A closed-loop pulse circuit enables real-time battery insulation monitoring during vehicle dormancy without BMS control.
A rearward, downward-facing cable mount layout makes vehicle high-voltage terminals harder to touch while preserving connector access.
Voltage analysis across pause, charging, and discharging periods improves detection of genuine secondary batteries.
Pulse current profiles let onboard battery systems calculate cell impedance and flag health faults without lab analyzers.
Sequential start-stop control lets a railcar auxiliary power supply capture voltage and current data from both active and idle in-vehicle devices.
A sensor and control loop checks whether an EV active discharge circuit responds during shutdown, flagging deficient DC link capacitor discharge.
A rear collision impact reducer doubles as a battery cooling air path, protecting the pack while cutting parts and structure complexity.
Relocating the drive mechanism to the suspension arm simplifies actuator wiring and piping while removing steering links for easier maintenance.
Linked ageing-time functions predict battery state of health from limited early data, improving degradation tracking and remaining life estimates.