Solution for the treatment of a zn-coated steel sheet to improve the tribological properties thereof

Abstract

The invention concerns an aqueous solution comprising at least one hydrate of zinc sulfate, and at least one P1-M1 copolymer prepared from monomers comprising a) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 containing at least one phosphorus atom; and b) a monomer M1 selected from (meth)acrylates, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, and (meth)acrylic acid, a kit for the preparation thereof, the use of the solution for improving the tribological properties of the outer surface of a metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys, which coats at least one face of a steel substrate, a method for preparing a Zn-coated steel substrate, a steel substrate and an automotive part made therefrom.

Description

[0001] Solution for the treatment of a Zn-coated steel sheet to improve the tribological properties thereof

[0002] The present invention relates to a solution for the treatment of a steel substrate coated on at least one of its faces with a metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys to improve the tribological properties thereof.

[0003] Steel substrates coated on at least one of its faces with a metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys are for example intended for the automotive field. Metallic coatings essentially comprising zinc are traditionally used for their good protection against corrosion. Before being used, the coated steel substrates are generally subject to diverse surface treatments to improve the properties thereof. In particular, good tribological properties are required for the ease of preparation of parts by forming the steel substrate.

[0004] Application EP 2 450 470 describes the use of an aqueous treatment solution containing sulfate ions in order to treat the surface of a Zn-based coated steel sheet in order to reduce the formation of metal powder or particles based on zinc or its alloys generated by the degradation of the coating while said sheet is being formed. This solution allows forming a layer based on zinc hydroxysulfate and zinc sulfate on the surface of the sheet, which improves the tribological properties of the coated steel sheet. Aqueous solutions comprising zinc sulfate are sold by ArcelorMittal under the trademark NIT (New Inorganic Treatment). Generally, the aqueous solution is applied in order to obtain a layer comprising about 20 mg / m2of sulphur on the surface of the metallic coating. Such high amounts induce costs and may be detrimental to other properties of the coated sheets.

[0005] In this connection, the layer based on zinc hydroxysulfate and zinc sulfate formed by this treatment can decrease the compatibility of the sheet with adhesives, in particular of epoxy-based adhesives. Application WO 2019 / 073319 teaches that zinc hydroxysulfate leads to the weak adhesion of the treated steel sheet on some adhesives provides a method to avoid the presence thereof by a specific drying step. However, this requires a control of the air drying temperature and of the duration between the application of the treatment solution and the exit of the dryer, and this induces constraints for the industrialization of the method.

[0006] Besides, Syensqo commercializes Addibond™ treatment for metal surfaces allowing improvement of their compatibility with adhesives. Addibond™ comprises a polymer comprising acrylic acid or derivatives thereof and phosphonic or phosphonate moieties. This treatment is not known as conferring any tribological properties to the metal on which they are applied. An object of the invention is therefore to provide a surface treatment of a Zn-coated steel substrate improving tribological properties thereof, in order for the treated Zn-coated steel substrate to be well adapted to its subsequent forming, notably by drawing, while maintaining an acceptable compatibility with adhesives.

[0007] For this purpose, according to a first object, the invention concerns an aqueous solution comprising: at least 0.01 g / L of at least one hydrate of zinc sulfate, and at least O.01 g / L of at least one P1-M1 copolymer, the P1-M1 copolymer being prepared from monomers comprising: a) an ethylen ically unsaturated monomer P1 containing at least one phosphorus atom; and b) a monomer M1 selected from (meth)acrylates, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, and (meth)acrylic acid.

[0008] The aqueous solution may comprise only one hydrate of zinc sulfate or mixtures thereof. The hydrate is typically zinc sulfate monohydrate, zinc sulfate tetrahydrate and zinc sulfate heptahydrate. When the aqueous solution comprises several hydrates of zinc sulfate, the cumulated weight proportions thereof in the aqueous solution is at least 0.01 g / L.

[0009] The aqueous solution may comprise only one P1-M1 copolymer or a mixture of P1-M1 copolymers. When the aqueous solution comprises several P1-M1 copolymers, the cumulated weight proportions thereof in the aqueous solution is at least 0.01 g / L.

[0010] The P1-M1 copolymer (and the monomer M1 from which it stems) preferably comprises carboxylic acid groups. In the aqueous solution, the carboxylic acid groups of the P1-M1 copolymer may be in the form carboxylic acid groups, of carboxylate salts or of mixtures thereof. Their form depends on the pH of the aqueous solution.

[0011] The P1-M1 copolymer (and the monomer P1 from which it stems) preferably comprises a phosphonic acid group or a phosphonate, preferably a group of formula -P(=O)(OR2)2, wherein R2is H or a C1-C4 alkyl, preferably methyl, ethyl or isopropyl, R2being preferably H. When R2is H, in the aqueous solution, the phosphonic acid groups of the P1-M1 copolymer may be in the form phosphonic acid groups, of phosphonate salts, or of mixtures thereof. Their form depends on the pH of the aqueous solution.

[0012] Ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 may for instance have formula (I): wherein:

[0013] O

[0014] R1is H, a C1-C4 alkyl or a A OR group wherein R is H or C1-C4 alkyl, preferably ethyl, or t-butyl, R1being preferably H,

[0015] R2is H or a C1-C4 alkyl, preferably methyl, ethyl or isopropyl, R2being preferably H, X is a single bond or a spacer chosen from a C1 -C4 alkyl, ether or ketone, preferably from -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-O-CH2-CH2, -CH2-O-CO-CH2-, -CH2-O-(CH2)n-, -O- (CH2)n- wherein n is 1 or 2, X being preferably a single bond.

[0016] As examples of monomers P1 of formula (I), mention can be made of those of the following formulas:

[0017] Ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 may for instance have formula (II): wherein R1and R2are as defined above and wherein X is a single bond or a spacer chosen from a C1 -C4 alkyl or ether eventually bearing hydroxyl and / or phosphate group(s) (PO4H2), preferably from -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, -O-(CH2)4-, -O-CH2-CHOH-CH2-, -CH2-O-CH2-CHOH- CH2-, -O-CH2-C(PO4H2)-CH2-, -CH2-O-CH2-C(PO4H2)-CH2-.

[0018] Ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 may for instance have formula (III): wherein X is a spacer chosen from C1-C4 ethers, preferably from -O-CH2- or -CH2-O-CH2-.

[0019] Ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 may for instance have formula (IV): defined above and Y is a spacer chosen from C1-C10 alkyl or ether or thioether eventually bearing hydroxyl and or phenyl group (Ph), preferably -CH2-CH2-, -C(CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-, -(CH2-CH2)3-O-CH2-CH2-, -CH2- CHOH-CH2-O-CO-CH2-, -CH2-Ph-CH2-, CH2-CHOH-CH2-S-Ph-, CH2-CHOH-CH2-O-Ph-.

[0020] Ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 may for instance have formula (V): where R1is H or CH3, X = -O-, -NH- or -N(CHs)-, R2is as defined above and Y is a spacer chosen from C1-C10 alkyl or alkylene oxide units, preferably ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide units or -CH2-CH2-.

[0021] As examples of monomers P1 of formula (V), mention can be made of those of the following formulas: wherein n is an integer of from 3 to 7; wherein n is an integer of from 4 to 8; wherein m and n are integers, the sum of m+n is not greater than 15, preferably not greater than 10.

[0022] Ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 may for instance have formula (VI): wherein each occurrence of R2represents H or a C1-C3 alkyl; for example the following diallyl aminophosphonic acid (DALP).

[0023] Ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 may be for instance salts of the following formula (VII): wherein each occurrence of R2represents H or a C1-C4 alkyl, An- represents anion, such as CI-; for example the following formulas: wherein each occurrence of R2represents H or a C1-C4 alkyl and at least one R2is not H.

[0024] Monomer M1 used for the preparation of the P1-M1 copolymer is selected from (meth)acrylates, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, and (meth)acrylic acid.

[0025] As examples of (meth)acrylates, mention can be made of C1 -C18 alkyl (meth)acrylates, preferably C1-C12 alkyl (meth)acrylates, more preferably C1-C4 alkyl (meth)acrylates, and salts of (meth)acrylic acid, preferably sodium (meth)acrylate, potassium (meth)acrylate, ammonium (meth)acrylate.

[0026] Examples of C1-C18 alkyl (meth)acrylates include methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, n-propyl (meth)acrylate, iso-propyl (meth)acrylate, n-butyl (meth)acrylate, iso-butyl (meth)acrylate, tert-butyl (meth)acrylate, n-pentyl (meth)acrylate, iso-pentyl (meth)acrylate, n-hexyl (meth)acrylate, iso-hexyl (meth)acrylate, n-heptyl (meth)acrylate, iso-heptyl (meth)acrylate, n-octyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, iso-octyl (meth)acrylate, n-nonyl (meth)acrylate, n-decyl (meth)acrylate, n-undecyl (meth)acrylate, iso-undecyl (meth)acrylate, iso-dodecyl (meth)acrylate, n-tridecyl (meth)acrylate, n- tetradecyl (meth)acrylate, n-pentadecyl (meth)acrylate, n-hexadecyl (meth)acrylate, n- heptadecyl (meth)acrylate, and n-octadecyl (meth)acrylate.

[0027] As examples of hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, mention can be made of C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylates, preferably C1 -C3 hydroxyalkylacrylates, more preferably hydroxyethyl acrylate or hydroxyethyl methacrylate.

[0028] Preferably, monomer M1 is selected from C1 -C2 alkyl (meth)acrylates; sodium (meth)acrylate, potassium (meth)acrylate, ammonium (meth)acrylate; C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates; and (meth)acrylic acid.

[0029] Advantageously, the P1-M1 copolymer is selected from copolymers prepared from a monomer mixture comprising: a) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 having formula (I) or formula (V); and b) a monomer M1 selected from C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, and (meth)acrylic acid.

[0030] Preferably, the P1-M1 copolymer is selected from copolymers prepared from a monomer mixture comprising: a) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 of formula (I) where R1is H or a C1-C4 alkyl, R2is H or a C1-C4 alkyl, and X is a single bond, or of formula (V) where R1is H or CH3, R2is H or a C1-C4 alkyl, X is -O-, Y is -CH2-CH2-; and b) a monomer M1 selected from C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates and (meth)acrylic acid.

[0031] More preferably, the P1-M1 copolymer is selected from copolymers prepared from a monomer mixture comprising: a) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 selected from vinylphosphonic acid (VPA) and ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate; and b) a monomer M1 selected from hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate and (meth)acrylic acid.

[0032] Advantageously, the molar ratio of units from monomer P1 to units from monomer M1 is from 1 :99 to 99:1 , preferably the molar ratio is from 5:95 to 50:50, most preferably from 20:80 to 50:50.

[0033] The copolymer usually comprises about 2-50 mole%, preferably about 4-40 mole% of units from monomer P1 .

[0034] Preferably, the P1-M1 copolymer is a copolymer prepared from a monomer mixture comprising: about 5-50 mole%, e.g., about 20-40 mole% of phosphonic acid (VPA) and / or isopropenyl phosphoric acid (IPPA) and / or diallyl aminophosphonic acid (DALP), about 50-95 mole %, e.g., about 60-85 mole % of acrylic acid (AA) and / or methacrylic acid (MAA).

[0035] In preferred embodiments, the P1-M1 copolymer polymer is a copolymer of vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA) and acrylic acid (AA). A particularly preferred P1 -M1 copolymer contains about from 20 to 40 mole% of units from vinyl phosphonic acid and from 60 to 80 mole% of units from acrylic acid.

[0036] The aqueous solution according to invention advantageously allows improving the tribological properties of a Zn-coated steel substrate.

[0037] The improvement in the tribological properties may notably be shown by the reduction, or even suppression of the (“stick slip”), and / or by the reduction of the friction coefficient (p) when the aqueous solution as defined above is applied.

[0038] The most significant improvement in the tribological properties of the metallic coating of the steel sheet is observed by using an aqueous solution comprising: from 0.01 g / L to 75 g / L, in particular from 0.1 to 50 g / L, preferably from 5.0 to 30 g / L of at least one hydrate of zinc sulfate (cumulated proportions thereof when the aqueous solution comprises several hydrates), and from 0.01 g / L to 30 g / L, in particular from 5.0 to 25.0 g / L of at least one P1-M1 copolymer (cumulated proportions thereof when the aqueous solution comprises several P1-M1 copolymers).

[0039] In the aqueous solution according to the invention, the weight ratio of at least one hydrate of zinc sulfate (cumulated weights of hydrates of zinc sulfate when the aqueous solution comprises several hydrates of zinc sulfate) versus the at least one P1-M1 copolymer (cumulated weights of the P1-M1 copolymers when the aqueous solution comprises several P1-M1 copolymers) is preferably from 0.5 to 3.0, most preferably from 0.8 to 2.0. Such ratio are particularly adequate to obtain a good compatibility with adhesives.

[0040] Preferably, the weight ratio of the cumulated weights of the at least one hydrate of zinc sulfate (cumulated weights of hydrates of zinc sulfate when the aqueous solution comprises several hydrates of zinc sulfate) and of the at least one P1-M1 copolymer cumulated weights of the P1-M1 copolymers when the aqueous solution comprises several P1-M1 copolymers) versus the dry mass of the solution is at least 50%, preferably at least 80%, most preferably at least 90%. The dry mass is the weight obtained after evaporation of the water of the aqueous solution.

[0041] The aqueous solution preferably has a pH from 1 .0 to 5.0, most preferably from 1 .5 to 3.0.

[0042] In an embodiment, the aqueous solution consists in a mixture of water, of at least one hydrate of zinc sulfate and of at least one P1-M1 copolymer and optionally a base or a mixture of bases, or an acid or a mixture of acids. The base or the acid is used for adapting the pH of the aqueous solution. The addition of other compounds is not necessary.

[0043] According to a second object, the invention concerns a kit comprising: a first container comprising a volume V1 of an aqueous solution of at least one hydrate of zinc sulfate at a concentration C1 , a second container comprising a volume V2 of an aqueous solution of at least one PI- MI copolymer at a concentration C2, said P1-M1 copolymer being as prepared from monomers comprising: a) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 containing at least one phosphorus atom; and b) a monomer M1 selected from (meth)acrylates, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, and (meth)acrylic acid, wherein C1 and C2 are expressed in g / L and V1 and V2 are expressed in L, and C1 , C2, V1 and V2 are such that the following relations are fulfilled: Cl x VI

[0044] - > O.Olq / L

[0045] VI + V2

[0046] C2 X V2

[0047] - > O.Olq / L

[0048] VI + V2

[0049] Mixing the aqueous solution of the first container with the one of the second container allows forming an aqueous solution according to the first object of the invention. The kit is thus useful for the preparation of the aqueous solution according to the first object of the invention.

[0050] The embodiments described above for the aqueous solution according to the first object are applicable for the kit.

[0051] Accordingly, according to a third object, the invention concerns the use of the aqueous solution according to the first object of the invention for improving the tribological properties of the outer surface of a metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys, which coats at least one face of a steel substrate.

[0052] The P1-M1 copolymer and the hydrate of zinc sulfate (or derivatives thereof obtained when it is applied on the Zn coating, namely zinc sulfate compounds selected from zinc hydroxysulfate, zinc sulfate in hydrated form or not, and mixtures thereof) have a synergistic effect as regards conferred tribological properties. Notably, the rate of reduction of the friction coefficient obtained by using them in combination is higher than the theoretical rate of reduction obtained by adding the rate of reduction conferred by using P1-M1 copolymer alone and the one obtained by using a hydrate of zinc sulfate alone.

[0053] The embodiments described above for the aqueous solution according to the first object apply to the use thereof.

[0054] The aqueous solution is used on the outer surface of a metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys, which coats at least one face of a steel substrate.

[0055] The metallic coating can be deposited by any known deposition method, notably by electro-zinc-plating, by physical vapor deposition (PVD), by jet vapor deposition (JVD) or hot dip galvanization.

[0056] According to one preferred alternative, the metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys has been electrodeposited (also called electroplated and abbreviated as EZ). The metallic coating may be based on zinc or on zinc alloy, such as zinc-nickel, zinc-iron, zinc-cobalt, or a zinc-polymer composite.

[0057] According to another preferred alternative, the metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys has been deposited by jet vapor deposition (JVD). JVD technology allows coating moving strips of steel in a vacuum chamber by vaporizing zinc or a zinc alloy, which is in a sublimated state, onto the face of the steel substrate at high speed, most preferably at a speed equal to or faster than the sonic velocity (“sonic JVD”).

[0058] No matter which deposition method is used, the metallic coating generally comprises more than 40%, notably more than 50%, preferably more than 70%, more preferentially more than 90%, preferably more than 95%, preferably more the 98 % preferably more than 99%, or even more than 99.5% by weight of zinc. The metallic coating may be based on zinc or on zinc alloy, such as zinc-magnesium.

[0059] When the metallic coating is based on zinc, the balance may consist of unavoidable impurities and of one or more of optional additional elements, preferably selected from Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Zr, or Bi, the content by weight of each additional element in the metal coating being less than 0.3%, the total content of additional elements being less than 1 .0 wt. %, and the total content of unavoidable impurities being less than 0.5 wt%. This notably apply to both preferred alternatives EZ and JVD.

[0060] When the metallic coating is based on zinc alloy, the balance can typically be the nickel, iron, cobalt, or the polymer composite, unavoidable impurities and of one or more of optional additional elements as defined above, the content by weight of each additional element in the metal coating being less than 0.3%. This particularly applies when the metallic coating based on zinc alloy has been electrodeposited. Alternatively, when the metallic coating is based on zinc alloy, the balance can typically be magnesium (preferably from 1 to 15% by weight of magnesium), unavoidable impurities and of one or more of optional additional elements as defined above, the content by weight of each additional element in the metal coating being less than 0.3%. This particularly applies when the metallic coating based on zinc alloy has been deposited by JVD.

[0061] These different additional elements may notably give the possibility of improving the ductility or the adhesion of the metallic coating on the steel substrate. One skilled in the art, which is aware of their effects on the properties of the metallic coating, will know how to use them depending on the sought complementary purpose.

[0062] The measurement of the composition of a coating is generally achieved by chemical dissolution of the coating. The given result corresponds to an average content in the whole of the metallic coating.

[0063] The improvement of the tribological properties of the outer surface of the metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys, which coats at least one face of the steel substrate, facilitates the subsequent forming thereof, notably by drawing.

[0064] Advantageously, the aqueous solution according to the invention generally also allows maintaining an acceptable compatibility of the outer surface of the metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys, which coats at least one face of the steel substrate, with an adhesive. This maintenance of compatibility is observed even if the layer, which is formed on the outer surface of the metallic coating, comprises zinc hydroxysulfate.

[0065] In the automotive industry, steel sheets are frequently assembled using adhesives to produce certain parts of the vehicles, such as door thresholds, for example.

[0066] The adhesives can be structural, reinforced structural (for example, of the “crash” type) or semi-structural adhesives, sealing putties or wedging putties of various chemical natures, such as epoxy, polyurethane or rubber.

[0067] The maintenance of the compatibility of the outer surface of the Zn-coated steel sheet with an adhesive may for example be shown by conducting tensile tests on samples of Zn- coated steel sheet assembled via an adhesive and optionally aged until breakage of the assembly and by measuring the maximum tensile stress and the nature of the fracture. The method of ASTM D 1002-2010 may be followed.

[0068] The adherence of the adhesive on the metal coating is evaluated by measuring the tensile stress at break on the one hand, and the compatibility of the adhesive and the metal coating by visually determining the nature of the break on the other hand. It is possible to observe three break types, or facies:

[0069] - cohesive break, when the break occurs in the thickness of the adhesive,

[0070] - adhesive break, when the break takes place at one of the interfaces between the tongues and the adhesive,

[0071] - surface cohesive break, when the break takes place in the adhesive near one of the interfaces between the tongues and the adhesive.

[0072] In particular in the automotive industry, efforts are made to avoid adhesive breaks, which result in poor compatibility of the adhesive with the steel sheet. Cohesive breaks are the most preferred.

[0073] Preferably, the aqueous solution according to the invention allows obtaining less than 30%, preferably less than 20%, most preferably at most 15%, of adhesive breaks at initial stage, which matches the requirements of the automotive industry.

[0074] Preferably, the aqueous solution according to the invention allows obtaining less than 30% loss factor of the maximum tensile stress by aging 21 days. This matches the requirements of the automotive industry.

[0075] According to a fourth object, the invention concerns a method for preparing a Zn- coated steel substrate comprising: providing a steel substrate coated on at least one of its faces with a metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys, applying on the outer surface of the metallic coating the aqueous solution according to according to the first object of the invention so as to form a wet film, drying the wet film in order to form, on the outer surface of the metallic coating, a layer comprising the at least one P1-M1 copolymer and a zinc sulfate compound selected from zinc hydroxysulfate, zinc sulfate in hydrated form or not, and mixtures thereof.

[0076] The embodiments described above for the aqueous solution and for the steel substrate coated on at least one of its faces with a metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys are applicable for the method.

[0077] In the method according to the invention, the aqueous solution may be applied at a temperature comprised between 5 and 70°C, preferably between 15 and 50°C. The duration of application of the aqueous solution may be between 0.1 s and 40 s, preferably between 0.5 s and 20 s.

[0078] The aqueous solution may be applied by dipping, by roller coating or by spraying, optionally followed by squeezing. Roller coating is preferred since it gives the possibility of more easily controlling the amount of applied aqueous solution while ensuring a homogeneous distribution of the aqueous solution on the outer surface of the metallic coating. Generally, the wet film thickness consisting of the applied aqueous solution on the outer surface of the metallic coating is from 0.2 to 5.0 pm, typically between 0.5 and 3.0 pm The wet film thickness can be measured with an infrared gauge positioned before the dryer. It is composed of a light source, an infrared detector and specific filters. The measurement is based on infrared light absorption.

[0079] The drying step of the method may be carried out by subjecting the Zn-coated steel substrate to a temperature comprised between 70 and 180°C, for example between 80 and 120°C, generally for 1 to 30 seconds, notably 1 to 10 seconds, for example 2 s.

[0080] When the outer surface of the metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys is treated by the aqueous solution according to the invention, a layer forms on the outer surface, which comprises at least one P1-M1 copolymer and the zinc sulfate compound. Such a layer does not form when the concentration of the at least one zinc sulfate hydrate or the concentration of the at least one P1-M1 copolymer is less than 0.01 g / L in the aqueous solution. Too high concentrations thereof do not substantially improve the properties of the obtained sheet (no improvement of compatibility with adhesives), can even be detrimental for the properties thereof (difficulties to degrease and / or to apply subsequent treatments such as phosphating, welding...) and for the deposition line, which can get polluted.

[0081] The method can comprise additional steps. For example, the method may comprise a prior step of preparing a steel substrate coated on at least one of its faces with a metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys, preferably by hot dipping.

[0082] The method may comprise a prior step of preparing the aqueous solution according to the first object of the invention either by mixing the aqueous solution of the first container of the kit according to the second object of the invention with the aqueous solution of the second container, or by adding zinc sulfate or a hydrate thereof and at least one P1-M1 copolymer in water.

[0083] The method may comprise or be free of surface treatment step(s) other than the one consisting of applying the aqueous solution according to the invention (for example a chemical conversion treatment). The aim of this(these) surface treatment(s) is generally to increase the paint adhesion and / or corrosion resistance. When this(these) surface treatment step(s) lead to the formation of a layer on the metallic coating, this(these) other surface treatment step(s) is(are) carried out simultaneously or after the step for application of the aqueous solution according to the invention, so that there is no intermediate layer between the outer surface of the metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys and the aqueous solution according to the invention. In particular, the method may comprise, after having dried the wet film, a phosphating step or a step of applying a zirconium-based conversion treatment.

[0084] These optional surface treatment steps may comprise other rinsing, drying sub-steps.

[0085] Preferably, the method is free of any surface treatment step between the step of applying the aqueous solution according to the invention and the drying step.

[0086] After the drying step (and after the additional surface treatment step(s) if present), grease or oil is generally applied on the layer as defined above in order to protect the Zn- coated steel substrate against corrosion and / or to facilitate its subsequent forming. The oil is thus preferably a temporary protective oil or a lubricating oil. The grease or oil is generally applied with a density of less than 3 mg / m2.

[0087] If the steel substrate is a steel strip, the strip may optionally be wound before being stored and then being sent to a pre-lacquering line. Typically, before forming the part, the strip is cut out. In order to remove the impurities deposited on the steel sheet from this cutting out, a washing / re-oiling treatment may be applied before forming.

[0088] After the drying step, the method may comprise a step of forming, typically by bending, profiling or drawing, preferably by deep drawing or cold drawing. The forming step is preferably performed after the oiling step. The obtained formed steel sheet corresponds to a part, for example an automotive part.

[0089] The method may then comprise (or be free of): - a degreasing step, typically achieved by applying a basic aqueous solution on the outer surface of the metallic coating, and / or

[0090] - other surface treatment steps, for example a phosphating step, and / or

[0091] - a cataphoresis step, and / or

[0092] - a painting step.

[0093] The invention is also directed to a steel substrate obtainable by the method described above, and to the part obtainable by the method when it comprises a forming step.

[0094] According to a fifth object, the invention concerns a steel substrate coated on at least one of its faces with a metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys, wherein the outer surface of the metallic coating is itself coated with a layer comprising: a zinc sulfate compound selected from zinc hydroxysulfate, zinc sulfate in hydrated form or not, and mixtures thereof, and at least one P1-M1 copolymer, the P1-M1 copolymer being as defined above.

[0095] Preferably, the density of sulphur in the layer is from 1.0 to 15.0 mg / m2, preferably from 2.0 to 10.0 mg / m2, most preferably from 3.0 to 7.0 mg / m2and / or the density of phosphorus in the layer is from 1.0 et 20.0 mg / m2, preferably from 3.0 to 15.0 mg / m2, most preferably from 4.0 to 9.0 mg / m2.

[0096] Advantageously, thanks to the synergistic effect between the zinc sulfate compound and the P1-M1 copolymer, it is possible to decrease the sulphur and / or phosphorous densities compared to the sulphur density usually obtained when zinc sulfate is used alone (typically from 15 to 30 mg / m2) and when the P1-M1 copolymer is used alone. The densities of sulphur and of phosphorus may be determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF).

[0097] Preferably, the ratio of the density of sulphur in the layer versus the density of phosphorus therein is from 1 / 3 to 2 / 1 , notably from 2 / 5 to 3 / 2, preferably in particular from 1 / 2 to 1 / 1 , most preferably from 5 / 8 to 1 / 1 . A ratio lower than 5 / 8 may lead to a degradation of the compatibility with adhesives.

[0098] Generally, the ratio of the cumulated weights of the at least one P1-M1 copolymer (cumulated weights of the P1-M1 copolymers when the aqueous solution comprises several P1-M1 copolymers) and of the zinc sulfate compound compared to the weight of the layer is from 50 to 100%, notably from 75 to 100%, typically from 90 to 100%.

[0099] The layer may be coated by a film of grease or of oil, typically by a temporary protective oil or a lubricating oil. The Zn-coated steel substrate coated by the layer defined above and by a film of oil or grease may be easily and entirely degreased by conventional degreasers (typically alkaline solutions). This is advantageous because the parts obtained after forming are usually degreased before further treatment with aqueous solutions (for example with a phosphating solution). The efficiency of the subsequent treatment with aqueous solutions depends on the prior degreasing. When degreasing is incomplete, some parts of the part are still covered with oil and thus not treated, or not well treated, with the aqueous solution. This may lead to aesthetic defects may appear, such as apparition of spots on the part surface, or to non-uniformity of properties over the whole surface.

[0100] The steel substrate is preferably the one obtainable by the method described above.

[0101] According to a sixth object, the invention concerns an automotive part made of the steel substrate as defined above.

[0102] The invention will now be illustrated with examples given as an indication, and not as a limitation, and with reference to the appended figure, which is a schematic sectional view illustrating the structure of a steel sheet 1 according to the invention.

[0103] The steel sheet 1 of Fig. 1 comprises a steel substrate 3 covered on each of both of its faces 5 with a metallic coating 7 based on zinc or its alloys. The coatings 7 are covered with a layer 9 comprising the at least one P1-M1 copolymer and the zinc sulfate compound selected from zinc hydroxysulfate, zinc sulfate in hydrated form or not, and mixtures thereof. Preferred hydrate forms are zinc sulfate monohydrate, zinc sulfate tetrahydrate and zinc sulfate heptahydrate. As the steel sheet 1 is not necessarily covered with such a layer 9 on both sides, there would be no departure from the scope of the invention if the upper layer 9 and / or the lower layer 9 were absent (alternatives not shown).

[0104] The steel sheet 1 of the figure comprises a steel substrate 3 covered on each of its two faces 5 with a metallic coating 7. It will be observed that the relative thicknesses of the substrate 3 and of the coatings 7 covering it have not been observed on the figure in order to facilitate the illustration.

[0105] The metallic coating 7 generally has a thickness of less than or equal to 25 pm and conventionally aims at protecting the steel substrate 3 against corrosion.

[0106] The coatings 7 present on both faces 5 are analogue and a single one will be described in detail subsequently. Alternatively (not shown), only one of the faces 5 has a metallic coating 7.

[0107] The metallic coating 7 comprises more than 40%, notably more than 50%, preferably more than 70%, more preferentially more than 90%, preferably more than 95%, preferably more than 98%, preferably more than 99%, or even more than 99.5% by weight of zinc. When the metallic coating is based on zinc, the balance may consist of unavoidable impurities and of one or more of optional additional elements, preferably selected from Si, Sb, Pb, Ti, Ca, Mn, Sn, La, Ce, Cr, Zr, or Bi, the content by weight of each additional element in the metal coating being less than 0.3%, , the total content of additional elements being less than 1 .0 wt. %, and the total content of unavoidable impurities being less than 0.5 wt%.. When the metallic coating is based on zinc alloy, the balance is typically the nickel, iron, cobalt, or the polymer composite, unavoidable impurities and of one or more of optional additional elements as defined above, the content by weight of each additional element in the metal coating being less than 0.3%.

[0108] In order to manufacture this steel sheet 1 , it is for example possible to proceed as follows.

[0109] The method may comprise a preliminary step of preparing the steel substrate 3 having two faces 5, at least one of which is coated with a metallic coating 7 based on zinc or its alloys. A steel substrate 3 is used, for example obtained by hot and then cold rolling.

[0110] The cold rolled steel substrate 3 can next undergo annealing carried out conventionally in an annealing furnace under an appropriate atmosphere, in order to recrystallize it after the work hardening it has undergone during the cold rolling operation. The recrystallization annealing also makes it possible to activate the faces 5 of the substrate 3 in order to favor the chemical reactions necessary for the subsequent deposition operation. Depending on the grade of the steel, the recrystallization annealing is typically done at a temperature comprised between 650 and 900° C for the time necessary to recrystallize the steel and activate faces 5.

[0111] The metallic coating 7 may be deposited on the substrate 3 by any known deposition method, notably by electro-zinc-plating, by physical vapor deposition (PVD), by jet vapor deposition (JVD) or hot dip galvanization, preferably by electrodeposition or by jet vapor deposition (JVD).

[0112] According to one preferred alternative, the metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys is electrodeposited. When the metallic coating 7 is deposited by electrodeposition, the method after cold rolling (or after annealing is annealing is present) is generally as follows.

[0113] The substrate 3 next preferably undergoes a skin-pass operation to give the faces 5 a texture facilitating subsequent shaping of the metal sheet 1. The skin-pass operation makes it possible to transfer a sufficient roughness to the faces 5, and therefore the outer surfaces 15 of the coatings 7 of the metal sheet 1 , so that it can subsequently be shaped under good conditions, while favoring good retention of the oil applied to the metal sheet 1 before it is shaped. The elongation rate of the substrate 3 during the skin-pass operation is generally comprised between 0.5 and 2%.

[0114] The coatings 7 are next made by electrodeposition. To that end, the substrate 3 passes through an electrolyte bath. The progression speed of the substrate 3 in the electrolyte bath is generally comprised between 20 and 200 m / mn.

[0115] The electrolyte is for example an aqueous acetyl electrolyte of the sulfate, chloride or chloride-sulfate mixture type, suitable for electrolytic deposition on the substrate 3 of either a layer of zinc, or a layer of zinc alloy, or a layer of zinc-polymer composite.

[0116] Thus, in order to deposit a zinc coating on the substrate 3, it is possible to use a chloride-based electrolyte bath comprising 50 to 150 g / l of zinc in the form of zinc chloride (ZnCh), 250 to 400 g / l of potassium chloride (KCI) and having a pH comprised between 4 and 5. The bath can also comprise additives, for example grain refiners with a concentration comprised between 1 and 1 .5 m / L In order to deposit the layer of zinc on the substrate 3, the current density is preferably adjusted to a value comprised between 30 and 150 A / dm2, and the temperature of the bath is preferably adjusted to a value comprised between 40 and 80° C., and preferably below 60° C to limit evaporation of the bath.

[0117] It is also possible to use a sulfate-based electrolyte bath comprising 50 to 150 g / l zinc in the form of zinc sulfate (ZnSC ), and having a pH below 5. The bath can also comprise additives, for example NaCOs. Preferably, the current density is adjusted to a value comprised between 10 and 150 A / dm2, and the temperature of the bath to a value comprised between 40 and 80° C, preferably below 60° C to limit the evaporation of the bath.

[0118] If one wishes to deposit a zinc alloy coating, such as zinc-nickel, zinc-iron or zinccobalt, nickel, iron or cobalt ions are added to the sulfate-, chloride- or chloride-sulfate mixture-based electrolyte bath previously described.

[0119] Likewise, to deposit a zinc-polymer composite coating, 0.1 to 2 wt % of a polymer, for example polyethylene glycol or polyacrylamide, is added to the sulfate-, chloride- or sulfatechloride mixture-based electrolyte bath previously described. The obtained composite coating imparts excellent corrosion resistance and also makes it possible to avoid the toxic chromating or phosphating treatments necessary for the paint to catch.

[0120] According to another preferred alternative, after cold rolling (or after annealing is annealing is present), the metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys is deposited by jet vapor deposition (JVD). JVD technology allows coating moving strips of steel in a vacuum chamber by vaporizing zinc or a zinc alloy, which is in a sublimated state, onto the face of the steel substrate 3 at high speed, preferably equal to or faster than the sonic velocity.

[0121] The outer surface 15 of the metallic coating 7 is subject to a surface treatment step which consists of applying to them the aqueous solution comprising at least 0.01 g / L of at least one hydrate of zinc sulfate, and at least 0.01 g / L of a at least one P1-M1 copolymer as described above. The aqueous solution preferably has a pH from 1 .0 to 5.0, most preferably from 1 .5 to

[0122] 3.0.

[0123] Typically, the method comprises, after the step for application on the outer surface 15 of the metallic coating 7 of the aqueous solution, a drying step, which allows obtaining, on the outer surface 15 of the metallic coating 7, a layer 9 comprising (or consisting of) at least one P1-M1 copolymer as defined above and a zinc sulfate compound as defined above. The drying may be carried out by subjecting the steel sheet 1 to a temperature comprised between 70 and 180°C, for example between 80 and 120°C, generally for 1 to 30 seconds, notably 1 to 10 seconds, for example 2 s.

[0124] The metallic coating of the steel sheet obtained is then typically coated with a layer 9 wherein density of sulphur is from 1.0 to 15.0 mg / m2, preferably from 2.0 to 10.0 mg / m2, most preferably from 3.0 to 7.0 mg / m2, and / or the density of phosphorus is from 1 .0 et 20.0 mg / m2, preferably from 3.0 to 15.0 mg / m2, most preferably from 4.0 to 9.0 mg / m2.

[0125] Generally once the steel sheet 1 has been prepared (whether or not skin-passed), it may be cut out into blanks. In order to remove the impurities deposited on the steel sheet from this cutting out, a washing / re-oiling treatment may be applied. The latter consists of applying on the surfaces of the Zn-coated steel sheet an oil with a low viscosity, and then of brushing, and then applying an oil with a greater viscosity.

[0126] The sheet 1 can subsequently be formed, for example, by means of drawing, bending or profiling, preferably by deep drawing or cold drawing, in order to produce a part that can then be subjected to painting so as to form on each metallic coating 7, a film of paint (or paint system).

[0127] The examples hereafter and the figure illustrate the invention.

[0128] In the examples, the P1-M1 copolymer used is Addibond™ 021 sold by Syensqo, which is a copolymer prepared from vinylphosphonic acid (P1 ) and acrylic acid (M1 ) at a molar ratio of VPA / AA of 30 / 70.

[0129] An aqueous solution according to the invention and comprising 10 g / L of this copolymer and 30 g / L of heptahydrate of ZnSC was used.

[0130] Comparative solutions were also prepared: an aqueous solution comprising 10 g / L of this copolymer (but free of ZnSC ), and another solution comprising 30 g / L of ZnSC (but free of copolymer).

[0131] The steel substrate coated by a metallic coating based on zinc or its alloys is either BH180 steel coated with zinc by electrodeposition (EZ) in a zinc sulfate electrolyte bath or it was a DC04 steel sheet having a 0.8 mm thickness coated by Zn deposited by JVD sold under the trademark Jetgal® by ArcelorMittal. The thickness of the Zn coating was 7.5 pm on each face.

[0132] Example 1 : Tribological properties

[0133] In order to illustrate the invention, measurement tests of the friction coefficient (p) according to the contact pressure (MPa) were conducted and are described as non-limiting examples.

[0134] Samples having dimensions of 450 mm x 35 mm x 0.7 mm thickness were cut out in the EZ steel sheets or JetGal® sheets treated by one of the aqueous solutions as defined above except for the reference steel sheets (control) not having been subject to any treatment with an aqueous solution.

[0135] Fuchs® 3802-39S oil (in excess), or QUAKER 6130 oil (in excess) were applied on both faces of the samples.

[0136] The tribometer consists mainly of two hydraulic cylinders:

[0137] - a clamping cylinder applies force to the test specimen via two tools;

[0138] - a traction cylinder forces the specimen to move.

[0139] The equipment is equipped with measuring instruments and a data acquisition system.

[0140] The friction test consists in rubbing the specimen over a length of approximately 135 mm, between two tools with a flat surface. The friction is carried out crosswise to the rolling direction of the specimen. The specimen is moved at a constant speed (typically 0.1 m / min), while the clamping force increases linearly from 5 to 800 daN. Given the friction surface, this results in an apparent contact pressure increasing from 2 MPa up to 80 MPa (800 bar).

[0141] A computer system enables the tool clamping force and the specimen tensile force to be acquired. The result is the force measured at the collet. It represents the sum of the tensile forces of each of the 2 rubbing surfaces. Recording it enables to calculate the coefficient of friction (p) according to Coulomb's principle. It's an arithmetic average of the 2 faces of the specimen.

[0142] The friction coefficient was thus measured (p) according to the contact pressure (MPa) by varying the contact pressure from 0 to 80 MPa: on the sample of the EZ or JetGal® treated with the aqueous solution according to the invention comprising both the copolymer and ZnSO4, on a sample of EZ or JetGal® but not treated with the aqueous solution (control), on a sample of EZ or JetGal® treated with the aqueous solution comprising only the copolymer (comparative example), on a sample of EZ or JetGal® treated with the aqueous solution comprising only ZnSC (comparative example).

[0143] The results are provided at table 1 . Table 1 : Tribological properties (Observation of stick slip and friction coefficient (p) according to the exerted pressure) for the tested EZ samples As illustrated in table 1 above, it was observed that the application of a solution according to the invention allows: reducing the friction coefficient relatively to an untreated coated steel sheet (control), reducing the friction coefficient obtained by using the hydrate of zinc sulfate and the copolymer in combination further than the theoretical reduction obtained by adding the reduction conferred by using P1-M1 copolymer alone (comparative) and the one obtained by using a hydrate of zinc sulfate alone (comparative).

[0144] The other properties of the EZ sheets obtained by the method according to the invention (mechanical properties, compatibility with one of the subsequent steps for cataphoresis and / or phosphating and / or painting) were not degraded.

[0145] Example 2: Compatibility with adhesives

[0146] Tensile tests were conducted and are described as non-limiting examples.

[0147] Each specimen was prepared in the following way.

[0148] Tabs were cut out in the EZ sheet treated by one of the aqueous solutions as defined above except for the reference steel sheets (control) not having been subject to any treatment with an aqueous solution to be evaluated. These tabs had dimensions of 25 mm x 100 mm x thickness of the steel.

[0149] Fuchs® 3802-39S oil for example was applied on the tabs in an amount of 3 g / m2.

[0150] Two tabs were adhesively bonded with a gasket of either BM180 (DuPond) (epoxy based adhesive) or EP5080, SKP555 et CI1415HV adhesive, which are so called structural adhesives. These adhesives were selected since these are adhesives conventionally leading to adhesive fractures before ageing and / or after ageing of the adhesive.

[0151] The thereby formed specimen was then brought to 180°C and maintained at this temperature for 30 minutes, which gives the possibility of curing the adhesive.

[0152] Ageing tests were then carried out with the specimens, the tabs of which were adhesively bonded with EP5090or SKP555 adhesive. The natural ageing of the adhesive is simulated by ageing with a humid cataplasm at 70°C for 7 days.

[0153] The tensile test was performed in accordance with ASTM D 1002-2010. The test was achieved at a room temperature of 23°C by imposing a traction speed of 10 mm / min to a tab, parallel with the latter, while the other tab of the specimen was fixed. The test was continued until fracture of the specimen.

[0154] At the end of the test, the maximum tensile stress was noted and the nature of the fracture was evaluated visually (cohesive fracture, when the fracture took place in the thickness of the adhesive - adhesive fracture, when the fracture took place at one of the interfaces between the steel sheet and the adhesive - surface cohesive fracture, when the fracture took place in the adhesive in the vicinity of an interface between the tabs and the steel sheet) (being aware that in the automotive industry, adhesive fractures are sought to be avoided which express poor compatibility of the adhesive with the steel sheet).

[0155] Table 2 provides the results. CF means surface cohesive fracture. The loss factor is the reduction in % of the maximum tensile stress by aging. A loss factor lower than 30% is required for industrial applications. Table 2: Maximum tensile stresses and natures of the fracture for the specimens based on the tested EZ steel sheets.

[0156] As illustrated by table 2: the treatment on the EZ steel with an aqueous solution according to the invention and then the assembly thereof by BM 180 adhesive promote the occurrence of surface cohesive fractures at initial stage, whereas more adhesive fractures were obtained at initial stage for the comparative sheet treated only by ZnSC , the treatment on the EZ steel with an aqueous solution according to the invention and then the assembly thereof either by EP5090 adhesive, or by SKP555 adhesive, or by CI1415HV adhesive promote the occurrence of surface cohesive fractures at initial stages with results better than the comparative sheet treated only by ZnSC for which more adhesive fractures were obtained at initial stage. the treatment on the EZ steel with an aqueous solution according to the invention and then the assembly thereof either by EP5090 adhesive or by SKP555 adhesive promote the occurrence of surface cohesive fractures after 21 days of ageing with results similar to those obtained for the comparative sheet treated only by the copolymer, and better than the comparative sheet treated only by ZnSC . Moreover, the mechanical performance obtained with an aqueous solution according to the invention is higher after 21 days of ageing compared to the steel sheet treated only by ZnSC . It is noteworthy that the loss factor between initial stage and 21 days of ageing of the EZ sheet treated with an aqueous solution according to the invention is lower than 30%, as required for industrial applications. Comparatively, the loss factor of the EZ sheet treated only by ZnSC is higher.

Claims

CLAIMS1 . Aqueous solution comprising: at least 0.01 g / L of at least one hydrate of zinc sulfate, and at least 0.01 g / L of at least one P1-M1 copolymer, the P1-M1 copolymer being prepared from monomers comprising: a) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 containing at least one phosphorus atom; and b) a monomer M1 selected from (meth)acrylates, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, and (meth)acrylic acid.

2. Aqueous solution according to claim 1 , wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 comprises a phosphonate or a phosphonic acid group.

3. Aqueous solution according to claim 2, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 has formula (I):wherein:OR1is H, a C1-C4 alkyl or a0Rgroup wherein R is H or C1-C4 alkyl, R1being preferably H,R2is H or a C1-C4 alkyl, R2being preferably H,X is a single bond or a spacer chosen from a C1-C4 alkyl, ether or ketone, preferably from -CH2-, -CH2-CH2-, -CH2-O-CH2-CH2, -CH2-O-CO-CH2-, -CH2- O-(CH2)n-, -O-(CH2)n- wherein n is 1 or 2, X being preferably a single bond.

4. Aqueous solution according to anyone of claims 1 to 3, having a pH from 1.0 to 5.0, most preferably from 1 .5 to 3.0.

5. Aqueous solution according to anyone of claims 1 to 4, wherein the weight ratio of the at least one zinc sulfate hydrate versus the at least one P1-M1 copolymer is from 0.5 to 3.0, most preferably from 0.8 to 2.

06. Kit comprising: a first container comprising a volume V1 of an aqueous solution of at least on hydrate of zinc sulfate at a concentration C1 , a second container comprising a volume V2 of an aqueous solution of at least one P1-M1 copolymer at a concentration C2, said P1-M1 copolymer being as prepared from monomers comprising: a) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 containing at least one phosphorus atom; and b) a monomer M1 selected from (meth)acrylates, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, and (meth)acrylic acid, wherein C1 and C2 are expressed in g / L and V1 and V2 are expressed in L, and C1 , C2, V1 and V2 are such that the following relations are fulfilled:Cl x VI- > O.Olq / LVI + V2C2 X V2- > O.Olq / LVI + V27. Use of the aqueous solution according to anyone of claims 1 to 5 for improving the tribological properties of the outer surface (15) of a metallic coating (7) based on zinc or its alloys, which coats at least one face (5) of a steel substrate (3).

8. Use according to claim 7, wherein the metallic coating (7) based on zinc or its alloys has been electrodeposited.

9. Use according to claim 7, wherein the metallic coating (7) based on zinc or its alloys has been deposited by jet vapor deposition.

10. Method for preparing a Zn-coated steel substrate comprising: providing a steel substrate (3) coated on at least one of its faces with a metallic coating (7) based on zinc or its alloys,Applying, on the outer surface (15) of the metallic coating (7), the aqueous solution according to any one of claims 1 to 5 so as to form a wet film, drying the wet film in order to form, on the outer surface (15) of the metallic coating (7), a layer (9) comprising the at least one P1-M1 copolymer and a zinc sulfatecompound selected from zinc hydroxysulfate, zinc sulfate in hydrated form or not, and mixtures thereof.

11. Method according to claim 9, wherein the metallic coating (7) based on zinc or its alloys has been electrodeposited.

12. Method according to claim 9, wherein the metallic coating (7) based on zinc or its alloys has been deposited by jet vapor deposition.

13. Method according to anyone of claims 10 to 12, comprising a phosphating step or a step of applying a zirconium-based conversion treatment after having dried the wet film14. Method according to anyone of claims 10 to 13, comprising applying a film of grease or oil on the layer (9) coating the outer surface (15) of the metallic coating (7) coating the steel substrate (3) after having dried the wet film.

15. Method according to anyone of claims 10 to 14, comprising forming the Zn-coated steel substrate after having dried the wet film, whereby a part is formed.

16. Method according to claim 15, wherein the forming is by drawing, most preferably by cold drawing or deep drawing.

17. Steel substrate coated on at least one of its faces (5) with a metallic coating (7) based on zinc or its alloys, wherein the outer surface (15) of the metallic coating is itself coated with a layer (9) comprising: a zinc sulfate compound selected from zinc hydroxysulfate, zinc sulfate in hydrated form or not, and mixtures thereof, at least one P1-M1 copolymer, the P1-M1 copolymer being prepared from monomers comprising: a) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer P1 containing at least one phosphorus atom; and b) a monomer M1 selected from (meth)acrylates, hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates, and (meth)acrylic acid.

18. Steel substrate according to claim 17, wherein the metallic coating (7) based on zinc or its alloys has been electrodeposited.

19. Steel substrate according to claim 17, wherein the metallic coating (7) based on zinc or its alloys has been deposited by jet vapor deposition.

20. Steel substrate according to anyone of claims 17 to 19, wherein the density of sulphur in the layer (9) is from 1.0 to 15.0 mg / m2, preferably from 2.0 to 10.0 mg / m2, most preferably from 3.0 to 7.0 mg / m2and the density of phosphorus in the layer (9) is from 1.0 et 20.0 mg / m2, preferably from 3.0 to 15.0 mg / m2, most preferably from 4.0 to 9.0 mg / m2.

21. Steel substrate according to anyone of claims 17 to 20, wherein the layer (9) is coated by a film of grease or of oil.

22. Steel substrate according to anyone of claims 17 to 21 , obtainable by the method according to anyone of claims 10 to 16.

23. Automotive part made of a steel substrate according to any one of claims 17 to 22.

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