A method of rice densification and silicate mineral material application synergistic yield increase

Abstract

This invention belongs to the field of rice cultivation technology, specifically relating to a method for synergistic yield increase through high-density rice planting and the application of silicate mineral materials. The method includes the following steps: before transplanting rice seedlings, applying silicate mineral materials to the soil at a rate of 4.5 tons / hectare to 6.0 tons / hectare in a single application; transplanting and high-density planting of rice seedlings; wherein the high-density planting density after transplanting is 312,000 hills / hectare to 345,000 hills / hectare. The method provided by this invention achieves a synergistic effect on rice growth and yield through high-density rice planting combined with the application of silicate mineral powder, essentially "compensating for weaknesses and synergizing advantages." The synergy of these two methods can alleviate the risk of lodging and nutrient competition caused by high-density planting, achieving the comprehensive goals of "nitrogen reduction, high-density planting, quality improvement, and stress resistance."

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of rice cultivation technology, specifically relating to a method for synergistic yield increase through dense rice planting and the application of silicate mineral materials. Background Technology

[0002] High-density rice planting is a cultivation regulation method that rationally increases the number of basic seedlings and planting holes in the field. By reducing the spacing between plants and rows and increasing the sowing / planting density, a field community is built. Sufficient basic seedlings compensate for the lack of tillering, quickly closing the rows and forming clumps, and utilizing sunlight to build the community in advance. High-density rice planting is mostly used for early rice with short growing seasons, varieties with weak tillering ability, in fields with poor soil, and in cold and low-temperature planting areas.

[0003] Reasonable close planting of rice can increase the number of effective panicles per unit area by optimizing the population structure, thereby increasing yield. However, when the planting density exceeds the upper limit of the suitable density for the variety, it will lead to problems such as lodging and nutrient limitation. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the problems of lodging and nutrient limitation in rice cultivation when planting density exceeds the optimal density in existing technologies, this invention provides a method for synergistic yield increase through dense rice planting and the application of silicate mineral materials. To achieve the above objectives, this invention employs the following technical solution.

[0005] This invention provides a method for synergistic yield increase through dense rice planting and application of silicate mineral materials, comprising the following steps: Before transplanting rice seedlings, silicate mineral materials are applied to the soil in one go at a rate of 4.5 tons / hectare to 6.0 tons / hectare.

[0006] The rice seedlings are transplanted and planted at higher density; wherein the higher density of the rice seedlings after transplanting is 312,000 hills / hectare to 345,000 hills / hectare.

[0007] The method provided by this invention can significantly increase the content of total silicon, cellulose, and lignin in rice stems, enhance stem toughness and mechanical support, and reduce the lodging index. Specifically, the application of silicate mineral powder allows silicon to be released through weathering and absorbed by the rice straw. After deposition in the plant stems, this significantly improves stem toughness, mechanical support, and bending resistance, thus reducing the lodging index. Furthermore, the calcium, magnesium, and silicon nutrients released by the weathering of silicate mineral powder can also supply rice growth, increasing rice yield. Silicate minerals can enhance rice production potential through synergistic regulation of nutrient absorption. Therefore, the method provided by this invention solves the problem of easy lodging and nutrient limitation when planting density exceeds the upper limit of the suitable density for a variety by using a synergistic coupling mechanism between silicate mineral materials and dense planting. Specifically:

[0008] On the one hand, silicate mineral materials (such as wollastonite powder) are rich in active silicon. After a single application as basal fertilizer, they can continuously release silicon in the early stages of rice growth, promoting silicification and deposition of stem cell walls, significantly enhancing stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance. This overcomes the problems of dense planting, such as overcrowded canopies and weak stems prone to lodging, from a physical structural perspective. On the other hand, silicate mineral materials slowly weather and dissolve in the soil, activating and releasing calcium, magnesium, silicon, and various micronutrients. Simultaneously, they improve soil physicochemical properties and promote root development, effectively alleviating the competitive pressure on soil nutrients among plants under dense planting conditions, thus solving the problem of nutrient limitation from a nutritional supply perspective. This synergistic effect allows rice to maintain photosynthetic advantage and increase yield under unconventional planting density (312,000 hills / hectare to 345,000 hills / hectare) while ensuring robust individual growth and preventing lodging and malnutrition, thereby breaking through the technical bottleneck of the traditional upper limit of planting density.

[0009] Furthermore, the silicate mineral material is a calcium-rich silicate mineral material.

[0010] Furthermore, the calcium-rich silicate mineral material includes wollastonite.

[0011] The wollastonite contains ≥50% silicon dioxide and ≥40% calcium oxide, and the mass ratio of silicon dioxide to calcium oxide is 1.24~1.26:1.

[0012] Furthermore, the silicate mineral material is in powder form with a particle size of 180 mesh to 210 mesh.

[0013] Furthermore, it also includes field fertilization management.

[0014] The field fertilization management includes four stages: basal fertilizer application, topdressing during the greening stage, topdressing during the tillering stage, and topdressing during the heading stage.

[0015] Furthermore, the process of applying the base fertilizer is as follows: before applying the silicate mineral material, apply 400 kg / ha to 500 kg / ha of compound fertilizer as base fertilizer.

[0016] Furthermore, the process of topdressing during the greening period is as follows: during the greening period of rice, apply 70 kg / ha to 80 kg / ha of ammonium sulfate and 35 kg / ha to 39 kg / ha of urea.

[0017] Furthermore, the process of topdressing during the tillering stage is as follows: during the tillering stage of rice, apply 80 kg / ha to 100 kg / ha of urea.

[0018] Furthermore, the process of topdressing during the booting stage is as follows: During the booting stage of rice, apply 70-80 kg / ha of potassium sulfate and 21-24 kg / ha of urea.

[0019] Furthermore, the compound fertilizer, ammonium sulfate, urea, and potassium sulfate are all applied by drone application.

[0020] Furthermore, the silicate mineral material is applied to the soil in a single application using a full-layer fertilization method, whereby the silicate mineral material is evenly mixed into the 0-20cm topsoil layer.

[0021] Furthermore, the rice variety mentioned includes Japonica rice Nongken 2021 long grain fragrant.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. This invention provides a method for synergistically increasing rice yield through dense planting and the application of silicate mineral materials. The method increases rice planting density from the conventional 285,000 hills / ha to 333,000 hills / ha, a 16.8% increase, while simultaneously applying 5.0 tons / ha of silicate mineral materials. Dense planting increases the number of effective panicles, thus increasing rice yield. The silicate mineral materials weather and release silicon, which is absorbed by the rice and strengthens the stems. Furthermore, the application of silicate mineral materials promotes soil nutrient cycling, providing the rice with the necessary nutrients. Ultimately, after dense planting and the application of wollastonite powder, rice grain yield significantly increases by 16.3%. This invention solves the problem of lodging and nutrient limitation when planting density exceeds the upper limit suitable for a particular variety by using a synergistic coupling mechanism between silicate mineral materials and dense planting. Specifically:

[0023] On the one hand, silicate mineral materials (such as wollastonite powder) are rich in silicon. After a single application as basal fertilizer, they can continuously release silicon in the early stages of rice growth, promoting silicification and deposition of stem cell walls, significantly enhancing stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance. This overcomes the problems of dense planting, such as overcrowded canopies and weak stems prone to lodging, from a physical structural perspective. On the other hand, silicate mineral materials slowly weather and dissolve in the soil, activating and releasing calcium, magnesium, silicon, and various micronutrients. Simultaneously, they improve soil physicochemical properties, promote root development, and effectively alleviate the competitive pressure on soil nutrients among plants under dense planting, solving the problem of nutrient limitation from a nutritional supply perspective. This synergistic effect allows rice to maintain photosynthetic advantage and increase yield under unconventional planting density (312,000 hills / hectare to 345,000 hills / hectare) while ensuring robust individual growth and preventing lodging and malnutrition, thus breaking through the technical bottleneck of the traditional upper limit of planting density.

[0024] 2. The synergistic effect mechanism of "increasing rice planting density by 16.8% and applying 5.0 tons / hectare of wollastonite powder" selected in this invention is as follows: (1) Lodging resistance mechanism: After the silicic acid released by the weathering of wollastonite powder is absorbed by rice, it is deposited in the epidermal cells and vascular bundles of the stem to form a silicified cell layer, which significantly increases the total silicon, cellulose and lignin content of the stem, enhances the mechanical strength and toughness of the stem, effectively supports the increased biomass under dense planting conditions, and reduces the risk of lodging.

[0025] (2) Nutrient synergistic supply mechanism: The calcium, magnesium, silicon and other nutrients released by the weathering of wollastonite powder replenish the soil nutrient pool, increase the content of available silicon, exchangeable calcium, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil, alleviate the competition of the root system for nutrients under dense planting conditions, promote root development and nutrient absorption, and improve the survival rate and panicle formation rate of densely planted rice.

[0026] (3) Population structure optimization mechanism: Under the premise of ensuring lodging resistance and nutrient supply, dense planting increases the number of ears per unit area, increases the photosynthetic area of ​​the population, improves light energy utilization, and ultimately achieves a significant increase in yield. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Figure 1 This describes the effect after implementing the technology in this invention; wherein: (a) Dry weight of rice straw under four treatments; (b) Dry weight of rice grains under four treatments; (c) represents the number of rice plants under the four treatments; (d) represents the number of effective panicles of rice under the four treatments; (e) represents the average dry weight of a single rice stalk under the four treatments; (f) represents the average height of a single rice stalk under the four treatments.

[0028] Figure 2 The results of the lodging resistance index of rice straw after the implementation of the technology in this invention; wherein: (a) Total silicon content of rice straw under four treatments; (b) Cellulose content in rice straw under four treatments; (c) represents the lignin content of rice straw under the four treatments. Detailed Implementation

[0029] The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments, but this should not be construed as limiting the invention. Unless otherwise specified, the technical means used in the following embodiments are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art, and the materials, reagents, etc. used in the following embodiments are commercially available unless otherwise specified.

[0030] Example 1 1. Experimental site: Qinglongshan Farm, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province (China's main rice-producing area, Northeast black soil region).

[0031] 2. Tested variety: Japonica rice Nongken 2021 Long Grain Fragrant, purchased from Beidahuang Kenfeng Seed Industry Co., Ltd.

[0032] 3. Experimental Design: A 2×2 factorial completely randomized block design was adopted, with 4 treatments: Treatment 1 (CK, regular dense planting without wollastonite powder): regular dense planting (285,000 holes / hectare) + no wollastonite powder application.

[0033] Treatment 2 (D, increased density without wollastonite powder): Increased planting density (333,000 holes / hectare) + no application of wollastonite powder.

[0034] Treatment 3 (S, constant dense application of wollastonite powder): constant dense planting (285,000 holes / hectare) + application of wollastonite powder (5.0 tons / hectare).

[0035] Treatment 4 (DS, increased density application of wollastonite powder): increased planting density (333,000 holes / hectare) + application of wollastonite powder (5.0 tons / hectare).

[0036] The parameters for the applied wollastonite powder are as follows: The mineral type is calcium-rich wollastonite, with a particle size of 200 mesh. The application rate is 5.0 tons / hectare, applied as a single basal application before rice seedling transplanting. The calcium-rich wollastonite comes from the Dadingshan wollastonite mine in Lishu County, Jilin Province.

[0037] The specific methods are as follows: Before transplanting rice seedlings, calcium-rich wollastonite powder is applied to the soil at a rate of 5.0 tons per hectare in one go.

[0038] The rice seedlings are transplanted and planted at higher density; wherein the higher density of the rice seedlings after transplanting is 333,000 hills / hectare.

[0039] The calcium-rich wollastonite contains 53.3% silicon dioxide and 42.5% calcium oxide, with a silicon dioxide to calcium oxide mass ratio of 1.25:1. The calcium-rich wollastonite (referred to as wollastonite) is in powder form with a particle size of 200 mesh.

[0040] It also includes field fertilization management. Field fertilization management includes four stages: basal fertilizer application, topdressing during the greening stage, topdressing during the tillering stage, and topdressing during the heading stage.

[0041] The process of applying base fertilizer is as follows: Before applying silicate mineral materials, apply 450 kg / ha of compound fertilizer as base fertilizer by drone broadcasting.

[0042] The process of topdressing during the greening stage is as follows: During the greening stage of rice, apply 75 kg / ha of ammonium sulfate and 37.5 kg / ha of urea by drone.

[0043] The process of topdressing during the tillering stage is as follows: During the tillering stage of rice, 90 kg / ha of urea is applied by drone.

[0044] The process of topdressing during the booting stage is as follows: During the booting stage of rice, apply 75 kg / ha of potassium sulfate and 22.5 kg / ha of urea by drone.

[0045] The one-time application of fertilizer to the soil adopts the whole-layer fertilization method, which evenly mixes calcium-rich wollastonite powder into the 0-20cm topsoil layer.

[0046] 4. Measurement indicators: (1) Yield and its composition: grain yield, straw yield, number of holes, plant height, and weight of a single straw.

[0047] Before harvesting the rice after it matured, three 1m samples were taken from each treatment group. 2 For a small quadrat (1m × 1m), collect all the above-ground parts of the rice plants within the quadrat, count the number of rice hills and effective panicles, measure the plant height, separate the grains and straw, dry them at 110℃, weigh them, and calculate the yield of grains and straw. Divide the dry weight of the rice straw by the total number of rice panicles to obtain the weight of a single straw.

[0048] (2) Stem quality: total silicon content, hemicellulose content, cellulose content, lignin content.

[0049] 1m taken from each of the above treatment groups 2 In each quadrat, the third internode (pure stem segment, excluding leaves, leaf sheaths, ears, and roots) of the main stem of straw was randomly selected. The three quadrats of each quadrat were mixed to obtain one mixed sample. The sample was air-dried, ground, and used to determine the content of total silicon, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin.

[0050] The total silicon content in straw was determined using the molybdenum blue colorimetric method. The specific method is as follows: after digesting the ground straw sample with NaOH, the sample was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).

[0051] The content of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in straw was determined by the Van der Waals washing fiber method. The dried and crushed straw samples were dissolved in neutral / acid detergent in steps, and the contents of the three were calculated.

[0052] Among them, straw samples refer to the stems of rice after it has matured and been harvested, excluding rice ears, leaves and roots. Usually, the stem section from the base of the plant to the neck node of the panicle is taken as the test sample.

[0053] (3) Soil nutrients: available phosphorus, available potassium, available silicon, exchangeable calcium, total nitrogen, organic carbon.

[0054] 1m of each of the above treatment groups2 After collecting aboveground straw and grain samples from the small quadrats, soil samples from the 0-20 cm depth were collected from the same quadrats using a soil auger. Three samples were collected from each quadrat and mixed to obtain a composite sample. The soil samples were then air-dried to obtain air-dried soil. The air-dried soil was passed through a 2 mm sieve for the determination of available silicon and exchangeable calcium, through a 60-mesh sieve for the determination of available phosphorus and available potassium, and through a 200-mesh sieve for the determination of total nitrogen and organic carbon content.

[0055] Due to the acidic nature of the soil, the available phosphorus content was determined using ammonium fluoride-hydrochloric acid extraction and the molybdenum-antimony colorimetric method. Available potassium content was determined using ammonium acetate extraction and a flame photometer. Available silicon content was determined using citric acid extraction and the molybdenum blue colorimetric method. Exchangeable calcium content was determined using the ammonium acetate exchange method-atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Total nitrogen and total carbon content were determined using a high-temperature combustion-elemental analyzer, and inorganic carbon content was determined using the hydrochloric acid neutralization gas method. The organic carbon content was obtained by subtracting the inorganic carbon content from the total carbon content.

[0056] 5. Test Results: The results of rice yield, population structure, stem characteristics, and soil nutrient content under different treatments are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3. Figure 1 and Figure 2 .

[0057] Table 1. Effects of different treatments on rice yield and population structure. Table 2 Effects of different treatments on stem characteristics Table 3 Effects of different treatments on soil nutrients in the panicle area Results analysis: (1) Compared to the treatment without wollastonite powder, the treatment with wollastonite powder significantly increased the yield of rice straw. Without wollastonite powder, denser planting did not increase rice grain yield. Under normal dense planting conditions, the application of wollastonite powder increased yield by 15%, but this was not statistically significant. However, the combined application of wollastonite powder and denser planting significantly increased yield by 16%. Compared to normal dense planting, the treatment without wollastonite powder did not increase the number of rice plants per hill, but the combined application of wollastonite powder and denser planting significantly increased the number of rice plants per hill. This indicates that the application of wollastonite powder improved the survival rate of densely planted rice.

[0058] (2) Compared to the treatment without wollastonite powder, the treatment with wollastonite powder significantly increased rice straw yield. Under all treatments, rice plant height remained essentially unchanged, but the application of wollastonite powder increased the weight of a single straw, although this was not statistically significant. Furthermore, in both normal and high-density planting, the application of wollastonite powder increased the content of total silica, cellulose, and lignin in the straw. These results indicate that the application of wollastonite powder played a role in strengthening the straw.

[0059] (3) Under both normal and increased planting density, the application of wollastonite powder improved soil nutrient availability, including increased levels of available phosphorus, available potassium, available silicon, exchangeable calcium, total nitrogen, and organic carbon. In particular, the contents of available silicon and exchangeable calcium were significantly increased. However, the increases in other nutrient contents were not statistically significant, mainly because the soil in the Northeast black soil region is nutrient-rich, and even with a certain degree of dense planting, nutrients do not become a major limiting factor for rice growth. In conclusion, the main reason for the synergistic effect of wollastonite powder application on increased yield in densely planted rice is likely that the weathering products of wollastonite powder enhance the stress resistance of densely planted rice and promote root development and nutrient absorption.

[0060] (4) The soil in the area selected for this technology is fertile, and the effect of silicate mineral powder application on nutrient cycling is not significant. However, if applied in the mountainous areas of southern China, dense rice planting and silicate mineral powder application may have a significant synergistic effect on yield increase. On the one hand, the mountainous areas of southern China generally have insufficient sunlight, making dense rice planting suitable. On the other hand, the soil in southern China is acidic, with high rainfall and a large amount of leaching of anions and cations. The Ca, K, Mg, and Si released by the weathering of silicate mineral powder can replenish the leached base cations, while weathering can also alleviate acidification and release more available phosphorus for rice growth. Therefore, in rice fields in southern China, this technology may have a more significant synergistic effect on yield increase.

[0061] As shown above, the technology of synergistic application of wollastonite powder in high-density rice planting achieves multiple synergistic effects through the weathering products of wollastonite powder: firstly, it significantly improves the survival rate and panicle number of densely planted rice, solving the problem of individual competition stress caused by increased density; secondly, it strengthens the mechanical strength and silicification of stems, enhancing lodging resistance; and thirdly, it improves soil nutrient availability, promoting root development and nutrient absorption. This technology has already achieved a synergistic yield increase of 16% in the fertile black soil region of Northeast China. In the mountainous areas of southern China, where sunlight is insufficient, soil acidity is high, and nutrient leaching is severe, its yield-increasing potential will be even more significant, demonstrating broad prospects for widespread application.

[0062] It should be noted that when numerical ranges are involved in this invention, it should be understood that the two endpoints of each numerical range and any value between the two endpoints can be selected. To avoid redundancy, this invention describes preferred embodiments.

[0063] Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been described, those skilled in the art, upon learning the basic inventive concept, can make other changes and modifications to these embodiments, all of which fall within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for synergistically increasing rice yield through dense planting and application of silicate mineral materials, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Before transplanting rice seedlings, apply silicate mineral materials into the soil at a rate of 4.5 tons / ha to 6.0 tons / ha in one application. The rice seedlings are transplanted and planted at higher density; wherein the higher density of the rice seedlings after transplanting is 312,000 hills / hectare to 345,000 hills / hectare.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The silicate mineral material is a calcium-rich silicate mineral material.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that, The calcium-rich silicate mineral material includes wollastonite; The wollastonite contains ≥50% silicon dioxide and ≥40% calcium oxide, and the mass ratio of silicon dioxide to calcium oxide is 1.24~1.26:

1.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The silicate mineral material is in powder form with a particle size of 180-210 mesh.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, This also includes field fertilization management; The field fertilization management includes four stages: basal fertilizer application, topdressing during the greening stage, topdressing during the tillering stage, and topdressing during the heading stage.

6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The process of applying the base fertilizer is as follows: before applying silicate mineral materials, apply 400 kg / ha to 500 kg / ha of compound fertilizer as base fertilizer.

7. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The process of topdressing during the greening period is as follows: During the greening period of rice, apply 70 kg / ha to 80 kg / ha of ammonium sulfate and 35 kg / ha to 39 kg / ha of urea.

8. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The process of topdressing during the tillering stage is as follows: During the tillering stage of rice, apply 80 kg / ha to 100 kg / ha of urea.

9. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that, The process of topdressing during the booting stage is as follows: During the booting stage of rice, apply 70 kg / ha to 80 kg / ha of potassium sulfate and 21 kg / ha to 24 kg / ha of urea.

10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The rice variety mentioned includes the Japonica rice variety Nongken 2021 Long Grain Fragrant.

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