Production of renewable hydrocarbons and chemical products from biomass

Abstract

A method for producing renewable hydrocarbons from biomass is provided.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a method for producing bio-oil and hydrocarbons from biomass, as well as the hydrocarbons obtained by this method and the downstream products that can be obtained therefrom. Background Technology

[0002] For decades, fossil carbon resources such as coal, oil, and natural gas have been widely used as primary raw materials for energy production and petrochemical processes. This has led to a significant increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, contributing to global warming and climate change. Given the limited availability of fossil resources and the urgency of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, there is a high demand for replacing fossil carbon resources with renewable carbon resources.

[0003] Therefore, the production of hydrocarbons (HC) from renewable resources such as biomass, particularly for use as fuels and basic materials in chemical processes, has attracted increasing attention. These bio-based hydrocarbons exhibit a lower carbon footprint and reduce the demand for fossil carbon resources.

[0004] Animal fats, vegetable oils (e.g., rapeseed oil, seed oils, soybean oil, palm oil, and linseed oil), waste oils and fats (e.g., used cooking oils, waste animal fats), microbial oils and algal oils, triglycerides, and fatty acids represent the most important biomass-derived raw materials for bio-based hydrocarbon production. One of the main pathways to bio-based hydrocarbons is the catalytic hydrotreating of these triglycerides and fatty acids, which particularly includes deoxygenation and cracking processes under high temperature and high pressure conditions, producing a hydrocarbon mixture containing n-alkanes and isoalkanes. These reaction products can be further separated into gaseous and liquid fractions, which constitute valuable transportation fuels and chemical feedstocks, for example, as renewable diesel (hydrotreated vegetable oil: HVO), renewable jet fuel (sustainable aviation fuel: SAF), bio-naphtha (a mixture of hydrocarbons mainly containing, for example, alkanes with up to 10 carbon atoms, which can be used—similar to fossil-derived naphtha—as a gasoline blending component or as a chemical feedstock, for example, for crackers), and other low-boiling-point hydrocarbons (i.e., mainly C464-C ... 1-4 Hydrocarbons, especially C 1-4 Alkanes: Biological C 1-4-HC) such as bio-based liquefied petroleum gas (LPG; e.g., bio-based butane, propane, and ethane). For example, bio-naphtha derived from different types of plant biomass can be used as a feedstock in crackers in the chemical industry, and is therefore the basis for many chemical products, especially polymers. Numerous patent applications, such as WO 2011 / 012439 A1, WO 2011 / 053166 A1, WO 2019 / 197720 A1, and WO 2020 / 025441 A1, disclose methods for preparing bio-naphtha from a mixture of naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrotreating and describe products prepared from bio-naphtha by hydrocracking.

[0005] While the aforementioned product streams can, in principle, be entirely bio-based in terms of their carbon content and thus have a positive impact on the global climate, it must be remembered that their production may be accompanied by other social and environmental drawbacks: the global availability of farmland for growing plants is limited, as is the availability of biomass. Therefore, the use of land to grow plants for the production of bio-based fuels and chemical feedstocks, and the use of edible crops for such purposes, competes with their respective uses for feeding the world's population, leading to higher prices and lower availability of food supplies. Furthermore, increased land use to meet growing demands often results in the replacement of primary forests or rainforests, leading to biodiversity loss and soil depletion.

[0006] Therefore, there remains a need to find more sustainable ways to produce bio-based fuels, hydrocarbons, and chemicals without causing further social or environmental adverse effects. In particular, there is a need for alternative biomass feedstocks that preferably offer ecological advantages in addition to providing renewable carbon. Summary of the Invention

[0007] In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing hydrocarbons from biomass, the method comprising the following steps

[0008] A) Provide biomass containing seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs;

[0009] B) Processing the biomass into a product stream containing bio-oil; and

[0010] C) Catalytically hydrogenate the product stream to obtain hydrocarbons.

[0011] In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing a product stream comprising bio-oil from biomass, the method comprising the following steps:

[0012] A) Provide biomass containing seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs,

[0013] Step A) includes the following sub-steps

[0014] A1) Select planting sites for trees and / or shrubs;

[0015] A2) Sow and / or plant trees and / or shrubs to establish a plantation at the selected planting site;

[0016] A3) Maintain the plantation at least until the trees and / or shrubs produce seeds and / or fruit;

[0017] A4) Harvesting and / or collecting the seeds and / or fruits of the said trees and / or shrubs; and

[0018] A5) Optionally, the seeds and / or fruits may be mixed with biomass streams from other sources; and

[0019] B) Process the biomass into a product stream containing bio-oil.

[0020] In another aspect, the present invention relates to hydrocarbons, particularly bio-naphtha and their downstream products, such as olefins (preferably selected from ethylene, propylene and C4 olefins), aromatic hydrocarbons (preferably selected from benzene, toluene and xylene), monomers, polymers and polymer products, all of which are characterized in that at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% of the carbon atoms are derived from biomass containing the seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs or introduced via hydrocarbons derived from biomass containing the seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs. Attached Figure Description

[0021] Figure 1 : A flowchart illustrating a method for producing renewable hydrocarbons (HC) from biomass.

[0022] Figure 2 : A flowchart illustrating a method for producing steam cracking products from biomass.

[0023] Figure 3 : A flowchart illustrating a method for producing polyurethane from biomass.

[0024] Figure 1-3 Legend:

[0025] 1: Biomass; 2: Bio-oil; 3: Hydrogen; 4: Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO), Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF); 5: Bio-naphtha; 6: Bio-C 1-4 - Hydrocarbons (biological C) 1-4 -HC); 7: olefins; 8: aromatic hydrocarbons; 9: polyurethanes;

[0026] 11: Site selection and cultivation; 12: Conversion rate; 13: Hydrotreating and separation; 14: Steam cracking and separation; 15: Combustion; 16: Downstream synthesis Detailed Implementation

[0027] This invention provides a method for producing hydrocarbons (e.g., bio-naphtha) from biomass, particularly from the seeds (such as oilseeds) and fruits of trees or shrubs, and for producing downstream products derived therefrom. The hydrocarbons (HC) are considered renewable; the downstream products are considered renewable, at least to the extent that they are based on the renewable hydrocarbons.

[0028] The production of the hydrocarbons begins with providing biomass obtained from the biosphere and its conversion into bio-oil (including mechanical operations and chemical processes), followed by further refining and / or upgrading of the bio-oil, particularly through catalytic hydrotreating, into hydrocarbon fuels (hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO), sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)), bio-C 1-4 - Hydrocarbons (biological C) 1-4 -HC) and bio-naphtha, which can be used as gasoline blending components or as feedstock for further petrochemical processes, particularly for steam cracking to produce olefins. To make this production process more sustainable, the entire production chain needs to be considered.

[0029] Generally, renewable hydrocarbons obtained through hydrotreating bio-oils derived from biomass and their downstream products exhibit an improved carbon footprint. Furthermore, as the biomass base expands, they can be obtained in larger quantities, which is advantageous, especially considering their currently very limited market availability. Therefore, more of these renewable hydrocarbons can find economically attractive applications.

[0030] While in principle virtually any type of biomass convertible to bio-oil can be used as a feedstock for the hydrocarbons, it can be advantageous to introduce as few variations as possible into the hydrotreating process via the biomass used, thereby enabling customization of process steps and parameters and optimization of overall process performance. Therefore, purposeful selection of the biomass source can be beneficial.

[0031] This article describes the particular advantage of selecting certain plant species as biomass sources, namely trees and shrubs, preferably those providing oil-bearing, more preferably inedible seeds and / or fruits. These plant species will contribute to making the chemical industry more sustainable and, for example, provide positive impacts on the climate and environment through afforestation, while preferably avoiding negative social consequences.

[0032] For example, the renewable hydrocarbons and downstream products according to the invention can be used as substitutes for their fossil-based analogues, saving fossil resources and reducing net carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Therefore, the method according to the invention has an overall positive climate effect by suppressing greenhouse gas emissions and thus global warming. More specifically, perennial trees and shrubs can bind more carbon dioxide over a longer period than annual plants such as maize. Furthermore, trees and shrubs also exhibit a positive impact on the microclimate of their surrounding environment: they cool the ground not only by casting shadows but also by evaporative cooling of their environment through their leaf surfaces. In addition, trees and shrubs evaporate more water annually than grasses, thus promoting cloud formation. Clouds, in turn, are one of the best protective measures against heating of the Earth's surface and atmosphere by solar radiation (albedo) and can provide additional drinking water to otherwise arid regions through rainfall.

[0033] Trees and shrubs are also known to form extended root systems in the soil. By doing so, they can improve the soil's ability to absorb, retain, and store water, resist erosion caused by wind and rain, mitigate flooding caused by torrential rains, and offset sea-level rise. Furthermore, the plant bodies of perennial trees and shrubs can be considered long-term terrestrial water reservoirs with beneficial effects on the water cycle and sea level. In addition, some trees and shrubs have been reported to remove heavy metals from contaminated soils and thus improve soil quality. In particular, these advantages can be seen in dicotyledonous trees and shrubs with their extensive, large-surface root systems, including root hairs, which support the efficient absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. Overall, the improvement of soil properties by the presence of trees and shrubs can promote the development of diverse micro-ecosystems in their surrounding environment.

[0034] The characteristics of certain trees and shrubs also lie in their ability to grow in arid lands and regions. For example, some dicotyledonous trees are known to be relatively tolerant of poor soil conditions. Therefore, land that is quite unsuitable for other agricultural uses can be used for tree and shrub plantations, offering the aforementioned benefits to climate and soil. Furthermore, tree plantations can be compatible with further land uses such as grasslands or pastures. This reduces or avoids competition for land for food production, opens more areas to agriculture or forestry, avoids rainforest deforestation, and creates additional income opportunities for populations in barren lands. In addition, trees and shrubs can provide additional biomass resources, such as leaves, twigs and branches, deadwood, wood chips and sawdust, nut shells, etc., which can be used as, for example, carbon-neutral combustible materials and fuels.

[0035] For example, trees of the genus *Jatropha*, particularly *Jatropha spp.*, provide oily seeds that are inedible and relatively unaffected by parasites. Furthermore, *Jatropha* trees can be cultivated in harsh climatic conditions, such as in arid regions, on degraded land, and on infertile, poor, or fragile soils—that is, in areas not readily available for use or not yet used for other agricultural or forestry purposes. Therefore, *Jatropha* plantations can be established with virtually no competition from food production. Interestingly, it has been further reported that Jatropha curcas can accumulate heavy metals such as Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Pd, Sn, and Zn from the soil, thus possessing potential for phytoremediation of contaminated soils (Kamusoko et al., Clean - Soil, Air, Water, 2017, 45, 1700444; Álvarez-Mateos et al., J. Environ. Manag., 2019, 231, 886; García Martín et al., Plants, 2020, 9, 418).

[0036] Therefore, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for producing hydrocarbons from biomass, the method comprising the following steps

[0037] A) Provide biomass containing seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs;

[0038] B) Processing the biomass into a product stream containing bio-oil; and

[0039] C) Catalytically hydrogenate the product stream to obtain hydrocarbons.

[0040] Step A)

[0041] Biomass is biological material derived from living organisms or recently living organisms. Specifically, the term biomass includes plants or parts thereof (such as crops, timber, or their residues), marine organisms (such as algae), and biological waste (such as organic food waste, animal fat from meat processing waste, fish fat from fish processing waste, or used cooking oil). The biomass to be provided in step A) is any material of plant or animal origin, or any mixture thereof, comprising the seeds or fruits of trees or shrubs and is, in principle, suitable for conversion into bio-oils. The term "fruit" as used herein is intended to include the portion of a fruit. Preferably, the seeds or fruits are derived from perennial plants, particularly trees. More preferably, the seeds or fruits are inedible to humans. Inedible to humans means that the seeds or fruits are not typically used to feed human populations or required for human nutrition; preferably inedible means that they are toxic, unhealthy, non-nutritious, spoiled, contaminated, unpleasant, or combinations thereof. Also preferred are the seeds and fruits of trees or shrubs that can grow in barren land or wasteland, particularly dicotyledonous trees and shrubs.

[0042] It is noteworthy that the biomass provided in step A) can consist of biomass streams from the various sources described above. Preferably, the biomass provided in step A) is derived solely from plants or parts thereof, preferably belonging to a clade, more preferably a family, more preferably a genus, and most preferably a species.

[0043] According to step A), providing biomass means making the biomass available for further conversion, use, or processing, and in the case of plant-derived biomass, preferably includes agricultural and forestry measures and activities such as sowing, planting, maintaining a plantation, harvesting and collecting plants or parts thereof, such as seeds and fruits. Within this disclosure, the term plantation means any intentional cultivation, forestry, planting, or culturing of plants for economic purposes on a land area of ​​any size. Maintaining a plantation includes planting, culturing, care, pruning, etc. In a preferred embodiment, Jatropha curcas is cultivated in arid regions irrigated with desalinated seawater. Desalination or irrigation, or both, is preferably carried out using renewable energy. Renewable energy is preferably based on wind or sunlight. Maintaining a plantation also includes removing, separating, and collecting parts of trees and / or shrubs that are unsuitable for conversion into bio-oil and therefore do not serve the primary objective of the plantation (i.e., providing biomass for bio-oil production). Such parts of trees and / or shrubs provided by a plantation are referred to herein as "plantation by-products," in contrast to seeds and / or fruits considered plantation products. Plantation byproducts can be obtained not only during the maintenance of the plantation but also during the harvesting of seeds and fruits. Furthermore, to utilize the full potential and benefits of such agricultural and forestry measures and activities, the selection of planting sites for the corresponding plants (e.g., the trees and / or shrubs) can be considered as part of a method for providing biomass. The criteria used to make such selections may relate to the local climate and soil characteristics or previous land use. Preferred areas are those with a drought index (AI) according to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) classification (AI) within the range of dry-slightly humid (0.50 < AI (UNEP) < 0.65), semi-arid (0.20 < AI (UNEP) < 0.50), arid (0.05 < AI (UNEP) < 0.20), or extremely arid (AI (UNEP) < 0.05). Furthermore, soils contaminated with metals (e.g., as defined by the mass fraction thresholds described in Finnish legislation on contaminated soils (Decree 214 / 2007), and determined, for example, by one of the methods described in Soodan et al., Talanta 2014, 125, 405 and Annex A), or land that has not been previously used or has only been used sparingly for agricultural or forestry purposes, may be preferred. Additionally, biomass obtained from such plantations may optionally be mixed with biomass streams from other sources, particularly with any of the aforementioned sources.

[0044] Step B)

[0045] The processing of biomass according to step B) may include both mechanical and physical operations, such as crushing, breaking, cutting, shredding, grinding, chipping, milling, extrusion, irradiation, pressing, filtration, sieving, adsorption, and thermal treatments such as drying and roasting, as well as chemical processes such as extraction, distillation, thermochemical conversions such as pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction, gasification followed by Fischer-Tropsch processes, hydrolysis, saponification, neutralization, ketogenesis, or hydrogenation. Furthermore, the mechanical, physical, and / or chemical separation of the products and byproducts of the operations and methods, particularly the separation of gaseous, liquid, and solid fractions, forms part of the biomass processing according to step B). Essentially, step B) includes the removal from the biomass conversion product stream all byproducts that are unsuitable or harmful for further use as feedstock for subsequent hydrogenation treatment in step C). The proper selection of appropriate method steps and operating conditions depends primarily on the biomass to be processed; however, those skilled in the art will be familiar with such considerations, particularly when the production and processing of vegetable oils, etc., are involved.

[0046] The product stream obtained through the aforementioned biomass processing includes bio-oils. Bio-oils are defined as mixtures of liquid compounds primarily comprising highly oxidized compounds (e.g., glycerides, esters, carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, furans, and sugars) and water, with their exact composition depending on the biomass feedstock and the processing steps applied. The term bio-oils specifically includes vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, corn oil, and palm oil; waste cooking oils; tall oils; animal fats; and oils obtained through the thermochemical conversion of biomass, such as biomass-derived pyrolysis oils or hydrothermal liquefaction oils.

[0047] In addition to the product stream, processing biomass according to step B) will provide byproducts, particularly biomass residues and / or biomass waste, which may accumulate herein and are referred to as “processing byproducts.” The quantity and quality of these processing byproducts depend on the biomass feedstock and the processing steps applied. Byproducts may specifically comprise solid, semi-solid, and liquid components, such as organic residues like shells, husks, gums, straw, cellulose, waste cake, oil cake, press cake, soap stock, distillates such as palm fatty acid distillates, waste bleaching soil, sawdust, pulp, other plant residues, and effluents and effluent sludge containing organic material, preferably nut shells, waste cake, oil cake, and press cake. It should be understood that processing biomass into a product stream may also include purification steps, for example, to remove any byproducts such as residues, contaminants, or impurities that may be harmful to other process steps or further use of the final product of the process.

[0048] Step C)

[0049] The product stream from step B) is further subjected to catalytic hydrogenation; this disclosure covers hydrogenation of the product stream alone or in combination with other suitable feedstocks, preferably from renewable or recycled sources. The terms renewable and recycled sources refer to the source of the carbon content of the respective feedstocks; for example, feedstocks based on resources such as biomass are considered renewable sources, while feedstocks based on resources such as plastic waste are considered recycled sources. When a feedstock mixture is used for the hydrogenation treatment in step C), the mass fraction of the product stream from step B) should be selected as high as possible to maximize the benefits and advantages of the invention as described herein. The carbon atom content derived from biomass can be measured... 14 C is determined by the mole fraction, see, for example, DIN EN 16640:2017-08.

[0050] Preferably, the feedstock from the recycling source is obtained from chemical materials, downstream products, polymers, or polymer products that have already been produced from biomass, more preferably according to the method according to the invention. Therefore, the feedstock can be considered a recyclable and renewable source. For example, the recycling of the chemical materials, downstream products, polymers, or polymer products can be achieved by pyrolysis to obtain pyrolysis oil, which can be used as a feedstock in step C) for blending with the product stream of step B).

[0051] This recycling of bio-based products allows bio-based carbon (i.e., carbon that has already been removed from the atmosphere) to remain within the value chain for a longer period, thus contributing to the goal of net-zero emissions. Furthermore, such recycling loops allow for an increase in the final fraction of renewable or bio-based content in the products, especially when only a portion of the feedstock can initially be sourced from renewable sources.

[0052] Catalytic hydrotreating (i.e., chemical operations using hydrogen at high temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst) is a well-established upgrading technology, for example, for processing bio-oils. More specifically, it includes methods for hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodenitrogenation, hydrodehalogenation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallization, hydrocracking, hydroisomerization, and hydrogenation (e.g., C / C double bonds, C / C triple bonds, and conjugated C / C double bonds). Therefore, compared to the product stream provided in step B), the resulting hydrocarbons are depleted in at least one aspect of the group consisting of: the amount of C / C double bonds, the amount of C / C triple bonds, the amount of dienes, the amount of aromatic compounds, the amount of heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, sulfur, and metals, the amount of organic compounds containing at least one heteroatom (preferably selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, and sulfur), and / or the mass fraction of hydrocarbons containing more than nine carbon atoms. The exact composition of the resulting hydrocarbon mixture will depend, for example, on the feedstock composition, processing conditions, and catalyst characteristics. Therefore, catalytic hydrotreating aims to improve the properties and suitability of bio-oils for further use, thereby obtaining a more valuable feedstock for continuous processing (e.g., in cracking methods such as steam cracking). Other reasons for catalytic hydrotreating bio-oils include preventing scaling in additional process steps, improving physical and chemical (storage) stability, and providing feedstocks within the specifications required for continuous unit operations. Such specifications may include final boiling point, chemical composition, concentration limits of heteroatoms (such as nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur), viscosity, miscibility, etc.

[0053] Typically, significant amounts of hydrogen are required to convert bio-oil into renewable hydrocarbons suitable for further use, whether as fuel (particularly renewable diesel and renewable jet fuel) or as a chemical feedstock (particularly bio-naphtha). Most available hydrogen is derived from fossil sources, and the carbon footprint of such renewable hydrocarbons is often negatively impacted by hydrogen demand. Therefore, preferably, at least a portion of the hydrogen required for the hydrotreatment of product streams, particularly bio-oil, is provided by renewable sources; renewable sources of hydrogen include reforming and pyrolysis of biogas, cracking of “green” ammonia (i.e., ammonia produced from non-fossil-sourced hydrogen) and cracking of “green” methanol (i.e., methanol produced from non-fossil-sourced hydrogen), and water electrolysis driven by non-fossil, preferably renewable electricity (e.g., by solar, wind, nuclear, geothermal, or hydropower, or by electricity generated from waste or biomass). The term “at least a portion of the hydrogen” means that a portion of the required hydrogen can still be produced from fossil resources, preferably natural gas. However, the fraction of hydrogen from fossil sources should be as low as possible, preferably ≤ 50%, more preferably ≤ 30%, most preferably ≤ 20%, and even more preferably ≤ 10%; ideally, hydrogen should be obtained only from non-fossil sources.

[0054] Catalytic hydrogenation reactions can be single-phase or multi-phase reactions (e.g., one or more liquid feedstocks reacting with gaseous hydrogen; one or more liquid feedstocks reacting with gaseous hydrogen in the presence of at least one heterogeneous catalyst; one or more gaseous feedstocks reacting with gaseous hydrogen; one or more gaseous feedstocks reacting with gaseous hydrogen in the presence of at least one heterogeneous catalyst, etc.).

[0055] Therefore, different types of reactors can be used, depending on, for example, the number of phases that must react. In the case of reacting one or more liquid feedstocks with gaseous hydrogen in the presence of at least one (solid) heterogeneous catalyst, suitable examples of reactors include trickle-bed reactors. In the case of reacting one or more gaseous feedstocks with gaseous hydrogen in the presence of at least one (solid) heterogeneous catalyst, suitable examples of reactors include fixed-bed reactors.

[0056] Catalytic hydrogenation can be carried out in a single stage (reactor) or in a continuous stage (continuous reactor). In the continuous stage, improved results can be achieved by using different method conditions, reactor types and catalysts compared to single-stage hydrogenation.

[0057] Suitable heterogeneous catalysts comprise at least one active metal and a support. The at least one active metal is preferably selected from nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, palladium, rhodium, etc. Combinations of said active metals, such as nickel-molybdenum and cobalt-molybdenum, can also be used. The support in such heterogeneous catalysts is preferably selected from the group consisting of alumina and silica.

[0058] Temperature, pressure, residence time, reactor type, catalyst type, and other parameters depend on, for example, the type of bio-oil and the type of hydrotreating reaction desired (e.g., the component to be depleted). Those skilled in the art will be familiar with such considerations and will find sufficient guidance in the prior art to select appropriate process parameters. In particular, these parameters can be selected to increase the yield of bio-naphtha relative to other hydrocarbons produced.

[0059] Therefore, catalytic hydrotreating can specifically include hydrocracking reactions to break down long-chain hydrocarbons (i.e., HVO and SAF fractions) into shorter hydrocarbons, for example, to increase bio-naphtha and / or bio-C 1-4The yield of the -HC (e.g., propane) fraction is reduced, as are the yields of the HVO and SAF fractions. Catalytic hydrocracking is typically carried out in a hydrogen atmosphere at pressures between 40 and 200 bar and temperatures between 300 and 600°C on a bifunctional catalyst. If the method is carried out at moderate pressures between 40 and 80 bar, it is referred to as mild hydrocracking (MHC). Bifunctional catalysts contain dehydrogenation / hydrogenation and acid functional groups, such as nickel, molybdenum, or noble metals on alumina, zeolite, or other aluminosilicates. Hydrocracking methods are disclosed, for example, in WO2019 / 229072 A1, EP 2770040 A2, and US 2013 / 0116491 A1. Typically, alkane and alkyl residues having more than nine carbon atoms are at least partially converted to alkane and alkyl residues with fewer carbon atoms and shorter chain lengths.

[0060] Alternatively, the steps are as follows:

[0061] Where necessary or desirable, the method according to the invention may include additional optional steps to improve the overall performance of the method. In particular, purification and separation steps may be applied to the product stream, for example, in step B), and / or to the hydrocarbons in step C), to improve their properties or to meet certain specifications for additional method steps.

[0062] Furthermore, the hydrocarbons from step C) can be separated into different valuable products using established fractionation techniques, particularly to obtain separated renewable diesel, renewable jet fuel, bionaphtha, and / or bioC. 1-4 -HC fraction (e.g., propane).

[0063] For example, separation can be carried out by distillation. A suitable distillation unit may comprise at least one distillation column, at least one thin-film evaporator, or a combination thereof. Preferably, the distillation unit comprises or consists of a single distillation column. Distillation can be carried out at a temperature ranging from about 0°C to about 600°C, more preferably from about 20°C to about 400°C, and most preferably from about 80°C to about 250°C (temperature range with reference to atmospheric pressure of 1.013 bar). The corresponding operating pressure of the at least one distillation column preferably ranges from about 0.001 bar to about 4 bar (absolute value), more preferably from about 0.001 bar to about 2.0 bar (absolute value), and most preferably from about 0.9 bar to about 1.8 bar (absolute value). The temperature is adjusted accordingly when the pressure is ≠ 1.013 bar. Optionally, the distillation unit comprises at least one thin-film evaporator. Thermally unstable liquids and substances can be evaporated separately in such thin-film evaporators. Furthermore, thin-film evaporators can be used for separation tasks if the products accumulating as residues have poor flow characteristics and / or are prone to aggregation. Suitable thin-film evaporators are available in a variety of designs, such as falling film evaporators or rotary evaporators.

[0064] In addition, isomerization steps of the obtained hydrocarbons may be included to improve their properties and performance (e.g., at low temperatures) during further use (e.g., as fuel, blend feedstock, or chemical feedstock). Isomerization may be carried out, for example, as hydroisomerization and / or catalytic isomerization.

[0065] Furthermore, hydrocarbon fractions with longer alkyl chains, such as HVO and SAF fractions, or a portion thereof, can be fed back to the hydrotreating process. This is especially relevant when the hydrotreating process involves hydrocracking and short-chain hydrocarbons such as bio-naphtha and bio-C... 1-4 This could be particularly attractive when the yield of -HC increases.

[0066] Those skilled in the art will find no difficulty in performing these well-established method steps.

[0067] Furthermore, the separated products (e.g., bio-naphtha fractions) and the products of the optional isomerization step can be further used in refining or petrochemical processes, such as as blending feedstocks for fuel blending, or optionally as feedstocks for steam cracking after blending with other feedstocks. Chemicals, chemical materials, and related products manufactured from the hydrocarbons obtained in step C) in continuous processing are referred to herein as “downstream products,” “chemical materials,” “monomers,” “polymers,” or “polymer products.”

[0068] Blending of chemical feedstocks is not uncommon for improving their properties (e.g., optimizing their physical or chemical properties for intended use, such as for additional process steps). Furthermore, blending may be necessary to meet the chemical and / or physical specifications of plants, equipment, and catalysts used for further processing of the feedstocks and / or blends. Steam cracking is the most important industrial method for producing, for example, lighter olefins (particularly ethylene, propylene, and C4 olefins) and aromatic hydrocarbons (particularly benzene, toluene, and xylene) from naphtha. Such steam cracking methods (including methods for separating steam cracking products) are known in the art and disclosed, for example, in H. Zimmermann, R. Walzl, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Volume 13, "Ethylene," pp. 469-494, 2012.

[0069] As used herein, the term steam cracking products refers to products obtainable by steam cracking methods, particularly olefins (such as ethylene, propylene, and C4 olefins), aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzene, toluene, and xylene), and low-boiling-point hydrocarbons (C4 olefins). 1-4-HC, such as methane). In addition, hydrogen is formed during steam cracking.

[0070] To date, steam cracking furnaces have typically operated by burning fossil fuels, particularly natural gas, which negatively impacts the carbon footprint of the cracking products obtained from the hydrocarbons according to the invention. To mitigate or overcome this negative impact, the light hydrocarbon fractions (e.g., biomass C40) obtained by hydrotreating and / or steam cracking are... 1-4 -HC can be used as fuel or co-fuel in steam crackers. These light hydrocarbon fractions are derived from biomass provided in step A), avoiding additional carbon dioxide emissions from fossil sources.

[0071] Hydrogen is produced as another product of steam cracking. As described herein, the hydrogen is considered to be derived from a renewable source because the steam cracker feedstock is based on hydrocarbons obtained from biomass. Therefore, according to step C), the hydrogen can be used for the hydrotreating of the product stream, particularly bio-oil, without negatively impacting the carbon footprint of the hydrocarbons formed.

[0072] Following a similar route, the planting byproducts of step A) and / or the processing byproducts of step B) can be advantageously used for material and energy purposes within the methods according to the invention. For this purpose, additional steps can be taken to adapt the byproducts for the intended purpose, for example, to prepare suitable fuel materials; for example, nut shells and press cakes can be subjected to drying, crushing, grinding, granulation, sieving, etc., to obtain pellets suitable for combustion. Therefore, the energy uses of the byproducts precede all other uses, including their use as combustion materials and fuels to generate energy, especially thermal energy, which can be used to support the various method steps described herein, such as steam cracking methods. The material uses of the byproducts include conversion into chemical raw materials (e.g., conversion to syngas via gasification or to biogas or biomethane via fermentation), which can then be adapted for energy or material uses in the various method steps described herein.

[0073] Additional process steps can be followed to produce additional downstream products (e.g., monomers, polymers, and polymer products described herein) from the steam cracking products (e.g., olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons).

[0074] In particular, it may include method steps for converting olefins and / or aromatics obtained in the above-described steam cracking and / or subsequent separation steps, and / or any other downstream products and / or chemical materials that are available or obtainable by the methods described herein, to obtain monomers, polymers, or polymer products.

[0075] The conversion steps that yield chemical materials, monomers, polymers, or polymer products from hydrocarbons and / or steam cracking products may include one or more synthetic steps and can be carried out by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to those skilled in the art. Those skilled in the art, independent of evaluating the novelty and inventive step of the independent claim, preferably come from one or more technical fields of pyrolysis, gasification, remonomerization, depolymerization, synthesis, production of monomers, polymers and polymer compounds, and / or their further processing (e.g., extrusion, injection molding). Examples of the conversion steps are described in "Industrial Organic Chemistry", Volume 3, Wiley-VCH, 1997, ISBN: 978-3-527-28838-0; "Kunststoffhandbuch", Volume 11 of 17 sub-volumes, Carl Hanser Verlag; especially Volume 6, "Polyamide", 1st edition, 1966; Volume 7, "Polyurethane", 3rd edition, 1993; and Volume 8, "Polyester", 1st edition, 1973; "Industrial Organic Chemistry", Volume 3, Wiley-VCH, 1997, ISBN: 978-3-527-28838-0, "Injection Molding Reference Guide". [Injection Molding Reference Guide], 4th Edition, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011, ISBN: 978-1466407824, EP 0989146 (A1), EP 1460094 (A1), WO 2006034800 (A1), EP1529792 (A1), WO 2006042674 (A1), EP 0364854 (A2), US 5506275 (A), EP 0897402 (A1), WO 2015082316 (A1), WO 2021021855 (A1), WO 2021126938 (A1), WO 2021021902 (A1), WO 2021092311 (A1), WO 2008155271 (A1) and WO 2013139827 (A1), which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0076] In order to benefit from the advantages of recycling as outlined above for step C), the one or more conversion steps may also cover the use of recycled chemical materials, downstream products, polymers, or polymer products that have already been produced from biomass, more preferably according to the method according to the invention.

[0077] pass Figure 1-3 The following describes another embodiment of the invention:

[0078] Figure 1 A method for producing renewable hydrocarbons from biomass (1) is described. The method may optionally begin with selecting a planting site and establishing a plantation (11). Biomass (1) is obtained from said plantation, for example by harvesting, and then converted (12) into bio-oil (2). The bio-oil is hydrogenated (13) in the presence of hydrogen (3) to obtain hydrocarbons, which are then separated into at least one HVO and / or SAF fraction (4), a bio-naphtha fraction (5), and a bio-C fraction. 1-4 -HC fraction (6). Optionally, the at least one HVO and / or SAF fraction (4) is fed back to hydrotreating (13), particularly by hydrocracking to increase the bio-naphtha yield.

[0079] Figure 2 A method for producing steam cracking products from biomass is described. Figure 2 Methods and Figure 1 The method described herein differs in that it subjectes bio-naphtha (5) to steam cracking and subsequently separates (14) the steam cracking products into at least one olefin fraction (7), at least one aromatic hydrocarbon fraction (8), a hydrogen fraction (3), and at least one C fraction. 1-4 -HC fraction (6). Optionally, the hydrogen fraction is used in the hydrotreating step (13). Furthermore, optionally, the C obtained from the hydrotreating (13) and steam cracking (14) are respectively... 1-4 One or two of the -HC fractions (6) are used as fuel (15) for firing in a steam cracker. Figure 2 The aim is to include the following: not all the hydrogen (3) required for the hydrotreating (13) is derived from the steam cracking process (14), but a portion of it may be derived from other sources.

[0080] Figure 3 A method for producing polyurethane (9) from biomass is described. Figure 3 Methods and Figure 2The difference in the method described is that the steam cracking products olefins (7) and / or aromatic hydrocarbons (8) are used for further downstream synthesis (16) of the polyurethane polymer. The exact starting materials required and the process steps to be performed depend on the type of polyurethane to be synthesized; such methods are well described in the prior art and are known to those skilled in the art.

[0081] It should be understood that more than one entity may participate in the sequence of methods according to the invention as described above and below.

[0082] In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing a product stream comprising bio-oil from biomass, the method comprising the following steps:

[0083] A) Provide biomass containing seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs,

[0084] Step A) includes the following sub-steps

[0085] A1) Select planting sites for trees and / or shrubs;

[0086] A2) Sowing and / or planting trees and / or shrubs to establish a plantation at the selected planting site;

[0087] A3) Maintain the plantation at least until the trees and / or shrubs produce seeds and / or fruit;

[0088] A4) Harvesting and / or collecting the seeds and / or fruits of the said trees and / or shrubs; and

[0089] A5) Optionally, the seeds and / or fruits may be mixed with biomass streams from other sources; and

[0090] B) Process the biomass into a product stream containing bio-oil.

[0091] Details of method steps A), A1) - A5), and B), including specific embodiments, have been described above and below with respect to the first aspect of the invention. They are similarly and without limitation applicable to the method according to the second aspect of the invention.

[0092] In another aspect, the present invention relates to products obtained by carrying out the methods described herein, particularly hydrocarbons and any fractions and downstream products thereof, such as bio-naphtha, blends, olefins, aromatic hydrocarbons, monomers, polymers, or polymer products, all characterized in that they are derived from the raw material base, namely the biomass provided in step A), and / or the method of its manufacture. The carbon atom content derived from the biomass, as used herein, is preferably determined by measurement. 14C mole fraction, more preferably determined according to DIN EN 16640:2017-08.

[0093] The different embodiments described herein with respect to the first aspect of the invention are equally applicable to the other aspects mentioned below.

[0094] Further embodiments of different aspects of the invention are described by way of any and every combination of the above definitions and embodiments.

[0095] It should be noted that, whenever used in the preceding or following text, the terms “comprise(s)”, “comprising”, etc., are included in the preferred embodiment and can be replaced by the terms “consist(s) of”, “consisting of”, etc., in the preferred embodiment.

[0096] The following set of embodiments further illustrates, but in no way limits, the invention as described herein. Preferred embodiments are indicated as suitably structured portions of the specification and therefore support, but do not imply, the claims of the invention.

[0097] 1. A method for producing hydrocarbons from biomass, the method comprising the following steps

[0098] A) Provide biomass containing seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs;

[0099] B) Processing the biomass into a product stream containing bio-oil; and

[0100] C) Catalytically hydrogenate the product stream to obtain hydrocarbons.

[0101] 2. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step A)

[0102] The biomass is of plant origin.

[0103] The biomass preferably includes or is derived from algae, oil crops, oil palm, soybean, rapeseed, mustard, flax, cottonseed, sunflower, corn, hemp, wild iris, water jasmine, jatropha, macauba palms, mahua, camelina, salicornia, Ethiopian mustard, Esenbeckia, lignocellulose, wood, forestry residues, agricultural residues, crop residues, residues from vegetable oil production, green waste, food waste, and used vegetable cooking oil.

[0104] 3. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step A)

[0105] The mass fraction of the seeds and / or fruits in the provided biomass is at least 25%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, and more preferably at least 90%.

[0106] 4. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step A)

[0107] The biomass consists of the seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs.

[0108] 5. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step A)

[0109] The biomass has a plant origin and is derived from a clade, preferably a family, more preferably a genus, and most preferably a species of plant.

[0110] 6. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step A)

[0111] The trees and / or shrubs are perennial.

[0112] 7. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step A)

[0113] The trees and / or shrubs are dicotyledonous plants, preferably perennial dicotyledonous plants.

[0114] 8. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step A)

[0115] The trees and / or shrubs are selected from the group consisting of: almond trees, cashew trees, Eisenbeckia trees, hazel trees and / or shrubs, Jatropha trees and / or shrubs, macadamia trees, walnut trees, Brazil nut trees, and combinations thereof.

[0116] Preferably, they are selected from the group consisting of: almond trees, cashew trees, Eisenbeckia trees, Jatropha trees and / or shrubs, macadamia trees, walnut trees, Brazil nut trees, and combinations thereof.

[0117] More preferably, the species selected is from the group consisting of: bitter almond trees, trees and / or shrubs of the genus Jatropha, black walnut trees, Brazil nut trees, and combinations thereof.

[0118] Most preferably, they are trees and / or shrubs of the genus *Jatropha*, especially *Jatropha* and / or shrubs.

[0119] 9. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step A)

[0120] The seeds and / or fruits of the trees and / or shrubs are selected from the group consisting of: almonds, cashews, Eisenbeckia seeds, hazelnuts, Jatropha seeds, macadamia nuts, walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof.

[0121] Preferably, they are selected from the group consisting of: almonds, cashews, Eisenbeckia seeds, Jatropha seeds, macadamia nuts, walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof.

[0122] More preferably, the group consisting of: bitter almonds, seeds of the genus Jatropha, black walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof.

[0123] The most preferred are seeds of the genus Jatropha, especially seeds of Jatropha curcas.

[0124] 10. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step A)

[0125] The seeds and / or fruits are not edible for humans.

[0126] 11. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein step A) comprises the following sub-steps.

[0127] A1) Select planting sites for trees and / or shrubs;

[0128] A2) Sow and / or plant trees and / or shrubs to establish a plantation at the selected planting site;

[0129] A3) Maintain the plantation at least until the trees and / or shrubs produce seeds and / or fruit;

[0130] A4) Harvesting and / or collecting the seeds and / or fruits of the said trees and / or shrubs; and

[0131] A5) Optionally, the seeds and / or fruits may be mixed with biomass streams from other sources.

[0132] 12. The method according to embodiment 11, wherein, in sub-step A1)

[0133] The planting site is selected based on at least one predefined criterion.

[0134] 13. The method according to any one of Embodiments 11 to 12, wherein, in sub-step A1)

[0135] The planting site is selected based on at least one predefined criterion, wherein the at least one predefined criterion relates to the local climate and / or soil characteristics and / or previous use of the land.

[0136] 14. The method according to any one of Examples 11 to 13, wherein, in sub-step A1)

[0137] The at least one predefined criterion is related to the local climate, preferably AI (UNEP) < 0.65, more preferably AI (UNEP) < 0.50, more preferably AI (UNEP) < 0.20, more preferably AI (UNEP) < 0.05, and / or the region is classified as sub-humid, semi-arid, arid, or ultra-arid.

[0138] 15. The method according to any one of Examples 11 to 14, wherein, in sub-step A1)

[0139] The at least one predefined criterion is related to the soil characteristics, for example, to the metal pollution of the soil, and preferably the at least one predefined criterion is selected from the group consisting of the following.

[0140] w(As) > 5 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(As) > 50 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(As) > 100 mg / kg (soil);

[0141] w(Cd) > 1 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Cd) > 10 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Cd) > 20 mg / kg (soil);

[0142] w(Cr) > 100 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Cr) > 200 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Cr) > 300 mg / kg (soil);

[0143] w(Cu) > 100 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Cu) > 150 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Cu) > 200 mg / kg (soil);

[0144] w(Hg) > 0.5 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Hg) > 2 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Hg) > 5 mg / kg (soil);

[0145] w(Ni) > 50 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Ni) > 100 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Ni) > 150 mg / kg (soil);

[0146] w(Pb) > 60 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Pb) > 200 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Pb) > 750 mg / kg (soil);

[0147] w(Sn) > 40 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Sn) > 80 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Sn) > 120 mg / kg (soil); and

[0148] w(Zn) > 200 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Zn) > 250 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Zn) > 400 mg / kg (soil);

[0149] Or selected from any combination thereof, where w represents the mass fraction of the corresponding metal in the soil;

[0150] More preferably, the at least one predefined criterion is selected from the group consisting of:

[0151] w(Cd) > 1 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Cd) > 10 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Cd) > 20 mg / kg (soil);

[0152] w(Cr) > 100 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Cr) > 200 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Cr) > 300 mg / kg (soil);

[0153] w(Hg) > 0.5 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Hg) > 2 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Hg) > 5 mg / kg (soil);

[0154] w(Ni) > 50 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Ni) > 100 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Ni) > 150 mg / kg (soil);

[0155] w(Sn) > 40 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Sn) > 80 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Sn) > 120 mg / kg (soil); and

[0156] w(Zn) > 200 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Zn) > 250 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Zn) > 400 mg / kg (soil);

[0157] Or selected from any combination thereof, where w represents the mass fraction of the corresponding metal in the soil.

[0158] 16. The method according to any one of Examples 11 to 15, wherein, in sub-step A1)

[0159] This at least one predefined criterion relates to the previous use of the land.

[0160] Preferably, the at least one predefined criterion specifies that, within the past 20 years, more preferably the past 50 years, or even more preferably the past 100 years, vegetation with few or no trees and / or shrubs has grown at the planting site, and / or

[0161] The at least one predefined criterion stipulates that the planting site has not been used for agricultural or forestry purposes in the past 20 years, more preferably in the past 50 years, or even more preferably in the past 100 years.

[0162] 17. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step B)

[0163] The processing includes mechanical and physical operations and / or chemical processes, and optionally also includes the separation of the obtained product stream from any byproducts.

[0164] 18. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step B)

[0165] The processing includes pressing, extraction, pyrolysis, and / or hydrothermal liquefaction of the biomass provided in step A).

[0166] 19. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step B)

[0167] The processing produces a product stream consisting of bio-oil.

[0168] 20. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step B)

[0169] The processing includes a purification step applied to the product stream.

[0170] 21. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step C)

[0171] The product stream from step B) is subjected to catalytic hydrogenation, either alone or in combination with other raw materials, preferably alone.

[0172] 22. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step C)

[0173] The product stream from step B) is catalytically hydrogenated with a blend of other feedstocks, preferably with other feedstocks from renewable or recycled sources, wherein the mass fraction (w / w) of the product stream in the blend is at least 25%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90%.

[0174] Preferably, as used herein, the carbon atom content derived from biomass is measured. 14 C mole fraction, more preferably determined according to DIN EN 16640:2017-08.

[0175] 23. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step C)

[0176] At least a portion, preferably all of the hydrogen required for catalytic hydrotreating, is provided by renewable resources, preferably by reforming or pyrolysis of biogas, by cracking of green ammonia or green methanol, or by water electrolysis, more preferably by water electrolysis driven by non-fossil electricity.

[0177] 24. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step C)

[0178] The fraction of hydrogen required for the catalytic hydrogenation process in step C) derived from fossil resources is no more than 50%, preferably no more than 30%, more preferably no more than 20%, and most preferably no more than 10%.

[0179] 25. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step C)

[0180] The catalytic hydrogenation process includes a hydrocracking reaction, preferably in the presence of a bifunctional catalyst.

[0181] 26. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step C)

[0182] The mass fraction of alkane and alkyl residues with more than 9 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon obtained in step C) is lower than the mass fraction of alkane and alkyl chains with more than 9 carbon atoms in the product stream of step B).

[0183] 27. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step C)

[0184] The hydrocarbon comprises one or more fractions selected from the group consisting of: renewable diesel, renewable jet fuel, bio-naphtha, and bio-C. 1-4 -HC, preferably they contain bio-naphtha fractions.

[0185] 28. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step C)

[0186] In the hydrocarbon obtained in step C), the mass fraction of the hydrocarbon derived from the seeds and / or fruits in the biomass provided in step A) is at least 25%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, and more preferably at least 90%.

[0187] Preferably, as used herein, the carbon atom content derived from biomass is measured. 14 C mole fraction, more preferably determined according to DIN EN 16640:2017-08.

[0188] 29. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments, wherein, in step C)

[0189] The hydrocarbon obtained in step C) is derived solely from the seeds and / or fruits of the biomass provided in step A).

[0190] 30. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments,

[0191] The method further includes step D) and optionally steps E) and / or F).

[0192] D) Separate the hydrocarbon into different fractions;

[0193] E) subjecting the hydrocarbon and / or its fraction to isomerization to obtain isomerized hydrocarbons; and / or

[0194] F) Combine the hydrocarbon and / or its fractions with the product stream from step B) to obtain a combined stream, and treat the combined stream by catalytic hydrogenation according to step C).

[0195] 31. The method according to embodiment 30, wherein, in step D),

[0196] The hydrocarbon is separated by distillation.

[0197] 32. The method according to any one of Examples 30 to 31, wherein, in step D)

[0198] These different fractions include at least one long-chain hydrocarbon fraction, particularly selected from HVO and SAF fractions, at least one biogenic naphtha fraction, and / or at least one biogenic C fraction. 1-4 -HC grade, preferably at least one biological naphtha grade.

[0199] 33. The method according to any one of Examples 30 to 32, wherein, in step E)

[0200] The hydrocarbon and / or its fractions contain at least one bio-naphtha fraction.

[0201] 34. The method according to any one of Examples 30 to 33, wherein, in step E)

[0202] The isomerized hydrocarbon comprises at least one bio-naphtha fraction that exhibits a higher content of isoparaffins than the hydrocarbon that has undergone isomerization.

[0203] 35. The method according to any one of Examples 30 to 34, wherein, in step F)

[0204] The hydrocarbon and / or its fractions comprise at least one long-chain hydrocarbon fraction, particularly selected from HVO and SAF fractions.

[0205] 36. The method according to any one of Examples 30 to 35, wherein, in step F)

[0206] The hydrogenation process includes a hydrocracking reaction.

[0207] 37. A method for producing steam cracking products,

[0208] The method includes steps A), B), and C) according to any one of Examples 1 to 29.

[0209] The method further includes step D) according to any one of embodiments 30 to 36 and optionally steps E) and / or F).

[0210] The method further includes steps G) and H).

[0211] G) Optionally, the bio-naphtha fraction obtained in steps D) and / or E) can be blended with at least one additional feedstock suitable for steam cracking to obtain a blend suitable for steam cracking; and

[0212] H) subject the bio-naphtha fraction obtained in step D) and / or E) and / or optionally the blend in step G) to steam cracking to obtain steam cracking products.

[0213] 38. The method according to embodiment 37, wherein, in step G)

[0214] The at least one additional feedstock suitable for steam cracking includes fossil naphtha.

[0215] 39. The method according to any one of Examples 37 to 38, wherein, in step G)

[0216] The blend suitable for steam cracking contains at least 5% by weight, preferably at least 10% by weight, more preferably at least 20% by weight, more preferably at least 30% by weight, more preferably at least 40% by weight, more preferably at least 50% by weight, more preferably at least 60% by weight, more preferably at least 70% by weight, more preferably at least 80% by weight, and most preferably at least 90% by weight of the bio-naphtha fraction.

[0217] 40. The method according to any one of Examples 37 to 39, wherein, in step H),

[0218] The steam cracking products comprise one or more of the following: olefins, preferably selected from ethylene, propylene, and C4 olefins; aromatic hydrocarbons, preferably selected from benzene, toluene, and xylene; C 1-4 -HC; and hydrogen.

[0219] 41. The method according to any one of Examples 37 to 40,

[0220] The method may optionally further include steps J), K), and / or L).

[0221] J) The steam cracking product of step H) is separated to obtain at least one separate fraction of the following: one or more olefins, preferably selected from ethylene, propylene, and C4 olefins; one or more aromatic hydrocarbons, preferably selected from benzene, toluene, and xylene; one or more C4 hydrocarbons. 1-4 -HC; and / or hydrogen;

[0222] K) Use at least a portion of the following as fuel for the furnace used for steam cracking in step H): the hydrocarbon obtained in step C), at least one hydrocarbon fraction obtained in step D), the steam cracking product obtained in step H), and / or optionally at least one fraction obtained in step J); and / or

[0223] L) Use at least a portion of the hydrogen obtained in step H) and / or optionally J) for the hydrogenation process according to step C).

[0224] 42. The method according to embodiment 41, wherein, in step K),

[0225] At least one biological C obtained in step D) 1-4 -HC fraction and / or at least one C obtained in step J) 1-4 -HC fractions are used as fuel for the furnace used in the steam cracking process of step H).

[0226] 43. The method according to any one of embodiments 41 to 42, wherein, in step L),

[0227] All the hydrogen obtained in steps H) and / or J) is used for the hydrogenation process according to step C).

[0228] 44. A method for obtaining monomers, polymers, or polymer products,

[0229] The method includes steps A), B), and C) according to any one of Examples 1 to 29.

[0230] The method further includes step D) according to any one of embodiments 30 to 36 and optionally steps E) and / or F).

[0231] The method further includes steps G) and H) according to any one of Examples 37 to 40.

[0232] The method may optionally further include steps J), K), and / or L) according to any one of embodiments 41 to 43.

[0233] The method further includes step M).

[0234] M) converts the olefin and / or aromatic hydrocarbon obtained in step H) and / or optionally J) and / or any other downstream product and / or chemical material that can be obtained or acquired by the method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments to obtain a monomer, polymer, or polymer product.

[0235] 45. The method according to Example 44,

[0236] The monomer is a diol or polyol, preferably butanediol; an aldehyde, preferably formaldehyde; a diisocyanate or polyisocyanate, preferably methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI); an amide, preferably caprolactam; an olefin, preferably styrene, ethylene and norbornene; an alkyne; a (di) ester, preferably methyl methacrylate; a monoacid or diacid, preferably adipic acid or terephthalic acid; a diamine, preferably hexamethylenediamine or nonadiamine; or a sulfone, preferably 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone.

[0237] 46. ​​The method according to any one of Examples 44 to 45,

[0238] The polymer and / or the polymer product contains polyamide (PA); preferably PA 6 or PA 66; a polyisocyanate addition polymer; preferably polyurethane (PU), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyurea or polyisocyanurate (PIR); low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polystyrene (PS), polyacrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polystyrene acrylonitrile (SAN), polyacrylate styrene acrylonitrile polyacrylate (ASA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polybutadiene (BR, PBD), poly(cis-1,4-isoprene), poly(trans-1,4-isoprene) Diene, polyoxymethylene (POM), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polybutylene adipate (PBAT), polyester (PES), polyethersulfone (PESU), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB), poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV), polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH), polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO), polylactic acid (PLA), polysulfone (PSU), polyphenylene sulfone (PPSU), polycarbonate (PC), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO), poly(p-phenylene ether) (PPE); or copolymers or mixtures thereof.

[0239] 47. The method according to any one of Examples 44 to 46,

[0240] The polymer and / or the polymer product is one or more of the following:

[0241] - Automotive; preferably bellows, cylinder head covers, engine hoods, turbocharger housings, turbocharger baffles, coatings, covers, lift support components, foils, fibers, films, foams, damping elements, machine drive belts, intake pipes, intake manifolds, connectors, gaskets, gears, fan wheels, coolant tanks, hoses, housings, heat exchanger housing parts, coolant coolers, turbocharger coolers, laminates, shoe midsoles, linings in vehicles, modifiers for thermoplastic materials, molded bodies, roofs or floors of buildings or vehicles, nonwoven fabrics, packaging materials, passenger conveyors, passenger Handrails, profiles, rollers, rope arrangements, saddles, shoe soles, belts, thermostats, water pumps, radiators, fasteners, battery system parts for electric vehicles, dashboards, headrests, steering column switches, seats, headrests, center consoles, transmission components, door modules, A, B, C, or D pillar covers, spoilers, door handles, exterior rearview mirrors, windshield wipers, windshield wiper protective covers, wiper blades, decorative grilles, cover strips, roof rails, window frames, sunroof frames, antenna panels, headlights and taillights, engine hoods, cylinder head covers, intake manifolds, airbags, cushioning pads, or coatings;

[0242] - Fabric; preferably shirts, trousers, sweaters, boots, shoes, shoe soles, bodysuits or jackets;

[0243] - Electrical components; preferably electrical or electronic passive or active components, cables, cable connectors, cable films, circuit boards, printed circuit boards, housing components, foils, wires, switches, plugs, sockets, distributors, relays, resistors, capacitors, inductors, spools, lamps, diodes, LEDs, transistors, connectors, voltage regulators, integrated circuits (ICs), processors, controllers, memory, sensors, microswitches, microbuttons, semiconductors, reflector housings for light-emitting diodes (LEDs), fasteners for electrical or electronic components, solar panels, gaskets, bolts, strips, slide-in guides, screws, nuts, televisions, drag cables, membrane hinges, spring hooks (clamp-in), or spring tongues;

[0244] - Consumer goods, agricultural products, or pharmaceutical products; preferably tennis strings, climbing ropes, bristles, brushes, artificial turf, 3D printed filaments, lawnmowers, zippers, hook and loop fasteners, paper machine fabrics, extrusion coatings, fishing lines, fishing nets, offshore lines and ropes, vials, syringes, ampoules, bottles, sliding elements, spindle nuts, chain conveyors, sliding bearings, rollers, wheels, gears, ring gears, screws and spring dampers, hoses, pipes, cable sheaths, sockets, switches, cable ties, fan wheels, carpets, cosmetic boxes or bottles, mattresses, cushioning pads, insulating materials, detergents, dishwasher detergent blocks or powders, shampoos, shower gels, bath gels, soaps, fertilizers, fungicides, or pest control agents;

[0245] - Preferably for food industry packaging; preferably single-layer or multi-layer film, preferably blown film or cast film (single-layer or multi-layer), biaxially stretched film, or laminated film; or

[0246] - Structural components; preferably rotor blades, insulating materials, frames, housings, walls, coatings, or partition walls.

[0247] 48. The method according to any one of Examples 44 to 47,

[0248] Wherein, the content of the hydrocarbon obtained in step C), D), or E) of the monomer, polymer, and / or polymer product is 1 wt% or more, preferably 2 wt% or more, more preferably 5 wt% or more, more preferably 15 wt% or more, more preferably 30 wt% or more, more preferably 40 wt% or more, more preferably 60 wt% or more, more preferably 80 wt% or more, more preferably 90 wt% or more, more preferably 95 wt% or more; and / or

[0249] Wherein, the content of the hydrocarbon obtained in step C), D), or E) of the monomer, polymer, and / or polymer product is 100 wt% or less, preferably 95 wt% or less, more preferably 90 wt% or less, more preferably 50 wt% or less, more preferably 25 wt% or less, more preferably 10 wt% or less; and

[0250] Preferably, the content is determined based on an identity preservation and / or segregation and / or quality balance and / or book and claims custody model, preferably based on quality balance, and preferably based on the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) standard.

[0251] 49. A method for producing a product stream containing bio-oil from biomass,

[0252] The method includes the following steps

[0253] A) Provide biomass containing seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs,

[0254] Step A) includes the following sub-steps

[0255] A1) Select planting sites for trees and / or shrubs;

[0256] A2) Sowing and / or planting trees and / or shrubs to establish a plantation at the selected planting site;

[0257] A3) Maintain the plantation at least until the trees and / or shrubs produce seeds and / or fruit;

[0258] A4) Harvesting and / or collecting the seeds and / or fruits of the said trees and / or shrubs; and

[0259] A5) Optionally, the seeds and / or fruits may be mixed with biomass streams from other sources; and

[0260] B) Process the biomass into a product stream containing bio-oil.

[0261] 50. The method according to embodiment 49, wherein, in sub-step A1)

[0262] The planting site is selected based on at least one predefined criterion.

[0263] 51. The method according to any one of Examples 49 to 50, wherein, in sub-step A1)

[0264] The planting site is selected based on at least one predefined criterion, wherein the at least one predefined criterion relates to the local climate and / or soil characteristics and / or previous use of the land.

[0265] 52. The method according to any one of embodiments 49 to 51, wherein, in sub-step A1)

[0266] The at least one predefined criterion is related to the local climate, preferably AI (UNEP) < 0.65, more preferably AI (UNEP) < 0.50, most preferably AI (UNEP) < 0.20 or AI (UNEP) < 0.05, and / or the region is classified as sub-humid, semi-arid, arid, or ultra-arid.

[0267] 53. The method according to any one of embodiments 49 to 52, wherein, in sub-step A1)

[0268] The at least one predefined criterion is related to the soil characteristics, for example, to the metal pollution of the soil, and preferably the at least one predefined criterion is selected from the group consisting of the following.

[0269] w(As) > 5 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(As) > 50 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(As) > 100 mg / kg (soil);

[0270] w(Cd) > 1 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Cd) > 10 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Cd) > 20 mg / kg (soil);

[0271] w(Cr) > 100 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Cr) > 200 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Cr) > 300 mg / kg (soil);

[0272] w(Cu) > 100 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Cu) > 150 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Cu) > 200 mg / kg (soil);

[0273] w(Hg) > 0.5 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Hg) > 2 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Hg) > 5 mg / kg (soil);

[0274] w(Ni) > 50 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Ni) > 100 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Ni) > 150 mg / kg (soil);

[0275] w(Pb) > 60 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Pb) > 200 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Pb) > 750 mg / kg (soil);

[0276] w(Sn) > 40 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Sn) > 80 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Sn) > 120 mg / kg (soil); and

[0277] w(Zn) > 200 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Zn) > 250 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Zn) > 400 mg / kg (soil);

[0278] Or selected from any combination thereof, where w represents the mass fraction of the corresponding metal in the soil;

[0279] More preferably, the at least one predefined criterion is selected from the group consisting of:

[0280] w(Cd) > 1 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Cd) > 10 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Cd) > 20 mg / kg (soil);

[0281] w(Cr) > 100 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Cr) > 200 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Cr) > 300 mg / kg (soil);

[0282] w(Hg) > 0.5 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Hg) > 2 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Hg) > 5 mg / kg (soil);

[0283] w(Ni) > 50 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Ni) > 100 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Ni) > 150 mg / kg (soil);

[0284] w(Sn) > 40 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Sn) > 80 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Sn) > 120 mg / kg (soil); and

[0285] w(Zn) > 200 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Zn) > 250 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Zn) > 400 mg / kg (soil);

[0286] Or selected from any combination thereof, where w represents the mass fraction of the corresponding metal in the soil.

[0287] 54. The method according to any one of embodiments 49 to 53, wherein, in sub-step A1)

[0288] This at least one predefined criterion relates to the previous use of the land.

[0289] Preferably, the at least one predefined criterion specifies that, within the past 20 years, more preferably the past 50 years, or even more preferably the past 100 years, vegetation with few or no trees and / or shrubs has grown at the planting site, and / or

[0290] The at least one predefined criterion stipulates that the planting site has not been used for agricultural or forestry purposes in the past 20 years, more preferably in the past 50 years, or even more preferably in the past 100 years.

[0291] 55. The method according to any one of Examples 49 to 54, wherein, in step B)

[0292] The processing includes mechanical and physical operations and / or chemical processes, and optionally also includes the separation of the obtained product stream from any byproducts.

[0293] 56. The method according to any one of Examples 49 to 55, wherein, in step B)

[0294] The processing includes pressing, extraction, pyrolysis, and / or hydrothermal liquefaction of the biomass provided in step A).

[0295] 57. The method according to any one of Examples 49 to 56, wherein, in step B)

[0296] The processing produces a product stream consisting of bio-oil.

[0297] 58. The method according to any one of Examples 49 to 57, wherein, in step B)

[0298] The processing includes a purification step applied to the product stream.

[0299] 59. The method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments,

[0300] In step A), at least one planting by-product is generated and / or in step B), at least one processing by-product is generated.

[0301] The method further includes step N).

[0302] N) Using at least one of the planting by-products of step A) and / or at least a portion of the at least one processing by-product of step B) to prepare combustion fuel.

[0303] Preferably, the combustion fuel is further used to provide energy to any one of the method steps described in any of the preceding claims.

[0304] 60. A product or product stream, particularly selected from the group consisting of: hydrocarbons, isomerized hydrocarbons, fractions thereof, preferably naphtha fractions thereof; bio-naphtha; bio-naphtha-containing blends suitable for steam cracking; downstream products of hydrocarbons; steam cracking products, preferably olefins and / or aromatic hydrocarbons, more preferably the olefins selected from ethylene, propylene, and C4 olefins, and the aromatic hydrocarbons selected from benzene, toluene, and xylene; monomers, polymers, and polymer products obtained from hydrocarbons.

[0305] The characteristic is that they are obtained or can be obtained by the method according to any one of the foregoing embodiments.

[0306] 61. A hydrocarbon and / or isomerized hydrocarbon and / or its fraction, preferably its naphtha fraction,

[0307] Characterized in that at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 95% of the carbon atoms are derived from biomass comprising the seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs.

[0308] Preferably, as used herein, the carbon atom content derived from biomass is measured. 14C mole fraction, more preferably determined according to DIN EN 16640:2017-08.

[0309] 62. A type of biological naphtha,

[0310] Characterized in that at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 95% of the carbon atoms are derived from biomass comprising the seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs.

[0311] Preferably, as used herein, the carbon atom content derived from biomass is measured. 14 C mole fraction, more preferably determined according to DIN EN 16640:2017-08.

[0312] 63. A blend suitable for steam cracking, comprising bio-naphtha and at least one additional feedstock suitable for steam cracking.

[0313] Characterized in that at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 95% of the carbon atoms are derived from biomass comprising the seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs.

[0314] Preferably, as used herein, the carbon atom content derived from biomass is measured. 14 C mole fraction, more preferably determined according to DIN EN 16640:2017-08.

[0315] 64. The blend according to Example 63,

[0316] The at least one additional feedstock suitable for steam cracking comprises naphtha.

[0317] 65. The blend according to any one of Examples 63 to 64,

[0318] The blend contains at least 5% by weight, preferably at least 10% by weight, more preferably at least 20% by weight, more preferably at least 30% by weight, more preferably at least 40% by weight, more preferably at least 50% by weight, more preferably at least 60% by weight, more preferably at least 70% by weight, more preferably at least 80% by weight, and most preferably at least 90% by weight of bio-naphtha.

[0319] 66. A downstream product of a hydrocarbon,

[0320] Characterized in that at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 95% of the carbon atoms are derived from biomass comprising the seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs.

[0321] Preferably, as used herein, the carbon atom content derived from biomass is measured. 14 C mole fraction, more preferably determined according to DIN EN 16640:2017-08.

[0322] 67. A steam cracking product, preferably an olefin and / or an aromatic hydrocarbon, more preferably the olefin is selected from ethylene, propylene and C4 olefins, and the aromatic hydrocarbon is selected from benzene, toluene and xylene.

[0323] Characterized in that at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 95% of the carbon atoms are derived from biomass comprising the seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs.

[0324] Preferably, as used herein, the carbon atom content derived from biomass is measured. 14 C mole fraction, more preferably determined according to DIN EN 16640:2017-08.

[0325] 68. A monomer, polymer, or polymer product obtained from a hydrocarbon,

[0326] Characterized in that at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 95% of the carbon atoms are derived from biomass comprising the seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs.

[0327] Preferably, as used herein, the carbon atom content derived from biomass is measured. 14 C mole fraction, more preferably determined according to DIN EN 16640:2017-08.

[0328] 69. Hydrocarbons and / or isomerized hydrocarbons and / or their fractions as described in Example 61;

[0329] Bio-naphtha according to Example 62;

[0330] The blend according to any one of Examples 63 to 65;

[0331] The downstream product according to Example 66;

[0332] According to the steam cracking products described in Example 67; or

[0333] The monomer, polymer, or polymer product according to Example 68

[0334] The mass fraction (w / w) of the seeds and / or fruits in the biomass is at least 25%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 95%.

[0335] 70. Hydrocarbons and / or isomerized hydrocarbons and / or their fractions according to any one of Examples 61 and 69;

[0336] Bio-naphtha according to any one of Examples 62 and 69;

[0337] The blend according to any one of Examples 63 to 65 and 69;

[0338] The downstream product according to any one of Examples 66 and 69;

[0339] Steam cracking products according to any one of Examples 67 and 69; or

[0340] The monomer, polymer, or polymer product according to any one of Examples 68 and 69

[0341] The trees and / or shrubs thereon are dicotyledonous plants, preferably perennial dicotyledonous plants.

[0342] 71. Hydrocarbons and / or isomerized hydrocarbons and / or their fractions according to any one of Examples 61 and 69 to 70;

[0343] Bio-naphtha according to any one of Examples 62 and 69 to 70;

[0344] The blend according to any one of Examples 63 to 65 and 69 to 70;

[0345] The downstream product according to any one of Examples 66 and 69 to 70;

[0346] Steam cracking products according to any one of Examples 67 and 69 to 70; or

[0347] The monomer, polymer, or polymer product according to any one of Examples 68 to 70

[0348] The seeds and / or fruits are selected from the group consisting of: almonds, cashews, Eisenbeckia seeds, hazelnuts, Jatropha seeds, macadamia nuts, walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof.

[0349] Preferably, the following are selected from the group consisting of: almonds, cashews, Eisenbeckia seeds, Jatropha seeds, macadamia nuts, walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof.

[0350] More preferably, the group consisting of: bitter almonds, seeds of the genus Jatropha, black walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof.

[0351] The most preferred are seeds of the genus Jatropha, especially seeds of Jatropha curcas.

[0352] 72. A hydrocarbon, isomerized hydrocarbon, fractions thereof; bio-naphtha; bio-naphtha-containing blends suitable for steam cracking; downstream products of the hydrocarbon; steam cracking products, preferably olefins and / or aromatic hydrocarbons, more preferably the olefins selected from ethylene, propylene, and C4 olefins, and the aromatic hydrocarbons selected from benzene, toluene, and xylene; monomers, polymers, and polymer products obtained from the hydrocarbon.

[0353] Characterized by the fact that their carbon atoms are derived from the seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs selected from the group consisting of: almonds, cashews, Eisenbeckia seeds, hazelnuts, Jatropha seeds, macadamia nuts, walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof, preferably selected from the group consisting of: almonds, cashews, Eisenbeckia seeds, Jatropha seeds, macadamia nuts, walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of: bitter almonds, Eisenbeckia seeds, Jatropha seeds, black walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof, and most preferably they are Jatropha seeds, especially Jatropha seeds.

Claims

1. A method for producing hydrocarbons comprising bionaphtha fractions from biomass, the method comprising the following steps: A) Provide biomass containing seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs; B) Processing the biomass into a product stream containing bio-oil, wherein the processing includes mechanical and physical operations and / or chemical processes, preferably selected from the group consisting of: pressing, extraction, pyrolysis, and / or hydrothermal liquefaction of the biomass provided in step A); and C) Catalytically hydrogenate the product stream to obtain hydrocarbons.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, In step A) The trees and / or shrubs are perennial and / or dicotyledonous plants.

3. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, In step A) The seeds and / or fruits of the trees and / or shrubs are selected from the group consisting of: almonds, cashews, Eisenbeckia seeds, hazelnuts, Jatropha seeds, macadamia nuts, walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, they are selected from the group consisting of: almonds, cashews, Eisenbeckia seeds, Jatropha seeds, macadamia nuts, walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof. More preferably, the group consisting of: bitter almonds, seeds of the genus *Essenbeckia*, seeds of the genus *Jatropha*, black walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, they are seeds of the genus Jatropha, especially seeds of Jatropha curcas.

4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, Step A) includes the following sub-steps A1) Select planting sites for trees and / or shrubs according to at least one predefined criterion, wherein the at least one predefined criterion relates to the local climate and / or soil characteristics and / or previous use of the land; A2) Sow and / or plant trees and / or shrubs to establish a plantation at the selected planting site; A3) Maintain the plantation at least until the trees and / or shrubs produce seeds and / or fruit; A4) Harvest and / or collect the seeds and / or fruits of the trees and / or shrubs; as well as A5) Optionally, the seeds and / or fruits may be mixed with biomass streams from other sources.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein, In sub-step A1) At least one predefined criterion is related to the local climate and is a drought index of < 0.

20. and / or The at least one predefined criterion relates to the previous use of the land, and stipulates that the planting site has not been used for agricultural or forestry purposes in the past 50 years.

6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, In step C) The catalytic hydrogenation process includes a hydrocracking reaction, preferably in the presence of a bifunctional catalyst.

7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, The method further includes steps D), E), and / or F). D) Separate the hydrocarbon into different fractions selected from the following groups: renewable diesel, renewable jet fuel, bio-naphtha, and bio-C. 1-4 -HC; E) subjecting the bio-naphtha fraction from step D) to isomerization to obtain an isomerized bio-naphtha fraction; and / or F) The renewable diesel and / or renewable jet fuel fraction from step D) is combined with the product stream from step B) to obtain a combined stream, and the combined stream is catalytically hydrotreated according to step C).

8. A method for producing steam cracking products, The method includes steps A), B), and C) according to any one of claims 1 to 6. The method further includes step D) as described in claim 7 and optionally steps E) and / or F). The method further includes steps G) and H). G) Blend the bio-naphtha fraction obtained in steps D) and / or E) with at least one additional feedstock suitable for steam cracking to obtain a blend suitable for steam cracking; and H) subject the blend from step G) to steam cracking to obtain steam cracking products.

9. The method according to claim 8, The method may optionally further include steps J) and L). J) Separate the steam cracking product from step H) to obtain one or more olefins, one or more aromatic hydrocarbons, and one or more C2O4 compounds. 1-4 -HC, and / or hydrogen, at least one separate fraction, and L) Use at least a portion of the hydrogen obtained in step H) and / or optionally J) for the hydrogenation process according to step C).

10. A method for obtaining monomers, polymers, or polymer products, The method includes steps A), B), and C) according to any one of claims 1 to 6. The method further includes step D) as described in claim 7 and optionally steps E) and / or F). The method further includes steps G) and H) as described in claim 8. The method may optionally further include steps J), K), and / or L) as described in claim 9. The method further includes step M). M) converts the olefin and / or aromatic hydrocarbon obtained in step H) and / or optionally J) and / or any other downstream product and / or chemical material that can be obtained or acquired by the method according to any one of the preceding claims to obtain a monomer, polymer, or polymer product.

11. A method for producing a product stream containing bio-oil from biomass, The method includes the following steps A) Provide biomass containing seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs, Step A) includes the following sub-steps A1) Select planting sites for trees and / or shrubs according to at least one predefined criterion. Wherein at least one predefined criterion relates to local climate and / or soil characteristics and / or previous use of the land; A2) Sow and / or plant trees and / or shrubs to establish a plantation at the selected planting site; A3) Maintain the plantation at least until the trees and / or shrubs produce seeds and / or fruit; A4) Harvest and / or collect the seeds and / or fruits of the trees and / or shrubs; as well as A5) Optionally, the seeds and / or fruits may be mixed with biomass streams from other sources; as well as B) Processing the biomass into a product stream containing bio-oil, wherein the processing includes mechanical and physical operations and / or chemical processes.

12. A method for producing bio-naphtha, the method comprising the following steps A) Provide biomass containing seeds of the genus Jatropha, Step A) includes the following sub-steps A1) Select planting sites for Jatropha curcas trees and / or shrubs; The planting site is selected based on at least one predefined criterion related to metal pollution in the soil, and the at least one predefined criterion is selected from the following group. w(Cd) > 1 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Cd) > 10 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Cd) > 20 mg / kg (soil); w(Cr) > 100 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Cr) > 200 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Cr) > 300 mg / kg (soil); w(Hg) > 0.5 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Hg) > 2 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Hg) > 5 mg / kg (soil); w(Ni) > 50 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Ni) > 100 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Ni) > 150 mg / kg (soil); w(Sn) > 40 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Sn) > 80 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Sn) > 120 mg / kg (soil); and w(Zn) > 200 mg / kg (soil), preferably w(Zn) > 250 mg / kg (soil), more preferably w(Zn) > 400 mg / kg (soil); Or selected from any combination thereof, where w represents the mass fraction of the corresponding metal in the soil; A2) Sow and / or plant Jatropha trees and / or shrubs to establish a plantation at the selected planting site; A3) Maintain the plantation at least until the Jatropha species trees and / or shrubs produce Jatropha seeds; A4) Harvesting and / or collecting seeds of the genus Jatropha; and A5) Optionally, the Jatropha seeds may be mixed with biomass streams from other sources; B) Processing the biomass into a product stream containing bio-oil. The processing described therein includes pressing and / or extraction of the Jatropha curcas seeds provided in step A); C) Catalytic hydrogenation of the product stream to obtain hydrocarbons. The catalytic hydrogenation process includes a hydrocracking reaction; D) Separate the hydrocarbon into different fractions containing at least one bio-naphtha fraction by distillation; and E) Optionally, the at least one bio-naphtha fraction is isomerized to obtain at least one isomerized bio-naphtha fraction.

13. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, in, At least one planting by-product is generated in step A) and / or at least one processing by-product is generated in step B). The method further includes step N). N) Using at least one of the planting by-products of step A) and / or at least a portion of the at least one processing by-product of step B) to prepare combustion fuel. Preferably, the combustion fuel is further used to provide energy to any one of the method steps described in any of the preceding claims.

14. A hydrocarbon, isomerized hydrocarbon, its fractions, bio-naphtha, and / or steam cracking products, preferably olefins and / or aromatic hydrocarbons. Its features are, At least 10%, preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% of the carbon atoms are derived from biomass containing the seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs.

15. A hydrocarbon, isomerized hydrocarbon, its fractions, bio-naphtha, and / or steam cracking products, preferably olefins and / or aromatic hydrocarbons. Its features are, Their carbon atoms are derived from the seeds and / or fruits of trees and / or shrubs selected from the group consisting of: almonds, cashews, Eisenbeckia seeds, hazelnuts, Jatropha seeds, macadamia nuts, walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof, preferably from the group consisting of: almonds, cashews, Eisenbeckia seeds, Jatropha seeds, macadamia nuts, walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of: bitter almonds, Eisenbeckia seeds, Jatropha seeds, black walnuts, Brazil nuts, and mixtures thereof, and most preferably from Jatropha seeds, especially Jatropha seeds.

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