IV) from step B to produce a compound of formula (V) w are as defined for the compound of formula (I); and

[0056] Step D) condensing said compound of formula (V) from step D, with a compound of formula (VI) wherein R3, R4, X1and X2are as defined for the compound of formula (I); in the presence of an acid to produce said compound of formula (I).

[0057] In one embodiment of this aspect, X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is nitrogen.

[0058] In one embodiment of this aspect, X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is CH.

[0059] In a preferred embodiment of this aspect, X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N.

[0060] In a further preferred embodiment of this aspect, X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N.

[0061] In a further preferred embodiment of this aspect, R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl; R3is methyl; R4is Ci-Cs-haloalkyl; X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0062] Surprisingly, it has been now found that the process of the invention advantageously provides a mean to produce compounds of formula (I) at high isolated yields, at industrial scale. PAT-11 1640_FF

[0063] 7

[0064] As used herein, the term "halogen" or “halo” refers to fluorine (fluoro), chlorine (chloro), bromine (bromo) or iodine (iodo), preferably fluorine, chlorine, or bromine. This also applies, correspondingly, to halogen in combination with other meanings, such as haloalkyl, and haloalkoxy.

[0065] As used herein, cyano means a -CN group.

[0066] As used herein, the term "Ci-Cn-alkyl” refers to a saturated straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical attached via any of the carbon atoms having 1 to n carbon atoms, for example, but not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1 -methylethyl, n-butyl, 1 -methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, 1 , 1-dimethylethyl, 1 -methylbutyl, 2- methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2, 2-dimethylpropyl, 1 -ethylpropyl.

[0067] As used herein, the term “Cs-Cn-cycloalkyl” refers to three (3) to n membered cycloalkyl radical such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

[0068] As used herein, the term "Ci-Cn-alkoxy" refers to a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having one (1) to n carbon atoms (as mentioned above) which is attached via an oxygen atom, i.e., for example, any one of the radicals methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, 1 -methylethoxy, n-butoxy, 1 -methylpropoxy, 2-methylpropoxy and 1 ,1 -dimethylethoxy.

[0069] As used herein, the term "Ci-Cn-haloalkyl" refers to a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical attached via any of the carbon atoms having 1 to n carbon atoms (as mentioned above), where some or all of the hydrogen atoms in these radicals may be replaced by fluorine, chlorine, bromine and / or iodine, i.e., for example, but not limited to chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 2- bromoethyl, 2-iodoethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2- difluoroethy I, 2,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl.

[0070] As used herein, the term “cyano-Ci-Cn-alkyl”, refers to a straight chain or branched saturated Ci-Cn-alkyl radicals (as mentioned above) which is substituted by a cyano group, for example cyanomethylene, cyanoethylene, 1 ,1-dimethylcyanomethyl, cyanoisopropyl, cyanomethyl, cyanoethyl, and 1 - dimethylcyanomethyl.

[0071] As used herein, the term cyano-Ci-Cn-alkoxy refers to a straight chain or branched saturated Ci-Cn-alkoxy radicals (as mentioned above) which is substituted by a cyano group.

[0072] As used herein, the term “cyano-Cs-Cn-cycloalkyl” refers to a 3 to n membered cycloalkyl group (as mentioned above) which is substituted by a cyano group.

[0073] As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0074] As used herein, the term "controlling" refers to reducing the number of pests, eliminating pests and / or preventing further pest damage such that damage to a plant or to a plant derived product is reduced. PAT-11 1640_FF

[0075] 8

[0076] As used herein, the term "pest" refers to insects, and molluscs that are found in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, the storage of products of vegetable origin (such as fruit, grain, and timber); and those pests associated with the damage of man-made structures. The term pest encompasses all stages in the life cycle of the pest.

[0077] As used herein, the term "effective amount" refers to the amount of the compound, or a salt thereof, which, upon single or multiple applications provides the desired effect.

[0078] An effective amount is readily determined by the skilled person in the art, using known techniques and by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. In determining the effective amount, a number of factors are considered including, but not limited to the type of plant or derived product to be applied; the pest to be controlled and its lifecycle; the particular compound applied; the type of application; and other relevant circumstances.

[0079] Where not otherwise defined the term “optionally substituted” means that the group in question can be substituted with zero up to the maximum number of substituents with groups independently selected from: halogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, acetyl, acetoxy, COOH, COOMe, COOEt, CONH2, CONHMe, CONMe2, amino, methlamino, dimethylamino, phenyl.

[0080] The term "enantiomerically enriched" means that one of the enantiomers of the compound is present in excess in comparison to the other enantiomer. This excess will hereafter be referred to as enantiomeric excess or ee. The ee may be determined by chiral GC, HPLC or SFC analysis. The ee is equal to the difference between amounts of enantiomers divided by the sum of the amounts of the enantiomers, which quotient can be expressed as a percentage after multiplication by 100. The ee can also be referred to as the absolute difference between the mole fraction of each enantiomer in the mixture. For example, when there is an isomer with an enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of 40% this means that the mole fraction (or percent) of such excess isomer is 70%. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the term "enantiomerically enriched" also refers to an enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of at least 40%, for example, at least 50%, 60%, 70% or 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, yet more preferably at least 98% and most preferably at least 99%.

[0081] As used herein, the term “room temperature” or “RT” or “rt” or “ambient temperature” refer to a temperature of about 15° C to about 35° C. For example, rt can refer to a temperature of about 20° C to about 30° C.

[0082] The compounds of formula (I) can be used in the agricultural sector and related fields of use, e.g., as versatile intermediates, or as active ingredients for controlling plant pests or on non-living materials for the control of spoilage microorganisms or organisms potentially harmful to man.

[0083] The process of the present invention can be carried out in separate process steps, wherein the intermediate compounds can be isolated at each stage. Alternatively, the process can be carried out as a one-pot synthesis PAT-111640_FF

[0084] 9 wherein the intermediate compounds produced are not isolated. Thus, it is possible for the process of the present invention to be conducted in a batch wise or continuous fashion.

[0085] The following list provides definitions, including preferred definitions, for substituents R1, R2, R3, R4, X1, X2, and X3with reference to the compounds of formula (I), (II), (III); (IV), (V) and (VI) of the present invention. For any one of these substituents, any of the definitions given below may be combined with any definition of any other substituent given below or elsewhere in this document.

[0086] In one embodiment of the present invention, R1is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C4-haloalkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkoxy, or cyano-Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl. Preferably, R1is halogen, Ci-C2-haloalkyl, cyano-Ci-Cs-alkyl, cyano-Ci-Cs-alkoxy, or cyano-Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl. More preferably, R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl.

[0087] In one embodiment of the present invention, R2is Ci-C4-alkyl or phenyl. Preferably, R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl. More preferably, R2is methyl, or ethyl. Even more preferably, R2is ethyl.

[0088] In one embodiment of the present invention, R3is hydrogen, Ci-C4-alkyl, or phenyl. Preferably, R3is hydrogen or Ci-Cs-alkyl. More preferably, R3is hydrogen or methyl. In one embodiment, R3is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R3is methyl. Preferably, R3is methyl.

[0089] In one embodiment of the present invention, R4is hydrogen, halogen, or Ci-C4-haloalkyl. Preferably R4is hydrogen, halogen, or Ci-Cs-haloalkyl. In another embodiment of the present invention, R4is Ci-Cs-haloalkyl. Preferably, R4is trifluoromethyl.

[0090] In one embodiment of the present invention, X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N. In one embodiment of the present invention, X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is nitrogen. In one embodiment of the present invention, X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is CH. Preferably, X1and X2are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is nitrogen; and X3is N. Also preferably, X1and X2are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is CH; and X3is N. More preferably, X1is N and X2is CH, or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N.

[0091] In one embodiment of the present invention, X1and X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N. In one embodiment of the present invention, X1and X2are independently selected from CH or N, with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is nitrogen. In one embodiment of the present invention, X1and X2are independently selected from CH or N, with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is CH. For instance, X1is N and X2is CH, or X1is CH and X2is N, or X1is N and X2is N, or X1is CH and X2is CH. Preferably, X1is N and X2is CH, or X1is CH and X2is N, or X1is N and X2is N. Also preferably, X1is N and X2is CH, or X1is CH and X2is N, or X1is CH and X2is CH. More preferably, X1is N and X2is CH, or X1is CH and X2is N.

[0092] In one embodiment of the present invention, X3is CH or N. In one embodiment of the present invention, X3is CH. In another embodiment of the present invention, X3is N. Preferably, X3is N. PAT-11 1640_FF

[0093] 10

[0094] In one embodiment ofthe present invention, S* is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration. In a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention, S* is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)-configuration. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, S* is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (S)- configuration.

[0095] In one embodiment, in the compound of formula (I), R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl; R3is methyl; R4is Ci-Cs-haloalkyl; X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0096] The present invention, accordingly, makes available compounds of formula (I) having R1, R2, R3, R4, X1, X2, and X3as defined above in all combinations / each permutation.

[0097] The present invention, accordingly, makes available compounds of formula (IV) having R1, R2and X3as defined above in all combinations / each permutation.

[0098] Further the present invention, accordingly, makes available processes involving compounds of formula (IV), having R1, R2and X3as defined above in all combinations / each permutation.

[0099] The present invention, accordingly, makes available compounds of formula (I), (II), (III); (IV), (V), and (VI), having R1, R2, R3, R4, X1, X2, and X3as defined above in all combinations / each permutation.

[0100] Further the present invention, accordingly, makes available processes involving compounds of formula (I), (II), (III); (IV), (V), and (VI), having R1, R2, R3, R4, X1, X2, and X3as defined above in all combinations I each permutation.

[0101] Embodiments according to the invention are provided as set out below.

[0102] Step A

[0103] Embodiments of step (A) according to the invention are provided as set out below.

[0104] In one embodiment of the invention, step (A) comprises oxidation of a sulfanyl compound of formula (II), wherein R1, R2, X3are as defined for compounds of formula (I); in the presence of an oxidant to produce a sulfinyl compound of formula (III), wherein R1, R2, X3and *S are as defined for the compound of formula (I).

[0105] In another embodiment ofthe present invention, step (A) comprises oxidation of a sulfanyl compound of formula (II), wherein R1, R2, X3are as defined for compounds of formula (I); in the presence of an oxidant to produce a sulfinyl compound of formula (III), wherein R1, R2, X3and *S are as defined for the compound of formula (I), in the presence of a chiral reagent and a metal catalyst. PAT-111640_FF

[0106] 11

[0107] In still another embodiment of the present invention, step (A) comprises oxidation of a sulfanyl compound of formula (II), wherein R1, R2, X3are as defined for compounds of formula (I); in the presence of an oxidant to produce a sulfinyl compound of formula (III), wherein R1, R2, X3and *S are as defined for the compound of formula (I), in the presence of a chiral reagent and a metal catalyst, and in the presence of an acid additive.

[0108] Suitable oxidants for step (A) include but are not limited to inorganic peroxides or organic peroxides.

[0109] Examples of suitable inorganic peroxides include but are not limited to hydrogen peroxide, inorganic peracids and their salts, more particularly perboric, perphosphoric and persulfuric acids and their alkali or alkaline earth metal salts, as well as the peroxides of alkaline and alkaline metals, such as sodium, calcium and magnesium peroxides. Very good results have been obtained with hydrogen peroxide.

[0110] Examples of suitable organic peroxides include but are not limited to alkyl peroxides, diacyl peroxides, peroxyesters, peroxydicarbonates. Preferably, organic peroxides are selected from alkyl peroxides.

[0111] Examples of suitable and preferred oxidants are inorganic peroxides, such as hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides, such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the oxidant is hydrogen peroxide.

[0112] In one embodiment of the invention, the amount of oxidant used in step (A), is from 3.0 to 0.8 equivalents, preferably between 2.0 to 1 .0 equivalents, more preferably from 1 .5 to 1 .0 equivalents, or more preferably 1 .0 equivalent, based on the amount of the sulfanyl compound of formula (II).

[0113] Preferably, the amount of hydrogen peroxide used in step (A), is from 3.0 to 0.8 equivalents, preferably between 2.0 to 1 .0 equivalents, more preferably from 1 .7 to 1 .0 or 1 .5 to 1 .0 equivalents, or for instance 1 .0 equivalent, based on the amount of the sulfanyl compound of formula (II).

[0114] In the present invention, the expression “equivalents” in step (A) of the process for the preparation of a compound of formula (III), is based on the number of moles (mol) of the compound of formula (II), if not indicated otherwise.

[0115] Suitable chiral ligands in the current invention for step A include but are not limited to Schiff bases formed from salicaldehyde derivatives and chiral amine, preferably from salicylaldehyde derivatives and 2-amino-3,3- dimethyl-butan-1-ol.

[0116] In a preferred embodiment of the invention the chiral ligand is selected from a compound of formula (VII), PAT-11 1640_FF

[0117] 12 wherein R6is chloro, bromo, iodo and the carbon-atom marked with the * represents an enantioenriched chiral center in (R) or (S) configuration. Such chiral ligands are known from the state of the art, e.g. Bolm, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1996, 34, 2640.

[0118] The chiral ligand is used as an enantioenriched compound. The enantiomeric ratio of the ligand is from 80:20 to 100:0 [R]:[S] or [S]:[R], preferably the enantiomeric ratio of the ligand is from 90:10 to 100:0 [R]:[S] or [S]:[R].

[0119] In one embodiment of the invention, the enantiomeric ratio (R) to (S) of the ligand is from 80 to 20, from 90 to 10, from 92 to 8, from 95 to 5, from 96 to 4, from 97 to 3, from 98 to 2, from 99 to 1 , from 99.5 to 0.5, or from 99.8 to 0.2. Preferably, the enantiomeric ratio (R) to (S) of the ligand is from 92 to 8, from 95 to 5, from 96 to 4, from 97 to 3, from 98 to 2, from 99 to 1 , from 99.5 to 0.5, or from 99.8 to 0.2.

[0120] In one embodiment of the invention, the amount of chiral ligand used in step (A), is from 0.001 to 0.3 equivalents, preferably between 0.01 to 0.15 equivalents, more preferably from 0.02 to 0.1 equivalents, based on the amount of the sulfanyl compound of formula (II).

[0121] Preferably, the amount of chiral ligand selected from a compound of formula (VII), wherein R6is chloro, bromo, iodo and the carbon-atom marked with the * represents an enantioenriched chiral center in (R) or (S) configuration, used in step (A), is from 0.001 to 0.3 equivalents, preferably between 0.01 to 0.15 equivalents, more preferably from 0.02 to 0.1 equivalents, based on the amount of the sulfanyl compound of formula (II).

[0122] Optionally the ligand can be formed in situ in the reaction by adding the appropriate salicylaldehyde derivative and an appropriate amino alcohol. Alternatively, the ligand can be prepared in a separate step.

[0123] Examples of suitable metal catalyst for step (A) of the present invention include but are not limited to iron catalysts. Examples of iron catalysts include but are not limited to Fe(acac)3 and Fe(acac)2. Preferably, the metal catalyst for step (A) of the present invention is selected from Fe(acac)3 or Fe(acac)2. More preferably, the metal catalyst for step (A) of the present invention is Fe(acac)3.

[0124] In one embodiment of the invention, the amount of metal catalyst used in step (A), is from 0.001 to 0.05 equivalents, preferably between 0.005 to 0.02 equivalents, based on the amount of the sulfanyl compound of formula (II).

[0125] Preferably, the amount of metal catalyst selected from Fe(acac)3 or Fe(acac)2, used in step (A), is from 0.001 to 0.05 equivalents, preferably between 0.005 to 0.02 equivalents, based on the amount of the sulfanyl compound of formula (II).

[0126] Example of suitable and preferred acid additives are carboxylic acids. Preferably the acid additive is selected from benzoic acid, optionally mono-, di- ortri-substituted by methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, methoxy or dimethylamino, optionally in form of a lithium, sodium or potassium salt. More preferably the additive is selected from methoxybenzoic acid derivative or dimethylaminobenzoic acid derivative (optionally in form of a lithium, sodium or potassium salt). Even more preferably the acid additive is selected from 4-methoxybenzoic acid. The amount PAT-11 1640_FF

[0127] 13 of the acid additive used, based on the amount of the sulfanyl compound of formula (II), is in the range from 0.1 to 10 mol %, most preferably from 0.5 to 5 mol %.

[0128] Examples of suitable solvents (or diluents) for step (A) include, but are not limited to esters, nitriles, alcohols, ethers, and aliphatic, aromatic or halogenated hydrocarbons. Examples include but are not limited to: ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, acetonitrile, butyronitrile, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, tetra hydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, cyclopentylmethyl ether, t-butylmethyl ether, diethyl ether, 1 ,4- dioxane pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, dichloromethane, 1 ,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, methoxybenzene, trifluoromethylbenzene, p-cymene, mesitylene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene.

[0129] Preferably, the solvent used in step (A) according to the present invention, is an aromatic or halogenated hydrocarbon, for example: dichloromethane, 1 ,2-dichloroethane, chloroform, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, methoxybenzene, trifluoromethylbenzene, p-cymene, mesitylene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, or mixtures thereof. More preferably the solvent used in step (A) according to the present invention is selected from: dichloromethane, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, methoxybenzene or mixtures thereof.

[0130] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, step (A) comprises oxidation of a sulfanyl compound of formula (II), wherein R1, R2, X3are as defined for compounds of formula (I); in the presence of an oxidant to produce a sulfinyl compound of formula (III), wherein R1, R2, X3and *S are as defined for the compound of formula (I), in the presence of a chiral reagent and a metal catalyst; wherein said chiral ligand is selected from a compound of formula (VII), wherein R6is chloro, bromo, iodo and the carbon-atom marked with the * represents an enantioenriched chiral center in (R) or (S) configuration; and wherein said metal catalyst is selected from Fe(acac)3 or Fe(acac)2.

[0131] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, step (A) comprises oxidation of a sulfanyl compound of formula (II), wherein R1, R2, X3are as defined for compounds of formula (I); in the presence of an oxidant to produce a sulfinyl compound of formula (III), wherein R1, R2, X3and *S are as defined for the compound of formula (I), in the presence of a chiral reagent and a metal catalyst, and in the presence of an acid additive; wherein said chiral ligand is selected from a compound of formula (VII), wherein R6is chloro, bromo, iodo and the carbon-atom marked with the * represents an enantioenriched chiral center in (R) or (S) configuration; wherein said metal catalyst is selected from Fe(acac)3 or Fe(acac)2; and wherein said acid additive is selected from 4-methoxybenzoic acid.

[0132] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, step (A) comprises oxidation of a sulfanyl compound of formula (II), in the presence of an oxidant to produce a sulfinyl compound of formula (III), in the presence of a chiral reagent and a metal catalyst; wherein said chiral ligand is selected from a compound of formula (VII), wherein R6is chloro, bromo, iodo and the carbon-atom marked with the * represents an enantioenriched chiral center in (R) or (S) configuration; and wherein said metal catalyst is selected from Fe(acac)3 or Fe(acac)2; wherein R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl, PAT-11 1640_FF

[0133] 14 and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)- configuration.

[0134] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, step (A) comprises oxidation of a sulfanyl compound of formula (II), in the presence of an oxidant to produce a sulfinyl compound of formula (III), in the presence of a chiral reagent and a metal catalyst, and in the presence of an acid additive; wherein said chiral ligand is selected from a compound of formula (VII), wherein R6is chloro, bromo, iodo and the carbon-atom marked with the * represents an enantioenriched chiral center in (R) or (S) configuration; wherein said metal catalyst is selected from Fe(acac)3 or Fe(acac)2; wherein said acid additive is selected from 4-methoxybenzoic acid; wherein R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl, and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)- configuration.

[0135] The ratio of enantiomers of the sulfinyl compound of formula (III) prepared in step (A) according to the present invention is from 50.5:49.5 to 100:0 [R]:[S] or [S]:[R]. Preferably the enantiomeric ratio of the sulfinyl compound of formula (III) prepared in step (A) according to the present invention is from 70:30 to 100:0 [R]:[S] or [S]:[R], even more preferably 90:10 to 100:0 [R]:[S] or [S]:[R] The enantiomeric ratio of the sulfinyl compound of formula (III) prepared in step (A) according to the present invention can be either lower or higher than the enantiomeric ratio of the chiral ligand used in step (A) of the present invention.

[0136] It has been proven by X-ray crystallography (see Example P-5) that the chiral ligand of formula (VII) enriched in R enantiomer provides an enantioenriched sulfinyl compound of formula (II) enriched in R enantiomer. Correspondingly, the chiral ligand of formula (VII) enriched in S enantiomer yields enantioenriched sulfinyl compound of formula (II) enriched in S enantiomer.

[0137] Step B

[0138] Embodiments of step (B) according to the invention are provided as set out below.

[0139] In one embodiment of the invention, step (B) comprises reacting the compound of formula (III), from step A, wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); with formamide in the presence of a base to produce a compound of formula (IV), wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I).

[0140] In another embodiment of the present invention, step (B) comprises reacting the compound of formula (III), from step A, wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); with formamide in the PAT-111640_FF

[0141] 15 presence of a base, followed by aqueous hydrolysis to produce a compound of formula (IV), wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I).

[0142] In one embodiment of the present invention, the amount of formamide used in step (B) according to the present invention can be from 5.0 to 1 .0 eq., from 4.0 to 1 .0, from 3.0 to 1 .0 eq., from 2.0 to 1 .0 eq., or 1 .0 eq., based on the number of moles (mol) ofthe compound of formula (III). In another embodiment ofthe present invention, in step (B) of the present invention formamide can be used as a solvent.

[0143] In the present invention, the expression “equivalents” in step (B) of the process for the preparation of a compound of formula (IV), is based on the number of moles (mol) of the compound of formula (III), if not indicated otherwise.

[0144] Examples of suitable bases for step (B) include, but are not limited to alkali metal hydroxides, such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide; alkali metal alkoxides, such as sodium methoxide (NaOCH3, also known as sodium methylate), potassium ethoxide (KOC2H5, also known as potassium ethylate), lithium tert- butoxide (LiOC(CH3)3), sodium ethoxide (NaOC2H5), potassium methoxide (KOCH3), lithium methoxide (LiOCH3), sodium isopropoxide (NaOCH(CH3)2), sodium tert-butoxide (NaOC(CH3)3), potassium tert-butoxide (KOC(CH3)3), lithium ethoxide (LiOC2H5), cesium methoxide (CsOCH3); alkali metal hydrides, such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride; and metal amides, such as lithium diisopropyl amide (LDA), diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), lithium tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP or harpoon base), silicon-based amides, such as sodium and potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (NaHMDS and KHMDS, respectively).

[0145] Preferably, the base used in step (B) according to the present invention, is selected from alkali metal hydroxides or alkali metal alkoxides. More preferably, the base used in step (B) according to the present invention, is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium tert-butoxide.

[0146] In one embodiment of the present invention, the amount of base used in step (B) according to the present invention can be from 5.0 to 1.0 eq., from 5.0 to 2.0, from 3.0 to 1 .0 eq., from 3.0 to 2.0 eq., based on the number of moles (mol) of the compound of formula (III).

[0147] Preferably, the amount of base, selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium t-butylate, used in step (B) according to the present invention can be from 5.0 to 1 .0 eq., from 5.0 to 2.0, from 3.0 to 1 .0 eq., from 3.0 to 2.0 eq., based on the number of moles (mol) of the compound of formula (III).

[0148] Examples of suitable solvents (or diluents) for step (B) include, but are not limited to ethers, nitriles, amides and aromatic hydrocarbons. Examples include but are not limited to tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, chlorobenzene, toluene, anisole, xylenes, tert-butylmethyl ether, fluorobenzene, N-methyl pyrrolidine, formamide, benzonitrile and acetonitrile.

[0149] In one embodiment of the invention, step (B) according to the present invention, is carried out at temperatures from -20°C to 80°C. Preferably step (B) according to the present invention, is carried out at temperatures from 0°C to 30°C. PAT-11 1640_FF

[0150] 16

[0151] In another embodiment of the present invention, step (B) comprises reacting the compound of formula (III), from step A, wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); with formamide in the presence of a base, to produce a compound of formula (VIII) in situ, wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I), and converting said compound of formula (VIII) in the presence of water to a compound of formula (IV), wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I).

[0152] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, step (B) comprises reacting the compound of formula (III), from step A, wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); with formamide in the presence of a base to produce a compound of formula (IV), wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I), wherein said base is selected from alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal alkoxides, alkali metal hydrides, or metal amides.

[0153] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, step (B) comprises reacting the compound of formula (III), from step A, with formamide in the presence of a base to produce a compound of formula (IV), wherein said base is selected from alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal alkoxides, alkali metal hydrides, or metal amides. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, step (B) comprises reacting the compound of formula (III), from step A, wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); with formamide in the presence of a base to produce a compound of formula (IV), wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I), wherein said base is selected from alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal alkoxides, alkali metal hydrides, or metal amides.

[0154] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, step (B) comprises reacting the compound of formula (III), from step A, wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); with formamide in the presence of a base to produce a compound of formula (IV), wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I), wherein said base is selected from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydride, sodium tert-butoxide, or lithium diisopropyl amide.

[0155] In another preferred embodiment of the invention, step (B) comprises reacting the compound of formula (III), from step A, wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); with formamide in the presence of a base to produce a compound of formula (IV), wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I), wherein said base is selected from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or sodium tert-butoxide.

[0156] In still another preferred embodiment of the invention, step (B) comprises reacting the compound of formula (III), from step A, wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); with formamide in PAT-111640_FF

[0157] 17 the presence of a base to produce a compound of formula (VIII) in situ, and converting said compound of formula (VIII) in the presence of water to a compound of formula (IV), wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I), wherein said base is selected from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or sodium tert-butoxide.

[0158] In still another preferred embodiment of the invention, step (B) comprises reacting the compound of formula (III), from step A, with formamide in the presence of a base to produce a compound of formula (VIII) in situ, and converting said compound of formula (VIII) in the presence of water to a compound of formula (IV), wherein said base is selected from potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or sodium tert-butoxide, wherein R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl, and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0159] Step C

[0160] Embodiments of step (C) according to the invention are provided as set out below.

[0161] In one embodiment of the invention, step (C) comprises electrochemically oxidizing the compound of formula (IV), wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); in an electrolytic cell comprising of an anode and a cathode, in the presence an electrolyte, an organic solvent with controlled current density and measured charge passed, to produce a compound of formula (V), wherein R1, R2, X3 and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I).

[0162] The term electrolytic cell in the present context is an electrochemical cell that when charged with a reactive species and electrolyte accommodates a redox reaction when sufficient electrical energy is applied to the cell. The electrolytic cell comprises at least three general parts or components, a cathode electrode, an anode electrode and an electrolyte. The electrolytic cell is typically connected to a power source and contained within a reaction vessel. In some designs, it may also include separators or membranes. The electrodes serve as sites for reduction (cathode) and oxidation (anode) reactions, while the electrolyte facilitates ion movement between electrodes. The term “electrolytic cell” can be used interchangeably with the term “electrosynthesis reactor”.

[0163] In one embodiment of the present invention, the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention can be carried out in a batch electrolytic cell (batch-mode) or continuous-flow electrolytic cell (flowmode). In a preferred embodiment the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention can be carried out in a continuous-flow electrolytic cell (flow-mode). PAT-11 1640_FF

[0164] 18

[0165] In another embodiment of the present invention, the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention, is carried out in an electrolytic cell, wherein said electrolytic cell is selected from a batch electrolytic cell or a continuous-flow electrolytic cell.

[0166] The different parts or components of the electrolytic cell can be provided in separate containers connected through ion exchange membranes (divided electrolytic cell), or they can be provided in a single container (undivided electrolytic cell).

[0167] In one embodiment of the present invention, the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention can be carried out in an electrolytic cell, wherein the components of the electrolytic cell can be provided in separate containers connected through ion exchange membranes (divided electrolytic cell), or wherein the components of the electrolytic cell can be provided in a single container (undivided electrolytic cell). In a preferred embodiment the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention can be carried out in an electrolytic cell, wherein the components of the electrolytic cell can be provided in separate containers connected through ion exchange membranes (divided electrolytic cell).

[0168] In a divided cell configuration, the anodic and cathodic compartment may be separated by ion exchange membranes or porous separators.

[0169] Ion exchange membranes (lEMs) are typically made up of a hydrophobic polymer matrix and ionic groups and can be classified into anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and cation exchange membranes (CEMs) according to the type of ionic groups grafted onto the membrane matrix. CEMs that are fixed with negatively charged groups (-SO3-, -COO", etc.) conduct cations but repel anions, while AEMs containing positively charged groups (- NHs+, -NRF , -NR2I , -NRs+, PR3+,-SR2+, etc.), permit the permeation of anions but retard cations.

[0170] Examples of such ion exchange membranes are, but not limited to cation exchange membranes, anion exchange membranes or porous separators.

[0171] In one embodiment of the present invention, in the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention the ion exchange membrane is selected from a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane. Preferably, the ion exchange membrane is selected from an anion exchange membrane.

[0172] Examples of suitable anion exchange membranes include, but are not limited to, Fumasep® FAM-PP.

[0173] Examples of suitable cationic exchange membranes include, but are not limited to, Fumasep® FKB-PK-130 and Fumasep® FKD-PK-75.

[0174] • Fumasep® FAM is a heterogeneous anion-exchange membrane, PP-(polypropylene fabrics)- reinforced, thickness 450 to 500 pm, with high selectivity and very high mechanical stability. The polymer backbone of this membrane is based on a hydrocarbon resin. This membrane is available from www.fuelcellstore.com.

[0175] Specification: PAT-11 1640_FF

[0176] 19

[0177] Version 2.1 , valid from 20 August 2020 a) in CFforrn in 0.5 M NaCI @ T = 25°C, measured in standard measuring cell (through-plane) b) determined from membrane potential measurement in a concentration cell c) in Br" form, membrane as received stored in water for 24 hrs, reference membrane dried over P2O5 in vacuo d) in Br" form, membrane as received stored in water for 24 hrs, reference membrane as received e) determined from pH potential measurement in a concentration cell 0.1 M HCI / 0.1 M NaCI @ T = 25°C

[0178] • Fumasep® FKD-PK-75 is a PK reinforced Cation Exchange Membrane (CEM) with low resistance, high selectivity, high mechanical stability, and high stability in caustic environment. The polymer backbone of this membrane is based on a hydrocarbon resin. The mechanical reinforcement is composed of poly ether ether ketone (also known as PEEK or PK) and it has the open mesh style. This membrane is available from www.fuelcellstore.com.

[0179] Specification PAT-11 1640_FF

[0180] 20 a) in Na+form in 0.5 M NaCI @ T = 25 °C, measured in standard measuring cell (through-plane). b) determined from membrane potential measurement in a concentration cell. c) in H+form, membrane as received stored in water for 24 hrs, reference membrane dried over P2O5 in vacuo. d) in H+form, membrane as received stored in water for 24 hrs, reference membrane as received. e) determined from pH potential measurement in a concentration cell 0.1 M NaOH / 0.1 M NaCI @ T = 25 °C. f) determined by stress-strain measurement at T = 25°C and 50 % r.h . , according to DIN EN 527-1 .

[0181] • Fumasep® FKB-PK-130 is a PEEK reinforced Cation Exchange Membrane (CEM) with low resistance, high selectivity, high mechanical stability, high stability in pH-acidic and caustic environment, and high OH blocking capability. The polymer backbone for this membrane is based on a hydrocarbon resin.

[0182] This membrane is available from www.fuelcellstore.com.

[0183] Specification PAT-11 1640_FF

[0184] 21 a) in Na+form in 0.5 M NaCI @ T = 25 °C, measured in standard measuring cell (through-plane). b) determined from membrane potential measurement in a concentration cell. c) in H+form, membrane as received stored in water for 24 hrs, reference membrane dried over P2O5 in vacuo. d) in H+form, membrane as received stored in water for 24 hrs, reference membrane as received. e) determined from pH potential measurement in a concentration cell 0.5 M NaOH / 0.5 M NaCI @ T = 25 °C. f) in H+form, membrane as received, determined by stress-strain measurement at T = 25°C and 50 % r.h. , DIN EN 527-1.

[0185] Examples of suitable anode materials for the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention are, but not limited to platinum, graphite, glassy carbon, pyrolytic graphite, boron doped diamond, reticulated vitreous carbon, PbO2, RuO2, I rO2, mixed metal oxides, nickel, NiOOH, and graphite.

[0186] In one embodiment of the present invention, in the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention the anode material is selected from platinum, graphite, glassy carbon, pyrolytic graphite, boron doped diamond, reticulated vitreous carbon, PbO2, RuO2, lrO2, mixed metal oxides, nickel, NiOOH, or graphite. Preferably, the anode material is selected from graphite.

[0187] Examples of suitable cathode materials for the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention are, but not limited to platinum, graphite, glassy carbon, pyrolytic graphite, boron doped diamond, RUO2, lrO2, mixed metal oxides, nickel, copper, lead, silver, gold, stainless steel, tin, zinc, aluminium, vanadium, molybdenum, zirconium, hafnium and stainless steel.

[0188] In one embodiment of the present invention, in the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention the cathode material is selected from platinum, graphite, glassy carbon, pyrolytic graphite, boron doped diamond, RuO2, lrO2, mixed metal oxides, nickel, copper, lead, silver, gold, stainless steel, tin, zinc, aluminium, vanadium, molybdenum, zirconium, hafnium or stainless steel. Preferably, the cathode material is selected from stainless steel.

[0189] In one embodiment of the present invention, in the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention the anode / cathode surface area ratio may vary between 0.001 to 1000, between 0.01 to 100, between 0.1 to 10, between 0.5 to 5, between 1 to 1. Preferably, anode / cathode surface area ratio may be 1 to 1.

[0190] The electrolytic cell can in general be operated at temperatures that match the selected electrolyte, reactant compound and cell configuration. Thus, in some embodiments the cell can be operated at a temperature in the range from about 0°C to about 100°C, or from 0°C, or from about 5°C, or from about 10°C, or from about 20°C, to about 100°C, to about 80°C, to about 60°C, to about 50°C, to about 40°C, to about 35°C, to about 30°C, to PAT-111640_FF

[0191] 22 about 25°C. In some embodiments the electrolytic cell is operated at temperature that is close to ambient temperature.

[0192] The electrolytic cell can also be operated at any desired suitable pressure, depending on the electrolyte, reactant compound, and cell construction. In some embodiments, the cell is operated at a pressure of up to 10 atm, of up to 20 atm or of up to 30 atm, such as a pressure in the range of about 1 to about 30 atm, in the range of about 1 to about 20 atm, or in the range of about 1 to about 10 atm. In some embodiments the electrolytic cell is operated at ambient atmospheric pressure.

[0193] In one embodiment of the present invention, the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention is induced by applying a current density under galvanostatic conditions between 1 and 1000 mA / cm2, 25 and 700 mA / cm2, between 50 and 500 mA / cm2, between 75 and 250 mA / cm2, between 80 and 200 mA / cm2, between 90 and 150 mA / cm2, between 95 and 110 mA / cm2.

[0194] Preferably, the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention is induced by applying a current density under galvanostatic conditions between 50 and 500 mA / cm2, or between 75 and 250 mA / cm2, or between 80 and 200 mA / cm2, or between 90 and 150 mA / cm2, or between 95 and 110 mA / cm2.

[0195] In one embodiment of the present invention, the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention is induced by passing charge in the ranges of 0.5 - 5 F / mol, preferably from 2.3 - 3.5 F / mol.

[0196] Examples of suitable solvents for the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention are, but are not limited to methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide and mixtures thereof.

[0197] In one embodiment of the present invention, the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention the solvent is selected from methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or mixtures thereof. Preferably, the solvent is selected from methanol or ethanol.

[0198] Examples of suitable electrolytes for the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention are, but are not limited to BU4NBF4, BU4NPF6, KOAc, NaOAc, sodium pivalate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, acetic acid, sulfuric acid.

[0199] In one embodiment of the present invention, the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention the electrolyte is selected from tetrabutylammonium-tetrafluoroborate (BU4NBF4), tetrabutylammonium-hexafluorophosphate (BU4NPF6), potassium acetate (KOAc), sodium acetate (NaOAc), acetic acid (AcOH), sodium pivalate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, or mixtures thereof. Preferably, the electrolyte is selected from potassium acetate, sodium acetate, acetic acid or mixtures thereof.

[0200] In one embodiment of the present invention, the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention the amount of electrolyte is between 1 .0 and 5.0 equivalents, between 1 .0 and 2.5 equivalents, based PAT-111640_FF

[0201] 23 on the amount of the compound of formula (IV). Preferably, the amount of electrolyte is between 1.0 and 2.5 equivalents, based on the amount of the compound of formula (IV).

[0202] The electrolyte in general comprises a liquid electrolyte. The term electrolyte as used herein refers to a substance or medium that is able to conduct an electric current and can refer to both a medium which in itself serves as the electrolyte and a medium that comprises (e.g. dissolved) one or more electrolytic substance.

[0203] In some embodiments the electrolyte comprises an aqueous solution in which ions are dissolved. The aqueous solution can be a neutral, an alkaline or an acidic solution. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution is an acidic solution. The electrolyte can also be a molten salt, for example a sodium chloride salt, or a combination or mixture of other different salts.

[0204] In other embodiments the electrolyte comprises an organic solution in which ions are dissolved.

[0205] In one embodiment of the present invention, the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) ofthe present invention the organic solvent comprises (e.g. dissolved) at least one of the electrolytic substances.

[0206] In another embodiment of the present invention, the electrochemical oxidation according to step (D) of the present invention the organic solvent, selected from methanol or ethanol, comprises (e.g. dissolved) at least one of the electrolytic substances.

[0207] In one embodiment of the invention, step (C) comprises electrochemically oxidizing the compound of formula (IV), wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); in an electrolytic cell comprising of an anode and a cathode, in the presence of an electrolyte, an organic solvent, with controlled current density and measured charge passed to produce a compound of formula (V), wherein R1, R2, X3 and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I), wherein the components (anode and cathode) of the electrolytic are provided in separate containers connected through ion exchange membranes, and wherein said ion exchange membrane is selected from a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane.

[0208] In one embodiment of the invention, step (C) comprises electrochemically oxidizing the compound of formula (IV), in an electrolytic cell comprising of an anode and a cathode, in the presence of an electrolyte, an organic solvent, with current density and charge passed to produce a compound of formula (V), wherein R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl, and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0209] In one embodiment of the invention, step (C) comprises electrochemically oxidizing the compound of formula (IV), in an electrolytic cell comprising of an anode and a cathode, in the presence of an electrolyte, an organic solvent, with current density and charge passed to produce a compound of formula (V), wherein the components (anode and cathode) ofthe electrolytic are provided in separate containers connected through ion exchange membranes, and wherein said ion exchange membrane is selected from a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane, wherein R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl, and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration. PAT-111640_FF

[0210] 24

[0211] In one embodiment of the invention, step (C) comprises electrochemically oxidizing the compound of formula (IV), in an electrolytic cell comprising of an anode and a cathode, in the presence of an electrolyte, an organic solvent, with current density and charge passed to produce a compound of formula (V); wherein the components (anode and cathode) of the electrolytic are provided in separate containers connected through ion exchange membranes, and wherein said ion exchange membrane is selected from a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane, wherein the electrolyte is selected from potassium acetate, sodium acetate, acetic acid or mixtures thereof, wherein the solvent is selected from methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or mixtures thereof; wherein R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci- Cs-alkyl, and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0212] In one embodiment of the invention, step (C) comprises electrochemically oxidizing the compound of formula (IV), in an electrolytic cell comprising of an anode and a cathode, in the presence of an electrolyte, an organic solvent, with current density and charge passed to produce a compound of formula (V), wherein said electrolytic cell is a continuous-flow electrolytic cell; wherein the components (anode and cathode) of the electrolytic are provided in separate containers connected through ion exchange membranes, and wherein said ion exchange membrane is selected from a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane, wherein the electrolyte is selected from potassium acetate, sodium acetate, acetic acid or mixtures thereof, wherein the solvent is selected from methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or mixtures thereof; wherein R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl, and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0213] Step D

[0214] Embodiments of step (D) according to the invention are provided as set out below.

[0215] In one embodiment of the invention, step (D) comprises reacting the compound of formula (V), wherein R1, R2, X3 and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); with a compound of formula (VI), wherein R3, R4, Xi and X2 are as defined for the compound of formula (I), in the presence of an acid additive, to produce the compound of formula (I). PAT-111640_FF

[0216] 25

[0217] Examples of acid additives for step (D) include but are not limited to carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids. Compounds of formula (VI) are known in the art, for instance from WO2010 / 123985, WO2016 / 039441 or WO2015 / 000715.

[0218] Examples of sulfonic acids include but are not limited to methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid.

[0219] Examples of carboxylic acids include but are not limited to acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and benzoic acid.

[0220] Preferably, the acid additive used in step (D) according to the present invention, is selected from acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or p-toluenesulfonic acid.

[0221] In one embodiment of the present invention, the amount of acid used in step (D) according to the present invention can be from 10.0 to 1 .0 eq., from 5.0 to 1 .0, from 3.0 to 1 .0 eq., from 2.0 to 2.1 eq., particularly from 5.0 to 1 .0 eq, based on the number of moles (mol) of the compound of formula (V).

[0222] Preferably, the amount of acid, selected from acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or p-toluenesulfonic acid, used in step (D) according to the present invention can be from 10.0 to 1 .0 eq., from 5.0 to 1 .0, from 3.0 to 1 .0 eq., from 2.0 to 2.1 eq., particularly form 5.0 to 1 .0 eq., based on the number of moles (mol) of the compound of formula (V).

[0223] In one embodiment of the present invention, the amount of compound (VI) used in step (D) according to the present invention can be from 2.0 to 1 .0 equivalent, from 1 .5 to 1 .0 equivalent, from 1 .2 to 1 .0 equivalent, from 1.1 to 1.0 equivalents, or 1.0 equivalent, based on the number of moles (mol) of the compound of formula (V).

[0224] Examples of suitable solvents (or diluents) for step (D) include, but are not limited to polar aprotic solvents, nitriles, esters, ketones, alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, carbonates, ethers, and mixtures thereof.

[0225] Examples of suitable solvents (or diluents) for step (D) include but are not limited to acetonitrile, butyronitrile, benzonitrile, ethylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, nitrobenzene, trifluorotoluene, polyethelene glycol, chlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, anisole, N,N-dimethyl formamide, N-methyl pyrrolidine, sulfolane, 2,5-dimethyl isosorbide, dimethyl acetamide, cyrene, and mixture thereof.

[0226] In one embodiment of the invention, step (D) according to the present invention, is carried out at temperatures from 20°C to 150°C. Preferably step (B) according to the present invention, is carried out at temperatures from 60°C to 100°C.

[0227] The chiral information at the sulfur-atom marked with a * in compounds of formula (III), (IV), (V) or (I) is fully preserved during the entire sequence comprising step (B), step (C) and step (D) starting from chiral sulfoxidecompound of formula (III) in step (B). It has been proven that no inversion takes place, that an (R)- sulfoxide of formula (III) leads to (R) compound of formula (I) and that an (S)sulfoxide of formula (III) leads to (S)- compound of formula (I). Further it has been proven, that an enantioenriched (R)-sulfoxide of formula (III) leads PAT-11 1640_FF

[0228] 26 to an enantioenriched (R)-compound of formula (I) and that an enantioenriched (S)-sulfoxide of formula (III) leads to an enantioenriched (S)-compound of formula (I).

[0229] In another embodiment of the invention, step (D) comprises reacting the compound of formula (V), wherein R1, R2, X3 and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); with a compound of formula (VI), wherein R3, R4, Xi and X2 are as defined for the compound of formula (I), in the presence of an acid additive, and wherein said acid additive is selected from carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids.

[0230] In another embodiment of the invention, step (D) comprises reacting the compound of formula (V), wherein R1, R2, X3 and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I); with a compound of formula (VI), wherein R3, R4, Xi and X2 are as defined for the compound of formula (I), in the presence of an acid additive, to produce the compound of formula (I), wherein said acid additive is selected from acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or p-toluenesulfonic acid.

[0231] In still another embodiment of the invention, step (D) comprises reacting the compound of formula (V), with a compound of formula (VI), in the presence of an acid additive, to produce the compound of formula (I), wherein said acid additive is selected from carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids, wherein R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl; R3is methyl; R4is Ci-Cs-haloalkyl; X1is N and X2is CH, or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0232] In another embodiment of the invention, step (D) comprises reacting the compound of formula (V), with a compound of formula (VI), in the presence of an acid additive, to produce the compound of formula (I), wherein said acid additive is selected from acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or p-toluenesulfonic acid, wherein R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl; R3is methyl; R4is Ci-Cs-haloalkyl; X1is N and X2is CH, or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0233] In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) in an enantiomerically pure or enantiomerically enriched form wherein R1is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C4-haloalkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkoxy, or cyano-Cs-Ce- cycloalkyl; R2is Ci-C4-alkyl or phenyl; R3is hydrogen, Ci-C4-alkyl, or phenyl; R4is hydrogen, halogen, or C1- C4-haloalkyl; S* is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in R or S configuration; X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; wherein said process comprising PAT-11 1640_FF

[0234] 27

[0235] Step A) oxidation of a sulfanyl compound of formula (II)

[0236] (II), wherein R1, R2, and X3are as defined for compounds of formula (I); in the presence of an oxidant, optionally in the presence of a chiral reagent or catalyst, and optionally in the presence of a suitable acid additive; to produce a sulfinyl compound of formula (III) w are as defined for the compound of formula (I);

[0237] Step B) reacting said compound of formula (III), from step A, with formamide in the presence of a base, followed by aqueous hydrolysis to produce a compound of formula (IV) wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I);

[0238] Step C) an electrochemical oxidation of said compound of formula (IV) from step B to produce a compound of formula (V) w are as defined for the compound of formula (I); and

[0239] Step D) condensing said compound of formula (V) from step D, with a compound of formula (VI) wherein R3, R4, X1and X2are as defined for the compound of formula (I); in the presence of an acid to produce said compound of formula (I). In a sub-embodiment thereof, X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is nitrogen. In another sub-embodiment thereof, X1, X2and PAT-111640_FF

[0240] 28

[0241] X3are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is CH. Preferably, in this embodiment, R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl; R3is methyl; R4is Ci-Cs-haloalkyl; X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0242] In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) in an enantiomerically pure or enantiomerically enriched form wherein R1is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C4-haloalkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkoxy, or cyano-Cs-Ce- cycloalkyl; R2is Ci-C4-alkyl or phenyl; R3is hydrogen, Ci-C4-alkyl, or phenyl; R4is hydrogen, halogen, or Ci- C4-haloalkyl; S* is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in R or S configuration; X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; wherein said process comprising

[0243] Step A) oxidation of a sulfanyl compound of formula (II)

[0244] (II), wherein R1, R2, and X3are as defined for compounds of formula (I); in the presence of an oxidant, optionally in the presence of a chiral reagent or catalyst, and optionally in the presence of a suitable acid additive; to produce a sulfinyl compound of formula (III) w are as defined for the compound of formula (I);

[0245] Step B) reacting said compound of formula (III), from step A, with formamide in the presence of a base, followed by aqueous hydrolysis to produce a compound of formula (IV) PAT-111640_FF

[0246] 29 wherein R1, R2, X3and S* are as defined for the compound of formula (I);

[0247] Step C) an electrochemical oxidation of said compound of formula (IV) from step B to produce a compound of formula (V) are as defined for the compound of formula (I); and

[0248] Step D) condensing said compound of formula (V) from step D, with a compound of formula (VI) wherein R3, R4, X1and X2are as defined for the compound of formula (I); in the presence of an acid to produce said compound of formula (I). In a sub-embodiment thereof, X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is nitrogen. In another sub-embodiment thereof, X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; with the proviso that at least one of X1and X2is CH. Preferably, in this embodiment, R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl; R3is methyl; R4is Ci-Cs-haloalkyl; X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration; wherein in Step A) said oxidant is selected from hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide; wherein said chiral ligand is selected from a compound of formula (VII), PAT-111640_FF

[0249] 30 wherein R6is chloro, bromo, iodo and the carbon-atom marked with the * represents an enantioenriched chiral center in (R) or (S) configuration; wherein said metal catalyst is selected from Fe(acac)3 or Fe(acac)2; and wherein said acid additive is selected from 4-methoxybenzoic acid; wherein in step C), the electrolytic cell is selected from a batch electrolytic cell or in a continuous-flow electrolytic cell; wherein the components of said electrolytic cell are provided in separate containers connected through ion exchange membrane, and wherein said ion exchange membrane is selected from a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane; wherein the anode material is selected from graphite; and wherein the cathode material is selected from stainless steel; wherein the electrolyte is selected from potassium acetate, sodium acetate, acetic acid or mixtures thereof; and wherein the solvent is selected from methanol or ethanol.

[0250] Another embodiment of the present invention, relates to a compound of formula (IV)

[0251] (IV), wherein R1is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C4-haloalkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkoxy, or cyano-Cs-Ce- cycloalkyl; R2is Ci-C4-alkyl or phenyl; X3is independently selected from CH or N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0252] In a preferred embodiment, in the compound of formula (IV), R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl; and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0253] In a preferred embodiment, in the compound of formula (I), R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl; R3is methyl; R4is Ci-Cs-haloalkyl; X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

[0254] The compound of formula (IV) is a useful intermediate in the preparation of the compounds of formula (I) according to the present invention.

[0255] The compounds of formula (I) according to the invention are preventively and / or curatively valuable active ingredients in the field of pest control, even at low rates of application, which have a very favorable biocidal spectrum and are well tolerated by warm-blooded species, fish, and plants. The active ingredients according to the invention act against all or individual developmental stages of normally sensitive, but also resistant, animal pests, such as insects or representatives of the order Acarina. The insecticidal or acaricidal activity of the active ingredients according to the invention can manifest itself directly, i. e. in destruction of the pests, PAT-11 1640_FF

[0256] 31 which takes place either immediately or only after some time has elapsed, for example during ecdysis, or indirectly, for example in a reduced oviposition and / or hatching rate.

[0257] Surprisingly, it has been found that the novel compounds of formula (I) have, for practical purposes, advantageous levels of biological activity for protecting plants against insects or superior properties for use as agrochemical active ingredients, for example, greater biological activity, an advantageous spectrum of activity, an increased safety profile (against non-target organisms above and below ground, such as fish, birds and bees), improved physico-chemical properties, or increased biodegradability. In particular, it has been surprisingly found that certain compounds of formula (I) may show an advantageous safety profile with respect to non-target arthropods, in particular pollinators such as honey bees, solitary bees, and bumble bees. Most particularly, Apis mellifera.

[0258] According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a composition comprising a compound of formula (I) according to the present invention. Such a composition may further comprise at least one additional active ingredient and / or an agrochemically-acceptable diluent or carrier.

[0259] According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of combating and controlling insects, acarines, nematodes or molluscs which comprises applying to a pest, to a locus of a pest, or to a plant susceptible to attack by a pest an insecticidally, acaricidally, nematicidally or molluscicidally effective amount of a compound of formula (I) according to the present invention, or a composition comprising said a compound of formula (I).

[0260] According to still another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for the protection of plant propagation material from the attack by insects, acarines, nematodes or molluscs, which comprises treating the propagation material or the site, where the propagation material is planted, with an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) according to the present invention, or a composition comprising said a compound of formula (I).

[0261] Examples of the above-mentioned animal pests are: from the order Anoplurida, for example, Pthirus pubis, Pthirus spp., and Solenopotes capillatus; from the order Aphelenchida, for example, Bursaphelenchus lignicolus, Bursaphelenchus spp., and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; from the order Araneae, for example, Agelenopsis spp., Eratigena agrestis, Latrodectus mactans, Latrodectus spp., Loxosceles reclusa, Lycosidae spp., Parastatoda tepidariorum, and Pholcus spp. from the order Architaenioglossa, for example, Ampullariidae spp. from the order Ascaridida, for example, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris spp., and Heterakis spp.; from the order Astigmata, for example, Chorioptes bovis, Chorioptes spp., Cytodites spp., Laminosioptes spp., Otodectes cynotis, Otodectes spp., and Pterolichus spp.; from the order Bacillales, for example, Pasteuria penetrans; from the order Basommatophora, for example, Biomphalaria spp., and Bulinus spp.; from the order Blatta a, for example, Blatta orientalis, Blattella asahinai, Blattella germanica, Mastotermes darwiniensis, Mastotermes spp., Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae, Periplaneta fuliginosa, Shelfordella lateralis, Supella longipalpa, and Supella spp.; from the order Blattodea, for example, Coptotermes spp., Incisitermes spp., and Leucophaea maderae; from the order Caenogastropoda, for example, Pomacea PAT-111640_FF

[0262] 32 canaliculata', from the order Camallanida, for example, Dracunculus medinensis', from the order Chilopoda, for example, Geophilus carpophagus, Geophilus spp., and Scutigera spp. from the order Coleoptera, for example, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Adelium brevicorne, Adelium spp.., Adoretus spp., Aeolus mellillus, Aeolus spp.., Agelastica alni, Agriotes brevis, Agriotes criddlei, Agriotes fuscicollis, Agriotes lineatus, Agriotes littigiosus, Agriotes mancus, Agriotes obscurus, Agriotes proximus, Agriotes rufipalpis, Agriotes sordidus, Agriotes spp., Agriotes sputator, Agriotes ustulatus, Agrypnus spp.., Agrypnus variabilis, Alphitobius diaperinus, Amphimallon solstitiale, Amphimallon majale, Anisoplia austriaca, Anobium punctatum, Anomala orientalis, Anomala rufocuprea, Anoplophora spp., Anthonomus consors, Anthonomus corvulus, Anthonomus elongatus, Anthonomus elutus, Anthonomus eugenii, Anthonomus grandis, Anthonomus haematopus, Anthonomus lecontei, Anthonomus molochinus, Anthonomus morticinus, Anthonomus musculus, Anthonomus nigrinus, Anthonomus phyllocola, Anthonomus pictus, Anthonomus pomorum, Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Anthonomus rectirostris , Anthonomus rubi, Anthonomus santacruzi, Anthonomus signatus, Anthonomus spp., Anthonomus subfasciatus, Anthonomus tenebrosus, Anthrenus spp., Aphodius spp., Apogonia spp., Astylus atromaculatus, Ataenius spp., Ataneus spretulus, Athous spp.., Atomaria linearis, Atomaria spp., Attagenus spp., Aulacophora femoralis, Bruchidius obtectus, Bruchus spp., Callosobruchus chinensis, Cerotoma arcuata, Cerotoma spp., Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceuthorhynchus assimilis, Ceuthorhynchus spp., Ceutorhynchus napi, Chaetocnema aridula, Chaetocnema minuta, Chaetocnema spp., Chaetocnema tibialis, Chyptohypnus nocturnus bicolor, Chyptohypnus spp.., Cleonus mendicus, Collops spp., Conoderus spp.., Conotrachelus nenupphar, Cosmopolites sordidus, Cosmopolites spp., Costelytra zealandica, Cotinis nitida, Cryptohypnus nocturnus (Eschscholtz), Cryptorhynchus lapathi, Ctenicera aeripennis destructor, Ctenicera destructor, Ctenicera spp.., Curculio spp., Cyclocephala lurida, Cyclocephala spp., Cyclocephela borealis, Dermestes spp., Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica spp., Diabrotica virgifera, Dicladispa armigera, Dicladispa spp., Diloboderus abderus, Diloboderus spp., Epilachna spp., Epilachna varivestis, Epilachna vigintioctomaculata, Epitrix spp., Eremnus spp., Exomala orientalis, Faustinas cubae, Gibbium psylloides, Gonocephalum aequatoriale, Gonocephalum bilineatum, Gonocephalum carpentariae, Gonocephalum contractum, Gonocephalum depressum, Gonocephalum dorsogranosum, Gonocephalum elderi, Gonocephalum hoffmannseggii, Gonocephalum macleaya, Gonocephalum misellum, Gonocephalum patruele, Gonocephalum pusilium, Gonocephalum reticulatum, Gonocephalum rusticum, Gonocephalum seriatum, Gonocephalum setulosum, Gonocephalum simplex, Gonocephalum spp.., Gonocephalum torridum, Gonocephalum tuberculatum, Gonocephalum walker, Hadromorphus glaucus, Hadromorphus spp.., Heteronychus arator, Hispa spp., Holotrichia spp., Hylamorpha elegans, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera brunneipennis, Hypera postica, Hypnoidus abbreviates, Hypnoidus nocturnus, Hypnoidus spp.., Hypolithus bicolor, Hypothenemus hampei, Hypothenemus spp., Lachnosterna consanguinea, Lagria vilosa, Lerna oryzae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Leptinotarsa spp., Limonius californicus, Limonius canus, Limonius infuscatus, Limonius pctoralis, Limonius spp., Liogenys fuscus, Liogenys spp.., Liogenys suturalis, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lissorhoptrus spp., Listronotus maculicollis, Lixus spp., Ludius aeripennis destructor, Ludius aeripennis tinctus, Ludius spp.., Maecolaspis spp., Maladera castanea, Maladera matrida, Megascelis calcarifera, Megascelis spp., Melanotus opacaicicollis leconte, Melanotus spp.., Meligethes aeneus, Meligethes spp., Melolontha melolontha, Melolontha spp., Metamasius PAT-111640_FF

[0263] 33 hemipterus, Microtheca spp., Migdolus spp., Monochamus alternatus, Monochamus spp., Myochrous armatus, Naupactus xanthographus, Niptus hololeucus, Orycaephilus spp., Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Otiorhynchus spp., Otiorhynchus Sulcatus, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, Oulema melanopus, Oulema oryzae, Oulema spp., Oxycetonia jucunda, Phaedon cochleariae, Pheletes californicus, Pheletes spp.., Phlyctinus spp., Phyllophaga cuyabana, Phyllophaga spp., Phyllotreta cruciferae, Phyllotreta spp., Phyllotreta striolata, Popillia japonica, Popillia spp., Premnotrypes spp., Psylliodes chrysocephala, Psylliodes spp., Pterohelaeus alternatus, Pterohelaeus spp.., Ptinus spp., Rhizobius ventralis, Rhizopertha dominica, Rhizopertha spp., Rhizotrogus majalis, Rhyssomatus aubtilis, Scarabeidae, Scelodonta strigicollis, Selatosomus aeripennis aeripennis, Selatosomus aeripennis destructor, Selatosomus destructor, Selatosomus spp.., Sitophilus spp., Sitophilus zeamais, Somaticus angulatus, Somaticus spp., Sphenophorus levis, Sphenophorus parvulus, Sphenophorus sp., Sphenophorus spp., Sphenophorus spp., Sternechus spp., Sternechus subsignatus, Symphyletes spp., Tenebrio molitor, Tenebrio spp., Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium spp., Trogoderma spp., Tychius spp., Xylotrechus spp., Zabrus spp., and Zabrus tenebrioides; from the order Collembola, for example, Onychiurus armatus; from the order Cyclophyllidea, for example, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Hymenolepis nana, Taenia saginata, and Taenia solium; from the order Dermaptera, for example, Forficula auricularia; from the order Dictyoptera, for example, Cryptotermes brevis, Incisitermes minor, Kalotermes flavicollis, Marginitermes hubbardi, and Neotermes spp.; from the order Diplopoda, for example, Blaniulus guttulatus; from the order Diptera, for example, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes spp., Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles spp., Anopheles stephensi, Antherigona soccata, Atylotus spp., Bactrocea oleae, Bactrocera spp., Bibio hortulanus, Braula spp., Calliphora erythrocephala, Calliphora spp., Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis spp., Chrysomya spp., Chrysops spp., Cochliomyia spp., Contarinia spp., Contarinia tritici, Cordylobia anthropophaga, Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex spp., Culex tritaeniorhynchus , Culicoides spp., Cuterebra spp., Dacus oleae, Dacus spp., Delia platura, Delia spp., Dermatobia hominis, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila spp., Drosophila suzukii, Eusimulium spp., Fannia spp., Gasterophilus spp., Geomyza tripunctata, Glossina spp., Haematobia irritans, Haematobia spp., Haematopota spp., Hippobosca spp., Hybomitra spp., Hydrellia griseola, Hydrellia philipina, Hydrellia spp., Hydrotaea spp., Hylemia platura, Hylemya spp., Hypoderma spp., Hyppobosca spp., Lipoptena spp., Liriomyza asclepiadis, Liriomyza brassicae, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae, Liriomyza spp., Liriomyza Trifoli, Liriomyza trifolii, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia spp., Lutzomyia spp., Lyctus spp., Mayetiola spp., Melanagromyza spp., Melophagus spp., Morellia spp., Musca autumnalis, Musca domestica, Musca spp., Odagmia spp., Oestrus spp., Opomyza florum, Opomyza spp., Orseolia oryzae, Orseolia spp., Oscinella frit, Oscinella spp., Pegomyia hyoscyami, Pegomyia spp., Philipomyia spp., Phlebotomus spp., Phorbia spp., Rhagoletis spp., Rhinoestrus spp., Rivelia quadrifasciata, Sarcophaga spp., Scatella stagnalis, Sciara Bradysia, Sciara coprophila, Simulium spp., Sitodiplosis spp., Stomoxys calcitrans, Stomoxys spp., Tabanus spp., Tannia spp., Tipula oleracea, Tipula paludosa, Tipula spp., Trichosia spp., Wilhelmia spp., and Wohlfahrtia spp.; from the order Dorylaimida, for example, Longidorus breviannulatus, Longidorus elongatus, Longidorus spp., Trichodorus primitivus, Trichodorus spp., and Xiphinema spp.; from PAT-111640_FF

[0264] 34 the order Echinostomida, for example, Faciola spp:, from the order Hemiptera, for example, Acanthocoris scabrator, Acrosternum hilare, Acrosternum spp., Acyrthosiphon spp., Acyrthosium pisum, Adalges spp., Adelphocoris lineolatus, Aeneolamia spp., Agalliana ensigera, Agonoscena spp., Agonoscena targionii, Aleurocanthus spp., Aleurodes brassicae, Aleurodes spp., Aleurodicus spp., Aleurolobus barodensis, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Aleurothrixus spp., Aleyrodes brassicae, Amarasca biguttula, Amblypelta nitida, Amrasca biguttula, Amrasca spp., Amritodus atkinsoni, Anasa tristis, Antestiopsis orbitalus, Antestiopsis spp., Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiella aurantii, Aonidiella spp., Aphanostigma piri, Aphididae, Aphis citri, Aphis fabae, Aphis glycines, Aphis gossypii, Aphis nasturtii, Aphis pomi, Aphis spiraecola, Aphis spp., Arboridia apicalis, Aspidiella spp., Aspidiotus hederae, Aspidiotus spp., Atanus spp., Aulacorthum solani, Austroasca viridigrisea, Bactericera cockerelli, Bathycoelia thalassina, Bern is ia argentifolii, Bemisia spp., Bemisia tabaci, Bliss us insularis, Blissus insularis barber, Blissus Leucopterus, Blissus leucopterus hirtus, Blissus spp., Brachycaudus helichrysii, Brachycaudus spp., Brachycolus spp., Brevicoryne brassicae, Brevicoryne spp., Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Cacopsylla spp., Calligypona marginata, Calocoris spp., Campylomma livida, Carneocephala fulgida, Cavariella aegopodii, Cavelerius spp., Ceratovacuna lanigera, Ceroplaster spp., Ceroplastes spp., Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Chionaspis tegalensis, Chlorita onukii, Chromaphis juglandicola, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Chrysomphalus ficus / aonidum, Cicadella spp., Cicadulina mbila, Cicadulina spp., Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, Cimex spp., Clavigralla tomentosicollis, Coccomytilus halli, Coccus hesperidum, Coccus spp., Cofana spectra, Creontiades biseratense, Creontiades dilutus, Creontiades spp., Cryptomyzus ribis, Cryptomyzus spp., Dalbulus maidis, Dalbulus spp., Dasynus piperis, Dialeurodes spp., Diaphorina citri, Diaphorina spp., Diaspis spp., Diceraeus furcatus, Diceraeus melacanthus, Diceraeus spp., Dichelops furcatus, Dichelops melacanthus, Dichelops spp., Diconocoris hewetti, Distantiella theobroma, Diuraphis noxia, Diuraphis spp., Drosicha spp., Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysaphis spp., Dysdercus cingulatus, Dysdercus intermedius, Dysdercus spp., Dysmicoccus spp., Edessa meditabunda, Edessa spp., Empoasca fabae, Empoasca solana, Empoasca spp., Empoasca vitis, Eriosoma lanigerum, Eriosoma spp., Erythroneura Elegantula, Erythroneura spp., Euchistus spp., Eurydema pulchrum, Eurygaster integriceps, Eurygaster intergriceps , Eurygaster maura, Eurygaster spp., Euscelis bilobatus, Euschistus heros, Euschistus servus, Euschistus spp., Gascardia spp., Geococcus coffeae, Geocoris spp., Glycaspis brimblecombei, Halyomorpha halys, Halyomorpha spp., Helopeltis spp., Homalodisca coagulata / vitripennis, Horcias nobilellus, Hyadaphis pseudobrassicae, Hyalopterus arundinis, Hyalopterus spp., Hyperomyzus pallidus, Icerya spp., Idiocerus spp., Idioscopus clypealis, Idioscopus spp., Irbisia pacifica, Irbisia sp., Jacobiasca lybica, Labops hesperius, Labops sp., Laodelphax spp., Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium corni, Lepidosaphes spp., Leptocorisa chinensis, Leptocorisa spp., Leptocorsia acuta, Leptocorsia oratorius, Leptodelphax maculigera, Leptodictya tabida, Leptoglossus phyllopus, Leptoglossus spp., Lipaphis erysimi, Lopaphis erysimi, Lyctus bruneus, Lygus hesperus, Lygus lineolaris, Lygus spp., Lyogenys maidis, Macropes excavatus, Macrosiphum avenae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum rosae, Macrosiphum spp., Mahanarva fimbriolata, Mahanarva spp., Margarodes spp., Melanaphis sacchari, Metcalfa pruinosa, Metcalfiella spp., Metopolophium dirhodum, Metopolophium spp., Monellia costalis, Monelliopsis pecanis, Murgantia histrionic, Murgantia spp., Myndus crudus, Myzus persicae, Myzus spp., Nasonovia ribisnigri, Neomegalotomus spp., Neotoxoptera spp., PAT-111640_FF

[0265] 35

[0266] Nephotettix cincticeps, Nephotettix malayanus, Nephotetix nigropictus, Nephotettix parvus, Nephottetix spp., Nephottetix virescens, Nesidiocoris tenuis, Neurocolpus nubilus, Nezara antennata, Nezara hilare, Nezara spp., Nezara viridula, Nilaparvata lugens, Nilaparvata spp., Nippolachnus piri, Nysius simulans, Odonaspis ruthae, Oebalus insularis, Oebalus mexicana, Oebalus poecilus, Oebalus pugnase, Oebalus pugnax, Oebalus spp., Oncometopia spp., Oregma lanigera, Orthezia praelonga, Orthezia spp., Parabemisia myricae, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Paratrioza spp., Parlatoria pergandei, Parlatoria spp., Pemphigus spp., Peregrinus maidis, Perkinsiella spp., Phenacoccus spp., Phloeomyzus passerinii, Phorodon humuli, Phylloxera spp., Phylloxera vastatrix, Piesma spp., Piezodorus guildinii, Piezodorus spp., Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Pianococcus citri, Pianococcus spp., Plautia crossota, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Psallus seriatus, Pseudacysta persea, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudaulacaspis spp., Pseudococcus comstocki, Pseudococcus spp., Psylla pyri, Psylla pyricola, Psylla spp., Pulvinaria aethiopica, Pyrilla spp., Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Quadraspidiotus spp., Quesada gigas, Rastrococcus spp., Recilia dorsalis, Rhodnius prolixus, Rhodnius spp., Rhopalosiphum graminum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicas, Rhopalosiphum spp., Rhopalus maculatus, Riptortus clavatus, Sahlbergella singulars, Saissetia oleae, Saissetia spp., Sarucallis kahawaluokalani, Scaphoideus spp., Scaphoideus titanus, Scaptocoris castanea, Scaptocoris spp., Schizaphis graminum, Schizaphis spp., Scotinophara coarctata, Scotinophara lurida, Scotinophara spp., Scotinophora spp., Selenaspidus articulatus, Selenaspidus spp., Sitobion avenae, Sitobion spp., Sogatella furcifera, Sogatella spp., Sogatodes spp., Spissistilus festinus, Spissistilus spp., Stictocephala festina, Tarophagus Proserpina, Thyanta spp., Tibraca spp., Tinocallis caryaefoliae, Tomaspis spp., Toxoptera spp., Trialeurodes spp., Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Triatoma spp., Tridiscus sporoboli, Trionymus spp., Trioza spp., Typhlocyba spp., Unaspis citri, Unaspis spp., Unaspis yanonensis, Vatiga illudens, Viteus vitifolii, Zygina flammigera, and Zyginidia scutellaris; from the order Heteroptera, for example, Piesma quadrata; from the order Hygrophila, for example, Galba spp., Galba trunculata, and Lymnaea spp. from the order Hymenoptera, for example, Acromyrmex heyri, Acromyrmex lundii, Acromyrmex spp., Arge spp., Athalia rosae, Athalia spp., Atta bisphaerica, Atta capiguara, Atta laevigata, Atta sexdens rubropilosa, Atta spp., Brachymyrmex sp, Camponotus floridanus, Camponotus herculeanus, Camponotus ligniperdus, Camponotus pennsylvanicus, Camponotus spp., Cephus spp., Crematogaster spp., Diprion spp., Diprionidae, Gilpinia polytoma, Hoplocampa spp., Lasius emarginatu, Lasius flavus, Lasius neglectus, Lasius Neoniger, Lasius niger, Lasius spp., Linepithema humile, Messor structor, Monomorium minimum, Monomorium pharaonis, Myrmica rubra, Neodiprion spp., Paratrechina spp., Pheidole megacephala, Pogonomyrmex spp., Pteromalus spp., Slenopsis invicta, Solenopsis geminata, Solenopsis invicta, Solenopsis molesta, Solenopsis spp., Tapinoma darioi, Tapinoma ibericum, Tapinoma magnum, Tapinoma melanocephalum, Tapinoma nigerrimum, Tapinoma sessile, Technomyrmex albipes, Tetramorium caespitum, Vespa spp., and Wasmania auropunctata; from the order Isopoda, for example, Armadillidium vulgare, Oniscus asellus, and Porcellio scaber; from the order Isoptera, for example, Caenorhabditis elegans, Coptotermes acinaciformis, Coptotermes curvignathus, Coptotermes formosanus, Cornitermes cumulans, Cornitermes spp.., Globitermes sulphureus, Heterotermes aureus, Heterotermes longiceps, Heterotermes spp.., Heterotermes tenuis, Macrotermes bellicosus, Macrotermes spp., Microtermes, Nasutitermes exitiosus, PAT-111640_FF

[0267] 36

[0268] Nasutitermes walkeri, Neocapritermes opacus, Neocapritermes parvus, Odontotermes obesus, Odontotermes spp., Procornitermes spp., Procornitermes triacifer, Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes hageni, Reticulitermes hesperus, Reticulitermes lucifugus, Reticulitermes santonensis, Reticulitermes speratu, Reticulitermes speratus, Reticulitermes spp., Reticulitermes verginicus, Reticulitermes virginicus, Schedorhinotermes spp., and Termes obesus; from the order Ixodida, for example, Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma hebraeum, Amblyomma maculatum, Amblyomma spp., Amblyomma variegatum, Argas persicus, Argas reflexus, Argas spp., Boophilus spp., Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor marginatus, Dermacentor pictus, Dermacentor reticulatus, Dermacentor spp., Dermacentor variabilis, Haemaphysalis cinnabarina, Haemaphysalis concinna, Haemaphysalis leachi, Haemaphysalis longicorni, Haemaphysalis otophila, Haemaphysalis punctata, Haemophysalis spp., Hyalomma aegypticum, Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma mauritanicum, Hyalomma spp., Hyalomma transiens, Ixodes canisuga, Ixodes hexagonus, Ixodes holocyclus, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes pilosus, Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes rubicundus, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes spp., Ornithodoros spp., Ornithodorus moubata, Ornithodorus spp., Otobius megnini, Otobius spp., Rhiphicephalus (former Boophilus) microplus, Rhiphicephalus (former Boophilus) spp., Rhipicephalus annulatus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus calceratus, Rhipicephalus capensis, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus spp., Rhipicephalus turanicus, and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis; from the order Julida, for example, Julus hesperus, and Julus spp.. from the order Lepidoptera, for example, Acleris spp., Adoxophyes orana, Adoxophyes spp., Aegeria spp., Agrotis fucosa, Agrotis ipsilon, Agrotis spp., Alabama argillacea, Amyelois transitella, Amylois spp., Anarsia lineatella, Anomis flava, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Anticarsia spp., Apamea spp., Archips spp., Argyresthia spp., Argyrotaenia spp., Autographa spp., Bucculatrix thurberiella, Bupalus piniarius, Busseola fusca, Cadra cautella, Capua reticulana, Carpocapsa pomonella, Carposina nipponensis, Cheimatobia brumata, Chilo auricilius, Chilo indicus, Chilo partellus, Chilo polychrysus, Chilo spp., Chilo suppressalis, Chlosyne lacinia, Choristoneura fumiferana, Choristoneura rosaceana, Choristoneura spp., Chrysodeixis includens, Chrysodeixis spp., Chrysoteuchia topiaria, Clysia ambiguella, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Cnaphalocrocis spp., Cnephasia spp., Cochylis spp., Coleophora spp., Colias eurytheme, Colias lesbia, Conopomorpha cramarella, Cosmophila flava, Crambus praefectellus, Crambus sp., Crambus spp., Crocidolomia binotalis, Cryptophlebia leucotreta, Cydalima perspectalis, Cydia molesta, Cydia pomonella, Cydia spp., Damalinea spp., Diaphania spp., Diatraea saccharalis, Diatraea spp., Diparopsis castanea, Earias insulana, Earias spp., Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Elasmopalpus spp., Eldana saccharina, Ephestia cautella, Ephestia kuehniella, Ephestia spp., Epinotia spp., Estigmene acrea, Etiella zinckinella, Eucosma spp., Eupoecilia ambiguella, Eupoecilia spp., Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Euproctis spp., Euxoa auxiliaris, Euxoa messoria, Euxoa spp., Feltia jaculiferia, Feltia spp., Fissicrambus mutabilis, Galleria mellonella, Grapholita molesta, Grapholita spp., Hedya nubiferana, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa spp., Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis armigera, Heliothis spp., Heliothis virescens, Heliothis zea, Hellula undalis, Herpetogramma phaeopteralis, Herpetogramma spp., Hofmannophila pseudospretella, Homoeosoma electellum, Homoeosoma nebulella, Homoeosoma spp., Homona magnanima, Hyphantria cunea, Keiferia lycopersicella, PAT-111640_FF

[0269] 37

[0270] Keiferia spp., Laphygma spp., Lasmopalpus lignosellus, Leucinodes spp., Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera scitella, Leucoptera spp., Lithocollethis spp., Lithophane antennata, Lobesia botrana, Lobesia spp., Loxagrotis albicosta, Loxostege bifidalis, Lymantria dispar, Lymantria spp., Lyonetia clerkella, Lyonetia spp., Malacosoma americanum, Malacosoma neustria, Mamestra brassicae, Mamestra spp., Manduca sexta, Marasmia spp., Maruca spp., Mods latipes, Mods repanda, Mythimna separata, Neoleucinodes spp., Nodua spp., Nymphula depundalis, Omiodes indicatus, Operophtera spp., Oria spp., Orniodes indica, Ostrinia nubilalis, Ostrinia spp., Pammene spp., Pandemis spp., Panolis flammea, Papaipema nebris, Parapediasia teterrellus, Pectinophora gossypiella, Pectinophora spp., Pediasia triseda, Peridroma saucia, Perileucoptera coffeella, Perileucoptera spp., Phthorimaea operculella, Phthorimaea spp., Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllocnistis spp., Pieris brassicae, Pieris rapae, Pieris spp., Plusia spp., Plutella maculipennis, Plutella spp., Plutella xylostella, Prays citri, Prays spp., Prodenia spp., Pseudaletia spp., Pseudaletia unipunda, Pseudoplusia includens, Pseudoplusia spp., Rachiplusia nu, Rachiplusia spp., Richia albicosta, Scirpophaga incertulas, Scirpophaga innotata, Scirpophaga spp., Scripophaga innotata, Scripophaga spp., Sesamia cretica, Sesamia inferens, Sesamia spp., Sitotroga spp., Sparganothis spp., Spodoptera cosmiodes, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera littoralis, Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera spp., Sylepta derogata, Synanthedon spp., Telchin licus, Thaumetopoea spp., Thermesia gemmatalis, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Tortrix spp., Tortrix viridana, Trichoplusia ni, Trichoplusia spp., Tuta absoluta, Tuta spp., and Yponomeuta spp. from the order Littorinimorpha, for example, Oncomelania spp. from the order Lygaeidae, for example, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis; from the order Mesostigmata, for example, Amblyseius fallacis, Dermanyssus gallinae, Dermanyssus spp., Ornithonyssus bursa, Ornithonyssus spp., Ornithonyssus sylviarum, Phytoseiulus, Pneumonyssoides caninum, Raillietia spp., Sternostoma spp., Typhlodromus occidentalis, Varroa jacobsoni, and Varroa spp.; from the order Opisthorchiida, for example, Clonorchis spp., and Opisthorchis spp.; from the order Orthoptera, for example, Acheta domesticus, Gryllotalpa Africana, Gryllotalpa spp., Locusta migratoria, Locusta spp., Melanoplus spp., Neocurtilla hexadactyla, Scapteriscus berellii, Scapteriscus vicinus, and Schistocerca gregaria; from the order Oxyurida, for example, Enterobius vermicularis; from the order Phthiraptera, for example, Bovicola bovis, Bovicola caprae, Bovicola limbata, Bovicola ovis, Bovicola spp., Damalinia spp., Felicola spp., Felicola subrostratus, Haematopinus asini macrocephalus, Haematopinus eurysternus, Haematopinus spp., Haematopinus suis, Lepikentron ovis, Lepikentron spp., Linognathus oviformis, Linognathus ovillus, Linognathus pedalis, Linognathus setosus, Linognathus spp., Linognathus stenopsis, Linognathus vituli, Pediculus capitis, Pediculus humanus, Pediculus spp., Solenopotes spp., Trichodedes canis, Trichodedes spp., Trimenopon spp., Trinoton spp., Werneckiella equi, and Werneckiella spp.; from the order Plagiorchiida, for example, Dicrocoelium spp., and Paragonimus spp.; from the order Prostigmata, for example, Aceria sheldoni, Aculus schlechtendali, Aculus spp., Eriophyes cynodoniensis, Halotydeus destructor, and Hemitarsonemus spp.; from the order Pseudophy llidea, for example, Diphyllobothrium latum; from the order Psocoptera, for example, Liposcelis spp.; from the order Pulmonata, for example, Arion spp., Deroceras reticulatum, Deroceras spp., and Succinea spp.; from the order Rhabditida, for example, Bunostomum spp., Bursaphelenchus spp., Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Oesophagostomum spp., Ostertagia spp., Strongyloides fuelleborni, Strongyloides spp., Strongyloides stercoralis, and PAT-111640_FF

[0271] 38

[0272] Trichostrongylus spp:, from the order Rodentia, for example, Mus musculus, Rattus norwegicus, and Rattus rattus; from the order Sarcoptiformes, for example, Acarus siro, Acarus spp., Caloglyphus spp., Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides peteronyssinus, Knemidocoptes spp., Listrophorus spp., Notoedres cati, Notoedres spp., Psoroptes cuniculi, Psoroptes equi, Psoroptes ovis, Psoroptes spp., Rhizoglyphus spp., Sarcoptes bovis, Sarcoptes canis, Sarcoptes caprae, Sarcoptes equi, Sarcoptes ovis, Sarcoptes rupicaprae, Sarcoptes scabiei, Sarcoptes spp., Sarcoptes suis, and Tyrophagus spp. from the order Scorpiones, for example, Centruroides sculpturatus, Centruroides vittatus, Hadrurus arizonensis, and Scorpio maurus; from the order Siphonaptera, for example, Ceratophyllus spp., Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, Ctenocephalides spp., Echidnophaga gallinacea, Pulex irritans, and Xenopsylla cheopis; from the order Spirurida, for example, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, and Wuchereria; from the order Strongylida, for example, Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma spp., Cooperia spp., Dictyocaulus filaria, Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus spp., Hyostrongulus spp., and Nematodirus spp. from the order Stylommatophora, for example, Arion ater, Arion circumscriptus, Arion hortensis, Arion rufus, Bradybaena fruticum, Bradybaenidae spp., Cepaea hortensis, Cepaea Nemoralis, Cepaea spp., Deroceras agrestis, Deroceras empiricorum, Deroceras laeve, Discus rotundatus, Discus spp., Euomphalia spp., Helicelia itala, Helicelia obvia, Helicelia spp., Helicidae spp., Helicigona arbustorum, Helicodiscus spp., Helix aperta, Helix spp., Umax cinereoniger, Umax flavus, Umax marginatus, Limax maximus, Umax spp., Umax tenellus, Milax gagates, Milax marginatus, Milax sowerbyi, Milax spp., Ochlodina spp., Opeas spp., Vallonia spp., and Zanitoides spp.; from the order Symphyla, for example, Scutigerella immaculata; from the order Thysanoptera, for example, Baliothrips biformis, Calliothrips phaseoli, Calliothrips spp., Enneothrips flavens, Enneothrips spp., Frankliniella accidentalis, Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidental, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella spp., Heliothrips spp., Hercinothrips femoralis, Hercinothrips spp., Kakothrips spp., Megalurothrips spp., Parthenothrips spp., Pezothrips kellyanus, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips aurantii, Scirtothrips citri, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Scirtothrips spp., Sericothrips variabilis, Stenchaetothrips biformis, Taeniothrips cardamoni, Taeniothrips spp., Thrips palmi, Thrips parvispinus, Thrips spp., and Thrips tabaci; from the order Thysanura, for example, Ctenolepisma longicaudatum , Lepisma saccharifera, Lepisma saccharina, Lepisma semicylindrica, Lepisma vulgaris, and Thermobia domestica; from the order Trematoda, for example, Schistosoma spp.; from the order Trichocephalida, for example, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nativa, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella pseudopsiralis, and Trichinella spiralis; from the order Trichurida, for example, Trichuris trichuria; from the order Triplonchida, for example, Paratrichodorus spp.; from the order Trombidiformes, for example, Acalitus spp., Acarapis spp., Acarapis woodi, Acaricalus spp., Aceria Anthocoptes, Aculops pelekassi, Aculops spp., Brevipalpus spp., Bryobia praetiosa, Bryobia rubrioculus, Calipitrimerus spp., Cheyletiella blakei, Cheyletiella spp., Cheyletiella yasguri, Demodex bovis, Demodex caballi, Demodex canis, Demodex caprae, Demodex equi, Demodex ovis, Demodex spp., Demodex suis, Eotetranychus spp., Eotetranychus willamettei, Epitrimerus pyri, Eriophyes ribis, Eriophyes spp., Eriophyids’ spp., Eutetranychus spp., Myobia spp., Neoschongastia xerothermobia, Neotrombicula autumnalis, Neotrombicula desaleri, Oligonychus coffeae, Oligonychus ilicis, Oligonychus spp., Ornithocheyletia spp., Panonychus citri, PAT-111640_FF

[0273] 39

[0274] Panonychus spp., Panonychus ulmi, Phyllocoptes gracilis, Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Phyllocoptruta spp., Phytonemus pallidus, Polyphagotarsone latus, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Polyphagotarsonemus spp., Psorergates ovis, Psorergates spp., Steneotarsonemus spinki, Steneotarsonemus spp., Tarsonemus spp., Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Tetranychus spp., Tetranychus urticae, Trombicula akamushi, Trombicula spp., Vasates lycopersici, and Zetzellia mali; from the order Tylenchida, for example, Anguina agrostis, Anguina pacificae, Anguina spp., Aphelenchoides besseyi, Aphelenchoides spp., Aphelenchoides spp., Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Belonolaimus spp., Criconema spp., Criconemella spp., Criconemella sp, Criconemoides onoensis, Criconemoides spp., Ditylenchus angustus, Ditylenchus destructor, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Ditylenchus spp., Dolichodorus spp., Globodera rostochiensis, Globodera spp., Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Helicotylenchus spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Heliocotylenchus multicinctus, Hemicriconemoides spp., Hemicycliophora spp., Heterodera avenae, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera leuceilyma, Heterodera schachtii, Heterodera spp., Heterodera trifolii, Hirschmanniella spp., Hirshmanniella spp., Hoploaimus spp., Hoplolaimus columbus, Hoplolaimus galeatus, Hoplolaimus spp., Hypsoperine spp., Macroposthonia spp., Macropostonia sp, Melinius spp., Meloidogyne arenaria, Meloidogyne graminis, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne marylandi, Meloidogyne spp., Meloidogyne spp., Meloidogyne sp, Mesocriconema spp., Nacobbus spp., Pratylenchus agilis, Pratylenchus alleni, Pratylenchus brachyurus, Pratylenchus curvitatus, Pratylenchus goodeyi, Pratylenchus neglectans, Pratylenchus neglectus thornei, Pratylenchus penetrans, Pratylenchus sefaensis, Pratylenchus spp., Pratylenchus spp., Punctodera spp., Quinisulcius spp., Radopholus similis, Radopholus spp., Rotylenchulus brachyurus, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Rotylenchulus robustus, Rotylenchulus spp., Rotylenchus reniformis, Rotylenchus spp., Scutellonema spp., Subanguina spp., Tylenchorhynchus Claytoni, Tylenchorhynchus dubius, Tylenchorhynchus spp., Tylenchulus semipenetrans, and Tylenchulus spp. from the order Veneroida, for example, Dreissena spp..

[0275] The active ingredients according to the invention can be used for controlling, i. e. containing or destroying, pests of the abovementioned type which occur in particular on plants, especially on useful plants and ornamentals in agriculture, in horticulture and in forests, or on organs, such as fruits, flowers, foliage, stalks, tubers or roots, of such plants, and in some cases even plant organs which are formed at a later point in time remain protected against these pests.

[0276] Suitable target crops are, in particular, cereals, such as wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, maize or sorghum; beet, such as sugar or fodder beet; fruit, for example pomaceous fruit, stone fruit or soft fruit, such as apples, pears, plums, peaches, almonds, cherries or berries, for example strawberries, raspberries or blackberries; leguminous crops, such as beans, lentils, peas or soya; oil crops, such as oilseed rape, mustard, poppies, olives, sunflowers, coconut, castor, cocoa or ground nuts; cucurbits, such as pumpkins, cucumbers or melons; fibre plants, such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute; citrus fruit, such as oranges, lemons, grapefruit or tangerines; vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce, asparagus, cabbages, carrots, onions, tomatoes, potatoes or bell peppers; Lauraceae, such as avocado, Cinnamonium or camphor; and also tobacco, nuts, coffee, eggplants, sugarcane, tea, pepper, grapevines, hops, the plantain family and latex plants. PAT-111640_FF

[0277] 40

[0278] In a particular embodiment, a compound of the formula (I) can control mites, rust mites and spider mites in crops, tress, and plants selected from vegetables (especially tomatoes and cucurbits), citrus, pome fruits, stone fruit, tree nuts, cotton, tropical crops, avocados, ornamentals, beans, soybean, strawberry, and grapes.

[0279] In one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a compound selected form the compounds as listed in Table P4 (below).

[0280] The following combinations of a compound of formula (I) with another active substance are preferred (where the abbreviation “TX” means “one compound selected from the compounds of the formulae (I), or a compound listed in Table P4 (below): (7E,9Z)-dodeca-7,9-dien-1-yl acetate + TX, (9Z,11 E)-tetradeca-9,11-dien-1-yl acetate + TX, (9Z,12E)-tetradeca-9,12-dien-1-yl acetate + TX, (E)-6-methylhept-2-en-4-ol + TX, (E)-dec-5-en- 1-yl acetate with (E)-dec-5-en-1-ol + TX, (E)-tridec-4-en-1-yl acetate + TX, (E,Z)-tetradeca-4,10-dien-1-yl acetate + TX, (Z)-dodec-7-en-1-yl acetate + TX, (Z)-hexadec-l 1-en-1-yl acetate + TX, (Z)-hexadec-l l-enal + TX, (Z)-hexadec-13-en-11-yn-1-yl acetate + TX, (Z)-icos-13-en-10-one + TX, (Z)-tetradec-7-en-1-al + TX, (Z)- tetradec-9-en-1-ol + TX, (Z)-tetradec-9-en-1-yl acetate + TX, 1 -(4-chlorophenyl)-2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-(2,2,2- trifluoroethylsulfanyl)benzene + TX, 1 ,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane + TX, 1 ,2-dichloropropane + TX, 1 ,2- dichloropropane with 1 ,3-dichloropropene + TX, 1 ,3-dichloropropene + TX, 14-methyloctadec-1-ene + TX, 1- hydroxy-1 H-pyridine-2-thione + TX, 2-(octylthio)ethanol + TX, 2-[5-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-prop-1-enyl)-1 - methyl-imidazol-2-yl]-5-cyclopropyl-3-ethylsulfonyl-pyridine + TX, 2-chlorophenyl N-methylcarbamate (CPMC) + TX, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylrhodanine + TX, 3,4-dichlorotetrahydrothiophene 1 ,1-dioxide + TX, 4- (quinoxalin-2-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide + TX, 4-methylnonan-5-ol with 4-methylnonan-5-one + TX, 5- methyl-6-thioxo-1 ,3,5-thiadiazinan-3-ylacetic acid + TX, 6-isopentenylaminopurine + TX, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate + TX, abamectin + TX, acequinocyl + TX, acetamiprid + TX, acetoprole + TX, acrinathrin + TX, acynonapyr + TX, Adoxophyes orana GV + TX, afidopyropen + TX, afoxolaner + TX, Agrobacterium radiobacter + TX, AKD-3088 + TX, alanycarb + TX, aldicarb + TX, aldoxycarb + TX, allethrin + TX, alpha-cypermethrin + TX, alphamethrin + TX, alpha-multistriatin + TX, Amblyseius spp. + TX, amidoflumet + TX, amino acids + TX, aminocarb + TX, Anagrapha falcifera NPV + TX, Anagrus atomus + TX, Aphelinus abdominalis + TX, Aphidius colemani + TX, Aphidoletes aphidimyza + TX, apholate + TX, Autographa californica NPV + TX, AZ 60541 + TX, azadirachtin + TX, azocyclotin + TX, Bacillus aizawai + TX, Bacillus chitinosporus AQ746 (NRRL Accession No B-21 618) + TX, Bacillus firmus + TX, Bacillus kurstaki + TX, Bacillus mycoides AQ726 (NRRL Accession No. B-21664) + TX, Bacillus pumilus (NRRL Accession No B-30087) + TX, Bacillus pumilus AQ717 (NRRL Accession No. B-21662) + TX, Bacillus sp. AQ175 (ATCC Accession No. 55608) + TX, Bacillus sp. AQ177 (ATCC Accession No. 55609) + TX, Bacillus sp. AQ178 (ATCC Accession No. 53522) + TX, Bacillus sphaericus Neide + TX, Bacillus subtilis AQ153 (ATCC Accession No. 55614) + TX, Bacillus subtilis AQ30002 (NRRL Accession No. B-50421) + TX, Bacillus subtilis AQ30004 (NRRL Accession No. B- 50455) + TX, Bacillus subtilis AQ713 (NRRL Accession No. B-21661) + TX, Bacillus subtilis AQ743 (NRRL Accession No. B-21665) + TX, Bacillus subtilis unspecified + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis AQ52 (NRRL Accession No. B-21619) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis BD#32 (NRRL Accession No B-21530) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Aizawai + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis PAT-111640_FF

[0281] 41 subsp. Japonensis + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Tenebrionis + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subspec. kurstaki BMP 123 + TX, Beauveria bassiana + TX, Beauveria brongniartii + TX, benclothiaz + TX, benomyl + TX, bensultap + TX, bentioflumin (CAS Number: 2566451 -67-8) + TX, benzoximate + TX, benzpyrimoxan + TX, betacyfluthrin + TX, beta-cypermethrin + TX, bethoxazin + TX, bifenazate + TX, bifenthrin + TX, binapacryl + TX, bioallethrin + TX, bioresmethrin + TX, bis(tributy Itin) oxide + TX, bisazir + TX, bistrifluron + TX, bisulflufen + TX, brevicomin + TX, broflanilide + TX, brofluthrinate + TX, bromoacetamide + TX, bromophos-ethyl + TX, bronopol + TX, busulfan + TX, butocarboxim + TX, butopyronoxyl + TX, butoxy(polypropylene glycol) + TX, butylpyridaben + TX, cadusafos + TX, calcium arsenate + TX, carbaryl + TX, carbofuran + TX, carbon disulfide + TX, carbosulfan + TX, cartap + TX, CAS number: 1594624-87-9 + TX, CAS number: 1922957-47-8 + TX, CAS number: 1255091-74-7 + TX, CAS Number: 158062-71-6 + TX, CAS number: 1594626-19-3 + TX, CAS number: 1594637-65-6 + TX, CAS number: 1808115-49-2 + TX, CAS number: 1922957-46-7 + TX, CAS number: 1922957-48-9 + TX, CAS number: 1956329-03-5 + TX, CAS number: 2032403-97-5 + TX, CAS number: 2095470-94-1 + TX, CAS number: 2128706-05-6 + TX, CAS Number: 2407490-54-2 + TX, CAS Number: 2410561 -41-8 + TX, CAS number: 2415706-16-8 + TX, CAS Number: 2416795-96-3 + TX, CAS Number: 2583740-14-9 + TX, CAS

[0282] Number: 2583751 -98-6 + TX, CAS number: 2719848-60-7 + TX, CAS Number: 2898489-71-7 + TX, CAS

[0283] Number: 2915290-26-3 + TX, CAS Number: 2922827-79-8 + TX, CAS Number: 2971018-59-2 + TX, CAS

[0284] Number: 3053452-57-3 + TX, CAS Number: 3060345-80-1 + TX, CAS Number: 3060345-81-2 + TX, CAS number: RNA (Leptinotarsa decemlineata-specific recombinant double-stranded interfering GS2) + TX, chlorantraniliprole + TX, chlordane + TX, chlorfenapyr + TX, chloropicrin + TX, chloroprallethrin + TX, chlorpyrifos + TX, chromafenozide + TX, Chrysoperla carnea + TX, clenpirin + TX, cloethocarb + TX, clothianidin + TX, codlelure + TX, codlemone + TX, copper acetoarsenite + TX, copper dioctanoate + TX, copper hydroxide + TX, copper sulfate + TX, cresol + TX, crufomate + TX, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri + TX, cuelure + TX, cyanofenphos + TX, cyantraniliprole + TX, cybenzoxasulfyl (CAS Number: 2128706-04-5) + TX, cybutryne + TX, cyclaniliprole + TX, cyclobutrifluram + TX, cycloprothrin + TX, cycloxaprid + TX, Cydia pomonella GV + TX, cyenopyrafen + TX, cyetpyrafen + TX, cyflumetofen + TX, cyfluthrin + TX, cyhalodiamide + TX, cylohalothrin + TX, cypermethrin + TX, cyphenothrin + TX, cyproflanilide + TX, cyromazine + TX, cytokinins + TX, Dacnusa sibirica + TX, dazomet + TX, DBCP + TX, DCIP + TX, deltamethrin + TX, diafenthiuron + TX, dialifos + TX, diamidafos + TX, dibrom + TX, dibutyl adipate + TX, dibutyl phthalate + TX, dibutyl succinate + TX, dichlofenthion + TX, dichlone + TX, dichlorophen + TX, dicliphos + TX, dicloromezotiaz + TX, diethyltoluamide + TX, diflubenzuron + TX, Diglyphus isaea + TX, dimatif + TX, dimethoate + TX, dimethyl carbate + TX, dimethyl phthalate + TX, dimpropyridaz + TX, dinactin + TX, dinocap + TX, dinotefuran + TX, dioxabenzofos + TX, dipyrithione + TX, disparlure + TX, D-limonene + TX, dodec-8-en-1-yl acetate + TX, dodec-9-en-1-yl acetate + TX, dodeca-8,10-dien-1-yl acetate + TX, dodicin + TX, dominicalure + TX, doramectin + TX, emamectin + TX, emamectin benzoate + TX, empenthrin + TX, Encarsia formosa + TX, endothal + TX, endrin + TX, eprinomectin + TX, epsilon - momfluorothrin + TX, epsilon-metofluthrin + TX, Eretmocerus eremicus + TX, esfenvalerate + TX, ethion + TX, ethiprole + TX, ethoprophos + TX, ethyl 4- methyloctanoate + TX, ethyl hexanediol + TX, ethylene dibromide + TX, etofenprox + TX, etoxazole + TX, PAT-111640_FF

[0285] 42 etpyrafen + TX, eugenol + TX, Extract of seaweed and fermentation product derived from melasse + TX, Extract of seaweed and fermentation product derived from melasse comprising urea + TX, Extract of seaweed and fermented plant products + TX, Extract of seaweed and fermented plant products comprising phytohormones, vitamins, EDTA-chelated copper, zinc, and iron + TX, famphur + TX, fenaminosulf + TX, fenamiphos + TX, fenazaquin + TX, fenfluthrin + TX, fenitrothion + TX, fenmezoditiaz + TX, fenobucarb + TX, fenothiocarb + TX, fenoxycarb + TX, fenpropathrin + TX, fenpyrad + TX, fenpyroximate + TX, fensulfothion + TX, fenthion + TX, fentin + TX, fentinacetate + TX, fenvalerate + TX, ferric phosphate + TX, fipronil + TX, flometoquin + TX, flonicamid + TX, fluacrypyrim + TX, fluazaindolizine + TX, fluazuron + TX, flubendiamide + TX, flubenzimine + TX, fluchlordiniliprole + TX, flucitrinate + TX, flucycloxuron + TX, flucythrinate + TX, fluensulfone [318290-98- 1] + TX, fluensulfone + TX, flufenerim + TX, flufenprox + TX, flufiprole + TX, fluhexafon + TX, flumethrin + TX, fluopyram + TX, flupentiofenox + TX, flupyradifurone + TX, flupyrimin + TX, flupyroxystrobin + TX, fluralaner + TX, fluvalinate + TX, fluxametamide + TX, formaldehyde + TX, fosthiazate + TX, fosthietan + TX, frontalin + TX, furfural + TX, galquin (CAS Number: 2644770-30-7) + TX, gamma-cyhalothrin + TX, Gossyplure® (1 :1 mixture of the (Z,E) and (Z,Z) isomers of hexadeca-7,11-dien-1-yl-acetate) + TX, grandlure + TX, grandlure I + TX, grandlure II + TX, grandlure III + TX, grandlure IV + TX, Granulovirus + TX, guadipyr + TX, GY-81 + TX, halfenprox + TX, halofenozide + TX, Harpin + TX, Helicoverpa armigera Nucleopolyhedrovirus + TX, Helicoverpa zea NPV + TX, Helicoverpa zea Nucleopolyhedrovirus + TX, Heliothis punctigera Nucleopolyhedrovirus + TX, Heliothis virescens Nucleopolyhedrovirus + TX, hemel + TX, hempa + TX, heptafluthrin + TX, heterophos + TX, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. megidis + TX, hexalure + TX, hexamide + TX, hexythiazox + TX, Hippodamia convergens + TX, hydramethylnon + TX, hydrargaphen + TX, hydrated lime + TX, imicyafos + TX, imidacloprid + TX, imiprothrin + TX, Indazapyroxamet + TX, indoxacarb + TX, iodomethane + TX, iprodione + TX, ipsdienol + TX, ipsenol + TX, isamidofos + TX, isazofos + TX, isocycloseram + TX, Isoflualanam (CAS number: 2892524-05-7) + TX, isothioate + TX, ivermectin + TX, japonilure + TX, kappa-bifenthrin + TX, kappa-tefluthrin + TX, kasugamycin + TX, kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate + TX, kinetin + TX, lambda-cyhalothrin + TX, ledprona + TX, lepimectin + TX, Leptomastix dactylopii + TX, lineatin + TX, litlure + TX, looplure + TX, lotilaner + TX, lufenuron + TX, Macrolophus caliginosus + TX, Mamestra brassicae NPV + TX, mecarphon + TX, medlure + TX, megatomoic acid + TX, metaflumizone + TX, metaldehyde + TX, metam + TX, metam-potassium + TX, metam-sodium + TX, Metaphycus helvolus + TX, Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum + TX, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae + TX, Metarhizium spp. + TX, metepa + TX, methiocarb + TX, methiotepa + TX, methomyl + TX, methoquin-butyl + TX, methoxyfenozide + TX, methyl apholate + TX, methyl bromide + TX, methyl eugenol + TX, methyl isothiocyanate + TX, methylneodecanamide + TX, metofluthrin + TX, metolcarb + TX, mexacarbate + TX, milbemectin + TX, milbemycin oxime + TX, mivorilaner (CAS Number: 1414642-93-5) + TX, modoflaner (CAS Number: 1331922- 53-2) + TX, momfluorothrin + TX, morzid + TX, moxidectin + TX, muscalure + TX, Muscodor albus 620 (NRRL Accession No. 30547) + TX, Muscodor roseus A3-5 (NRRL Accession No. 30548) + TX, Myrothecium verrucaria composition + TX, nabam + TX, NC-184 + TX, Neem tree based products + TX, Neodiprion sertifer NPV and N. lecontei NPV + TX, nickel bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) + TX, niclosamide + TX, niclosamide- olamine + TX, nicofluprole + TX, nitenpyram + TX, nithiazine + TX, nitrapyrin + TX, octadeca-2,13-dien-1-yl PAT-111640_FF

[0286] 43 acetate + TX, octadeca-3,13-dien-1-yl acetate + TX, octhilinone + TX, omethoate + TX, orfralure + TX, Orius spp. + TX, oryctalure + TX, ostramone + TX, oxamate + TX, oxamyl + TX, oxazosulfyl + TX, oxolinic acid + TX, oxytetracycline + TX, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus + TX, Paecilomyces lilacinus + TX, parathion-ethyl + TX, Pasteuria nishizawae + TX, Pasteuria penetrans + TX, Pasteuria ramosa + TX, Pasteuria thornei + TX, Pasteuria usgae + TX, P-cymene + TX, penfluron + TX, pentachlorophenol + TX, permethrin + TX, phenothrin + TX, phorate + TX, phosphamidon + TX, phosphocarb + TX, Phytoseiulus persimilis + TX, picaridin + TX, pioxaniliprole + TX, piperazine + TX, piperflanilide (CAS number: 2615135-05-0) + TX, piperonylbutoxide + TX, pirimicarb + TX, pirimiphos-ethyl + TX, pirimiphos-methyl + TX, Plutella xylostella Granulosis virus + TX, Plutella xylostella Nucleopolyhedrovirus + TX, Polyhedrosis virus + TX, potassium and molybdenum and EDTA-chelated manganese + TX, potassium ethylxanthate + TX, potassium hydroxyquinoline sulfate + TX, prallethrin + TX, probenazole + TX, profenofos + TX, profluthrin + TX, propargite + TX, propetamphos + TX, propoxur + TX, prothiophos + TX, protrifenbute + TX, pyflubumide + TX, pymetrozine + TX, pyraclofos + TX, pyrafluprole + TX, pyrethrum + TX, pyridaben + TX, pyridalyl + TX, pyridin-4-amine + TX, pyrifluquinazon + TX, pyrimidifen + TX, pyriminostrobin + TX, pyriprole [394730-71-3] + TX, pyriprole + TX, pyriproxyfen + TX, QRD 420 (a terpenoid blend) + TX, QRD 452 (a terpenoid blend) + TX, QRD 460 (a terpenoid blend) + TX, Quillaja saponaria + TX, quinoclamine + TX, quinonamid + TX, resmethrin + TX, Rhodococcus globerulus AQ719 (NRRL Accession No B-21663) + TX, sarolaner + TX, S-bioallethrin + TX, sebufos + TX, selamectin + TX, siglure + TX, silafluofen + TX, simazine + TX, sodium pentachlorophenoxide + TX, sordidin + TX, spidoxamat + TX, spinetoram + TX, spinosad + TX, spirobudifen + TX, spirodiclofen + TX, spiromesifen + TX, spiropidion + TX, spirotetramat + TX, Spodoptera exigua multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus + TX, Spodoptera frugiperda Nucleopolyhedrovirus + TX, Steinernema bibionis + TX, Steinernema carpocapsae + TX, Steinernema feltiae + TX, Steinernema glaseri + TX, Steinernema riobrave + TX, Steinernema riobravis + TX, Steinernema scapterisci + TX, Steinernema spp. + TX, Streptomyces galbus (NRRL Accession No. 30232) + TX, Streptomyces sp. (NRRL Accession No. B-30145) + TX, streptomycin + TX, streptomycin sesquisulfate + TX, strychnine + TX, sulcatol + TX, sulfiflumin + TX, sulfoxaflor + TX, tazimcarb + TX, tebufenozide + TX, tebufenpyrad + TX, tebupirimiphos + TX, tecloftalam + TX, tefluthrin + TX, temephos + TX, tepa + TX, terbam + TX, terbufos + TX, terpenoid blend + TX, tetrachlorantraniliprole + TX, tetrachlorothiophene + TX, tetradec- 11-en-1-yl acetate + TX, tetradiphon + TX, tetramethrin + TX, tetramethylfluthrin + TX, tetranactin + TX, tetraniliprole + TX, theta-cypermethrin + TX, thiacloprid + TX, thiafenox + TX, thiamethoxam + TX, thiocyclam + TX, thiodicarb + TX, thiofanox + TX, thiohempa + TX, thiomersal + TX, thiometon + TX, thionazin + TX, thiophanate + TX, thiosultap + TX, thiotepa + TX, tiapyrachlor (CAS Number: 1255091 -74-7) + TX, tigolaner + TX, tiorantraniliprole + TX, tioxazafen + TX, tolfenpyrad + TX, tralomethrin + TX, transfluthrin + TX, tretamine + TX, triazamate + TX, triazophos + TX, triazuron + TX, tributyltin oxide + TX, trichlorfon + TX, trichloronate + TX, trichlorphon + TX, Trichogramma spp. + TX, trifenmorph + TX, trifluenfuronate + TX, triflumezopyrim + TX, trimedlure + TX, trimedlure A + TX, trimedlure B1 + TX, trimedlure B2 + TX, trimedlure C + TX, trimethacarb + TX, trioxyflanilide (CAS Number: 2922115-20-4) + TX, triphenyltin acetate + TX, triphenyltin hydroxide + TX, trunc-call + TX, Typhlodromus occidentalis + TX, umifoxolaner (CAS Number: 2021230-37-3) + TX, uredepa + TX, Verticillium lecanii + TX, Verticillium spp. + TX, vinylfluthrin (CAS Number: 3061364-30-2) + TX, xylenols PAT-11 1640_FF

[0287] 44

[0288] + TX, YI-5302 + TX, zeatin + TX, zeta-Cypermethrin + TX; (3-methylisoxazol-5-yl)-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methanone (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2017 / 220485) + TX, (4-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 2-amino-6-methyl-pyridine-3-carboxylate (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2014 / 006945) + TX, (5-methyl-2-pyridyl)-[4-[5- (trifluoromethyl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methanone + TX, (7E,9Z)-dodeca-7,9-dien-1-yl acetate + TX, (9Z,11 E)-tetradeca-9,11-dien-1-yl acetate + TX, (9Z,12E)-tetradeca-9,12-dien-1-yl acetate + TX, (E)-6- methylhept-2-en-4-ol + TX, (E)-dec-5-en-1-yl acetate with (E)-dec-5-en-1-ol + TX, (E)-tridec-4-en-1-yl acetate + TX, (E,Z)-tetradeca-4,10-dien-1-yl acetate, + TX, (R)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[1 ,1 ,3-trimethylindan-4- yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide + TX, (Z)-dodec-7-en-1-yl acetate + TX, (Z)-hexadec-l 1-en-1-yl acetate + TX, (Z)- hexadec-1 1-enal + TX, (Z)-hexadec-13-en-11-yn-1-yl acetate + TX, (Z)-icos-13-en-10-one + TX, (Z)-tetradec- 7-en-1-al + TX, (Z)-tetradec-9-en-1-ol + TX, (Z)-tetradec-9-en-1-yl acetate + TX, (Z,2E)-5-[1-(2,4- dichlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxy-2-methoxyimino-N,3-dimethyl-pent-3-enamide (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2018 / 153707) + TX, (Z,2E)-5-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxy- 2-methoxyimino-N,3-dimethyl-pent-3-enamide + TX, , [2-[3-[2-[1-[2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl]- 4-piperidyl]thiazol-4-yl]-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl]-3-chloro-phenyl] methanesulfonate + TX, 1 -(4,5- dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)-4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline + TX, 1 -(4,5-dimethylbenzimidazol-1-yl)- 4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline + TX, 1 -(6,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1 ,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3- dimethyl-isoquinoline + TX, 1 -(6,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1 ,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4,4,6-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline + TX, 1-(6-chloro-7-methyl-pyrazolo[1 ,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2017 / 025510) + TX, 1 ,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)- 2-ethoxyethanol + TX, 1 ,1 -dichloro-2,2-bis(4-ethylphenyl)ethane + TX, 1 ,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane + TX, 1 ,2- dichloropropane with 1 ,3-dichloropropene + TX, 1 ,3-dichloropropene + TX, 1 ,3-dimethoxy-1-[[4-[5- (trifluoromethyl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]urea + TX, 1 -[2-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3- yl]oxymethyl]-3-methyl-phenyl]-4-methyl-tetrazol-5-one + TX, 10-dien-1-yl acetate + TX, 14-methyloctadec-1- ene + TX, 1-bromo-2-chloroethane + TX, 1 -dichloro-1 -nitroethane + TX, 1 -hydroxy-1 H-pyridine-2-thione + TX, 1-methoxy-3-methyl-1-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]urea + TX, 1 -methyl-4-[3- methyl-2-[[2-methyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethylpyrazol-1 -yl)phenoxy]methyl]phenyl]tetrazol-5-one + TX, 2- (difluoromethyl) - N- ((3R) - 1 , 1 , 3- trimethylindan- 4- yl) pyridine- 3- carboxamide + TX, 2- (difluoromethyl) - N- ((3R) - 1 , 1 , 3- trimethylindan- 4-yl) pyridine- 3- carboxamide + TX, 2-(1 ,3-dithiolan-2-yl)pheny I dimethylcarbamate + TX, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl piperonylate + TX, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate + TX, 2-(4,5-dimethyl-1 ,3-dioxolan-2-yl)phenyl methylcarbamate + TX, 2-(4-chloro-3,5-xylyloxy)ethanol + TX, 2- (difluoromethyl)-N-(3-ethyl-1 ,1-dimethyl-indan-4-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide + TX, 2-(difluoromethyl)-N-[(3R)-3- ethyl-1 ,1-dimethyl-indan-4-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide + TX, 2-(difluoromethyl)-N-[(3S)-3-ethyl-1 ,1-dimethyl- indan-4-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2014 / 095675) + TX, 2-(difluoromethyl)-N-[3-ethyl-1 ,1-dimethyl-indan-4-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide + TX, 2- (octylthio)ethanol + TX, 2,2,2-trichloro-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl acetate + TX, 2,2-dichlorovinyl 2- ethylsulfinylethyl methyl phosphate + TX, 2,2-difluoro-N-methyl-2-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl]phenyl]acetamide + TX, 2,4-dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonate + TX, 2,6-Dimethyl-1 H,5H-[1 ,4]dithiino[2,3- PAT-11 1640_FF

[0289] 45 c:5,6-c']dipyrrole-1 ,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetrone (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2011 / 138281) + TX, 2-[2-fluoro-6-[(8-fluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]phenyl]propan-2-ol + TX, 2-[6-(4- bromophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridyl]-1-(1 ,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2017 / 029179) + TX, 2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridyl]- 1-(1 ,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-ol (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2017 / 029179) + TX, 2-chlorovinyl diethyl phosphate + TX, 2-fluoro-N-methyl-N-1 -naphthylacetamide + TX, 2- imidazolidone + TX, 2-isovalerylindan-1 ,3-dione + TX, 2-methyl(prop-2-ynyl)aminophenyl methylcarbamate + TX, 2-oxo-N-propyl-2-[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]acetamide (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2018 / 065414) + TX, 2-thiocyanatoethyl laurate + TX, 3-(4,4- difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-isoquinolyl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclopenta[e]benzimidazole (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2016 / 156085) + TX, 3-(4,4-difluoro-3,4-dihydro-3,3- dimethylisoquinolin-1-yl)quinolone + TX, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-methylrhodanine + TX, 3-(difluoromethyl)-1- methyl-N-[1 ,1 ,3-trimethylindan-4-yl]pyrazole-4-carboxamide + TX, 3,4-dichlorotetrahydrothiophene 1 ,1-dioxide + TX, 3-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy-propyl]imidazole-4-carbonitrile (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2016 / 156290) + TX, 3-[2-(1-chlorocyclopropyl)-3-(3- chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-2-hydroxy-propyl]imidazole-4-carbonitrile (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2016 / 156290) + TX, 3-bromo-1 -chloroprop-1 -ene + TX, 3-chloro-6-methyl-5-phenyl- 4-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)pyridazine + TX, 3-difluoromethyl-1-methyl-1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (3',4',5'- trifluoro-biphenyl-2-yl)-amide + TX, 3-ethyl-1-methoxy-1-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl]phenyl]methyl]urea + TX, 3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-yl dimethylcarbamate + TX, 4- (2- bromo- 4- fluorophenyl) - N- (2- chloro- 6- fluorophenyl) - 1 , 3- dimethyl- 1 H- pyrazol- 5- amine + TX, 4-(2,6- difluorophenyl)-6-methyl-5-phenyl-pyridazine-3-carbonitrile + TX, 4-(2-bromo-4-fluoro-phenyl)-N-(2-chloro-6- fluoro-phenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-3-amine + TX, 4-(quinoxalin-2-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide + TX, 4,4- difluoro-1-(5-fluoro-4-methyl-benzimidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-isoquinoline + TX, 4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(6- methylpyrazolo[1 ,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)isoquinoline + TX, 4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(7-methylpyrazolo[1 ,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)isoquinoline + TX, 4,4-dimethyl-2-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl]phenyl]methyl]isoxazolidin-3-one + TX, 4-[[6-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1 ,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(1 ,2,4-triazol- 1-yl)propyl]-3-pyridyl]oxy] benzonitrile + TX, 4-[[6-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1 ,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3-(5-sulfanyl- 1 ,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-pyridyl]oxy] benzonitrile + TX, 4-[[6-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1 ,1-difluoro-2-hydroxy-3- (5-thioxo-4H-1 ,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl]-3-pyridyl]oxy] benzonitrile + TX, 4-chloro-2-(2-chloro-2-methyl-propyl)-5- [(6-iodo-3-pyridyl)methoxy]pyridazin-3-one + TX, 4-chlorophenyl phenyl sulfone + TX, 4-methyl(prop-2- ynyl)amino-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate + TX, 4-methylnonan-5-ol with 4-methylnonan-5-one + TX, 5-(1 ,3- benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-hexylcyclohex-2-enone + TX, 5,5-dimethyl-2-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl]phenyl]methyl]isoxazolidin-3-one + TX, 5,5-dimethyl-3-oxocyclohex-1-enyl dimethylcarbamate + TX, 5- amino-1 ,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol zinc salt (2:1) + TX, 5-methyl-6-thioxo-1 ,3,5-thiadiazinan-3-ylacetic acid + TX, 6-chloro-3-(3-cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-phenoxy)-N-[2-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2,2-difluoro-ethyl]-5-methyl-pyridazine- 4-carboxamide (may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2020 / 109391) + TX, 6-chloro-3-(3- cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-phenoxy)-N-[2-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-2,2-difluoro-ethyl]-5-methyl-pyridazine-4- PAT-111640_FF

[0290] 46 carboxamide (may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2020 / 109391) + TX, 6-chloro-4,4-difluoro- 3,3-dimethyl-1-(4-methylbenzimidazol-1-yl)isoquinoline + TX, 6-chloro-N-[2-(2-chloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-2,2- difluoro-ethyl]-3-(3-cyclopropyl-2-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-methyl-pyridazine-4-carboxamide (may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2020 / 109391) + TX, 6-ethyl-5,7-dioxo-pyrrolo[4,5][1 ,4]dithiino[1 ,2-c]isothiazole- 3-carbonitrile + TX, 6-isopentenylaminopurine + TX, 8-fluoro-N-[(1 R)-1-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1 ,3-dimethyl- butyl]quinoline-3-carboxamide + TX, 8-fluoro-N-[(1 S)-1-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1 ,3-dimethyl-butyl]quinoline- 3-carboxamide + TX, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate + TX, acethion + TX, acetoprole + TX, acibenzolar + TX, acibenzolar-S-methyl + TX, acrylonitrile + TX, Adoxophyes orana GV + TX, Agrobacterium radiobacter + TX, aldoxycarb + TX, aldrin + TX, allosamidin + TX, allyxycarb + TX, alpha-chlorohydrin + TX, alpha-ecdysone + TX, alpha-multistriatin + TX, aluminium phosphide + TX, Amblyseius spp. + TX, amectotractin + TX, ametoctradin + TX, amidithion + TX, amidothioate + TX, aminocarb + TX, aminopyrifen + TX, amisulbrom + TX, amiton + TX, amiton hydrogen oxalate + TX, amitraz + TX, anabasine + TX, Anagrapha falcifera NPV + TX, Anagrus atomus + TX, ancymidol + TX, anilazine + TX, anisiflupurin + TX, anthraquinone + TX, antu + TX, Aphelinus abdominalis + TX, Aphidius colemani + TX, Aphidoletes aphidimyza + TX, apholate + TX, aramite + TX, arsenous oxide + TX, athidathion + TX, Autographa californica NPV + TX, azaconazole + TX, azamethiphos + TX, azobenzene + TX, azothoate + TX, azoxystrobin + TX, Bacillus sphaericus Neide + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxins + TX, barium carbonate + TX, barium hexafluorosilicate + TX, barium polysulfide + TX, barthrin + TX, Bayer 22 / 190 + TX, Bayer 22408 + TX, Beauveria brongniartii + TX, benalaxyl + TX, benclothiaz + TX, benomyl + TX, benoxafos + TX, benthiavalicarb + TX, benzothiostrobin + TX, benzovindiflupyr + TX, benzyl benzoate + TX, beta-cyfluthrin + TX, beta-cypermethrin + TX, bethoxazin + TX, bioethanomethrin + TX, biopermethrin + TX, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether + TX, bis(tributyltin) oxide + TX, bisazir + TX, bisthiosemi + TX, bitertanol + TX, bixafen + TX, blasticidin-S + TX, borax + TX, bordeaux mixture + TX, boscalid + TX, brevicomin + TX, brodifacoum + TX, brofenvalerate + TX, bromadiolone + TX, bromethalin + TX, bromfenvinfos + TX, bromoacetamide + TX, bromocyclen + TX, bromo-DDT + TX, bromophos + TX, bromopropylate + TX, bromuconazole + TX, bronopol + TX, bufencarb + TX, bupirimate + TX, buprofezin + TX, busulfan + TX, but-3-ynyl N-[6-[[(Z)-[(1-methyltetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl-methylene]amino]oxymethyl]-2- pyridyl]carbamate + TX, butacarb + TX, butathiofos + TX, butocarboxim + TX, butonate + TX, butopyronoxyl + TX, butoxy(polypropylene glycol) + TX, butoxycarboxim + TX, butylpyridaben + TX, calcium arsenate + TX, calcium cyanide + TX, calcium polysulfide + TX, camphechlor + TX, captafol + TX, captan + TX, carbanolate + TX, carbendazim + TX, carbon disulfide + TX, carbon tetrachloride + TX, carbophenothion + TX, carboxin + TX, cartap hydrochloride + TX, CAS Number: 2049581 -78-2 + TX, CAS Number: 2323565-15-5 + TX, CAS Number: 2454319-63-0 + TX, CAS Number: 2757172-25-9 + TX, CAS Number: 3052252-62-4 + TX, CAS Number: 3052252-63-5 + TX, CAS Number: 3095661 -21-2 + TX, CAS Number: 83-46-5 + TX, cevadine + TX, chinomethionat + TX, chloralose + TX, chlorbenside + TX, chlorbicyclen + TX, chlordane + TX, chlordecone + TX, chlordimeform + TX, chlordimeform hydrochloride + TX, chlorfenethol + TX, chlorfenson + TX, chlorfensulfide + TX, chlorobenzilate + TX, chloroform + TX, chloroinconazide + TX, chloromebuform + TX, chloromethiuron + TX, chloroneb + TX, chlorophacinone + TX, chloropicrin + TX, chloropropylate + TX, chlorothalonil + TX, chlorphoxim + TX, chlorprazophos + TX, chlorthiophos + TX, chlozolinate + TX, PAT-11 1640_FF

[0291] 47 cholecalciferol + TX, Chrysoperla carnea + TX, cinerin I + TX, cinerin II + TX, cinerins + TX, cismethrin + TX, cis-resmethrin + TX, clocythrin + TX, closantel + TX, codlelure + TX, codlemone + TX, copper acetoarsenite + TX, copper arsenate + TX, copper dioctanoate + TX, copper hydroxide + TX, copper naphthenate + TX, copper oleate + TX, copper oxide + TX, copper oxychloride + TX, copper sulfate + TX, coumachlor + TX, coumafuryl + TX, coumaphos + TX, coumatetralyl + TX, coumethoxystrobin (jiaxiangjunzhi) + TX, coumithoate + TX, coumoxystrobin + TX, cresol + TX, crimidine + TX, crotamiton + TX, crotoxyphos + TX, crufomate + TX, cryolite + TX, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri + TX, CS 708 + TX, cuelure + TX, cufraneb + TX, cyanofenphos + TX, cyanophos + TX, cyanthoate + TX, cyazofamid + TX, cybutryne + TX, cyclethrin + TX, cyclobutrifluram + TX, Cydia pomonella GV + TX, cyflufenamid + TX, cymiazole + TX, cymoxanil + TX, cyproconazole + TX, cyprodinil + TX, cythioate + TX, cytokinins + TX, Dacnusa sibirica + TX, DAEP + TX, dazomet + TX, DCI P + TX, DCPM + TX, DDT + TX, debacarb + TX, decarbofuran + TX, demephion + TX, demephion-0 + TX, demephion-S + TX, demeton-methyl + TX, demeton-0 + TX, demeton-O-methyl + TX, demeton-S + TX, demeton-S-methyl + TX, demeton-S-methylsulfon + TX, diamidafos + TX, dibutyl adipate + TX, dibutyl phthalate + TX, dibutyl succinate + TX, dicapthon + TX, dichlobentiazox + TX, dichlofenthion + TX, dichlofluanid + TX, dichlone + TX, dichlorophen + TX, dichlorvos + TX, dichlozoline + TX, dicliphos + TX, diclocymet + TX, diclomezine + TX, dicloran + TX, dicresyl + TX, dicyclanil + TX, dicyclopentadiene + TX, dieldrin + TX, dienochlor + TX, diethofencarb + TX, diethyl 5-methylpyrazol-3-yl phosphate + TX, diethyltoluamide + TX, difenacoum + TX, difenoconazole + TX, difethialone + TX, diflovidazin + TX, Diglyphus isaea + TX, dilor + TX, dimatif + TX, dimefluthrin + TX, dimefox + TX, dimetan + TX, dimethirimol + TX, dimethomorph + TX, dimethrin + TX, dimethyl carbate + TX, dimethyl phthalate + TX, dimethylvinphos + TX, dimetilan + TX, dimoxystrobin + TX, dinex + TX, dinex-diclexine + TX, diniconazole + TX, dinocap-4 + TX, dinocap-6 + TX, dinocton + TX, dinopenton + TX, dinoprop + TX, dinosam + TX, dinoseb + TX, dinosulfon + TX, dinoterbon + TX, diofenolan + TX, dioxabenzofos + TX, dioxathion + TX, diphacinone + TX, diphenyl sulfone + TX, dipymetitrone + TX, dipyrithione + TX, disparlure + TX, disulfiram + TX, dithianon + TX, dithicrofos + TX, DNOC + TX, dodec-8-en- 1-yl acetate + TX, dodec-9-en-1-yl acetate + TX, dodeca-8 + TX, dodemorph + TX, dodicin + TX, dodine + TX, dofenapyn + TX, dominicalure + TX, doramectin + TX, DSP + TX, d-tetramethrin + TX, ecdysterone + TX, edifenphos + TX, El 1642 + TX, EMPC + TX, Encarsia formosa + TX, endothal + TX, endothion + TX, enestroburin + TX, enoxastrobin + TX, EPBP + TX, epoxiconazole + TX, eprinomectin + TX, Eretmocerus eremicus + TX, ergocalciferol + TX, erysichrona + TX, erysicrona + TX, etaphos + TX, ethaboxam + TX, ethiofencarb + TX, ethirimol + TX, ethoate-methyl + TX, ethyl 1-[[4-[(Z)-2-ethoxy-3,3,3-trifluoro-prop-1- enoxy] phenyl] methyl] pyrazole-3-carboxy late (may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2020 / 056090) + TX, ethyl 1-[[4-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methoxy]phenyl]methyl]pyrazole-3- carboxylate (may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2020 / 056090) + TX, ethyl 1 -[[4-[5- (trifluoromethyl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]pyrazole-4-carboxylate + TX, ethyl 1 -[[5-[5- (trifluoromethyl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]-2-thienyl]methyl]pyrazole-4-carboxylate (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2018 / 158365) + TX, ethyl 4-methyloctanoate + TX, ethyl formate + TX, ethyl hexanediol + TX, ethylene dibromide + TX, ethylene dichloride + TX, ethylene oxide + TX, etridiazole + TX, etrimfos + TX, eugenol + TX, EXD + TX, famoxadone + TX, farnesol + TX, farnesol with PAT-11 1640_FF

[0292] 48 nerolidol + TX, fenamidone + TX, fenaminosulf + TX, fenaminstrobin + TX, fenarimol + TX, fenazaflor + TX, fenbuconazole + TX, fenbutatin oxide + TX, fenchlorphos + TX, feneptamidoquin (CAS Number: 2132414-04- 9) + TX, fenethacarb + TX, fenfuram + TX, fenhexamid + TX, fenitrothion + TX, fenopyramid (CAS Number: 2344721 -61-3) + TX, fenothiocarb + TX, fenoxacrim + TX, fenoxanil + TX, fenpiclonil + TX, fenpicoxamid + TX, fenpirithrin + TX, fenpropidin + TX, fenpropimorph + TX, fenpyrad + TX, fenpyrazamine + TX, fenpyroximate + TX, fenson + TX, fensulfothion + TX, fenthion + TX, fenthion-ethyl + TX, fentin + TX, fentrifanil + TX, ferbam + TX, ferimzone + TX, ferric phosphate + TX, flocoumafen + TX, florylpicoxamid + TX, fluazinam + TX, flubeneteram + TX, flubenzimine + TX, flucofuron + TX, flucycloxuron + TX, fludioxonil + TX, fluenetil + TX, flufenoxadiazam + TX, flufenoxystrobin + TX, fluindapyr + TX, flumetylsulforim + TX, flumorph + TX, fluopicolide + TX, fluopimomide + TX, fluopyram + TX, fluorbenside + TX, fluoroacetamide + TX, fluoroimide + TX, fluoxapiprolin + TX, fluoxastrobin + TX, fluoxytioconazole + TX, flupropadine + TX, flupropadine hydrochloride + TX, fluquinconazole + TX, flusilazole + TX, flusulfamide + TX, flutianil + TX, flutolanil + TX, flutriafol + TX, fluxapyroxad + TX, FMC 1137 + TX, folpet + TX, formaldehyde + TX, formetanate + TX, formetanate hydrochloride + TX, formparanate + TX, fosetyl-aluminium + TX, fosmethilan + TX, fospirate + TX, fosthietan + TX, frontalin + TX, fuberidazole + TX, furalaxyl + TX, furametpyr + TX, furathiocarb + TX, furethrin + TX, furfural + TX, gamma-HCH + TX, glyodin + TX, grandlure + TX, grandlure I + TX, grandlure II + TX, grandlure III + TX, grandlure IV + TX, guazatine + TX, guazatine acetates + TX, halfenprox + TX, HCH + TX, hemel + TX, hempa + TX, HEOD + TX, heptachlor + TX, heterophos + TX, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. megidis + TX, hexaconazole + TX, hexadecyl cyclopropanecarboxylate + TX, hexalure + TX, hexamide + TX, HHDN + TX, Hippodamia convergens + TX, hydrargaphen + TX, hydrated lime + TX, hydrogen cyanide + TX, hymexazol + TX, hyquincarb + TX, imanin + TX, imazalil + TX, imibenconazole + TX, iminoctadine + TX, inpyrfluxam + TX, ipconazole + TX, ipfentrifluconazole + TX, ipflufenoquin + TX, iprobenphos + TX, iprodione + TX, iprovalicarb + TX, ipsdienol + TX, ipsenol + TX, I PSP + TX, isamidofos + TX, isazofos + TX, isobenzan + TX, isocarbophos + TX, isodrin + TX, isofenphos + TX, isofetamid + TX, isoflucypram + TX, isolane + TX, isoprothiolane + TX, isopyrazam + TX, isotianil + TX, isoxathion + TX, japonilure + TX, jasmolin I + TX, jasmolin II + TX, jodfenphos + TX, juvenile hormone I + TX, juvenile hormone II + TX, juvenile hormone III + TX, kadethrin + TX, kasugamycin + TX, kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate + TX, kelevan + TX, kinetin + TX, kinoprene + TX, kresoxim-methyl + TX, lead arsenate + TX, Leptomastix dactylopii + TX, leptophos + TX, lindane + TX, lineatin + TX, lirimfos + TX, litlure + TX, looplure + TX, Ivbenmixianan + TX, lythidathion + TX, Macrolophus caliginosus + TX, magnesium phosphide + TX, malonoben + TX, Mamestra brassicae NPV + TX, mancopper + TX, mancozeb + TX, mandestrobin + TX, mandipropamid + TX, maneb + TX, mazidox + TX, m-cumenyl methylcarbamate + TX, mecarbam + TX, mecarphon + TX, medlure + TX, mefentrifluconazole + TX, megatomoic acid + TX, menazon + TX, mepanipyrim + TX, meperfluthrin + TX, mephosfolan + TX, mepronil + TX, mercuric oxide + TX, mercurous chloride + TX, mesulfen + TX, mesulfenfos + TX, metalaxyl + TX, metam + TX, metam-potassium + TX, metam-sodium + TX, Metaphycus helvolus + TX, Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum + TX, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae + TX, metarylpicoxamid + TX, metconazole + TX, metepa + TX, methacrifos + TX, methanesulfonyl fluoride + TX, methasulfocarb + TX, methiotepa + TX, methocrotophos + TX, methoprene + TX, methoquin-butyl + TX, methothrin + TX, methoxychlor + TX, methyl PAT-111640_FF

[0293] 49

[0294] (Z)-2-(5-cyclohexyl-2-methyl-phenoxy)-3-methoxy-prop-2-enoate + TX, methyl (Z)-2-(5-cyclopentyl-2-methyl- phenoxy)-3-methoxy-prop-2-enoate (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in W02020 / 193387) + TX, methyl (Z)-2-[5-(3-isopropylpyrazol-1-yl)-2-methyl-phenoxy]-3-methoxy-prop-2- enoate + TX, methyl (Z)-3-methoxy-2-[2-methyl-5-(3-propylpyrazol-1-yl)phenoxy]prop-2-enoate + TX, methyl (Z)-3-methoxy-2-[2-methyl-5-(4-propyltriazol-2-yl)phenoxy]prop-2-enoate + TX, methyl (Z)-3-methoxy-2-[2- methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]phenoxy]prop-2-enoate (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in W02020 / 079111) + TX, methyl (Z)-3-methoxy-2-[2-methyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)triazol- 2-yl]phenoxy]prop-2-enoate + TX, methyl apholate + TX, methyl bromide + TX, methyl eugenol + TX, methyl isothiocyanate + TX, methyl N-[[4-[1-(2,6-difluoro-4-isopropyl-phenyl)pyrazol-4-yl]-2-methyl- phenyl]methyl]carbamate (may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2020 / 097012) + TX, methyl N- [[4-[1-(4-cyclopropyl-2,6-difluoro-phenyl)pyrazol-4-yl]-2-methyl-phenyl]methyl]carbamate (may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2020 / 097012) + TX, methyl N-[[5-[4-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)triazol-2-yl]-2- methyl-phenyl]methyl]carbamate + TX, methylchloroform + TX, methylene chloride + TX, methylneodecanamide + TX, metiram + TX, metolcarb + TX, metominostrobin + TX, metoxadiazone + TX, metrafenone + TX, metyltetraprole + TX, MGK 264 + TX, milbemycin oxime + TX, mipafox + TX, mirex + TX, monocrotophos + TX, morphothion + TX, morzid + TX, moxidectin + TX, muscalure + TX, myclobutanil + TX, myclozoline + TX, Myrothecium verrucaria composition + TX, N-((1 R)-1-benzyl-3-chloro-1-methyl-but-3-enyl)- 8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2017 / 153380) + TX, N-((1 S)-1 -benzyl-3-chloro-1 -methyl-but-3-eny l)-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2017 / 153380) + TX, N'-(2,5-dimethyl- 4-phenoxy-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine + TX, N'-(2-chloro-5-methyl-4-phenoxy-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N- methyl-formamidine + TX, N,2-dimethoxy-N-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl]phenyl]methyl]propanamide + TX, N,N-dimethyl-1-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl]phenyl]methyl]-1 ,2,4-triazol-3-amine (THESE COMPOUNDS may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2017 / 055473, WO 2017 / 055469, WO 2017 / 093348 and WO 2017 / 1 18689) + TX, N-[(1 R)-1 -benzyl-1 ,3- dimethyl-butyl]-7,8-difluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide + TX, N-[(1 R)-1 -benzyl-1 ,3-dimethyl-butyl]-8-fluoro- quinoline-3-carboxamide + TX, N-[(1 R)-1-benzyl-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-methyl-propyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3- carboxamide + TX, N-[(1 R)-1-benzyl-3-chloro-1-methyl-but-3-enyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide + TX, N- [(1 S)-1 -benzyl-1 ,3-dimethyl-butyl]-7,8-difluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide + TX, N-[(1 S)-1 -benzyl-1 ,3-dimethyl- butyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3-carboxamide + TX, N-[(1 S)-1 -benzyl-3,3,3-trifluoro-1 -methy l-propyl]-8-fluoro- quinoline-3-carboxamide + TX, N-[(1 S)-1-benzyl-3-chloro-1-methyl-but-3-enyl]-8-fluoro-quinoline-3- carboxamide + TX, N-[(E)-methoxyiminomethyl]-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzamide + TX, N- [(Z)-methoxyiminomethyl]-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzamide + TX, N-[[4-[5- (trifluoromethyl)-l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]propanamide + TX, N-[2-[2,4-dichloro-phenoxy]phenyl]-3- (difluoromethy l)-1 -methy l-pyrazole-4-carboxamide + TX, N-[2-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]phenyl]-3- (difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide + TX, N'-[2-chloro-4-(2-fluorophenoxy)-5-methyl-phenyl]-N- ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2016 / 202742) + TX, N'-[4-(4,5-dichlorothiazol-2-yl)oxy-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine + PAT-111640_FF

[0295] 50

[0296] TX, N'-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-(1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy)-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine + TX, N'-[5- bromo-2-methyl-6-(1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy)-3-pyridyl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-formamidine (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2015 / 155075) + TX, N'-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6- (2-propoxypropoxy)-3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine (this compound may be prepared from the methods described in IPCOM000249876D) + TX, N'-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-[(1 R)-1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy]- 3-pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine + TX, N'-[5-bromo-2-methy l-6-[(1 S)-1 -methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy]-3- pyridyl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine + TX, N'-[5-chloro-2-methyl-6-(1-methyl-2-propoxy-ethoxy)-3-pyridyl]- N-ethyl-N-methyl-formamidine + TX, N-[N-methoxy-C-methyl-carbonimidoyl]-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl]benzamide (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO 2018 / 202428) + TX, N’-[4-(1 -cyclopropyl-2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -hydroxy-ethyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-phenyl]-N- isopropyl-N-methyl-formamidine (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2018 / 228896) + TX, nabam + TX, naftalofos + TX, naled + TX, naphthalene + TX, NC-170 + TX, Neodiprion sertifer NPV and N. lecontei NPV + TX, nerolidol + TX, N-ethyl-2-methyl-N-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]propanamide + TX, N-ethyl-N’-[5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-[(2-trifluoromethyl)oxetan- 2-yl]phenyl]-N-methyl-formamidine + TX, N-ethyl-N’-[5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-[(2-trifuoromethyl)tetrahydrofuran- 2-yl]phenyl]-N-methyl-formamidine (these compounds may be prepared from the methods described in WO2019 / 110427) + TX, nickel bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) + TX, niclosamide-olamine + TX, nicotine + TX, nicotine sulfate + TX, nifluridide + TX, nikkomycins + TX, N-isopropyl-N’-[5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 -hydroxy-1 -phenyl-ethyl)phenyl]-N-methyl-formamidine + TX, nithiazine + TX, nitrapyrin + TX, nitrilacarb + TX, nitrilacarb 1 :1 zinc chloride complex + TX, nitrothal-isopropyl + TX, N-methoxy-N-[[4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)- 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]phenyl]methyl]cyclopropanecarboxamide + TX, N-methyl-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl]benzamide + TX, N-methyl-4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzenecarbothioamide + TX, norbormide + TX, nuarimol + TX, O,O,O',O'-tetrapropyl dithiopyrophosphate + TX, octadeca-2,13-dien-1- yl acetate + TX, octadeca-3,13-dien-1-yl acetate + TX, octhilinone + TX, ofurace + TX, oleic acid + TX, omethoate + TX, orfralure + TX, Orius spp. + TX, oryctalure + TX, orysastrobin + TX, ostramone + TX, oxadixyl + TX, oxamate + TX, oxathiapiprolin + TX, oxine-copper + TX, oxolinic acid + TX, oxycarboxin + TX, oxydeprofos + TX, oxydisulfoton + TX, oxytetracycline + TX, paclobutrazole + TX, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus + TX, para-dichlorobenzene + TX, parathion + TX, parathion-methyl + TX, pefurazoate + TX, penconazole + TX, pencycuron + TX, penflufen + TX, penfluron + TX, pentachlorophenol + TX, pentachlorophenyl laurate + TX, penthiopyrad + TX, permethrin + TX, PH 60-38 + TX, phenamacril + TX, phenkapton + TX, phosacetim + TX, phosalone + TX, phosdiphen + TX, phosfolan + TX, phosglycin + TX, phosnichlor + TX, phosphamidon + TX, phosphine + TX, phosphorus + TX, phoxim-methyl + TX, phthalide + TX, Phytoseiulus persimilis + TX, picarbutrazox + TX, picaridin + TX, picoxystrobin + TX, pindone + TX, piperazine + TX, piperonyl butoxide + TX, piprotal + TX, pirimetaphos + TX, polychlorodicyclopentadiene isomers + TX, polychloroterpenes + TX, polynactins + TX, polyoxins + TX, potassium arsenite + TX, potassium ethylxanthate + TX, potassium hydroxyquinoline sulfate + TX, potassium thiocyanate + TX, pp'-DDT + TX, precocene I + TX, precocene II + TX, precocene III + TX, primidophos + TX, probenazole + TX, prochloraz + TX, proclonol + TX, procymidone + TX, profluthrin + TX, promacyl + TX, promecarb + TX, propamocarb + TX, propiconazole + TX, propineb + PAT-111640_FF

[0297] 51

[0298] TX, propoxur + TX, propyl isomer + TX, proquinazid + TX, prothidathion + TX, prothioconazole + TX, prothiofos + TX, prothoate + TX, pydiflumetofen + TX, pyraclostrobin + TX, pyrametostrobin + TX, pyraoxystrobin + TX, pyrapropoyne + TX, pyraziflumid + TX, pyrazophos + TX, pyresmethrin + TX, pyrethrin I + TX, pyrethrin II + TX, pyrethrins + TX, pyribencarb + TX, pyridachlometyl + TX, pyridaphenthion + TX, pyridin-4-amine + TX, pyrifenox + TX, pyrimethanil + TX, pyrimitate + TX, pyrimorph + TX, pyrinuron + TX, pyriofenone + TX, pyrisoxazole + TX, pyroquilon + TX, quassia + TX, quinalphos + TX, quinalphos-methyl + TX, quinoclamine + TX, quinofumelin + TX, quinonamid + TX, quinothion + TX, quinoxyfen + TX, quintiofos + TX, quintozene + TX, R-1492 + TX, rafoxanide + TX, resmethrin + TX, Reynoutria sachalinensis extract + TX, ribavirin + TX, Rmetalaxyl + TX, rotenone + TX, ryania + TX, ryanodine + TX, S421 + TX, sabadilla + TX, schradan + TX, scilliroside + TX, seboctylamine + TX, sebufos + TX, sedaxane + TX, selamectin + TX, sesamex + TX, sesasmolin + TX, SI-0009 + TX, siglure + TX, simazine + TX, simeconazole + TX, sodium arsenite + TX, sodium cyanide + TX, sodium fluoride + TX, sodium fluoroacetate + TX, sodium hexafluorosilicate + TX, sodium pentachlorophenoxide + TX, sodium selenate + TX, sodium tetrathiocarbonate + TX, sodium thiocyanate + TX, sophamide + TX, sordidin + TX, spiroxamine + TX, SSI-121 + TX, Steinernema bibionis + TX, Steinernema carpocapsae + TX, Steinernema feltiae + TX, Steinernema glaseri + TX, Steinernema riobrave + TX, Steinernema riobravis + TX, Steinernema scapterisci + TX, Steinernema spp. + TX, streptomycin + TX, streptomycin sesquisulfate + TX, strychnine + TX, sulcatol + TX, sulcofuron + TX, sulcofuron-sodium + TX, sulfiram + TX, sulfluramid + TX, sulfotep + TX, sulfoxide + TX, sulfur + TX, sulfuryl fluoride + TX, sulprofos + TX, tar oils + TX, tau-fluvalinate + TX, tazimcarb + TX, TDE + TX, tebuconazole + TX, tebufloquin + TX, tebupirimfos + TX, tecloftalam + TX, temephos + TX, tepa + TX, TEPP + TX, terallethrin + TX, terbam + TX, tert-butyl N-[6-[[[(1 -methyltetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl-methylene]amino]oxymethyl]-2-py ridyl]carbamate + TX, tetrachloroethane + TX, tetrachlorothiophene + TX, tetraconazole + TX, tetradec-11-en-1-yl acetate + TX, tetradifon + TX, tetramethylfluthrin + TX, tetrasul + TX, thallium sulfate + TX, thiabendazole + TX, thiafenox + TX, thiapronil + TX, thicrofos + TX, thifluzamide + TX, thiocarboxime + TX, thiocyclam + TX, thiocyclam hydrogen oxalate + TX, thiodiazole copper + TX, thiofanox + TX, thiohempa + TX, thiomersal + TX, thiometon + TX, thionazin + TX, thiophanate + TX, thiophanate-methyl + TX, thioquinox + TX, thiosultap + TX, thiosultap- sodium + TX, thiotepa + TX, thiram + TX, thuringiensin + TX, tiadinil + TX, tolclofos-methyl + TX, tolprocarb + TX, tolylfluanid + TX, tralomethrin + TX, transpermethrin + TX, tretamine + TX, triadimefon + TX, triadimenol + TX, triamiphos + TX, triarathene + TX, triazamate + TX, triazophos + TX, triazoxide + TX, triazuron + TX, tributyltin oxide + TX, trichlormetaphos-3 + TX, trichloronat + TX, Trichogramma spp. + TX, triclopyricarb + TX, tricyclazole + TX, tridemorph + TX, trifenmorph + TX, trifenofos + TX, trifloxystrobin + TX, triflumizole + TX, triforine + TX, trimedlure + TX, trimedlure A + TX, trimedlure B1 + TX, trimedlure B2 + TX, trimedlure C + TX, trimethacarb + TX, trinactin + TX, trinexapac + TX, triphenyltin acetate + TX, triphenyltin hydroxide + TX, triprene + TX, triticonazole + TX, trunc-call + TX, Typhlodromus occidentalis + TX, uredepa + TX, validamycin + TX, valifenalate + TX, vamidothion + TX, vaniliprole + TX, veratridine + TX, veratrine + TX, verbutin + TX, Verticillium lecanii + TX, vinclozoline + TX, warfarin + TX, XMC + TX, xylenols + TX, zeatin + TX, zetamethrin + TX, zhongshengmycin + TX, zinc naphthenate + TX, zinc phosphide + TX, zinc thiazole + TX, zineb + TX, ziram + TX, zolaprofos + TX, zoxamide + TX, a- (1 , 1- dimethylethyl) - a- [4 - (trifluoromethoxy) [1 , 1 '- biphenyl] PAT-11 1640_FF

[0299] 52

[0300] - 4- yl] -5- pyrimidinemethanol + TX; Acinetobacter Iwoffii + TX, Acremonium alternatum + TX, Acremonium cephalosporium + TX, Acremonium diospyri + TX, Acremonium obclavatum + TX, Adoxophyes orana granulovirus (AdoxGV) (Capex®) + TX, Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K84 (Galltrol-A®) + TX, Alternaria alternate + TX, Alternaria cassia + TX, Alternaria destruens (Smolder®) + TX, Ampelomyces quisqualis (AQ10®) + TX, Aspergillus flavus AF36 (AF36®) + TX, Aspergillus flavus NRRL 21882 (Aflaguard®) + TX, Aspergillus spp. + TX, Aureobasidium pullulans + TX, Azospirillum (MicroAZ®, TAZO B®) + TX, Azotobacter + TX, Azotobacter chroocuccum (Azotomeal®) + TX, Azotobacter cysts (Bionatural Blooming Blossoms®) + TX, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens + TX, Bacillus cereus + TX, Bacillus chitinosporus strain AQ746 + TX, Bacillus chitinosporus strain CM-1 + TX, Bacillus circulans + TX, Bacillus firmus (BioSafe®, BioNem-WP®) in particular strain CNMC 1-1582 (e.g. VOTIVO® from BASF SE) + TX, Bacillus licheniformis strain 3086 (EcoGuard®, Green Releaf®) + TX, Bacillus licheniformis strain HB-2 (Biostart™ formerly Rhizoboost®) + TX, Bacillus macerans + TX, Bacillus marismortui + TX, Bacillus megaterium + TX, Bacillus mycoides strain AQ726 + TX, Bacillus papillae (Milky Spore Powder®) + TX, Bacillus pumilus spp. + TX, Bacillus pumilus strain AQ717 + TX, Bacillus pumilus strain GB34 (Yield Shield®) + TX, Bacillus pumilus strain QST 2808 (Sonata®, Ballad Plus®) + TX, Bacillus sphaericus (VectoLex®) + TX, Bacillus spp. + TX, Bacillus spp. strain AQ175 + TX, Bacillus spp. strain AQ177 + TX, Bacillus spp. strain AQ178 + TX, Bacillus subtilis strain AQ153 + TX, Bacillus subtilis strain AQ743 + TX, Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713 (CEASE®, Serenade®, Rhapsody®) + TX, Bacillus subtilis strain QST 714 (JAZZ®) + TX, Bacillus subtilis strain QST3002 + TX, Bacillus subtilis strain QST3004 + TX, Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 (Taegro®, Rhizopro®) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai GC 91 (Agree®) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis Cry 2Ae + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1 Ab + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (BMP123®, Aquabac®, VectoBac®) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Javelin®, Deliver®, CryMax®, Bonide®, Scutella WP®, Turilav WP ®, Astuto®, Dipel WP®, Biobit®, Foray®) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki BMP 123 (Baritone®) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki HD-1 (Bioprotec-CAF I 3P®) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis strain AQ52 + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis strain BD#32 + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis (Novodor®, BtBooster) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai (XenTari®, DiPei®) + TX, bacteria spp. (GROWMEND®, GROWSWEET®, Shootup®) + TX, bacteriophage of Clavipacter michiganensis (AgriPhage®, Bakflor®) + TX, Beauveria bassiana (Beaugenic®, Brocaril WP®) + TX, Beauveria bassiana GHA (Mycotrol ES®, Mycotrol O®, BotaniGuard®) + TX, Beauveria brongniartii (Engerlingspilz®, Schweizer Beauveria®, Melocont®) + TX, Beauveria spp. + TX, Botrytis cineria + TX, Bradyrhizobium japonicum (TerraMax®) + TX, Brevibacillus brevis + TX, Burkholderia cepacia (Deny®, Intercept®, Blue Circle®) + TX, Burkholderia gladii + TX, Burkholderia gladioli + TX, Burkholderia spp. + TX, Canadian thistle fungus (CBH Canadian Bioherbicide®) + TX, Candida butyri + TX, Candida famata + TX, Candida fructus + TX, Candida glabrata + TX, Candida guilliermondii + TX, Candida melibiosica + TX, Candida oleophila strain O + TX, Candida parapsilosis + TX, Candida pelliculosa + TX, Candida pulcherrima + TX, Candida reukaufii + TX, Candida saitoana (Bio-Coat®, Biocure®) + TX, Candida sake + TX, Candida spp. + TX, Candida tenius + TX, Cedecea davisae + TX, Cellulomonas flavigena + TX, Chaetomium cochliodes (Nova-Cide®) + TX, Chaetomium globosum (Nova-Cide®) + TX, Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4- 1T (Grandevo®) + TX, Cladosporium chlorocephalum + TX, Cladosporium cladosporioides + TX, PAT-11 1640_FF

[0301] 53

[0302] Cladosporium oxysporum + TX, Cladosporium spp. + TX, Cladosporium tenuissimum + TX, Clonostachys rosea (EndoFine®) + TX, Colletotrichum acutatum + TX, Coniothyrium minitans (Cotans WG®) + TX, Coniothyrium spp. + TX, Cryptococcus albidus (YIELDPLUS®) + TX, Cryptococcus humicola + TX, Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatus + TX, Cryptococcus laurentii + TX, Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (Cryptex®) + TX, Cupriavidus campinensis + TX, Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CYD-X®, Madex®, Madex® Plus, Madex Max, Carpovirusine® + TX, Cylindrobasidium laeve (Stumpout®) + TX, Cylindrocladium + TX, Debaryomyces hansenii + TX, Drechslera hawaiinensis + TX, Enterobacter cloacae + TX, Enterobacteriaceae + TX, Entomophtora virulenta (Vektor®) + TX, Epicoccum nigrum + TX, Epicoccum purpurascens + TX, Epicoccum spp. + TX, Filobasidium floriforme + TX, Fusarium acuminatum + TX, Fusarium chlamydosporum + TX, Fusarium oxysporum (Fusaclean®, Biofox C®) + TX, Fusarium proliferatum + TX, Fusarium spp. + TX, Galactomyces geotrichum + TX, Gliocladium catenulatum (Primastop®, Prestop®) + TX, Gliocladium roseum + TX, Gliocladium spp. (SoilGard®) + TX, Gliocladium virens (Soilgard®) + TX, Granulovirus (Granupom®) + TX, Halobacillus halophilus + TX, Halobacillus litoralis + TX, Halobacillus trueperi + TX, Halomonas spp. + TX, Halomonas subglaciescola + TX, Halovibrio variabilis + TX, Hanseniaspora uvarum + TX, Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (Helicovex®) + TX, Helicoverpa zea nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Gemstar®) + TX, Isaria fumosorosea (previously known as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus strain, PFR-97®, PreFeRal®) + TX, Isoflavone formononetin (Myconate®) + TX, Kloeckera apiculata + TX, Kloeckera spp. + TX, Lagenidium giganteum (Laginex®) + TX, Lecanicillium lecanii (formerly known as Verticillium lecanii (Mycotal®) conidia of strain KV01 (e.g. Vertalec® by Koppert / Arysta) + TX, Lecanicillium longisporum (Vertiblast®) + TX, Lecanicillium muscarium (Vertikil®) + TX, Lymantria Dispar nucleopolyhedrosis virus (Disparvirus®) + TX, Marinococcus halophilus + TX, Meira geulakonigii + TX, Metarhizium anisopliae (Destruxin WP®) + TX, Metarhizium anisopliae (Met52®) + TX, Metschnikowia fruticola (Shemer®) + TX, Metschnikowia pulcherrima + TX, Microdochium dimerum (Antibot®) + TX, Micromonospora coerulea + TX, Microsphaeropsis ochracea + TX, Muscodor albus 620 (Muscudor®) + TX, Muscodor roseus in particular strain A3-5 (Accession No. NRRL 30548) + TX, Mycorrhizae spp. (AMykor®, Root Maximizer®) + TX, Myrothecium verrucaria strain AARC-0255 (DiTera®, BROS PLUS®) + TX, Ophiostoma piliferum strain D97 (Sylvanex®) + TX, Paecilomyces farinosus + TX, Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 (MeloCon WG®) + TX, Paecilomyces linacinus (Biostat WP®) + TX, Paenibacillus polymyxa + TX, Pantoea agglomerans (BlightBan C9-1®) + TX, Pantoea spp. + TX, Pasteuria nishizawae in particular strain Pn1 (CLARIVA from Syngenta / ChemChina); + TX, Pasteuria spp. (Econem®) + TX, Penicillium aurantiogriseum + TX, Penicillium billai (Jumpstart®, TagTeam®) + TX, Penicillium brevicompactum + TX, Penicillium frequentans + TX, Penicillium griseofulvum + TX, Penicillium purpurogenum + TX, Penicillium spp. + TX, Penicillium viridicatum + TX, Phlebiopsis gigantean (Rotstop®) + TX, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Phosphomeal®) + TX, Phytophthora cryptogea + TX, Phytophthora palmivora (Devine®) + TX, Pichia anomala + TX, Pichia guilliermondii + TX, Pichia membranaefaciens + TX, Pichia onychis + TX, Pichia stipites + TX, Pseudomonas aeruginosa + TX, Pseudomonas aureofasciens (Spot-Less Biofungicide®) + TX, Pseudomonas cepacia + TX, Pseudomonas chlororaphis (AtEze®) + TX, Pseudomonas corrugate + TX, Pseudomonas fluorescens (Zequanox®) + TX, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 (BlightBan A506®) + TX, Pseudomonas putida + TX, Pseudomonas reactans + TX, Pseudomonas spp. + TX, Pseudomonas PAT-11 1640_FF

[0303] 54 syringae (Bio-Save®) + TX, Pseudomonas viridiflava + TX, Pseudozyma flocculosa strain PF-A22 UL (Sporodex L®) + TX, Puccinia canaliculata + TX, Puccinia thlaspeos (Wood Warrior®) + TX, Pythium paroecandrum + TX, Pythium oligandrum (Polygandron®, Polyversum®) + TX, Pythium periplocum + TX, Rhanella aquatilis + TX, Rhanella spp. + TX, Rhizobia (Dormal®, Vault®) + TX, Rhizoctonia + TX, Rhodococcus globerulus strain AQ719 + TX, Rhodosporidium diobovatum + TX, Rhodosporidium toruloides + TX, Rhodotorula glutinis + TX, Rhodotorula graminis + TX, Rhodotorula mucilagnosa + TX, Rhodotorula rubra + TX, Rhodotorula spp. + TX, Saccharomyces cerevisiae + TX, Salinococcus roseus + TX, Sclerotinia minor (SARRITOR®) + TX, Sclerotinia minor + TX, Scytalidium spp. + TX, Scytalidium uredinicola + TX, Serratia marcescens + TX, Serratia plymuthica + TX, Serratia spp. + TX, Sordaria fimicola + TX, Spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Spod-X®, Spexit®) + TX, Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (Littovir®) + TX, Sporobolomyces roseus + TX, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia + TX, Streptomyces albaduncus + TX, Streptomyces exfoliates + TX, Streptomyces galbus + TX, Streptomyces griseoplanus + TX, Streptomyces griseoviridis (Mycostop®) + TX, Streptomyces hygroscopicus + TX, Streptomyces lydicus (Actinovate®) + TX, Streptomyces lydicus WYEC-108 (ActinoGrow®) + TX, Streptomyces violaceus + TX, Tilletiopsis minor + TX, Tilletiopsis spp. + TX, Trichoderma asperellum (T34 Biocontrol®) + TX, Trichoderma atroviride (Plantmate®) + TX, Trichoderma gamsii (Tenet®) + TX, Trichoderma hamatum TH 382 + TX, Trichoderma harzianum rifai (Mycostar®) + TX, Trichoderma harzianum T-22 (Trianum-P®, Plantshield HC®, Rootshield®, Trianum-G® + TX, Trichoderma harzianum T-39 (Trichodex®) + TX, Trichoderma inhamatum + TX, Trichoderma koningii + TX, Trichoderma lignorum + TX, Trichoderma longibrachiatum + TX, Trichoderma polysporum (Binab T®) + TX, Trichoderma spp. LC 52 (Sentinel®) + TX, Trichoderma taxi + TX, Trichoderma virens (formerly Gliocladium virens GL-21) (SoilGuard®) + TX, Trichoderma virens + TX, Trichoderma viride + TX, Trichoderma viride strain ICC 080 (Remedier®) + TX, Trichosporon pullulans + TX, Trichosporon spp. + TX, Trichothecium roseum + TX, Trichothecium spp. + TX, Typhula phacorrhiza strain 94670 + TX, Typhula phacorrhiza strain 94671 + TX, Ulocladium atrum + TX, Ulocladium oudemansii (Botry-Zen®) + TX, Ustilago maydis + TX, various bacteria and supplementary micronutrients (Natural II®) + TX, various fungi (Millennium Microbes®) + TX, Verticillium chlamydosporium + TX, Vip3Aa20 (VIPtera®) + TX, Virgibaclillus marismortui + TX, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Poae (Camperico®) + TX, Xenorhabdus bovienii + TX, Xenorhabdus nematophilus + TX; AGNIQUE® MMF + TX, azadirachtin (Plasma Neem Oil®, AzaGuard®, MeemAzal®, Molt-X® e.g. AZATIN XL from Certis, US) + TX, Botanical IGR (Neemazad®, Neemix®) + TX, BugOil® + TX, canola oil (Lilly Miller Vegol®) + TX, Chenopodium ambrosioides near ambrosioides (Requiem®) + TX, Chrysanthemum extract (Crisant®) + TX, essentials oils of Labiatae (Botania®) + TX, extract of neem oil (Trilogy®) + TX, extracts of clove rosemary peppermint and thyme oil (Garden insect killer®) + TX, garlic + TX, Glycinebetaine (Greenstim®) + TX, kaolin (Screen®) + TX, lemongrass oil (GreenMatch®) + TX, Melaleuca alternifolia extract (also called tea tree oil) (Timorex Gold®) + TX, mixture of clove pepermint garlic oil and mint (Soil Shot®) + TX, mixture of clove rosemary and peppermint extract (EF 400®) + TX, mixture of rosemary sesame pepermint thyme and cinnamon extracts (EF 300®) + TX, neem oil + TX, Nepeta cataria (Catnip oil) + TX, Nepeta catarina + TX, nicotine + TX, oregano oil (MossBuster®) + TX, Pedaliaceae oil (Nematon®) + TX, pine oil (Retenol®) + TX, pyrethrum + TX, Quillaja saponaria (NemaQ®) + TX, Reynoutria sachalinensis (Regalia®, Sakalia®) + PAT-11 1640_FF

[0304] 55

[0305] TX, rotenone (Eco Roten®) + TX, Rutaceae plant extract (Soleo®) + TX, soybean oil (Ortho ecosense®) + TX, storage glucam of brown algae (Laminarin®) + TX, thyme oil + TX; (E,Z)-7,9-Dodecadien-1-yl acetate + TX, (E,Z,Z)-3,8,11 Tetradecatrienyl acetate + TX, (Z,Z,E)-7,11 ,13-Hexadecatrienal + TX, 2-Methy 1-1 -butanol + TX, Biolure® + TX, blackheaded fireworm pheromone (3M Sprayable Blackheaded Fireworm Pheromone®) + TX, Calcium acetate + TX, Check-Mate® + TX, Codling Moth Pheromone (Paramount dispenser-(CM) / Isomate C- Plus®) + TX, Entostat powder (extract from palm tree) (Exosex CM®) + TX, Grape Berry Moth Pheromone (3M MEC-GBM Sprayable Pheromone®) + TX, Lavandulyl senecioate + TX, Leafroller pheromone (3M MEC - LR Sprayable Pheromone®) + TX, Muscamone (Snip7 Fly Bait® + TX, Oriental Fruit Moth Pheromone (3M oriental fruit moth sprayable pheromone®) + TX, Peachtree Borer Pheromone (Isomate-P®) + TX, Scenturion® + TX, Starbar Premium Fly Bait®) + TX, Tomato Pinworm Pheromone (3M Sprayable pheromone®) + TX; Acerophagus papaya + TX, Adalia bipunctata (Adalia-System®) + TX, Adalia bipunctata (Adaline®) + TX, Adalia bipunctata (Aphidalia®) + TX, Ageniaspis citricola + TX, Ageniaspis fuscicollis + TX, Amblyseius andersoni (Anderline®, Andersoni-System®) + TX, Amblyseius californicus (Amblyline®, Spical®) + TX, Amblyseius cucumeris (Thripex®, Bugline cucumeris®) + TX, Amblyseius fallacis (Fallacis®) + TX, Amblyseius swirskii (Bugline swirskii®, Swirskii-Mite®) + TX, Amblyseius womersleyi (WomerMite®) + TX, Amitus hesperidum + TX, Anagrus atomus + TX, Anagyrus fusciventris + TX, Anagyrus kamali + TX, Anagyrus loecki + TX, Anagyrus pseudococci (Citripar®) + TX, Anicetus benefices + TX, Anisopteromalus calandrae + TX, Anthocoris nemoralis (Anthocoris-System®) + TX, Aphelinus abdominalis (Apheline®, Aphiline®), + TX, Aphelinus asychis + TX, Aphidius colemani (Aphipar®) + TX, Aphidius ervi (Aphelinus-System®) + TX, Aphidius ervi (Ervipar®) + TX, Aphidius gifuensis + TX, Aphidius matricariae (Aphipar-M®) + TX, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Aphidend®, Aphidoline®) + TX, Aphytis lingnanensis + TX, Aphytis melinus + TX, Aprostocetus hagenowii + TX, Atheta coriaria (Staphyline®) + TX, Bombus spp. + TX, Bombus terrestris (Beeline®, Tripol®) + TX, Bombus terrestris (Natupol Beehive®) + TX, Cephalonomia stephanoderis + TX, Chilocorus nigritus + TX, Chrysoperla carnea (Chrysoline®, Chrysopa®) + TX, Chrysoperla rufilabris + TX, Cirrospilus ingenuus + TX, Cirrospilus quadristriatus + TX, Citrostichus phyllocnistoides + TX, Closterocerus Chamaeleon + TX, Closterocerus spp. + TX, Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Pianopar®) + TX, Coccophagus cowperi + TX, Coccophagus lycimnia + TX, Cotesia flavipes + TX, Cotesia plutellae + TX, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Cryptobug®, Cryptoline®) + TX, Cybocephalus nipponicus + TX, Dacnusa sibirica (Minusa®, DacDigline®, Minex®) + TX, Delphastus catalinae (Delphastus®) + TX, Delphastus pusillus + TX, Diachasmimorpha krausii + TX, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata + TX, Diaparsis jucunda + TX, Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis + TX, Diglyphus isaea (Diminex®, Miglyphus®, Digline®) + TX, Diversinervus spp. + TX, Encarsia citrina + TX, Encarsia formosa (Encarsia max®, Encarline®, En-Strip®) + TX, Encarsia guadeloupae + TX, Encarsia haitiensis + TX, Episyrphus balteatus (Syrphidend®) + TX, Eretmoceris siphonini + TX, Eretmocerus californicus + TX, Eretmocerus eremicus (Enermix®, Ercal®, Eretline e®, Bemimix®) + TX, Eretmocerus hayati + TX, Eretmocerus mundus (Bemipar®, Eretline m®) + TX, Eretmocerus siphonini + TX, Exochomus quadripustulatus + TX, Feltiella acarisuga (Feltiline®) + TX, Feltiella acarisuga (Spidend®) + TX, Fopius arisanus + TX, Fopius ceratitivorus + TX, Formononetin (Wirless Beehome®) + TX, Franklinothrips vespiformis (Vespop®) + TX, Galendromus occidentalis + TX, Goniozus legneri + TX, Habrobracon hebetor + TX, PAT-11 1640_FF

[0306] 56

[0307] Harmonia axyridis (HarmoBeetle®) + TX, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (NemaShield HB®, Nemaseek®, Terranem-Nam®, Terranem®, Larvanem®, B-Green®, NemAttack ®, Nematop®) + TX, Heterorhabditis megidis (Nemasys H®, BioNem H®, Exhibitline hm®, Larvanem-M®) + TX, Heterorhabditis spp. (Lawn Patrol®) + TX, Hippodamia convergens + TX, Hypoaspis aculeifer (Aculeifer-System®, Entomite-A®) + TX, Hypoaspis miles (Hypoline m®, Entomite-M®) + TX, Lbalia leucospoides + TX, Lecanoideus floccissimus + TX, Lemophagus errabundus + TX, Leptomastidea abnormis + TX, Leptomastix dactylopii + TX, Leptomastix epona + TX, Lindorus lophanthae + TX, Lipolexis oregmae + TX, Lucilia caesar (Natufly®) + TX, Lysiphlebus testaceipes + TX, Macrolophus caliginosus (Mirical-N®, Macroline c®, Mirical®) + TX, Mesoseiulus longipes + TX, Metaphycus flavus + TX, Metaphycus lounsburyi + TX, Micromus angulatus (Milacewing®) + TX, Microterys flavus + TX, Muscidifurax raptorellus and Spalangia cameroni (Biopar®) + TX, Neodryinus typhlocybae + TX, Neoseiulus californicus + TX, Neoseiulus cucumeris (THRYPEX®) + TX, Neoseiulus fallacis + TX, Nesideocoris tenuis (NesidioBug®, Nesibug®) + TX, Ophyra aenescens (Biofly®) + TX, Orius insidiosus (Thripor-I®, Online i®) + TX, Orius laevigatus (Thripor-L®, Online I®) + TX, Orius majusculus (Online m®) + TX, Orius strigicollis (Thripor-S®) + TX, Pauesia juniperorum + TX, Pediobius foveolatus + TX, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Nemaslug®) + TX, Phymastichus coffea + TX, Phytoseiulus macropilus + TX, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Spidex®, Phytoline p®) + TX, Podisus maculiventris (Podisus®) + TX, Pseudacteon curvatus + TX, Pseudacteon obtusus + TX, Pseudacteon tricuspis + TX, Pseudaphycus maculipennis + TX, Pseudleptomastix mexicana + TX, Psyllaephagus pilosus + TX, Psyttalia concolor (complex) + TX, Quadrastichus spp. + TX, Rhyzobius lophanthae + TX, Rodolia cardinalis + TX, Rumina decollate + TX, Semielacher petiolatus + TX, Sitobion avenae (Ervibank®) + TX, Steinernema carpocapsae (Nematac C®, Millenium®, BioNem C®, NemAttack®, Nemastar®, Capsanem®) + TX, Steinernema feltiae (NemaShield®, Nemasys F®, BioNem F®, Steinernema-System®, NemAttack®, Nemaplus®, Exhibitline sf® , Scia-rid®, Entonem®) + TX, Steinernema kraussei (Nemasys L®, BioNem L®, Exhibitline srb®) + TX, Steinernema riobrave (BioVector®, BioVektor®) + TX, Steinernema scapterisci (Nematac S®) + TX, Steinernema spp. + TX, Steinernematid spp. (Guardian Nematodes®) + TX, Stethorus punctillum (Stethorus®) + TX, Tamarixia radiate + TX, Tetrastichus setifer + TX, Thripobius semiluteus + TX, Torymus sinensis + TX, Trichogramma brassicae (Tricholine b®) + TX, Trichogramma brassicae (Tricho-Strip®) + TX, Trichogramma evanescens + TX, Trichogramma minutum + TX, Trichogramma ostriniae + TX, Trichogramma platneri + TX, Trichogramma pretiosum + TX, Xanthopimpla stemmator + TX; abscisic acid + TX, Aminomite® + TX, BioGain® + TX, bioSea® + TX, Chondrostereum purpureum (Chontrol Paste®) + TX, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Collego®) + TX, Copper Octanoate (Cueva®) + TX, Delta traps (Trapline d®) + TX, Erwinia amylovora (Harpin) (ProAct®, Ni-HI BIT Gold CST®) + TX, fatty acids derived from a natural by-product of extra virgin olive oil (FLIPPER®) + TX, Ferri-phosphate (Ferramol®) + TX, Funnel traps (Trapline y®) + TX, Gallex® + TX, Grower's Secret® + TX, Homo-brassonolide + TX, Iron Phosphate (Lilly Miller Worry Free Ferramol Slug & Snail Bait®) + TX, MCP hail trap (Trapline f®) + TX, Microctonus hyperodae + TX, Mycoleptodiscus terrestris (Des-X®) + TX, Nosema locustae (Semaspore Organic Grasshopper Control®) + TX, Pheromone trap (Thripline ams®) + TX, potassium bicarbonate (MilStop®) + TX, potassium iodide + potassiumthiocyanate (Enzicur®) + TX, potassium salts of fatty acids (Sanova®) + TX, potassium silicate solution (Sil-Matrix®) + TX, PAT-11 1640_FF

[0308] 57

[0309] Spider venom + TX, Sticky traps (Trapline YF®, Rebell Amarillo®) + TX, SuffOil-X® + TX, Traps (Takitrapline y + b®) + TX, vadescana (CAS Number: 2643947-26-4) + TX, Zenox® + TX; Bacillus mojavensis strain R3B (Accession No. NCAIM (P) B001389) (WO 2013 / 034938) from Certis USA LLC + TX, Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain BU F-33, having NRRL Accession No. 50185 (CARTISSA® from BASF, EPA Reg. No. 71840- 19) + TX, Bacillus subtilis CX-9060 from Certis USA LLC, Bacillus sp., in particular strain D747 (available as DOUBLE NICKEL® from Kumiai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), having Accession No. FERM BP-8234, U.S. Patent No. 7,094,592 + TX, Bacillus subtilis strain BU1814, (VELONDIS® PLUS, VELONDIS® FLEX and VELONDIS® EXTRA from BASF SE) + TX, Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 having Accession No. DSM 10271 (available from Novozymes as TAEGRO® or TAEGRO® ECO (EPA Registration No. 70127-5)) + TX, Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713 / AQ713 (having NRRL Accession No. B-21661 and described in U.S. Patent No. 6,060,051 , available as SERENADE® OPTI or SERENADE® ASO from Bayer CropScience LP, US) + TX, Paenibacillus polymyxa, in particular strain AC-1 (e.g. TOPSEED® from Green Biotech Company Ltd.) + TX, Paenibacillus sp. strain having Accession No. NRRL B-50972 or Accession No. NRRL B-67129, WO 2016 / 154297 + TX, Pantoea agglomerans, in particular strain E325 (Accession No. NRRL B-21856) (available as BLOOMTIME BIOLOGICAL™ FD BIOPESTICIDE from Northwest Agri Products) + TX, Pseudomonas proradix (e.g. PRORADIX® from Sourcon Padena) + TX; Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular blastospores of strain DSM14940, blastospores of strain DSM 14941 or mixtures of blastospores of strains DSM14940 and DSM14941 (e.g., BOTECTOR® and BLOSSOM PROTECT® from bio-ferm, CH) + TX, Pseudozyma aphidis (as disclosed in WO2011 / 151819 by Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem) + TX, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in particular strains CNCM No. 1 -3936, CNCM No. 1 -3937, CNCM No. 1 -3938 or CNCM No. 1-3939 (WO 2010 / 086790) from Lesaffre et Compagnie, FR + TX; Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K84 (e.g. GALLTROL- A® from AgBioChem, CA) + TX, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolate B246 (e.g. AVOGREEN™ from University of Pretoria) + TX, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain F727 (also known as strain MBI110) (NRRL Accession No. B-50768, WO 2014 / 028521) (STARGUS® from Marrone Bio Innovations) + TX, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42, Accession No. DSM 23117 (available as RHIZOVITAL® from ABiTEP, DE) + TX, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain D747 (available as Double Nickel™ from Kumiai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., having accession number FERM BP-8234, US Patent No. 7,094,592) + TX, Bacillus licheniformis FMCH001 and Bacillus subtilis FMCH002 (QUARTZO® (WG) and PRESENCE® (WP) from FMC Corporation) + TX, Bacillus licheniformis, in particular strain SB3086, having Accession No. ATCC 55406, WO 2003 / 000051 (available as ECOGUARD® Biofungicide and GREEN RELEAF™ from Novozymes) + TX, Bacillus methylotrophicus strain BAC-9912 (from Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Applied Ecology) + TX, Bacillus mycoides, isolate, having Accession No. B-30890 (available as BMJ TGAI® or WG and LifeGard™ from Certis USA LLC) + TX, Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain GB34 (available as Yield Shield® from Bayer AG, DE) + TX, Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (available as SONATA® from Bayer CropScience LP, US, having Accession No. NRRL B-30087 and described in U.S. Patent No. 6,245,551) + TX, Bacillus subtilis CX-9060 from Certis USA LLC + TX, Bacillus subtilis IAB / BS03 (AVIV™ from STK Bio-Ag Technologies, PORTENTO® from Idai Nature) + TX, Bacillus subtilis KTSB strain (FOLIACTIVE® from PAT-11 1640_FF

[0310] 58

[0311] Donaghys) + TX, Bacillus subtilis strain BU1814, (available as VELONDIS® PLUS, VELONDIS® FLEX and VELONDIS® EXTRA from BASF SE) + TX, Bacillus subtilis strain GB03 (available as Kodiak® from Bayer AG, DE) + TX, Bacillus subtilis strain MBI 600 (available as SUBTILEX from BASF SE), having Accession Number NRRL B-50595, U.S. Patent No. 5,061 ,495 + TX, Bacillus subtilis strain Y1336 (available as BIOBAC® WP from Bion-Tech, Taiwan, registered as a biological fungicide in Taiwan under Registration Nos. 4764, 5454, 5096 and 5277) + TX, Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24 having Accession No. DSM 10271 (available from Novozymes as TAEGRO® or TAEGRO® ECO (EPA Registration No. 70127-5)) + TX, Bacillus subtilis Y1336 (available as BIOBAC® WP from Bion-Tech, Taiwan, registered as a biological fungicide in Taiwan under Registration Nos. 4764, 5454, 5096 and 5277) + TX, Paenibacillus epiphyticus (WO 2016 / 020371) from BASF SE + TX, Paenibacillus polymyxa ssp. plantarum (WO 2016 / 020371) from BASF SE + TX, Paenibacillus sp. strain having Accession No. NRRL B-50972 or Accession No. NRRL B-67129, WO 2016 / 154297 + TX, Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain AFS009, having Accession No. NRRL B-50897, WO 2017 / 019448 (e.g., HOWLER™ and ZIO® from AgBiome Innovations, US) + TX, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, in particular strain MA342 (e.g. CEDOMON®, CERALL®, and CEDRESS® by Bioagri and Koppert) + TX, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 (e.g. BLIGHTBAN® A506 by NuFarm) + TX, Pseudomonas proradix (e.g. PRORADIX® from Sourcon Padena) + TX, Streptomyces griseoviridis strain K61 (also known as Streptomyces galbus strain K61) (Accession No. DSM 7206) (MYCOSTOP® from Verdera, PREFENCE® from BioWorks, cf. Crop Protection 2006, 25, 468-475) + TX, Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC108 (also known as Streptomyces lydicus strain WYCD108US) (ACTINO-IRON® and ACTINOVATE® from Novozymes) + TX; Ampelomyces quisqualis strain AQ10, having Accession No. CNCM 1 -807 (e.g., AQ 10® by IntrachemBio Italia) + TX, Ampelomyces quisqualis, in particular strain AQ 10 (e.g. AQ 10® by IntrachemBio Italia) + TX, Aspergillus flavus strain NRRL 21882 (products known as AFLA-GUARD® from Syngenta / ChemChina) + TX, Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular blastospores of strain DSM 14941 + TX, Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular blastospores of strain DSM14940 + TX, Aureobasidium pullulans, in particular mixtures of blastospores of strains DSM14940 and DSM 14941 (e.g. Botector® by bio-ferm, CH) + TX, Chaetomium cupreum (Accession No. CABI 353812) (e.g. BIOKUPRUM ™ by AgriLife) + TX, Chaetomium globosum (available as RIVADIOM® by Rivale) + TX, Cladosporium cladosporioides, strain H39, having Accession No. CBS122244, US 2010 / 0291039 (by Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek) + TX, Coniothyrium minitans, in particular strain CON / M / 91-8 (Accession No. DSM9660, e.g. Contans ® from Bayer CropScience Biologies GmbH) + TX, Cryptococcus flavescens, strain 3C (NRRL Y-50378), + TX, Dactylaria Candida, Dilophosphora alopecuri (available as TWIST FUNGUS®), Fusarium oxysporum, strain Fo47 (available as FUSACLEAN® by Natural Plant Protection) + TX, Gliocladium catenulatum (Synonym: Clonostachys rosea f. catenulate) strain J1446 (e.g. Prestop ® by Lallemand) + TX, Gliocladium roseum (also known as Clonostachys rosea f rosea) strain IK726 (Jensen DF, et al. Development of a biocontrol agent for plant disease control with special emphasis on the near commercial fungal antagonist Clonostachys rosea strain ’IK726’, Australasian Plant Pathol. 2007,36(2):95-101) + TX, Gliocladium roseum (also known as Clonostachys rosea f rosea), in particular strain 321 U from Adjuvants Plus, strain ACM941 as disclosed in Xue A.G. (Efficacy of Clonostachys rosea strain ACM941 and fungicide seed treatments for controlling the root tot complex of field pea, Can Jour PAT-11 1640_FF

[0312] 59

[0313] Plant Sci 2003, 83(3): 519-524) + TX, Metschnikowia fructicola, in particular strain NRRL Y-30752 + TX, Microsphaeropsis ochracea, Penicillium steckii (DSM 27859, WO 2015 / 067800) from BASF SE + TX, mixtures of Trichoderma asperellum strain ICC 012 (also known as Trichoderma harzianum ICC012), having Accession No. CABI CC IMI 392716 and Trichoderma gamsii (formerly T. viride) strain ICC 080, having Accession No. IMI 392151 (e.g., BIO-TAM ™ from Isagro USA, Inc. or BIODERMA® by Agrobiosol de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.) + TX, Penicillium vermiculatum + TX, Phlebiopsis gigantea strain VRA 1992 (ROTSTOP® C from Danstar Ferment) + TX, Pseudozyma flocculosa, strain PF-A22 UL (available as SPORODEX® L by Plant Products Co., CA) + TX, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain LAS1 17 cell walls (CEREVISANE® from Lesaffre, ROMEO® from BASF SE) + TX, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains CNCM No. 1 -3936, CNCM No. 1 -3937, CNCM No. 1-3938, CNCM No. 1 -3939 (WO 2010 / 086790) from Lesaffre et Compagnie, FR + TX, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in particular strain LASO2 (from Agro-Levures et Derives) + TX, Simplicilliu m lanosoniveum + TX, strain T34 (e.g. T34 Biocontrol by Biocontrol Technologies S.L., ES) or strain ICC 012 from Isagro + TX, strain WRL-076 (NRRL Y-30842), U.S. Patent No. 7,579,183 + TX, Talaromyces flavus, strain V117b + TX, Trichoderma asperelloides JM41 R (Accession No. NRRL B-50759) (TRICHO PLUS® from BASF SE) + TX, Trichoderma asperellum, in particular strain SKT-1 , having Accession No. FERM P-16510 (e.g. ECO-HOPE® from Kumiai Chemical Industry) + TX, Trichoderma asperellum, in particular, strain kd (e.g. T-Gro from Andermatt Biocontrol) + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain 77B (T77 from Andermatt Biocontrol) + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain ATCC 20476 (IMI 206040) + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain LC52 (e.g. Tenet by Agrimm Technologies Limited) + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain LU132 (e.g. Sentinel from Agrimm Technologies Limited) + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain NMI no. V08 / 002388 + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain NMI no. V08 / 002389 + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain NMI no. V08 / 002390 + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain no. V08 / 002387 + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain SKT-1 (FERM P-16510), JP Patent

[0314] Publication (Kokai) 11 -253151 A + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain SKT-2 (FERM P-16511), JP Patent

[0315] Publication (Kokai) 11 -253151 A + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain SKT-3 (FERM P-17021), JP Patent

[0316] Publication (Kokai) 1 1-253151 A + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain T11 (IMI352941 / CECT20498) + TX,

[0317] Trichoderma atroviride, in particular strain SC1 (Accession No. CBS 122089, WO 2009 / 1 16106 and U.S. Patent No. 8,431 ,120 (from Bi-PA)) + TX, Trichoderma atroviride, strain CNCM 1 -1237 (e.g. Esquive® WP from Agrauxine, FR) + TX, Trichoderma fertile (e.g. product TrichoPlus from BASF) + TX, Trichoderma gamsii (formerly T. viride) + TX, Trichoderma gamsii (formerly T. viride) strain ICC 080 (IMI CC 392151 CABI) (available as BIODERMA® by AGROBIOSOL DE MEXICO, S.A. DE C.V.), + TX, Trichoderma gamsii strain ICC080 (IMI CC 392151 CABI, e.g. BioDerma by AGROBIOSOL DE MEXICO, S.A. DE C.V.), + TX, Trichoderma harmatum + TX, Trichoderma harmatum, having Accession No. ATCC 28012 + TX, Trichoderma harzianum + TX, Trichoderma harzianum rifai T39 (e.g. Trichodex® from Makhteshim, US) + TX, Trichoderma harzianum strain Cepa SimbT5 (from Simbiose Agro), + TX, Trichoderma harzianum strain DB 103 (available as T-GRO® 7456 by Dagutat Biolab) + TX, Trichoderma harzianum strain ITEM 908 (e.g. Trianum-P from Koppert) + TX, Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22 (e.g. Trianum-P from Andermatt Biocontrol or Koppert) + TX, Trichoderma harzianum strain TH35 (e.g. Root-Pro by Mycontrol) + TX, Trichoderma polysporum strain IMI 206039 (e.g. Binab TF WP by BINAB Bio-Innovation AB, Sweden) + TX, Trichoderma stromaticum having PAT-11 1640_FF

[0318] 60

[0319] Accession No. Ts3550 (e.g. Tricovab by CEPLAC, Brazil) + TX, Trichoderma virens (also known as Gliocladium virens) in particular strain GL-21 (e.g. SoilGard by Certis, US) + TX, Trichoderma virens strain G- 41 , formerly known as Gliocladium virens (Accession No. ATCC 20906) (e.g., ROOTSHIELD® PLUS WP and TURFSHIELD® PLUS WP from BioWorks, US) + TX, Trichoderma viride in particular strain B35 (Pietr et al., 1993, Zesz. Nauk. A R w Szczecinie 161 : 125-137) + TX, Trichoderma viride strain TV1 (e.g. Trianum-P by Koppert) + TX, Ulocladium oudemansii strain U3, having Accession No. NM 99 / 06216 (e.g., BOTRY-ZEN® by Botry-Zen Ltd, New Zealand and BOTRYSTOP® from BioWorks, Inc.) + TX, Verticillium albo-atrum (formerly V. dahliae) strain WCS850 having Accession No. WCS850, deposited at the Central Bureau for Fungi Cultures (e.g., DUTCH TRIG® by Tree Care Innovations) + TX, Verticillium chlamydosporium + TX; a mixture of Azotobacter vinelandii and Clostridium pasteurianum (available as INVIGORATE® from Agrinos) + TX, a mixture of Bacillus licheniformis FMCH001 and Bacillus subtilis FMCH002 (available as QUARTZO® (WG), PRESENCE® (WP) from FMC Corporation) + TX, Azorhizobium caulinodans, in particular strain ZB-SK-5 + TX, Azospirillum brasilense (e.g., VIGOR® from KALO, Inc.) + TX, Azospirillum lipoferum (e.g., VERTEX-IF™ from TerraMax, Inc.) + TX, Azotobacter chroococcum, in particular strain H23 + TX, Azotobacter vinelandii, in particular strain ATCC 12837 + TX, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BS27 (Accession No. NRRL B-5015) + TX, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in particular strain FZB42 (e.g. RHIZOVITAL® from ABiTEP, DE) + TX, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in particular strain IN937a + TX, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens pm414 (LOLI-PEPTA® from Biofilm Crop Protection) + TX, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SB3281 (ATCC # PTA-7542, WO 2017 / 205258) + TX, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TJ1000 (available as QUIKROOTS® from Novozymes) + TX, Bacillus cereus family member EE128 (NRRL No. B-50917) + TX, Bacillus cereus family member EE349 (NRRL No. B-50928) + TX, Bacillus cereus in particular strain BP01 (ATCC 55675, e.g. MEPICHLOR® from Arysta Lifescience, US) + TX, Bacillus mycoides BT155 (NRRL No. B-50921) + TX, Bacillus mycoides BT46-3 (NRRL No. B-50922) + TX, Bacillus mycoides EE118 (NRRL No. B-50918) + TX, Bacillus mycoides EE141 (NRRL No. B-50916) + TX, Bacillus pumilus in particular strain GB34 (e.g. YIELD SHIELD® from Bayer Crop Science, DE), + TX, Bacillus pumilus in particular strain QST2808 (Accession No. NRRL No. B-30087) + TX, Bacillus siamensis in particular strain KCTC 13613T + TX, Bacillus subtilis in particular strain AQ30002 (Accession No. NRRL No. B-50421 and described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13 / 330,576) + TX, Bacillus subtilis in particular strain AQ30004 (NRRL No. B-50455 and described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13 / 330,576) + TX, Bacillus subtilis in particular strain MBI 600 (e.g. SUBTILEX® from BASF SE) + TX, Bacillus subtilis rm303 (RHIZOMAX® from Biofilm Crop Protection) + TX, Bacillus subtilis strain BU1814 (available as TEQUALIS® from BASF SE) + TX, Bacillus tequilensis in particular strain N 11 -0943 + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis BT013A (NRRL No. B-50924) also known as Bacillus thuringiensis 4Q7 + TX, Bradyrhizobium japonicum (e.g. OPTIMIZE® from Novozymes) + TX, Delftia acidovorans in particular strain RAY209 (e.g. BIOBOOST® from Brett Young Seeds) + TX, Lactobacillus sp. (e.g. LACTOPLANT® from LactoPAFI) + TX, Mesorhizobium cicer (e.g., NODULATOR from BASF SE) + TX, Paenibacillus polymyxa in particular strain AC-1 (e.g. TOPSEED® from Green Biotech Company Ltd.) + TX, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in particular strain PN1 + TX, Pseudomonas proradix (e.g. PRORADIX® from Sourcon Padena) + TX, Rhizobium leguminosarium biovar viciae (e.g., NODULATOR from BASF SE) + TX, Rhizobium leguminosarum in particular bv. viceae strain Z25 (Accession No. CECT 4585) + PAT-11 1640_FF

[0320] 61

[0321] TX, Serratia marcescens in particular strain SRM (Accession No. MTCC 8708), + TX, Sinorhizobium meliloti strain NRG-185-1 (NITRAGIN® GOLD from Bayer CropScience) + TX, Thiobacillus sp. (e.g. CROPAID® from Cropaid Ltd UK) + TX; Myrothecium verrucaria strain AARC-0255 (e.g. DiTera™ from Valent Biosciences) + TX, Penicillium bilaii strain ATCC 22348 (e.g. JumpStart® from Acceleron BioAg) + TX, Penicillium bilaii strain ATCC ATCC20851 + TX, Purpureocillium lilacinum (previously known as Paecilomyces lilacinus) strain 251 (AGAL 89 / 030550, e.g. BioAct from Bayer CropScience Biologies GmbH) + TX, Pythium oligandrum strain DV74 + TX, Pythium oligandrum strain M1 (ATCC 38472 e.g. Polyversum from Bioprepraty, CZ) + TX, Rhizopogon amylopogon (Myco-Sol from Agri-Enterprise, LLC, formerly Helena Chemical Company) + TX, Rhizopogon fulvigleba (e.g. Myco-Sol from Agri-Enterprise, LLC, formerly Helena Chemical Company) + TX, Talaromyces flavus strain V117b + TX, Trichoderma asperellum strain (Eco-T from Plant Health Products, ZA) + TX, Trichoderma asperellum strain kd (e.g. T-Gro from Andermatt Biocontrol) + TX, Trichoderma atroviride in particular strain no. V08 / 002387 + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain CNCM 1 -1237 (e.g. Esquive® WP from Agrauxine, FR) + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain LC52 (also known as Trichoderma atroviride strain LU132, e.g. Sentinel from Agrimm Technologies Limited) + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain no. NMI No. V08 / 002388 + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain no. NMI No. V08 / 002389 + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain no. NMI No. V08 / 002390 + TX, Trichoderma atroviride strain SC1 (described in W02009 / 116106) + TX, Trichoderma harzianum strain 1295-22 + TX, Trichoderma harzianum strain ITEM 908 + TX, Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22 (e.g. Trianum-P from Andermatt Biocontrol or Koppert) + TX, Trichoderma harzianum strain TSTh20, + TX, Trichoderma virens strain GI-3 + TX, Trichoderma virens strain GL-21 (e.g. SoilGard® from Certis, USA) + TX, Trichoderma viride strain B35 (Pietr et al., 1993, Zesz. Nauk. A R w Szczecinie 161 : 125-137) + TX, Verticillium albo-atrum (formerly V. dahliae) strain WCS850 (CBS 276.92, e.g. Dutch Trig from Tree Care Innovations) + TX; Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K84 (Galltrol from AgBiochem Inc.), + TX, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in particular strain PTS-4838 (e.g. AVEO from Valent Biosciences, US), + TX, Bacillus mycoides, isolate J. (e.g. BmJ from Certis USA LLC), + TX, Bacillus sphaericus in particular Serotype H5a5b strain 2362 (strain ABTS-1743) (e.g. VECTOLEX® from Valent BioSciences, US), + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis strain BMP 144 (e.g. AQUABAC® by Becker Microbial Products IL) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain GC-91 + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, in particular serotype H-7 (e.g. FLORBAC® WG from Valent BioSciences, US) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, in particular strain ABTS-1857 (SD-1372, e.g. XENTARI® from Valent BioSciences) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (serotype H-14) strain AM65-52 (Accession No. ATCC 1276) (e.g. VECTOBAC® by Valent BioSciences, US) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ABTS 351 + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123 (from Becker Microbial Products, IL, BARITONE from Bayer CropScience) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG 2348 (LEPINOX from Certis, US) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG 7841 (CRYMAX from Certis, US) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1 (e.g. DIPEL® ES from Valent BioSciences, US) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain PB 54 + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain SA 11 (JAVELIN from Certis, US) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain SA 12 (THURICIDE from Certis, US) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB 176 (SD-5428, e.g. NOVODOR® FC from BioFa DE) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis var. PAT-11 1640_FF

[0322] 62

[0323] Colmeri (e.g. TIANBAOBTC by Changzhou Jianghai Chemical Factory) + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis var. japonensis strain Buibui + TX, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki strain EVB-113-19 (e.g., BIOPROTEC® from AEF Global) + TX, Brevibacillus laterosporus + TX, Burkholderia spp. in particular Burkholderia rinojensis strain A396 (also known as Burkholderia rinojensis strain MBI 305) (Accession No. NRRL B-50319, WO 2011 / 106491 and WO 2013 / 032693, e.g. MBI206 TGAI and ZELTO® from Marrone Bio Innovations), + TX, Chromobacterium subtsugae in particular strain PRAA4-1T (e.g. MBI-203, e.g. GRANDEVO® from Marrone Bio Innovations) + TX, Lecanicillium muscarium Ve6 (MYCOTAL from Koppert) + TX, Paenibacillus popilliae (formerly Bacillus popilliae, e.g. MILKY SPORE POWDER™ or MILKY SPORE GRANULAR™ from St. Gabriel Laboratories) + TX, Serratia entomophila (e.g. INVADE® by Wrightson Seeds) + TX, Serratia marcescens in particular strain SRM (Accession No. MTCC 8708) + TX, Trichoderma asperellum (TRICHODERMAX from Novozymes) + TX, Wolbachia pipientis ZAP strain (e.g., ZAP MALES® from MosquitoMate) + TX; Beauveria bassiana strain ATCC 74040 (e.g. NATURALIS® from Intrachem Bio Italia) + TX, Beauveria bassiana strain ATP02 (Accession No. DSM 24665), Apopka 97 (PREFERAL from SePRO) + TX, Beauveria bassiana strain GHA (Accession No. ATCC74250, e.g. BOTANIGUARD® ES and MYCONTROL-O® from Laverlam International Corporation) + TX, Metarhizium anisopliae 3213-1 (deposited under NRRL accession number 67074 disclosed in WO 2017 / 066094, Pioneer Hi-Bred International) + TX, Metarhizium robertsii 15013-1 (deposited under NRRL accession number 67073) + TX, Metarhizium robertsii 23013-3 (deposited under NRRL accession number 67075) + TX, Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 (MELOCON from Certis, US) + TX, Zoophtora radicans + TX; Adoxophyes orana (summer fruit tortrix) granulosis virus (GV) + TX, Cydia pomonella (codling moth) granulosis virus (GV) + TX, Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) + TX, Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm) mNPV + TX, Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) mNPV + TX, Spodoptera littoralis (African cotton leafworm) NPV + TX; Agrobacterium spp. + TX, Azorhizobium caulinodans + TX, Azospirillum spp. + TX, Azotobacter spp. + TX, Bradyrhizobium spp. + TX, Burkholderia spp. in particular Burkholderia cepacia (formerly known as Pseudomonas cepacia) + TX, Gigaspora monosporum + TX, Gigaspora spp. + TX, Glomus spp. + TX, Laccaria spp. + TX, LactoBacillus buchneri + TX, Paraglomus spp. + TX, Pisolithus tinctorus + TX, Pseudomonas spp. + TX, Rhizobium spp. in particular Rhizobium trifolii + TX, Rhizopogon spp. + TX, Scleroderma spp. + TX, Streptomyces spp. + TX, Suillus spp. + TX; Allium sativum (NEMGUARD from Eco-Spray, BRALIC from ADAMA) + TX, Armour-Zen + TX, Artemisia absinthium + TX, Biokeeper WP + TX, Brassicaceae extract in particular oilseed rape powder or mustard powder + TX, Cassia nigricans + TX, Celastrus angulatus + TX, Chenopodium anthelminticum + TX, Chenopodium quinoa saponin extract from quinoa seeds (e.g. Heads Up® (Saponins of Quinoa) from Heads Up plant Protectants, CA) + TX, Chitin + TX, Dryopteris filix-mas + TX, Equisetum arvense + TX, Fortune Aza + TX, Fungastop + TX, Melaleuca alternifolia extract (TIMOREX GOLD from STK) + TX, naturally occurring Blad polypeptide extracted from Lupin seeds (FRACTURE® from FMC) + TX, naturally occurring Blad polypeptide extracted from Lupin seeds (PROBLAD® from Certis EU) + TX, Pyrethrins + TX, Quassia amara + TX, Quercus + TX, Quillaja extract (QL AGRI 35 from BASF) + TX, REGALIA MAXX from Marrone Bio) + TX, Requiem™ Insecticide + TX, Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (REGALLIA + TX, ryania / ryanodine + TX, Symphytum officinale + TX, Tanacetum vulgare + TX, Thymol + TX, Thymol mixed with Geraniol (CEDROZ PAT-111640_FF

[0324] 63 from Eden Research) + TX, Thymol mixed with Geraniol and Eugenol (MEVALONE from Eden Research) + TX, Triact 70 + TX, TriCon + TX, Tropaeulum majus + TX, Urtica dioica + TX, Veratrin + TX, Viscum album + TX; mercuric oxide + TX, octhilinone + TX, thiophanate-methyl + TX; 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl piperonylate + TX, 2-isovalerylindan-1 ,3-dione + TX, 4-(quinoxalin-2-ylamino)benzenesulfonamide + TX, 5-(1 ,3-benzodioxol- 5-yl)-3-hexylcyclohex-2-enone + TX, acibenzolar + TX, acibenzolar-S-methyl + TX, alpha-bromadiolone + TX, alpha-chlorohydrin + TX, aluminium phosphide + TX, anthraquinone + TX, antu + TX, arsenous oxide + TX, barium carbonate + TX, benoxacor + TX, bisthiosemi + TX, brodifacoum + TX, bromadiolone + TX, bromethalin + TX, calcium cyanide + TX, chloralose + TX, chlorophacinone + TX, cholecalciferol + TX, cloquintocet (including cloquintocet-mexyl) + TX, copper naphthenate + TX, copper oxychloride + TX, coumachlor + TX, coumafuryl + TX, coumatetralyl + TX, crimidine + TX, cyprosulfamide + TX, diazinon + TX, dichlormid + TX, dicyclopentadiene + TX, difenacoum + TX, difethialone + TX, diphacinone + TX, ergocalciferol + TX, farnesol + TX, farnesol with nerolidol + TX, fenchlorazole (including fenchlorazole-ethyl) + TX, fenclorim + TX, flocoumafen + TX, fluoroacetamide + TX, flupropadine + TX, flupropadine hydrochloride + TX, fluxofenim + TX, furilazole + TX, gamma-HCH + TX, guazatine + TX, guazatine acetates + TX, HCH + TX, hydrogen cyanide + TX, imanin + TX, iodomethane + TX, isoxadifen (including isoxadifen-ethyl) + TX, lindane + TX, magnesium phosphide + TX, MB-599 + TX, mefenpyr (including mefenpyr-diethyl) + TX, metcamifen + TX, methiocarb + TX, methyl bromide + TX, MGK 264 + TX, nerolidol + TX, norbormide + TX, petroleum oils + TX, phosacetim + TX, phosphine + TX, phosphorus + TX, pindone + TX, piperonyl butoxide + TX, piprotal + TX, potassium arsenite + TX, probenazole + TX, propyl isomer + TX, pyridin-4-amine + TX, pyrinuron + TX, Reynoutria sachalinensis extract + TX, ribavirin + TX, S421 + TX, scilliroside + TX, sesamex + TX, sesasmolin + TX, sodium arsenite + TX, sodium cyanide + TX, sodium fluoroacetate + TX, strychnine + TX, sulfoxide + TX, thallium sulfate + TX, thiram + TX, trimethacarb + TX, warfarin + TX, zinc naphthenate + TX, zinc phosphide + TX, ziram + TX.

[0325] The references in brackets behind the active ingredients, e.g. [3878-19-1] refer to the Chemical Abstracts Registry number. The above described mixing partners are known. Where the active ingredients are included in "The Pesticide Manual" [The Pesticide Manual - A World Compendium; Thirteenth Edition; Editor: C. D. S. TomLin; The British Crop Protection Council], they are described therein underthe entry number given in round brackets hereinabove for the particular compound; for example, the compound "abamectin" is described under entry number (1). Where "[CCN]" is added hereinabove to the particular compound, the compound in question is included in the "Compendium of Pesticide Common Names", which is accessible on the internet [A. Wood; Compendium of Pesticide Common Names, Copyright © 1995-2004]; for example, the compound "acetoprole" is described under the internet address

[0326] Most of the active ingredients described above are referred to hereinabove by a so-called "common name", the relevant "ISO common name" or another "common name" being used in individual cases. If the designation is not a "common name", the nature of the designation used instead is given in round brackets for the particular compound; in that case, the IUPAC name, the lUPAC / Chemical Abstracts name, a "chemical name", a "traditional name", a "compound name" or a "development code" is used or, if neither one of those designations PAT-111640_FF

[0327] 64 nor a "common name" is used, an "alternative name" is employed. “CAS Reg. No” means the Chemical Abstracts Registry Number.

[0328] The tradenames in brackets behind the active ingredient refer to the commercially available product or products comprising this active ingredient.

[0329] The active ingredient mixture of the compounds of formula (I) selected from the compounds of formulae (I), (I- a), or (l-b), or one compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds as represented in Tables A-1 to A-3, or a compound listed in Table P (below), with active ingredients described above comprises a compound selected from one compound of formulae (I), (l-a), or (l-b), or one compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds as represented in Tables A-1 to A-3, or a compound listed in Table P (below), and an active ingredient as described above preferably in a mixing ratio of from 100:1 to 1 :6000, especially from 50:1 to 1 :50, more especially in a ratio of from 20:1 to 1 :20, even more especially from 10:1 to 1 :10, very especially from 5:1 and 1 :5, special preference being given to a ratio of from 2:1 to 1 :2, and a ratio of from 4:1 to 2:1 being likewise preferred, above all in a ratio of 1 :1 , or 5:1 , or 5:2, or 5:3, or 5:4, or 4:1 , or 4:2, or 4:3, or 3:1 , or 3:2, or 2:1 , or 1 :5, or 2:5, or 3:5, or 4:5, or 1 :4, or 2:4, or 3:4, or 1 :3, or 2:3, or 1 :2, or 1 :600, or 1 :300, or 1 :150, or 1 :35, or 2:35, or 4:35, or 1 :75, or 2:75, or 4:75, or 1 :6000, or 1 :3000, or 1 :1500, or 1 :350, or 2:350, or 4:350, or 1 :750, or 2:750, or 4:750. Those mixing ratios are by weight.

[0330] The mixtures as described above can be used in a method for controlling pests, which comprises applying a composition comprising a mixture as described above to the pests or their environment, with the exception of a method for treatment of the human or animal body by surgery or therapy and diagnostic methods practised on the human or animal body.

[0331] The mixtures comprising a compound of formula (I) selected from the compounds of formulae (I), or one compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds as represented in Table P4 (below), and one or more active ingredients as described above can be applied, for example, in a single “ready-mix” form, in a combined spray mixture composed from separate formulations of the single active ingredient components, such as a “tank-mix”, and in a combined use of the single active ingredients when applied in a sequential manner, e.g., one after the other with a reasonably short period, such as a few hours or days. The order of applying the compounds of formula (I) and the active ingredients as described above is not essential for working the present invention.

[0332] The compositions according to the invention can also comprise further solid or liquid auxiliaries, such as stabilizers, e.g., unepoxidized or epoxidized vegetable oils (e.g., epoxidized coconut oil, rapeseed oil or soya oil), antifoams, e.g., silicone oil, preservatives, viscosity regulators, binders and / or tackifiers, fertilizers or other active ingredients for achieving specific effects, e.g., bactericides, fungicides, nematocides, plant activators, molluscicides or herbicides.

[0333] The compositions according to the invention are prepared in a manner known per se, in the absence of auxiliaries for example by grinding, screening and / or compressing a solid active ingredient and in the presence PAT-111640_FF

[0334] 65 of at least one auxiliary for example by intimately mixing and / or grinding the active ingredient with the auxiliary (auxiliaries). These processes for the preparation of the compositions and the use of the compounds I for the preparation of these compositions are also a subject of the invention.

[0335] The application methods for the compositions, that is the methods of controlling pests of the abovementioned type, such as spraying, atomizing, dusting, brushing on, dressing, scattering, or pouring - which are to be selected to suit the intended aims of the prevailing circumstances - and the use of the compositions for controlling pests of the abovementioned type are other subjects of the invention. Typical rates of concentration are between 0.1 and 1000 ppm, preferably between 0.1 and 500 ppm, of active ingredient. The rate of application per hectare is generally 1 to 2000 g of active ingredient per hectare, in particular 10 to 1000 g / ha, preferably 10 to 600 g / ha.

[0336] A preferred method of application in the field of crop protection is application to the foliage of the plants (foliar application), it being possible to select frequency and rate of application to match the danger of infestation with the pest in question. Alternatively, the active ingredient can reach the plants via the root system (systemic action), by drenching the locus of the plants with a liquid composition or by incorporating the active ingredient in solid form into the locus of the plants, for example into the soil, for example in the form of granules (soil application). In the case of paddy rice crops, such granules can be metered into the flooded paddy-field.

[0337] The compounds of formula (I) ofthe invention and compositions thereof are to be also suitable forthe protection of plant propagation material, for example seeds, such as fruit, tubers or kernels, or nursery plants, against pests of the abovementioned type. The propagation material can be treated with the compound prior to planting, for example seed can be treated prior to sowing. Alternatively, the compound can be applied to seed kernels (coating), either by soaking the kernels in a liquid composition or by applying a layer of a solid composition. It is also possible to apply the compositions when the propagation material is planted to the site of application, for example into the seed furrow during drilling. These treatment methods for plant propagation material and the plant propagation material thus treated are further subjects of the invention. Typical treatment rates would depend on the plant and pest / fungi to be controlled and are generally between 1 to 200 grams per 100 kg of seeds, preferably between 5 to 150 grams per 100 kg of seeds, such as between 10 to 100 grams per 100 kg of seeds.

[0338] The term “seed” embraces seeds and plant propagules of all kinds including but not limited to true seeds, seed pieces, suckers, corns, bulbs, fruit, tubers, grains, rhizomes, cuttings, cut shoots and the like and means in a preferred embodiment true seeds.

[0339] The present invention also comprises seeds coated or treated with or containing a compound of formula (I). The term "coated or treated with and / or containing" generally signifies that the active ingredient is for the most part on the surface of the seed at the time of application, although a greater or lesser part of the ingredient may penetrate into the seed material, depending on the method of application. When the said seed product is (re)planted, it may absorb the active ingredient. In an embodiment, the present invention makes available a PAT-11 1640_FF

[0340] 66 plant propagation material adhered thereto with a compound of formula (I). Further, it is hereby made available, a composition comprising a plant propagation material treated with a compound of formula (I).

[0341] Seed treatment comprises all suitable seed treatment techniques known in the art, such as seed dressing, seed coating, seed dusting, seed soaking and seed pelleting. The seed treatment application of the compound formula (I) can be carried out by any known methods, such as spraying or by dusting the seeds before sowing or during the sowing / planting of the seeds.

[0342] The compounds of the invention can be distinguished from other similar compounds by virtue of greater efficacy at low application rates and / or different pest control, which can be verified by the person skilled in the art using the experimental procedures, using lower concentrations if necessary, e.g., 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 2 ppm, 1 ppm or 0.2 ppm; or lower application rates, such as 300, 200 or 100, mg of Al (active ingredient) per m2. The greater efficacy can be observed by an increased safety profile (against non-target organisms above and below ground (such as fish, birds, and bees), improved physico-chemical properties, or increased biodegradability).

[0343] In each aspect and embodiment of the invention, "consisting essentially" and inflections thereof are a preferred embodiment of "comprising" and its inflections, and "consisting of and inflections thereof are a preferred embodiment of "consisting essentially of and its inflections.

[0344] The disclosure in the present application makes available each and every combination of embodiments disclosed herein.

[0345] It should be noted that the disclosure herein in respect of a compound of formula (I) applies equally in respect of a compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds as represented in Table P4 (below).

[0346] The compound of formula (I) according to the invention is suitable for use on transgenic crops and plant cultivars obtained by genetic engineering methods, including those that have been genetically modified to be resistant to active ingredients such as herbicides, or to produce biologically active compounds that control infestation by plant pests.

[0347] The preferred transgenic crops (or plants) or plant cultivars (obtained by genetic engineering) which can be treated with a compound of formula (I) according to the invention include all plants which, by virtue of the genetic modification, received genetic material which imparts particularly advantageous, useful traits to these plants. Examples of such traits are better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content, increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, higher quality and / or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, better storage stability and / or processability of the harvested products.

[0348] Further and particularly emphasized examples of such traits are a better defence of the plants against animal and microbial pests, such as against insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and / or viruses, and also increased tolerance of the plants to certain herbicidally active compounds. PAT-11 1640_FF

[0349] 67

[0350] In a further embodiment, transgenic crops and plant cultivars obtained by genetic engineering methods, if appropriate in combination with conventional methods (Genetically Modified Organisms), and parts thereof, are treated. Particularly preferably, crops of the plant cultivars which are in each case commercially available or in use are treated according to the invention. Plant cultivars are understood as meaning crops having novel properties ("traits") which have been obtained by conventional breeding, by mutagenesis or by recombinant DNA techniques. These can be cultivars, bio- or genotypes.

[0351] Traits that are emphasized in particular are the increased defense of the crops against insects, arachnids, nematodes and slugs and snails by virtue of toxins formed in the plants, in particular those formed in the plants by the genetic material from Bacillus thuringiensis (for example by the genes CrylA(a), CrylA(b), CrylA(c), CryllA, CrylllA, Cryll IB2, Cry9c, Cry2Ab, Cry3Bb and CrylF and also combinations thereof) (referred to herein as "Bt crops"). Traits that are also particularly emphasized are the increased defense of the plants against fungi, bacteria, and viruses by systemic acquired resistance (SAR), systemin, phytoalexins, elicitors and resistance genes and correspondingly expressed proteins and toxins.

[0352] Traits that are furthermore particularly emphasized are the increased tolerance of the plants to certain herbicidally active compounds, for example imidazolinones, sulphonylureas, glyphosate or phosphinotricin (for example the "PAT" gene). The genes which impart the desired traits in question can also be present in combination with one another in the transgenic crops.

[0353] The term "crops" is to be understood as including also crop plants which have been so transformed by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that they are capable of synthesising one or more selectively acting toxins, such as are known, for example, from toxin-producing bacteria, especially those of the genus Bacillus.

[0354] Transgenic plants containing one or more genes that code for an insecticidal resistance and express one or more toxins are known and some of them are commercially available. Examples of such plants are: YieldGard® (maize variety that expresses a Cry1 Ab toxin); YieldGard Rootworm® (maize variety that expresses a Cry3Bb1 toxin); YieldGard Plus® (maize variety that expresses a Cry1 Ab and a Cry3Bb1 toxin); Starlink® (maize variety that expresses a Cry9C toxin); Herculex I® (maize variety that expresses a Cry1 Fa2 toxin and the enzyme phosphinothricine N-acetyltransferase (PAT) to achieve tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium); NuCOTN 33B® (cotton variety that expresses a Cry 1 Ac toxin); Bollgard I® (cotton variety that expresses a CrylAc toxin); Bollgard II® (cotton variety that expresses a CrylAc and a Cry2Ab toxin); VipCot® (cotton variety that expresses a Vip3A and a Cry1 Ab toxin); NewLeaf® (potato variety that expresses a Cry3A toxin); NatureGard®, Agrisure® GT Advantage (GA21 glyphosate-tolerant trait), Agrisure® CB Advantage (Bt11 corn borer (CB) trait) and Protecta®.

[0355] Toxins that can be expressed by transgenic plants include, for example, insecticidal proteins, for example insecticidal proteins from Bacillus cereus or Bacillus popilliae; or insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as 8-endotoxins, e.g., CrylAb, CrylAc, Cryl F, Cry1 Fa2, Cry2Ab, Cry3A, Cry3Bb1 or Cry9C, or vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip), e.g., Vip1 , Vip2, Vip3 or Vip3A; or insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonising nematodes, for example Photorhabdus spp. or Xenorhabdus spp., such as Photorhabdus PAT-11 1640_FF

[0356] 68 luminescens, Xenorhabdus nematophilus; toxins produced by animals, such as scorpion toxins, arachnid toxins, wasp toxins and other insect-specific neurotoxins; toxins produced by fungi, such as Streptomycetes toxins, plant lectins, such as pea lectins, barley lectins or snowdrop lectins; agglutinins; proteinase inhibitors, such as trypsin inhibitors, serine protease inhibitors, patatin, cystatin, papain inhibitors; ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP), such as ricin, maize-RIP, abrin, luffin, saporin or bryodin; steroid metabolism enzymes, such as 3-hydroxysteroidoxidase, ecdysteroid-UDP-glycosyl-transferase, cholesterol oxidases, ecdysone inhibitors, HMG-COA-reductase, ion channel blockers, such as blockers of sodium or calcium channels, juvenile hormone esterase, diuretic hormone receptors, stilbene synthase, bibenzyl synthase, chitinases, and glucanases.

[0357] In the context of the present invention there are to be understood by 8-endotoxins, for example Cry 1 Ab, CrylAc, Cry1 F, Cry1 Fa2, Cry2Ab, Cry3A, Cry3Bb1 or Cry9C, or vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vip), for example Vi p1 , Vip2, Vip3 or Vip3A, expressly also hybrid toxins, truncated toxins, and modified toxins. Hybrid toxins are produced recombinantly by a new combination of different domains of those proteins (see, for example, WO 02 / 15701). Truncated toxins, for example a truncated CrylAb, are known. In the case of modified toxins, one or more amino acids of the naturally occurring toxin are replaced. In such amino acid replacements, preferably non-naturally present protease recognition sequences are inserted into the toxin, such as, for example, in the case of Cry3A055, a cathepsin-G-recognition sequence is inserted into a Cry3A toxin (see WO 03 / 018810).

[0358] Examples of such toxins or transgenic plants capable of synthesising such toxins are disclosed, for example, in EP-A-0 374 753, WO 93 / 07278, WO 95 / 34656, EP-A-0 427 529, EP-A-451 878 and WO 03 / 052073.

[0359] The processes for the preparation of such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above. Cryl-type deoxyribonucleic acids and their preparation are known, for example, from WO95 / 34656, EP0367474, EP0401979 and WO90 / 13651.

[0360] The toxin contained in the transgenic plants imparts to the plant tolerance to harmful insects. Such insects can occur in any taxonomic group of insects but are especially commonly found in the beetles (Coleoptera), twowinged insects (Diptera) and moths (Lepidoptera).

[0361] Further examples of such transgenic crops are:

[0362] 1. Bt11 Maize from Syngenta Seeds SAS, Chemin de I'Hobit 27, F-31 790 St. Sauveur, France, registration number C / FR / 96 / 05 / 10. Genetically modified Zea mays which has been rendered resistant to attack by the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis and Sesamia nonagrioides) by transgenic expression of a truncated CrylAb toxin. Bt11 maize also transgenically expresses the enzyme PAT to achieve tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium.

[0363] 2. Bt176 Maize from Syngenta Seeds SAS, Chemin de I'Hobit 27, F-31 790 St. Sauveur, France, registration number C / FR / 96 / 05 / 10. Genetically modified Zea mays which has been rendered resistant to attack by the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis and Sesamia nonagrioides) by transgenic expression of a CrylAb toxin. PAT-11 1640_FF

[0364] 69

[0365] Bt176 maize also transgenically expresses the enzyme PAT to achieve tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium.

[0366] 3. MIR604 Maize from Syngenta Seeds SAS, Chemin de I'Hobit 27, F-31 790 St. Sauveur, France, registration number C / FR / 96 / 05 / 10. Maize which has been rendered insect-resistant by transgenic expression of a modified Cry3A toxin. This toxin is Cry3A055 modified by insertion of a cathepsin-G-protease recognition sequence. The preparation of such transgenic maize plants is described in WO 03 / 018810.

[0367] 4. MON 863 Maize from Monsanto Europe S.A. 270-272 Avenue de Tervuren, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium, registration number C / DE / 02 / 9. MON 863 expresses a Cry3Bb1 toxin and has resistance to certain Coleoptera insects.

[0368] 5. IPC 531 Cotton from Monsanto Europe S.A. 270-272 Avenue de Tervuren, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium, registration number C / ES / 96 / 02.

[0369] 6. 1507 Maize from Pioneer Overseas Corporation, Avenue Tedesco, 7 B-1160 Brussels, Belgium, registration number C / NL / 00 / 10. Genetically modified maize for the expression of the protein Cry1 F for achieving resistance to certain Lepidoptera insects and of the PAT protein for achieving tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate ammonium.

[0370] 7. NK603 x MON 810 Maize from Monsanto Europe S.A. 270-272 Avenue de Tervuren, B-1150 Brussels, Belgium, registration number C / GB / 02 / M3 / 03. Consists of conventionally bred hybrid maize varieties by crossing the genetically modified varieties NK603 and MON 810. NK603 x MON 810 Maize transgenically expresses the protein CP4 EPSPS, obtained from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, which imparts tolerance to the herbicide Roundup® (contains glyphosate), and also a CrylAb toxin obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki which brings about tolerance to certain Lepidoptera, include the European corn borer.

[0371] Transgenic crops of insect-resistant plants are also described in BATS (Zentrum fur Biosicherheit und Nachhaltigkeit, Zentrum BATS, Clarastrasse 13, 4058 Basel, Switzerland) Report 2003, (http: / / bats.ch).

[0372] The term "crops" is to be understood as including also crop plants which have been so transformed by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that they are capable of synthesising antipathogenic substances having a selective action, such as, for example, the so-called "pathogenesis-related proteins" (PRPs, see e.g., EP0392225). Examples of such antipathogenic substances and transgenic plants capable of synthesising such antipathogenic substances are known, for example, from EP0392225, WO95 / 33818 and EP0353191. The methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.

[0373] Crops also include those that have enhanced resistance to nematodes, such as the soybean cyst nematode.

[0374] Crops that are tolerance to abiotic stress include those that have enhanced tolerance to drought, high salt, high temperature, chill, frost, or light radiation, for example through expression of NF-YB or other proteins known in the art. PAT-11 1640_FF

[0375] 70

[0376] Antipathogenic substances which can be expressed by such transgenic plants include, for example, ion channel blockers, such as blockers for sodium and calcium channels, for example the viral KP1 , KP4 or KP6 toxins; stilbene synthases; bibenzyl synthases; chitinases; glucanases; the so-called "pathogenesis-related proteins" (PRPs; see e.g., EP0392225); antipathogenic substances produced by microorganisms, for example peptide antibiotics or heterocyclic antibiotics (see e.g., WO95 / 33818) or protein or polypeptide factors involved in plant pathogen defence (so-called "plant disease resistance genes", as described in W003 / 000906).

[0377] The compounds of formula (I) according to the present invention, or compositions comprising said compounds, may be used in controlling or preventing animal pests, including arthropods and in particular insects on genetically modified soybean, preferably Bt soybean.

[0378] In particular, transgenic soybean expressing toxins, for example insecticidal proteins such as delta-endotoxins, e.g., CrylAc (CrylAc Bt protein). Accordingly, this may include transgenic soybean comprising event MON87701 (disclosed in W02009 / 064652), event MON87701 x MON89788 (disclosed in WO2014 / 170327, e.g. commercially available as Intacta RR2 PRO® soybean), event MON87751 (disclosed in WO2014 / 201235), event DAS-44406-6 (e.g., commercially available as Enlist E3™, DAS-44406-6, disclosed in WO2012 / 075426), or event DAS-81419-2 (described in WO2013 / 016527, e.g., commercially available as Conkesta™ soybean); event DAS-81419-2 x DAS-44406-6 (e.g., commercially available as Conkesta™ Enlist E3™ Soybean).

[0379] Useful transgenic events in transgenic soybean, which can be treated according to the invention, include event DAS-44406-6 / pDAB8264.44.06.1 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in WO2012 / 075426); event DAS- 81419-2 (described in WO2013 / 016527 (e.g., commercially available as aka Conkesta™ soybean, Conkesta™ Enlist E3™ soybean, DAS-81419-2 x DAS-44406-6); event DAS-14536-7 / pDAB8291 .45.36.2 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in WO2012 / 075429); DAS-68416-4 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, ATCC Accession No. PTA-10442, disclosed in WO2011 / 066384, WO2011 / 066360); event DP-305423-1 (soybean, quality mark, disclosed in W02008 / 054747, e.g. commercially available as Treus™, Plenish™, Plenish® High Oleic Soybeans); event DP-356043-5 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8287, disclosed in W02008 / 002872, e.g. commercially available as Optimum GAT™); event FG72 (soybean, herbicidetolerance, disclosed in WO2011 / 063413); event LL27 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in W02006 / 108674); event LL55 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in WO 2006 / 108675); event EE- GM3 / FG72 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance) optionally stacked with event EE-GM1 / LL27 or event EE-GM2 / LL55 (disclosed in WO2011 / 063413); event MON87701 (soybean, insect control, disclosed in W02009 / 064652, WO2014 / 170327); event MON87701 x MON89788 (disclosed in WO2014 / 170327, e.g. commercially available as Intacta RR2 PRO® soybean); event MON87705 (soybean, improved fatty acid profile, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in WO2010 / 037016 or US20100080887A, e.g. commercially available as Vistive Gold ™); event MON87751 (lepidopteran-resistant, ATCC accession no. PTA-120166. disclosed in WO2014 / 201235); event MON87751xMON87701xMON89788xMON87708 (commercially available as Intacta2 Xtend®); event MON87708 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in WO2011 / 034704, e.g. commercially available as Genuity® Roundup Ready™ 2 Xtend™); event MON87708xMON89788 (soybean, e.g. commercially available as Roundup Ready™ 2 Xtend™); event MON87712 (soybean, yield, disclosed in WO2012 / 051199); event PAT-11 1640_FF

[0380] 71

[0381] MON87754 (soybean, quality feature, disclosed in WO2010 / 024976); event MON87769 (soybean, quality attribute, disclosed in W02009 / 102873); event MON89788 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in W02006 / 130436, e.g. commercially available as Genuity® Roundup Ready 2 Yield™); event SYHT0H2 / SYN- 000H2-5 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in WO2012 / 082548); event DAS-21606-3 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in WO2012 / 033794); event 8264.44.06.1 (soybean, stacked herbicidetolerance, disclosed in W02022 / 012075426); event pDAB8291 .45.36.2 (soybean, stacked herbicidetolerance, disclosed in WO2012 / 075429); event pDAB8264.42.32.1 (soybean, stacked herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in WO2013 / 010094); event A2704-12 (glufosinate tolerance, disclosed in W02006 / 108647); event A5547-127 (phosphinothricin tolerant, disclosed in W02006 / 108675); event BPS-CV127- 91 (herbicide tolerance, disclosed in WO 2010 / 080829); event GU262 (phosphinothricin tolerant, described in APHIS regulatory reference US 98-238-01 p); event MON 87708 x MON 89788 x A5547-127; G72xA5547-127 (event code: MST-FG072-3xACS-GM006-4, e.g. commercially available as Liberty Link™ soybean), event MON- 04032-6 (event code: GTS 40-3-2, http: / / www.agbios.com / static / cropdb / LONG-GTS-40-3-2-printer.html, e.g. commercially available as Roundup Ready® soybean), event HB4 (event code IND-00410-5, US2022 / 00901 1 , e.g., commercially available as Verdeca HB4 Soybean).

[0382] Particularly useful transgenic events in transgenic soybean, which can preferably be treated according to the invention, include event A2704-12 (glufosinate tolerance, disclosed in W02006 / 108647, e.g., commercially available as Liberty Link™ soybean), event A5547-127 (phosphinothricin tolerant, disclosed in W02006 / 108675, US8952142B2, e.g., commercially available as Liberty Link™ soybean); A5547-35 (event code: ACS-GM008-6, gene: pat, e.g. commercially available as Liberty Link™ soybean), event MON89788 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in W02006 / 130436, e.g. commercially available as Genuity® Roundup Ready 2 Yield™); DP-305423-1 (soybean, quality mark, disclosed in W02008 / 054747, e.g., commercially available as Treus™, Plenish™, Plenish® High Oleic Soybeans); event MON87701 (soybean, insect resistant, disclosed in W02009 / 064652); event MON87701 x MON89788 (disclosed in WO2014 / 170327, e.g. commercially available as Intacta RR2 PRO® soybean); event MON87705 (soybean, improved fatty acid profile, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in WO2010 / 037016 or US20100080887A, e.g. commercially available as Vistive Gold ™); event FG72 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in WO2011 / 063413); evet FG72xA5547-127 (e.g. commercially available as LibertyLink® GT27™); event SYHT0H2 / SYN-000H2-5 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, disclosed in WO2012 / 082548); event DAS-81419-2 (described in WO2013 / 016527, e.g., commercially available as Conkesta™ soybean); event DAS-44406-6 (disclosed in WO2012 / 075426, e.g., commercially available as Enlist E3™), or event DAS-81419-2 (described in WO2013 / 016527, e.g., commercially available as Conkesta™ soybean); DAS81419-2xDAS4406 (e.g., commercially available as Conkesta™ Enlist E3™ soybean); event DP305423x GTS 40-3-2 (soybean, quality mark, disclosed in W02008 / 054747, e.g. commercially available as Plenish® High Oleic Soybeans); event DP- 356043-5 (soybean, herbicide-tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8287, disclosed in W02008 / 002872, e.g. commercially available as Optimum GAT™), event MON-04032-6 (event code: GTS 40-3-2, PAT-11 1640_FF

[0383] 72 e.g. commercially available as Roundup

[0384] Ready® soybean).

[0385] Furthermore, such a list of transgenic events is provided by the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and can be found on their website on the World Wide Web at aphis.usda.gov.

[0386] Transgenic soybean events comprising herbicide tolerance genes are for example, but not excluding others, GTS 40-3-2, MON87705, MON87708, MON87712, MON87769, MON89788, A2704-12, A2704-21 , A5547- 127, A5547-35, DP356043, DAS44406-6, DAS68416-4, DAS81419-2, GU262, SYHT0H2, W62, W98, FG72 and CV127.

[0387] According to one embodiment of the invention, there is provided the use of a compound of formula (I) for pest control, in particular insects, on transgenic soybeans, wherein said transgenic soybean events comprising herbicide tolerance genes are for example, but not excluding others, GTS 40-3-2, MON87705, MON87708, MON87712, MON87769, MON89788, A2704-12, A2704-21 , A5547-127, A5547-35, DP356043, DAS44406-6, DAS68416-4, DAS81419-2, GU262, SYHT0H2, W62, W98, FG72 and CV127.

[0388] The compounds of formula (I) according to the present invention, or compositions comprising said compounds, may be used in controlling or preventing animal pests, including arthropods and in particular insects on genetically modified cotton.

[0389] Transgenic cotton events comprising herbicide tolerance genes are for example, but not excluding others, 19- 51 a, 31707, 42317, 81910, 281 -24-236, 3006-210-23, BXN1021 1 , BXN 10215, BXN10222, BXN 10224, MON1445, MON1698, MON88701 , MON88913, GHB1 19, GHB614, LLCotton25, T303-3 and T304-40.

[0390] Transgenic cotton events comprising genes for insecticidal proteins are for example, but not excluding others, SGK321 , MON531 , MON757, MON1076, MON15985, 31707, 31803, 31807, 31808, 42317, BNLA-601 , Eventl, COT67B, COT102, T303-3, T304-40, GFM Cry1A, GK12, MLS 9124, 281 -24-236, 3006-210-23, GHB1 19 and SGK321. Increased yield has been created by increasing ear biomass using the transgene athb17, being present in corn event MON87403, or by enhancing photosynthesis using the transgene bbx32, being present in the soybean event MON87712.

[0391] Transgenic cotton events comprising glufosinate tolerance genes are for example, but not excluding others, 3006-210-23 x 281-24-236 x MON 1445 (event code: DAS-21023-5 x DAS- 24236-5 x MON-01445-2, gene: bar, e.g., commercially available as WideStrike™ Roundup Ready™ Cotton), 3006-210-23 x 281-24-236 x MON88913 (event code: DAS-21023-5 x DAS-24236-5 x MON-88913-8, gene: bar, e.g., commercially available as Widestrike™ Roundup Ready Flex™ Cotton), 3006-210-23 x 281-24-236 x MON88913 x COT102 (event code: DAS- 21023-5 x DAS-24236-5 x MON-88913-8 x SYN-IR102-7, gene: pat, e.g., commercially available as Widestrike™ x Roundup Ready Flex™ x VIPCOT™ Cotton), GHB614 x LLCotton25 (event code: BCS-GH002-5 x ACS-GH001-3, gene: bar, e.g., commercially available as GlyTol™ Liberty Link™), GHB614 x T304-40 x GHB119 (event code: BCS-GH002-5 x BCS-GH004-7 x BCS-GH005-8, gene: bar, e.g., PAT-11 1640_FF

[0392] 73 commercially available as Glytol™ x Twinlink™), LLCotton25 (event code: ACS-GH001-3, gene: bar, e.g., commercially available as ACS- GH001-3), GHB614 x T304-40 x GHB1 19 x COT102 (event code: BCS- GH002-5 x BCS-GH004-7 x BCS-GH005-8 x SYN-IR102-7, gene: bar, e.g., commercially available as Glytol™ x Twinlink™ x VIPCOT™ Cotton), LLCotton25 x MON 15985 (event code: ACS-GH001-3 x MON-15985-7, gene: bar, e.g., commercially available as Fibermax™ Liberty Link™ Bollgard II ™), T304-40 x GHB1 19 (event code: BCS-GH004-7 x BCS-GH005-8, gene: bar, e.g., commercially available as TwinLink™ Cotton), GHB614 x T304-40 x GHB1 19 x COT102 (event code: BCS-GH002-5 x BCS-GH004-7 x BCS-GH005-8 x SYN-IR102- 7, gene: bar, e.g., commercially available as Glytol™ x Twinlink™ x VIPCOT™ Cotton), GHB1 19 (event code: BCS-GH005-8, gene: bar), GHB614 x LLCotton25 x MON15985 (event code: CS-GH002-5 x ACS-GH001-3 x MON-15985-7, gene: bar), MON 88701 -3 (event code: MON88701 , gene: bar), T303-3 (event code: BCS- GH003-6, gene: bar), T304-40 (event code: BCS-GH003-6, gene: bar), (event code: BCS-GH004-7, gene: bar), 81910 (event code: DAS-81910-7, gene: pat), MON8870 (event code: MON 88701 -3, gene: bar), MON88701 x MON88913 (event code: MON 88701 -3 x MON-88913-8, gene: bar), MON88701 x MON88913 x MON15985 (event code: MON 88701 -3 x MON-88913-8 x MON-15985-7, gene: bar), 281-24-236 x 3006- 210-23 x COT102 x 81910 (event code: DAS-24236-5 x DAS-21023-5 x SYN-IR102-7 x DAS-81910-7, gene: pat), COT102 x MON15985 x MON88913 x MON88701 (event code: SYN-IR102-7 x MON-15985-7 x MON- 88913-8 x MON 88701-3, gene: bar) and 3006-210-23 x 281 -24-236 x MON88913 x COT102 x 81910 (event code: DAS-21023-5 x DAS-24236-5 x MON-88913-8 x SYN-IR102-7 x DAS-81910-7, gene: pat).

[0393] The compounds of formula (I) according to the present invention, or compositions comprising said compounds, may be used in controlling or preventing animal pests, including arthropods and in particular insects on genetically modified corn (maize).

[0394] Transgenic corn events comprising herbicide tolerance genes include, but are not limited to, DAS40278, MON801 , MON802, MON809, MON810, MON832, MON87411 , MON87419, MON87427, MON88017, MON89034, NK603, GA21 , MZHG0JG, HCEM485, VCO-01981-5, 676, 678, 680, 33121 , 4114, 59122, 98140, Bt10, Bt176, CBH-351 , DBT418, DLL25, MS3, MS6, MZIR098, T25, TC1507 and TC6275.

[0395] Transgenic corn events comprising genes for insecticidal proteins or double stranded RNA include, but are not limited to, Bt10, Bt11 , Bt176, MON801 , MON802, MON809, MON810, MON863, MON87411 , MON88017, MON89034, 33121 , 4114, 5307, 59122, TC1507, TC6275, CBH-351 , MIR162, DBT418 and MZIR098.

[0396] Particularly useful transgenic events in transgenic corn, maize, which can preferably be treated according to the invention, include event 4114 x DAS40278 (event code DP-004114-3 x DAS-40278-9, commercially available as Enlist TM), event 4114 x MIR604 x NK603 (event code: DP-004114-3 x SYN-IR604-5 x MON- 00603-6, commercially available as Roundup Ready 2™ Agrisure RW™), event 4114 x MON810 (Event Code DP-004114-3 x MON-00810-6, commercially available as YieldGardTM), event 4114 x MON810 x MIR604 (Event Code DP-004114-3 x MON-00810-6 x SYN-IR604-4, commercially available as Agrisure RW™ YieldGard™), event 4114 x MON810 x NK603 (event code DP-004114-3 x MON-00810-6 x MON- 00603-6, commercially available as Roundup Ready 2™ YieldGard™), event 4114 x MON8741 1 x PAT-111640_FF

[0397] 74

[0398] DAS40278 (event code P-004114-3 x MON-87411-9 x DAS-40278-9, commercially available as Enlist™), event 4114 x MON89034 (event code DP-0041 14-3 x MON-89034-3, commercially available as YieldGard VT Pro™), event 4114 x MON89034 x DAS40278 (event code DP-004114-3 x MON-89034-3 x DAS-40278- 9, commercially available as Enlist™ YieldGard VT Pro™), event 4114 x MON89034 x MON87411 (event Code DP-004114-3 x MON-89034-3 x MON-87411-9, commercially available as YieldGard VT Pro™), event 114 x MON89034 x MON87411 x DAS40278 (Event Code DP-004114-3 x MON-89034-3 x MON-87411-9 x DAS- 40278-9, commercially available as Enlist™ YieldGard VT Pro™), event 4114 x MON89034 x MON87411 x DAS40278 (Event Code DP-004114-3 x MON-89034-3 x MON-87411-9 x DAS-40278-9, commercially available as Enlist™ YieldGard VT Pro™), event 4114 x NK603 (Event Code DP-004114-3 x MON-00603- 6, commercially available as Roundup Ready 2™), event 5307 (Event Code SYN-05307-1 , commercially available as Agri sure® Duracade™), event 5307 x MIR604 x Bt11 x TC1507 x GA21 (Event Code SYN- 05307-1 x SYN-IR604-5 x SYN-BT011-1 x DAS-01507-1 x MON-00021-9, commercially available as Agrisure® Duracade™ 5122), event 5307 x MIR604 x Bt11 x TC1507 x GA21 x MIR162 (Event Code SYN- 05307-1 x SYN-IR604-5 x SYN-BT011-1 x DAS-01507-1 x MON-00021-9 x SYN-IR162-4, commercially available as Agrisure® Duracade™ 5222), event 59122 (Event Code DAS-59122-7, commercially available as Herculex™ RW), event 59122 x NK603 (Event Code DAS-59122-7 x MON-00603-6, commercially available as Herculex™ RW Roundup Ready™ 2), event Bt11 (X4334CBR, X4734CBR) (Event Code SYN-BT011-1 , commercially available as Agrisure™ CB / LL), event Bt11 x 59122 x MIR604 x TC1507 x GA21 (Event Code SYN-BT011-1 x DAS-59122-7 x SYN-IR604-5 x DAS-01507-1 x MON-00021-9, commercially available as Agrisure® 3122), event Bt11 x GA21 (Event Code SYN-BT011-1 x MON-00021-9, commercially available as Agrisure™ GT / CB / LL), event Bt11 x MIR162 (Event Code SYN-BT011-1 x SYN-IR162-4, commercially available as Agrisure® Viptera™ 2100), event Bt11 x MIR162 x GA21 (Event Code SYN-BT011-1 x SYN- IR162-4 x MON-00021-9, commercially available as Agrisure® Viptera™ 3110), event BT11 x MIR162 x MIR604 (Event Code SYN-BT01 1-1 x SYN-IR162-4 x SYN-IR604-5, commercially available as Agrisure® Viptera™ 3100), event Bt11 x MIR162 x MIR604 x GA21 (Event Code SYN-BT01 1-1 x SYN-IR162-4 x SYN- IR604-5 x MON-00021-9, commercially available as Agrisure® Viptera™ 311 1 , Agrisure® Viptera™ 4), event Bt11 x MIR162 x NK603 (Event Code SYN-BT011-1 x SYN-IR162-4 x MON-00603-6, Commercially available as Agrisure® Viptera™ 2100 Roundup Ready™ 2 Maize), event Bt11 x MIR162 x TC1507 x GA21 (Event Code SYN-BT01 1-1 x SYN-IR162-4 x DAS-01507-1 x MON-00021-9, Commercially available as Agrisure™ Viptera 3220), event Bt11 x MIR604 (Event Code SYN-BT011-1 x SYN-IR604-5, Commercially available as Agrisure™ CB / LL / RW), event Bt1 1 x MIR604 x GA21 (Event Code SYN-BT011-1 x SYN-IR604- 5 x MON-00021-9, Commercially available as Agrisure™ 3000GT), event Bt176 (176) (Event Code SYN- EV176-9, Commercially available as NaturGard KnockOut™, Maximizer™), event CBH-351 (Event Code ACS- ZM004-3, Commercially available as Starlink™ Maize), event DBT418 (Event Code DKB-89614-9, Commercially available as Bt Xtra™ Maize), event GA21 x MON810 (Event Code MON-00021-9 x MON- 00810-6, Commercially available as Roundup Ready™ YieldGard™ maize), event LY038 x MON810 (Event Code REN-00038-3 x MON-00810-6, Commercially available as Mavera™ YieldGard™ Maize), event MIR162 (Event Code SYN-IR162-4, Commercially available as Agrisure™ Viptera), event MIR604 (Event PAT-111640_FF

[0399] 75

[0400] Code SYN-IR604-5, Commercially available as Agrisure™ RW), event MIR604 x GA21 (Event Code SYN- IR604-5 x MON-00021-9, Commercially available as Agrisure™ GT / RW), event MON810 (Event Code MON- 00810-6, Commercially available as YieldGard™, MaizeGard™), event MON810 x MON88017 (Event Code MON-00810-6 x MON-88017-3, Commercially available as YieldGard™ VT Triple), event MON863 (Event Code MON-00863-5, Commercially available as YieldGard™ Rootworm RW, MaxGard™), event MON863 x MON810 (Event Code MON-00863-5 x MON-00810-6, Commercially available as YieldGard™ Plus), event MON863 x MON810 x NK603 (Event Code MON-00603-6 x MON-00810-6 x MON-00863-5, Commercially available as YieldGard™ Plus with RR), event MON863 x NK603 (Event Code MON-00863-5 x MON-00603- 6, Commercially available as YieldGard™ RW + RR), event MON87427 x MON89034 x TC1507 x MON8741 1 x 59122 x DAS40278 (Event Code MON-87427-7 x MON-89034-3 x DAS-01507-1 x MON-87411-9 x DAS- 59122-7 x DAS-40278-9, Commercially available as SmartStax™ Pro x Enlist™), event MON88017 (Event Code MON-88017-3, Commercially available as YieldGard™ VT™ Rootworm™ RR2), event MON89034 (Event Code MON-89034-3, Commercially available as YieldGard™ VT Pro™), event MON89034 x MON88017 (Event Code MON-89034-3 x MON-88017-3, Commercially available as Genuity® VT Triple Pro™), event MON89034 x NK603 (Event Code MON-89034-3 x MON-00603-6, Commercially available as Genuity® VT Double Pro™ ,), event MON89034 x TC1507 x MON88017 x 59122 (Event Code MON-89034- 3 x DAS-01507-1 x MON-88017-3 x DAS-59122-7, Commercially available as Genuity® SmartStax™), event MON89034 x TC1507 x NK603 (Event Code MON-89034-3 x DAS-01507-1 x MON-00603-6, Commercially available as Power Core™), event MON89034 x TC1507 x NK603 x MIR162 x DAS40278 (Event Code MON- 89034-3 x DAS-01507-1 x MON-00603-6 x SYN-IR162-4 x DAS-40278-9, Commercially available as Power Core™ x MIR162 x Enlist™), event NK603 x MON810 (Event Code MON-00603-6 x MON-00810- 6, Commercially available as YieldGard™ CB + RR), event T25 x MON810 (Event Code ACS-ZM003-2 x MON-00810-6, Commercially available as Liberty Link™ Yieldgard™ Maize), event TC1507 (Event Code DAS-01507-1 , Commercially available as Herculex™ I, Herculex™ CB), event TC1507 x 59122 x MON810 x MIR604 x NK603 (Event Code DAS-01507-1 x DAS-59122-7 x MON-00810-6 x SYN-IR604-5 x MON- 00603-6, Commercially available as Optimum™ Intrasect Xtreme), event TC1507 x 59122 (Event Code DAS- 01507-1 x DAS-59122-7, Commercially available as Herculex XTRA™), event TC1507 x 59122 x MON810 x NK603 (Event Code DAS-01507-1 x DAS-59122-7 x MON-00810-6 x MON-00603-6, Commercially available as Optimum™ Intrasect XTRA), event TC1507 x 59122 x NK603 (Event Code DAS-01507-1 x DAS- 59122-7 x MON-00603-6, Commercially available as Herculex XTRA™ RR), event TC1507 x MIR604 x NK603 (Event Code DAS-01507-1 x SYN-IR604-5 x MON-00603-6, Commercially available as Optimum™ TRIsect), event TC1507 x MON810 x NK603 (Event Code DAS-01507-1 x MON-00810-6 x MON-00603- 6, Commercially available as Optimum™ Intrasect), event TC1507 x NK603 (Event Code DAS-01507-1 x MON-00603-6, Commercially available as Herculex™ I RR).

[0401] Cultivated plants with increased yield have been created by using the transgene athb17 (e.g. corn event MON87403), or bbx32 (e.g. soybean event MON87712). PAT-11 1640_FF

[0402] 76

[0403] Tolerance to abiotic conditions, such as drought, has been created by using the transgene cspB (corn event MON87460) and Hahb-4 (soybean event IND-00410-5).

[0404] EXAMPLES

[0405] The following examples further illustrate, but do not limit, the invention. Those skilled in the art will promptly recognise appropriate variations from the procedures both as to reactants and as to reaction conditions and techniques.

[0406] Where typical process conditions (e.g., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given to make the compounds of the present invention, minor modifications to these process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the reactant or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures as long as the reagents stay the same.

[0407] ABBREVIATIONS aq. aqueous

[0408] CDCh deuterated chloroform d6-DMSO deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide

[0409] EtOAc ethyl acetate

[0410] HCI hydrochloric acid h / hrs hour / hours

[0411] MeCN acetonitrile (MeCN or ACN)

[0412] MeOH methanol d3-MeOD deuterated methanol min minutes

[0413] MeTHF 2-methyl tetra hydrofurane

[0414] NaHCOs sodium hydrogencarbonate

[0415] Na2COs sodium carbonate

[0416] Na2SO4 sodium sulphate rt room temperature sat. saturated

[0417] TEA triethylamine (TEA or EtsN)

[0418] THF tetra hydrofuran

[0419] PREPARATION EXAMPLES

[0420] The compound of formula (I) according to the invention may be prepared using the synthetic techniques described both above and below.

[0421] Throughout this description, temperatures are given in degrees Celsius ][°C] and “m.p.” means melting point. LC / MS means Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy. PAT-111640_FF

[0422] 77

[0423] 1H NMR and19F NMR measurements were recorded on a Bruker 400MHz spectrometer, chemical shifts are given in ppm relevant to a TMS (1H) and CFCh (19F) standard. Spectra measured in deuterated solvents as indicated.

[0424] Example P-1 to P-4: Preparation of racemic sulfoxides General procedure: To a solution of the corresponding sulfide in acetic acid (2.5 ml / mmol) and sodium tungstate dihydrate (1 mol%) was slowly dosed 30% aqueous H2O2 (1.0 eq) at rt. After full conversion is reached, the reaction mixture the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The remainder was neutralized with 50% aqueous NaOH solution and the resulting solution extracted with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield the desired sulfoxide product. Optionally this material was further purified by silica gel chromatography.

[0425] Table P1 : Examples of racemic sulfoxides prepared according to above general procedure, incl. yield in [%] and with analytical data Example P-5 to P-6: Preparation of enantioenriched sulfoxides

[0426] Example P-5: Preparation of 5-bromo-3-[(R)-ethylsulfinyl1pyridine-2-carbonitrile PAT-11 1640_FF

[0427] 78

[0428] To a solution of 5-bromo-3-ethylsulfanyl-pyridine-2-carbonitrile (2.157 g, 93% purity, 8.25 mmol) in anisole (8.3 ml) was added (2-[(E)-[(1 R)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-propyl]iminomethyl]-4,6-dibromo-phenol) (0.235 g, 97% purity, 0.602 mmol), 4-methoxybenzoic acid (43 mg, 0.28 mmol) and Fe(acac)3 (0.277 g, 0.0784 mmol). The resulting dark red solution was cooled to 10 °C and 30% aqueous H2O2 (1.35 ml, 13.2 mmol) was added. The resulting biphasic mixture was stirred at 10°C for 22 h. At this stage (full conversion of starting material) the reaction was quenched by addition of crushed ice (4 g) and 40% aqueous NaHSOs (2.6 ml). After warming to rt, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (8 ml) and treated with 1 M aqueous H2SO4 (0.83 ml). After stirring for 30 min phases were separated, organic phase washed with aqueous NaHCOs (8 ml) and brine (8 ml). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure to yield a crude product. Quantitative NMR analysis using 1 ,3,5-trimethoxy benzene as an internal standard indicates a chemical yield of 91 % for the desired 5-bromo-3-[(R)-ethylsulfinyl]pyridine-2-carbonitrile. The crude product was purified by a reverse phase HPLC (MeCN / water / 0.1 % formic acid mobile phase) to yield the title compound (1 .63 g, >99% purity, >99.5% ee, 76% isolated yield) as a white powder.

[0429] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 6 1.32 (t, J=7.45 Hz, 3 H), 2.99 (dq, J=14.0, 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 3.15 - 3.36 (m, 1 H), 8.50 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1 H), 8.85 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1 H)

[0430] Chiral SFC method: SFC:Waters Acquity UPC2 / QDa; PDA Detector Waters Acquity UPC2; Column: Daicel SFC CHIRALPAK® IC, 3pm, 0.3cm x 10cm, 40°C; Mobile phase: A: CO2 B: IPA, gradient: 20-60% B in 2 min; ABPR: 1800 psi; Flow rate: 2.0 ml / min; Detection: 240 nm; Sample concentration: 1 mg / mL in Acetonitrile; Injection: 2 pL

[0431] Results:

[0432] A single crystal grown from di-isopropyl ether was selected for X-ray data analysis. The crystal sample mounted had dimensions of 0.4 mm x 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm and was a colourless prism. Data collection was performed on a Rigaku Oxford Diffraction Supernova diffractometer at 293 K. The unit cell was determined to be orthorhombic (space group P212121), and the structure contained one molecule in the crystal asymmetric unit (Figure 1 , a thin stick representation labelled by chirality. Figure 1 generated in Flare software package). The stereochemistry was unambiguously determined to be the R isomer, with a Flack parameter of 0.02 + / - 0.03. Crystallographic data is summarized in Table 1 and selected geometric parameters in Table 2.

[0433] Table 1 : Crystal data and structure refinement for 5-bromo-3-[(R)-ethylsulfinyl]pyridine-2-carbonitrile PAT-11 1640_FF

[0434] 79

[0435] Computer programs: SuperNova, (Oxford Diffraction, 2010), CrysAlis PRO, (Agilent, 2011), SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1994), CRYSTALS (Betteridge et al., 2003), CAMERON (Watkin et al., 1996)

[0436] Table 2. Selected geometric parameters (A, °) PAT-11 1640_FF

[0437] 80

[0438] Example P-6: reparation of 5-(1-cvanocvclopropyD-3-[(R)-ethylsulfinyl1pyridine-2-carbonitrile

[0439] To a solution of 5-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-3-ethylsulfanyl-pyridine-2-carbonitrile (10.61 g, 98% purity, 45.5 mmol), Fe(acac)3 (0.153 g, 0.432 mmol), 4-methoxybenzoic acid (0.234 g, 1 .54 mmol) and 2-[(E)-[(1 R)-1- (hydroxymethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-propyl]iminomethyl]-4,6-dibromo-phenol (1.281 g, 97% purity, 3.30 mmol) in anisole (46 ml) was added 30% aq H2O2 (7.8 ml, 76.3 mmol) at 10°C over 2 h using a syringe pump. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred vigorously for further 22 h at the same temperature. The reaction was quenched by addition of 40% aq NaHSOs (10.6 ml) and diluted with anisole (53 ml). Phase were separated and the organic phase was washed with 1 M H2SO4 (21 ml), aq saturated NaHCOs (21 ml) and brine (21 ml). The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by a reverse phase silica gel chromatography (water / MeCN as a mobile phase) to yield the title compound (10.44 g, >99.5% ee, 93% yield) as a white powder.

[0440] 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.77 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 8.18 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.26 (dq, J = 13.6, 7.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.04 (dq, J = 13.6, 7.3 Hz, 1 H), 2.09 -1.79 (m, 4H), 1.12 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H);13C NMR (101 MHz, d6- DMSO) 5 = 165.7, 146.0, 144.4, 142.8, 136.0, 131.1 , 121.2, 48.9, 19.2, 12.0, 6.3

[0441] Chiral SFC method: SFC:Waters Acquity UPC2 / QDa; PDA Detector Waters Acquity UPC2; Column: Daicel SFC CHIRALPAK® IA, 3|im, 0.3cm x 10cm, 40°C; Mobile phase: A: CO2 B: IPA; gradient: 20-60% B in 1 .8 min; ABPR: 1800 psi; Flow rate: 2.0 ml / min; Detection: DAD 210-500 nm; Sample preparation: dissolved in MeOH; Injection: 2 |_iL

[0442] Results:

[0443] Example P-7 to P-12: Preparation of amidines

[0444] Example P-7a: Preparation of 5-(1-cvanocvclopropyl)-3-[(R)-ethylsulfinyl1pyridine-2-carboxamidine

[0445] To a solution of 5-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-3-[(R)-ethylsulfinyl]pyridine-2-carbonitrile (6.363 g, 96% assay, >99% ee, 25.0 mmol) in dry formamide (50 ml) was added at 15°C powdered NaOH (2.09 g, 52.2 mmol) while stirring PAT-11 1640_FF

[0446] 81 vigorously (a light exotherm observed). After stirring the for further 20 min (full conversion of starting material) water (50 ml) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for further 45 min. Aqueous NaCI (ca 26%, 100 ml) was added, and the resulting mixture was extracted with 2-MeTHF (3 x 60 ml). The aqueous phase was basified to pH 14 with 50% aq NaOH and extracted with 2-MeTHF (2 x 50 ml). The combined organic layer was washed with 4M aq NaOH / aq saturated NaCI (1 :3, 3 x 50 ml). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified via silica gel chromatography (eluent: EtOAc / EtOH 3 :1 + 1 % EtsN) to yield the title compound (5.92 g, 92% assay, 83% yield) as an off- white solid.

[0447] 1H NMR (400 MHz, c / 6-DMSO) 5 1.11 (t, J=7.45 Hz, 3 H), 1 .68 - 1 .81 (m, 2 H), 1 .89 - 2.01 (m, 2 H), 2.76 - 2.92 (m, 1 H), 3.31 - 3.43 (m, 1 H), 6.36 - 7.03 (m, 2 H), 7.05 - 7.75 (m, 1 H), 8.37 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1 H), 8.58 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1 H)

[0448] Before the addition of water, the reaction mixture contains an intermediate show below (in a deprotonated form) which could not be isolated in a pure form:

[0449] Typical byproducts of this process (<5%) are:

[0450] Example 7b: Preparation of 5-(1-cvanocvclopropyl)-3-[(R)-ethylsulfinyl1pyridine-2-carboxamidine

[0451] To a solution of 5-(1-cyanocyclopropyl)-3-[(R)-ethylsulfinyl]pyridine-2-carbonitrile (1.315 g, 94% assay, >99% ee, 5.03 mmol) in dry formamide (2.0 ml) was added at 0°C 2.0M NaOtBu in THF (10.0 ml, 20.1 mmol) over 30 min. The reaction mixture was then warmed to rt and stirred for 20 h. The reaction was quenched by addition of aq NaCI (13%, 25 ml). Phases were separated and the aqueous phase extracted with THF (20 ml). The combined organic layer was dried over MgSO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude material PAT-11 1640_FF

[0452] 82 was purified via silica gel chromatography (eluent: EtOAc / EtOH 3 :1 + 1 % EtsN) to yield the title compound (0.955 g, 90% assay, 65% yield) as an off-white solid.

[0453] Table P2: Examples of amidines prepared according to Example 7, incl. yield in [%] and analytical data Example P-13 to P-20: Preparation of cyclic imino sulfoximines of formula (V)

[0454] Electrochemical reaction device for “batch-mode””: The electrochemical reaction device for “batch-mode includes an electrochemical cell, consisting of a reaction block, with separate electrode compartments, equipped with an anion exchange membrane (Fumasep® fam) was used for constant current electrosynthesis in “batch” mode, fumasep® FAM is a heterogeneous anion-exchange membrane, PP (polypropylene fabrics)- reinforced, Thickness (dry): 450 to 500 micrometers, with high selectivity and very high mechanical stability, stability range: pH 1 to 10 at 25°C. This membrane is available from www.fuelcellstore.com. PAT-11 1640_FF

[0455] 83

[0456] General procedure for electrochemical batch-process: A divided electrochemical cell (Gr(+) / Fumasep FAM / SS(-)) was filled on the anode side with a solution of the corresponding amidine and NaOAc (2 to 4 eq) in dry MeOH (6.5 ml / mmol) and on the cathode side with 0.1 M solution of NaOAc in MeOH. A current of 15 mA was passed through the cell (ca 3.5 F / mol) until the full consumption of starting material. The reaction mixture was then evaporated under reduced pressure and the chemical yield determined by quantitative1H NMR (using 1 ,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as an internal standard). The resulting crude imino sulfoximine of formula (V) was used for the next step without any further purification.

[0457] Table P3: Examples of cyclic imino sulfoximines of formula (V) prepared according to said general procedure for batch-process, incl. yield in [%] and analytical data PAT-11 1640_FF

[0458] 84

[0459] Electrochemical reaction device for “flow-mode””: The electrochemical reaction device for “flow-mode includes an electrochemical flow cell (ECF) as described in Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2020, 59, 7321-7326) equipped with a graphite anode (10 cm2), and a stainless stell cathode (10 cm2). The electrochemical reaction device for flow mode can be used as a) flow mode in divided cell or b) flow-mode in in undivided cell. If the process is in a divided cell mode an anion exchange membrane (for example Fumasep® FAM-PP) is used. Fumasep® FAM is a heterogeneous anion-exchange membrane, PP (polypropylene fabrics)-reinforced, Thickness (dry): 450 to 500 micrometers, with high selectivity and very high mechanical stability, stability range: pH 1 to 10 at 25°C. This membrane is available from www.fuelcellstore.com.

[0460] Example P-19: Preparation of 1-[(1 R)-1-ethyl-3-imino-1-oxo-isothiazolo[4,5-b1pyridin-6-yl1 cyclopropane carbonitrile - flow mode in divided cell

[0461] An electrochemical flow cell (EFC) equipped with a graphite anode (10 cm2), an anion exchange membrane (Fumasep® FAM), a stainless-steel cathode (10 cm2) and turbulence promoters was connected to two peristaltic pumps and two reservoirs allowing recirculation of anolyte and catholyte in said reservoirs through anodic and cathodic chambers, respectively. The anolyte reservoir was filled with a solution of 5-(1- cyanocyclopropyl)-3-[(R)-ethylsulfinyl]pyridine-2-carboxamidine (411 .8 mg, 1 .554 mmol), acetic acid (1.11 eq., 98.7 uL) in methanol (2.0 mL / mmol, 3.11 mL). The catholyte reservoir was filled with an acetate buffer in methanol (10 mL, pH = 3.7, NaOAc AcOH 1 9, 2.0 M). The anolyte was recirculated through the EFC with a flow rate of 20 ml / min, the catholyte was recirculated at 10 ml / min. A current of 1.00 A (100 mA / cm2, 25 V clamp voltage) was passed though the cell for 5.00 min (2.00 F / mol). Mesitylene (500 uL, 3.59 mmol) as internal standard was added, and recirculation was continued until complete homogenization. A sample was analysed by quantitative1H NMR. The title compound was obtained in 84% chemical yield, while 13% of starting material was left un reacted.

[0462] Example P-20: Preparation of 1-[(1 R)-1-ethyl-3-imino-1-oxo-isothiazolo[4,5-b1pyridin-6-yl1 cyclopropane carbonitrile - flow-mode in undivided cell

[0463] An electrochemical flow cell (EFC) equipped with a graphite anode (10 cm2), a stainless-steel cathode (10 cm2) and a turbulence promoter was connected to a peristaltic pumps and a reservoirs allowing recirculation of reaction mixture in said reservoir through the EFC. The reservoir was filled with a solution of 5-(1- cyanocyclopropyl)-3-[(R)-ethylsulfinyl]pyridine-2-carboxamidine (89.5 mg, 0.338 mmol) in an acetate buffer in methanol (13 mL / mmol, 4.39 mL, pH 3.7, NaOAc AcOH 1 9, 0.60 M). The reaction mixture was recirculated through the EFC with a flow rate of 20 ml / min. A current of 100 mA (10 mA / cm2, 2.6 V clamp voltage) was passed though the cell for 18.3 min (3.00 F / mol). Mesitylene (123.5 mg, 1.028 mmol) as an internal standard was added and recirculation was continued until complete homogenization. A sample was analysed by quantitative1H NMR. The title compound was obtained in 82% chemical yield, while 10% of starting material was left unreacted.

[0464] Example P-21 to P-27: Preparation of sulfoximines of formula (I)

[0465] General procedure: A crude imino sulfoximine (compounds of formula (V)) prepared in the previous step was redissolved in either MeOH or MeCN (0.1 M). The corresponding diamine (1.2 eq) was added followed by PAT-111640_FF

[0466] 85 trifluoracetic acid (3 to 5 eq, one equivalent more than NaOAc used in the previous step) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 60°C for 16 h. The reaction mixture was neutralized with an aq saturated NaHCOs and the resulting mixture extracted with EtOAc (3x). The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude material was purified via silica gel chromatography to yield a pure title compound.

[0467] Table P4: Examples of sulfoximines of formula (I) prepared, incl. yield in [%] and analytical data PAT-1 1 1640_FF

[0468] 86

[0469] Example P-26: Preparation of R-[5-bromo-2-[3-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[4,5-b1pyridin-2-yl1-3-pyridyl1- ethyl-imino-oxo-A6-sulfane

[0470] Method of Chiral Analysis: Column: Chiralpack-OZ (0.3 x 10 cm) 3pm; Flow: 2.0 ml / min; AMax.: 290 nm; Run Time: 20 min; Sample Preparation: 1 mg / mL in MeCN; Inj. Vol.: 2 uL; Mobile phase: A: CO2 B: MeOH ; gradient 95% A, 5% B

[0471] Results:

Claims

PAT-111640_FF87CLAIMS1 . A process for the preparation of enantiomerically enriched sulfoximines of formula (I)whereinR1is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C4-haloalkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkoxy, or cyano-Cs-Ce- cycloalkyl;R2is Ci-C4-alkyl or phenyl;R3is hydrogen, Ci-C4-alkyl, or phenyl;R4is hydrogen, halogen, or Ci-C4-haloalkyl;X1, X2and X3are independently selected from CH or N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration; wherein said process comprises an electrochemical oxidation of a compound of formula (IV) ware as defined for the compound of formula (I); in an electrolytic cell comprising of an anode and a cathode, in the presence an electrolyte, an organic solvent with controlled current density and measured charge passed, to produce a compound of formula (V) ware as defined for the compound of formula (I); and condensing said compound of formula (V) with a compound of formula (VI)PAT-11 1640_FF88 wherein R3, R4, X1and X2are as defined for the compound of formula (I); in the presence of an acid additive to produce said compound of formula (I).

2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein a compound of formula (III)wherein R1, R2, X3and *S are as defined for the compound of formula (I); is reacted with formamide in the presence of a base, followed by aqueous hydrolysis to produce the compound of formula (IV).

3. The process according to claim 2, wherein a compound of formula (II)wherein R1, R2, and X3are as defined for compounds of formula (I); is oxidized in the presence of an oxidant, a chiral reagent, a metal catalyst, and an acid additive to produce the sulfinyl compound of formula (III), wherein R1, R2, X3and *S are as defined for the compound of formula (I)4. The process according to claim 4, wherein said oxidant is selected from hydrogen peroxide or tertbutyl hydroperoxide; wherein said chiral ligand is selected from a compound of formula (VII),wherein R6is chloro, bromo, iodo and the carbon-atom marked with the * represents an enantioenriched chiral center in (R) or (S) configuration; wherein said metal catalyst is selected from Fe(acac)3 or Fe(acac)2; and wherein said acid additive is selected from 4-methoxybenzoic acid.PAT-111640_FF895. The process according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein R1is halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyanomethyl, cyanomethoxy, or cyano-cyclopropyl; R2is Ci-Cs-alkyl; R3is methyl; R4is Ci-Cs-haloalkyl; X1is N and X2is CH; or X1is CH and X2is N; and X3is N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said electrolytic cell is selected from a batch electrolytic cell or in a continuous-flow electrolytic cell.

7. The process according to claim 7, wherein said electrolytic cell is a continuous-flow electrolytic cell.

8. The process according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the components of said electrolytic cell are provided in separate containers connected through ion exchange membrane, and wherein said ion exchange membrane is selected from a cation exchange membrane or an anion exchange membrane.

9. The process according to claim 1 , or according to any of claims 6 to 8, wherein the anode material is selected from platinum, graphite, glassy carbon, pyrolytic graphite, boron doped diamond, reticulated vitreous carbon, PbO2, RuO2, I rO2, mixed metal oxides, nickel, NiOOH, or graphite; and wherein the cathode material is selected from platinum, graphite, glassy carbon, pyrolytic graphite, boron doped diamond, RuO2, lrO2, mixed metal oxides, nickel, copper, lead, silver, gold, stainless steel, tin, zinc, aluminium, vanadium, molybdenum, zirconium, hafnium or stainless steel.

10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the anode material is selected from graphite; and wherein the cathode material is selected from stainless steel.

11. The process according to claim 1 , or according to any of claims 6 to 10, wherein the electrolyte is selected from tetrabutylammonium-tetrafluoroborate, tetrabutylammonium-hexafluorophosphate, potassium acetate, sodium acetate, acetic acid, sodium pivalate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, or mixtures thereof; and wherein the solvent is selected from methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, or mixtures thereof.

12. The process according to claim 12, wherein the electrolyte is selected from potassium acetate, sodium acetate, acetic acid or mixtures thereof; and wherein the solvent is selected from methanol or ethanol.

13. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said acid additive is selected from acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, benzoic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or p-toluenesulfonic acid.PAT-111640_FF9014. The process according to claim 2, wherein said base is selected from alkali metal hydroxides or alkali metal alkoxides.

15. A compound of formula (IV)whereinR1is hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C4-haloalkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkyl, cyano-Ci-C4-alkoxy, or cyano-Cs-Ce- cycloalkyl;R2is Ci-C4-alkyl or phenyl;X3is independently selected from CH or N; and the sulphur atom marked with the * is a stereogenic sulfur atom which is in (R)- or (S)-configuration.

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