Externally mounted sensors read dielectric changes through sealed walls to flag contamination, tampering, or liquid degradation without opening containers.
Opposed laser arrays and bonded prism beam splitters help a Rydberg vapour cell distinguish radio frequency and arrival angle while resisting vibration.
Concentric sensor sectors and multi-contact resistance measurements help identify cracks smaller than 1 millimeter in stressed components.
External sensors measure dielectric properties through sealed container walls to detect contamination without invasive sampling.
Two current levels and voltage readings reveal the POE sense resistor’s actual value, accounting for parasitic resistance and drift.
Tantalum nitride tracks and a refractory insulating substrate enable four-point conductivity measurements above 1500°C in oxidizing conditions.
Separate circuits can vary stress conditions; an RL-loaded half-bridge measures dynamic on-resistance and threshold-voltage instability in one setup.
An alternating-switch test circuit uses a soaking phase and timed drain-source sensing to measure GaN transistor resistance under realistic thermal conditions.
An inductor detects whether a tracking device remains attached to an asset, enabling wireless event notices and periodic, lower-energy monitoring.
An open resonator replaces split-cylinder measurement beyond 60 GHz, reducing energy loss while preserving dielectric measurement accuracy.
An ink mix chamber and counter regulate light-emitting element dispensing to improve pixel uniformity and reduce process costs.
Real-time RC sensing measures memory word-line time constants to adjust operation timing and identify circuit-line defects.
Controlled voltage operations combine resistance sections to detect multiple substances, correct ambient-temperature effects, and support sensor miniaturization.
Different voltage operations use resistance and conductive members to improve multi-target detection while reducing sensor elements and power consumption.
A bottom-surface capacitance sensor detects flavor stick insertion while avoiding interference with the heating portion.
Phase-shifted reference currents weaken high-frequency noise cancellation; baseline-current estimation and voltage subtraction preserve impedance accuracy.
Independent oscillators can obscure phase and timing in impedance tests; calibration and feedback compensation improve battery SoC and SoH estimation.
Different-value parallel resistors help identify specific disengaged high-voltage connectors despite resistor short circuits.
Iterative magnitude-phase feedback adjusts excitation and reference signals to improve repeatability when measuring MUT impedance and dielectric properties.