Retransmission criteria for semantic and analog transmission schemes

Abstract

The present disclosure provides approaches for determining retransmission criteria in a wireless communication system, with particular interest in analog transmission systems. The proposed methods and apparatuses improve the efficiency and accuracy of information transmission by using criteria such as signal quality, distortion metric, or cyclic redundancy check to determine whether to request or perform retransmission of an analog decoded signal. Thus, methods are provided that enable wireless communication to be performed at both a first wireless device (transmitter) and a second wireless device (receiver), which involves the transmitter transmitting an analog decoded signal to the receiver, and the receiver determining a retransmission criterion based on the received signal and sending feedback to the transmitter. The feedback can be a non-acknowledgement or acknowledgement determined based on the aforementioned criteria, or the feedback can be the criterion itself. In response to the feedback, the transmitter determines whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates generally to wireless communication, and more specifically to a wireless communication system that provides a receiver and a transmitter with determination of retransmission criteria for semantic and analog transmission. Background Technology

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide a variety of telecommunications services, such as telephone, video, data, messaging, and broadcasting. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple access technologies include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) systems, and Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) systems.

[0003] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunications standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate at the city, national, regional, and even global levels. An example telecommunications standard is 5G New Radio (NR). 5G NR is part of the Continuous Evolution of Mobile Broadband (CWB) program issued by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with the Internet of Things (IoT),) and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). Some aspects of 5G NR are based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. Further improvements to 5G NR technology are needed. These improvements can also be applied to other multiple access technologies and telecommunications standards that adopt them. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The following is a simplified summary of one or more aspects of the invention to provide a basic understanding of these aspects. This overview is not an exhaustive summary of all conceived aspects, nor is it intended to identify key or decisive elements of all aspects, nor to depict the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed descriptions that follow.

[0005] One innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for performing wireless communication at a first wireless device, which may be a user equipment (UE) or a network entity such as a base station. The method includes: receiving an analog decoded signal from a second wireless device; and sending feedback associated with the analog decoded signal to the second wireless device. The feedback may be a non-acknowledgment (NACK) or acknowledgment (ACK) determined at least in part based on: the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, a distortion measure associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) included in the analog decoded signal. Alternatively, the feedback may be the signal quality or the distortion measure.

[0006] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for performing wireless communication, which may be a UE or a network entity such as a base station. The apparatus includes: one or more memories; and one or more processors, each of the one or more processors communicatively coupled to at least one of the one or more memories. The one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: receive an analog decoded signal from a second wireless device; and send feedback associated with the analog decoded signal to the second wireless device. The feedback may be a NACK or ACK determined at least in part based on: the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, a distortion metric associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or a CRC included in the analog decoded signal. Alternatively, the feedback may be the signal quality or the distortion metric.

[0007] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in a method for performing wireless communication at a first wireless device, which may be a UE or a network entity such as a base station. The method includes: transmitting an analog decoded signal to the wireless device; and receiving feedback associated with the analog decoded signal from the wireless device. The feedback may be a NACK or ACK determined at least in part based on: the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, a distortion metric associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or a CRC included in the analog decoded signal. Alternatively, the feedback may be the signal quality or the distortion metric. The method further includes: determining, based on the feedback, whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal to the wireless device; and transmitting the retransmission to the wireless device based on the determination.

[0008] Another innovative aspect of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented in an apparatus for performing wireless communication, which may be a UE or a network entity such as a base station. The apparatus includes: one or more memories; and one or more processors, each of the one or more processors communicatively coupled to at least one of the one or more memories. The one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: transmit an analog decoded signal to a wireless device; and receive feedback associated with the analog decoded signal from the wireless device. The feedback may be a NACK or ACK determined at least in part based on: the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, a distortion metric associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or a CRC included in the analog decoded signal. Alternatively, the feedback may be the signal quality or the distortion metric. The one or more processors are further capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: determine, based on the feedback, whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal to the wireless device; and transmit the retransmission to the wireless device based on the determination.

[0009] To achieve the foregoing and related objectives, one or more aspects include the features fully described below and specifically pointed out in the claims. The following description and drawings illustrate some exemplary features of one or more aspects in detail. However, these features indicate only some of the various ways in which the principles of the various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. Attached Figure Description

[0010] Figure 1A This is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network.

[0011] Figure 1B A diagram illustrating an example decomposed base station architecture is shown.

[0012] Figure 2A This is an example diagram illustrating the first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure.

[0013] Figure 2B This is a diagram illustrating an example of a DL channel within a 5G NR subframe.

[0014] Figure 2C This is an example diagram illustrating the second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure.

[0015] Figure 2D This is a diagram illustrating an example of a UL channel within a 5G NR subframe.

[0016] Figure 3 This is a block diagram illustrating an example of a first device and a second device involved in wireless communication.

[0017] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a neural network.

[0018] Figures 5A to 5C This is a diagram illustrating various specific implementations that have been proposed to incorporate semantic communication into wireless communication systems.

[0019] Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating an example of an interface for semantic communication between the application (APP) layer and the RAN layer of a wireless device.

[0020] Figure 7 This is a diagram illustrating a simulated transmission of the encoded output data.

[0021] Figure 8 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a simulated transmission technique used for semantic communication.

[0022] Figure 9 This is a diagram illustrating another example of an analog transmission technique used for semantic communication.

[0023] Figure 10 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a first method for determining reissue criteria.

[0024] Figure 11 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a variation of the first method used to determine reissue criteria.

[0025] Figure 12 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a call flow between wireless devices based on a first method for determining whether a request or a simulated transmission is being sent.

[0026] Figure 13 This is a diagram illustrating an example of an alternative method for determining reissue criteria.

[0027] Figure 14 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a second method for determining reissue criteria.

[0028] Figure 15 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a call flow between wireless devices based on a second method for determining whether a request or a simulated transmission is being sent.

[0029] Figures 16A to 16B This is a diagram illustrating an example of an analog decoding unit group associated with a retransmission criterion.

[0030] Figure 17 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a call flow between wireless devices.

[0031] Figure 18This is a flowchart of an example method for performing wireless communication at a receiver wireless device.

[0032] Figure 19 This is a flowchart of another example method for performing wireless communication at the transmitter wireless device.

[0033] Figure 20 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a device that can operate as a receiver or transmitter. Detailed Implementation

[0034] The detailed description below, illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings, is intended as a description of various configurations and not as representing only the configurations in which the concepts described herein can be practiced. To provide a thorough understanding of the various concepts, the detailed description includes specific details. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring these concepts.

[0035] Various apparatuses and methods will now be used to present several aspects of a telecommunications system. These apparatuses and methods will be described in detail below and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements”). These elements can be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the system as a whole.

[0036] As an example, an element, any part of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” including one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, system-on-a-chip (SoCs), baseband processors, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gate logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionalities described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in a processing system may execute software. Whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or other names, software should be broadly interpreted as meaning instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subroutines, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc.

[0037] Therefore, in one or more example embodiments, the described functionality may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functionality may be stored or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. A computer-readable medium includes a computer storage medium. The storage medium may be any available medium accessible to a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such a computer-readable medium may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disc storage devices, magnetic disk storage devices, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of computer-readable media of the types described above, or any other medium that may be used to store computer-executable code in the form of instructions or data structures accessible to a computer.

[0038] Analog transmission is a widely used semantic communication method and an emerging topic in the advancements of 5G and 3GPP technologies, as well as the development of 6G wireless communication systems. Analog decoding is a technique used in communication systems to transmit continuous signals (such as real numbers or analog waveforms) over a communication channel. It is an alternative to digital decoding, which involves converting a continuous signal into discrete binary bits before transmission. Analog decoding is particularly relevant in the context of semantic communication, which involves using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models to extract semantic features from various types of data because the real numbers representing the semantic features are transmitted directly without quantization or conversion to binary bits. In analog decoding, continuous signals (real numbers) are directly mapped to symbols or waveforms that can be transmitted over the communication channel. These symbols or waveforms are continuous in amplitude and can represent a wide range of values ​​without quantization. This allows for the retention of more information and allows for a more accurate representation of the original signal than in digital decoding. Analog decoding can be combined with other techniques, such as Joint Source-Channel Decoding (JSCC) or semantic coding, to improve semantic-based or perception-based metrics. In these cases, real numbers generated by the semantic encoder or JSCC are sent directly, compressed to a lower dimension, or expanded to a larger dimension for transmission. Analog communication can also achieve rate distortion limits with short block lengths and experience only slight performance degradation even if the channel conditions on the transmitter side are inaccurate.

[0039] However, determining when to initiate a retransmission for an analog transmission is currently a challenge. For example, in analog decoding for lossy sources, there is no clear definition of a correctly decoded block. Instead, distortion (such as mean square error (MSE)) is used as a metric. To calculate this metric, the receiver may refer to a baseline truth or a method used to predict distortion. Since obtaining a baseline truth is not feasible, predicting distortion using AI and non-AI methods has recently become of interest. Therefore, various aspects of this disclosure provide retransmission (ReTx) criteria, such as the predicted distortion, which the receiver or transmitter may consider separately when determining whether to request or perform a retransmission. In one aspect, a reTx criterion not based on analog cyclic redundancy check (CRC) may be provided, in which, for example, the receiver or transmitter may determine whether to request or transmit a retransmission based on signal quality measurements (such as a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) measurement from a demodulation reference signal (DMRS)) or on distortion metrics (such as a predicted MSE using the received or recovered signal). On the other hand, a ReTx criterion with an analog CRC can be provided. In this approach, for example, the transmitter can add an analog CRC to the transmission and transmit the CRC to the receiver at a lower source-to-channel ratio than that applied to the analog decoded data. In response to receiving the CRC, the receiver can compare the received CRC with the CRC calculated from the recovered signal to determine whether to request a retransmission. Alternatively, in determining whether to request or transmit a retransmission, calculations or measurements can be applied to each analog decoding unit or each group of analog decoding units, where the respective analog decoding unit will... m Dimensional source mapping to n The secondary physical channel is used, and the analog decoding unit packets can be based on the semantic importance of the data. On the other hand, in the feedback of acknowledgment (ACK) or negative acknowledgment (NACK) for transmission request retransmission, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) at each transmission window can be applied, where ACK or NACK can be determined based on the trend or change of distortion metric calculated or measured within the measurement window.

[0040] Therefore, various aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure relate generally to wireless communication, and more specifically to the determination of retransmission criteria in analog transmission systems. Some aspects specifically relate to the use of signal quality, distortion metrics, and CRC in determining whether a retransmission is requested or performed in an analog transmission system. In some examples, apparatus and methods are provided in which a first wireless device (transmitter) transmits an analog decoded signal to a second wireless device (receiver), and the receiver determines a retransmission criterion based on the received signal and sends feedback to the transmitter. The feedback may be a NACK or ACK determined based on: the signal quality of a reference signal, a distortion metric associated with the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal, or a CRC included in the analog decoded signal. Alternatively, the feedback may be a retransmission criterion, such as signal quality or distortion metrics themselves. In response to the feedback, the transmitter determines whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal.

[0041] Therefore, specific aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be realized to achieve one or more potential advantages. For example, the proposed methods and apparatus can improve the efficiency and accuracy of information transmission in wireless communication systems. They can also provide more robust performance in scenarios where the channel conditions are not accurately ascertained at the transmitter side. For example, using a CRC included in the analog decoded signal as a first CRC, and obtaining a second CRC from the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, and then determining whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal based on the first and second CRCs, can provide a robust mechanism for error detection and improve the reliability of the communication system. Furthermore, using artificial intelligence predictive metrics and function-based distortion metrics can improve the accuracy of retransmission decisions. For example, AI predictive distortion metrics can provide a more accurate indication of retransmission needs, thereby improving the efficiency of the communication system, while using a non-AI-based function of the analog decoded signal and the encoded recovered signal from the analog decoded signal to determine the distortion metric can provide a more comprehensive understanding of signal distortion, thereby improving the accuracy of retransmission decisions. Furthermore, using analog decoding units that map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources, a group of analog decoding units comprising multiple such units, or the entire allocated resources as granularity for retransmission decisions, SINR measurements, MSE predictions, or ACK / NACK feedback or reporting of measurement quantities can provide more efficient use of channel resources, thereby increasing the throughput of the communication system. Additionally, when feedback corresponds to a transmission window that includes multiple analog decoded signals in the corresponding transmission timing, receiving or transmitting NACK or ACK as feedback based on statistics associated with distortion metrics related to the corresponding transmission timing can provide a more comprehensive understanding of signal quality over a period of time and further improve the accuracy of retransmission decisions.

[0042] Figure 1AThis is an illustration of an example of a wireless communication system and access network 100. The wireless communication system (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) includes a base station 102, user equipment (UE) 104, an evolved packet core (EPC) 160, and another core network 190 (e.g., a 5G core (5GC)). The base station 102 may include macro cells (high-power cellular base stations) and / or small cells (low-power cellular base stations). Macro cells include base stations. Small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells.

[0043] Base station 102 configured for 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)) can interface with EPC 160 via a first backhaul link 132 (e.g., S1 interface). Base station 102 configured for 5G New Radio (NR) (collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN)) can interface with core network 190 via a second backhaul link 184. Among other functions, base station 102 can also perform one or more of the following functions: delivery of user data, radio channel encryption and decryption, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection establishment and release, load balancing, distribution of non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment tracking, RAN information management (RIM), paging, location, and delivery of warning messages. Base stations 102 can communicate directly or indirectly with each other via a third backhaul link 134 (e.g., an X2 interface) (e.g., via EPC 160 or core network 190). The first backhaul link 132, the second backhaul link 184, and the third backhaul link 134 can be wired or wireless.

[0044] Base station 102 can wirelessly communicate with UE 104. Each base station in base station 102 can provide communication coverage for a corresponding geographic coverage area 110. Overlapping geographic coverage areas 110 may exist. For example, small cell 102' may have a coverage area 110' that overlaps with the coverage areas 110 of one or more macro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cells and macro cells can be referred to as a heterogeneous network. The heterogeneous network may also include evolved home node B (eNB) (HeNB), which can provide services to restricted groups referred to as closed subscriber groups (CSG). The communication link 120 between base station 102 and UE 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmission from UE 104 to base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmission from base station 102 to UE 104. The communication link 120 may use multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technologies, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication link may use one or more carriers. Base station 102 / UE104 may use spectrum allocated in carrier aggregation for a total of up to Y x MHz (x component carriers) for transmission in each direction, with a bandwidth of up to Y MHz per carrier (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz, 400 MHz, etc.). Carriers may be adjacent to each other or may not be adjacent to each other. Carrier allocation may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated to DL compared to UL). Component carriers may include primary component carriers and one or more secondary component carriers. The primary component carrier may be referred to as the primary cell (PCell) and the secondary component carrier may be referred to as the secondary cell (SCell).

[0045] Some UEs 104 can communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. D2D communication link 158 can use DL / UL WWAN spectrum. D2D communication link 158 can use one or more sidelink channels, such as Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH), Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel (PSDCH), Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), and Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH). D2D communication can be achieved through a variety of wireless D2D communication systems, such as, for example, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.

[0046] The wireless communication system may also include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 that communicates with a Wi-Fi station (STA) 152 via a communication link 154 in, for example, unlicensed spectrum at 5 GHz. When communicating in unlicensed spectrum, the STA 152 / AP 150 may perform a free channel assessment (CCA) to determine whether the channel is available before communication.

[0047] Small cell 102' can operate in licensed and / or unlicensed spectrum. When operating in unlicensed spectrum, small cell 102' can employ NR and use the same unlicensed spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz, etc.) as the Wi-Fi AP 150. Small cell 102' employing NR in unlicensed spectrum can improve the coverage of the access network and / or increase the capacity of the access network.

[0048] The electromagnetic spectrum is typically subdivided into various categories, bands, channels, etc., based on frequency / wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been designated as frequency ranges FR1 (410MHz to 7.125GHz) and FR2 (24.25GHz to 52.6GHz). The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are generally referred to as mid-band frequencies. Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6GHz, in various documents and articles, FR1 is often (interchangeably) referred to as the "sub-6GHz" band. Similar naming issues sometimes occur with FR2, which is often (interchangeably) referred to as the "millimeter wave" band in documents and articles, although this is different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30GHz to 300GHz) designated as "millimeter wave" by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

[0049] In light of the foregoing, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that, as used herein, the term "below 6 GHz" and the like can broadly refer to frequencies less than 6 GHz, within FR1, or including intermediate frequency band frequencies. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that, as used herein, the term "millimeter wave" and the like can broadly refer to frequencies that can include intermediate frequency band frequencies, within FR2, or within the EHF band.

[0050] Base station 102 (whether a small cell 102' or a large cell (e.g., a macro base station)) may include and / or be referred to as an eNB, gNodeB (gNB), or another type of base station. Some base stations (such as gNB 180) may operate in conventional sub-6 GHz spectrum, in millimeter wave frequencies, and / or near-millimeter wave frequencies to communicate with UE 104. When gNB 180 operates in millimeter wave or near-millimeter wave frequencies, gNB 180 may be referred to as a millimeter wave base station. Millimeter wave base station 180 may utilize beamforming 182 with UE 104 to compensate for path loss and short range. Base station 180 and UE 104 may each include multiple antennas (such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays) to facilitate beamforming.

[0051] Base station 180 may transmit beamformed signals to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182'. UE 104 may receive beamformed signals from base station 180 in one or more receive directions 182''. UE 104 may also transmit beamformed signals to base station 180 in one or more transmit directions. Base station 180 may receive beamformed signals from UE 104 in one or more receive directions. Base station 180 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the optimal receive and transmit directions for each of base station 180 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions of base station 180 may be the same or different. The transmit and receive directions of UE 104 may be the same or different.

[0052] EPC 160 may include Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, Serving Gateway 166, MBMS Gateway 168, Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. MME 162 can communicate with Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. MME 162 is the control node that handles signaling between UE 104 and EPC 160. Generally, MME 162 provides bearer and connection management. All user Internet Protocol (IP) packets are delivered through Serving Gateway 166, which is itself connected to PDN Gateway 172. PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation and other functions. PDN Gateway 172 and BM-SC 170 are connected to IP Service 176. IP Service 176 may include the Internet, intranet, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), PS streaming service, and / or other IP services. BM-SC 170 provides functions for MBMS user service dispatch and delivery. The BM-SC 170 can serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, authorizing and initiating MBMS bearer services within a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN), and scheduling MBMS transmissions. The MBMS gateway 168 can distribute MBMS services to base station 102 within a Multicast-Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area belonging to a broadcast-specific service, and is responsible for session management (start / stop) and collecting eMBMS-related billing information.

[0053] The core network 190 may include Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, Session Management Functions (SMF) 194, and User Plane Functions (UPF) 195. AMF 192 can communicate with Unified Data Management (UDM) 196. AMF 192 is the control node that handles signaling between UE 104 and the core network 190. Generally, AMF 192 provides Quality of Service (QoS) streaming and session management. All user IP packets are delivered via UPF 195. UPF 195 provides UE IP address allocation and other functions. UPF 195 connects to IP services 197. IP services 197 may include the Internet, intranet, IMS, packet switching (PS) streaming services, and / or other IP services.

[0054] Base stations may include and / or be referred to as gNB, Node B, eNB, access point, base transceiver, radio base station, radio transceiver, transceiver function, Basic Service Set (BSS), Extended Service Set (ESS), Transmitter Receiver Point (TRP), or some other suitable terminology. Base station 102 provides access to EPC 160 or core network 190 for UE 104. Examples of UE 104 include cellular phones, smartphones, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) phones, laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), satellite radios, GPS devices, multimedia devices, video devices, digital audio players (e.g., MP3 players), cameras, game consoles, tablet computers, smart devices, wearable devices, vehicles, electricity meters, air pumps, large or small kitchen appliances, healthcare devices, implants, sensors / actuators, displays, or any other similarly functional devices. Some UEs in UE 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking timers, air pumps, toasters, vehicles, heart monitors, etc.). UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, mobile station, subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, mobile phone, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable term.

[0055] Communication systems (such as 5G NR systems) can be deployed in various ways with a variety of components or parts. In a 5G NR system or network, network nodes, network entities, network devices, network mobility elements, RAN nodes, core network nodes, network elements, or network equipment such as BSs or one or more units (or components) performing base station functions can be implemented in aggregated or decomposed architectures. For example, BSs (such as Node B (NB), eNB, NR BS, 5G NB, Access Point (AP), TRP, or cell, etc.) can be implemented as aggregated base stations (also known as standalone BSs or monolithic BSs) or decomposed base stations.

[0056] Aggregated base stations can be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. Decomposed base stations 181 can be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed across two or more units, such as one or more central units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, CUs 183 can be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs 185 can be co-located with a CU, or alternatively, can be geographically or virtually distributed across one or more other RAN nodes. DUs can be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs 187. Each of the CUs, DUs, and RUs can also be implemented as a virtual unit, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0057] Base station type operation or network design can take into account the aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, decomposed base stations can be utilized in Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) networks, Open Radio Access Networks (O-RAN (such as network configurations advocated by the O-RAN Alliance)), or Virtualized Radio Access Networks (vRAN, also known as Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN)). Decomposition can include distributing functionality across two or more units in various physical locations, as well as virtually distributing the functionality of at least one unit, which enables flexibility in network design. Individual units in a decomposed base station or decomposed RAN architecture can be configured to communicate wirelessly with at least one other unit.

[0058] Figure 1B A diagram illustrating an example decomposed base station 181 architecture is shown. The decomposed base station 181 architecture may include one or more CUs 183, which may communicate directly with the core network 190 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 190 via one or more decomposed base station units (such as a near real-time RIC 125 via an E2 link, or a non-real-time RIC 115 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) framework 105, or both). CUs 183 may communicate with one or more DUs 185 via appropriate midhaul links (such as F1 interfaces). DUs 185 may communicate with one or more RUs 187 via appropriate fronthaul links. RUs 187 may communicate with UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links, respectively. In some implementations, UE 104 may be served simultaneously by multiple RUs 187.

[0059] Each of the units (i.e., CU 183, DU 185, RU 187, and near-RT RIC 125, non-RT RIC 115, and SMO frame 105) may include or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via wired or wireless transmission media. Each of these units, or an associated processor or controller that provides instructions to the communication interfaces of these units, may be configured to communicate with one or more other units via transmission media. For example, these units may include wired interfaces configured to receive signals or transmit signals to one or more other units via wired transmission media. Additionally, these units may include wireless interfaces that may include receivers, transmitters, or transceivers (such as radio frequency (RF) transceivers) configured to receive signals via wireless transmission media or transmit signals to one or more other units, or both.

[0060] In some respects, the CU 183 can host higher-level control functions. These control functions may include Radio Resource Control (RRC), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP), or Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), etc. Each control function can be implemented using an interface configured to signal to other control functions hosted by the CU 183. The CU 183 can be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit-User Plane (CU-UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit-Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 183 can be logically divided into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. When implemented in an O-RAN configuration, the CU-UP units can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP units via an interface such as an E1 interface. The CU 183 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 185 for network control and signaling purposes, as needed.

[0061] DU 185 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions for controlling the operation of one or more RU 187s. In some aspects, DU 185 may at least partially host one or more of the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, the Media Access Control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, etc.) according to functional splits (such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some aspects, DU 185 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) may be implemented using an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by DU 185 or with control functions hosted by CU183.

[0062] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RU 187s. In some deployments, an RU187 controlled by a DU 185 may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or both, based at least in part on functional decomposition (such as lower-layer functional decomposition). In such architectures, the RU 187 may be implemented to handle over-the-air (OTA) communications with one or more UE 104s. In some specific implementations, the real-time and non-real-time aspects of control plane and user plane communications with the RU 187 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 185. In some scenarios, this configuration allows the DU185 and CU 183 to be implemented in cloud-based RAN architectures such as vRAN architectures.

[0063] SMO framework 105 can be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of both non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, SMO framework 105 can be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which can be managed via operation and maintenance interfaces such as the O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, SMO framework 105 can be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform such as Open Cloud (O-Cloud) 189 to perform network element lifecycle management (such as instantiating virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface such as the O2 interface. Such virtualized network elements may include, but are not limited to, CU 183, DU 185, RU 187, and near-RT RIC 125. In some implementations, SMO framework 105 can communicate with the hardware aspects of the 4G RAN (such as Open eNB (O-eNB) 111) via the O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, SMO framework 105 can communicate directly with one or more RU 187s via the O1 interface. SMO framework 105 may also include a non-RT RIC 115 configured to support the functionality of SMO framework 105.

[0064] The non-RT RIC 115 can be configured to include logical functions that enable non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, including artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows for model training and updates, or policy-based guidance for applications / features in the near-RT RIC 125. The non-RT RIC 115 can be coupled to or communicate with the near-RT RIC 125, such as via an A1 interface. The near-RT RIC 125 can be configured to include logical functions that enable near real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via an interface, such as via an E2 interface, through data collection and actions, connecting one or more CU 183s, one or more DU 185s, or both, and O-eNBs to the near-RT RIC 125.

[0065] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the near-RT RIC 125, the non-RT RIC 115 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from an external server. This information can be utilized by the near-RT RIC 125 and may be received from non-network data sources or network functions at the SMO framework 105 or the non-RT RIC 115. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 115 or the near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 115 may monitor long-term trends and patterns in performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO framework 105 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or by creating RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0066] refer to Figure 1A and Figure 1B In some respects, one or more components of UE 104, the aggregated base station (base station 102), or the decomposed base station 181 may be or constitute a receiver wireless device including an analog decoding retransmission component 198 configured to receive an analog decoded signal from a second wireless device; and to send feedback associated with the analog decoded signal to the second wireless device, the feedback being one of the following: a non-acknowledgment (NACK) or acknowledgment (ACK) determined at least in part based on: the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, a distortion measure associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) included in the analog decoded signal, or a signal quality or distortion measure. In other respects, one or more components of UE 104, the aggregated base station (base station 102), or the decomposed base station 181 may be a transmitter wireless device including an analog decoding retransmission component 198 configured to transmit an analog decoded signal to the wireless device; receive feedback from the wireless device associated with the analog decoded signal, the feedback being one of the following: a NACK or ACK determined at least in part based on: the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, a distortion measure associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) included in the analog decoded signal, or a signal quality or distortion measure; determine, based on the feedback, whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal to the wireless device; and transmit the retransmission to the wireless device based on the determination.

[0067] Although this disclosure may focus on 5G NR, the concepts and various aspects described herein are applicable to other similar fields, such as LTE, LTE-A Advanced, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and / or other wireless / radio access technologies.

[0068] Figure 2A Figure 200 illustrates an example of the first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2B Figure 230 illustrates an example of a DL channel within a 5G NR subframe. Figure 2C Figure 250 is an example of a second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. Figure 2D Figure 280 illustrates an example of a UL channel within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure can be Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) (where subframes within a specific set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) are dedicated to either DL or UL), or Time Division Duplex (TDD) (where subframes within a specific set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) are dedicated to both DL and UL). In the process of... Figure 2A , Figure 2C In the provided example, the 5G NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, where subframe 4 is configured with slot format 28 (mostly DL), where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexible and can be used between DL / UL, and subframe 3 is configured with slot format 34 (mostly UL). Although subframes 3 and 4 are shown as having slot formats 34 and 28 respectively, any particular subframe can be configured using any of the various available slot formats 0 to 61. Slot formats 0 and 1 are both DL and UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2-61 include a mixture of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. The slot format is configured for the UE via the received Slot Format Indicator (SFI) (dynamically configured via DL Control Information (DCI) or semi-statically / statically configured via Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling). It should be noted that the above description also applies to the 5G NR frame structure as TDD.

[0069] Other wireless communication technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels. For example, a 10-millisecond (ms) frame may be divided into 10 equal-sized subframes (1ms). Each subframe may include one or more time slots. Subframes may also include micro-time slots, which may include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each time slot may include 7 or 14 symbols, depending on the time slot configuration. For time slot configuration 0, each time slot may include 14 symbols, and for time slot configuration 1, each time slot may include 7 symbols. Symbols on the DL may be Cyclic Prefix (CP) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) symbols. Symbols on the UL may be CP-OFDM symbols (for high-throughput scenarios) or Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Extended OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbols (also known as Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols) (for power-constrained scenarios; limited to single-stream transmission). The number of time slots within a subframe is based on the time slot configuration and parameter set (numerology). For slot configuration 0, different parameter sets µ0 to 4 allow 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. For slot configuration 1, different parameter sets 0 to 2 allow 2, 4, and 8 slots per subframe, respectively. Therefore, for slot configuration 0 and parameter set µ, there are 14 symbols per slot and 2µ slots per subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are functions of the parameter sets. The subcarrier spacing can be equal to 2^μ. 15 kHz, where μ is the parameter set from 0 to 4. Therefore, the subcarrier spacing is 15 kHz for parameter set µ=0 and 240 kHz for parameter set µ=4. Symbol length / duration is negatively correlated with subcarrier spacing. Figures 2A to 2D Examples are provided for slot configuration 0 with 14 symbols per slot and parameter set µ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. Slot duration is 0.25 ms, subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs. Within the frame set, there may be one or more distinct bandwidth portions (BWPs) of frequency division multiplexing (see [link to relevant documentation]). Figure 2B Each BWP can have a specific set of parameters.

[0070] A resource grid can be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot consists of a resource block (RB) extending for 12 consecutive subcarriers (also known as a physical RB (PRB)). The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs). The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0071] like Figure 2AAs illustrated, some REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE. RS may include demodulation RS (DM-RS) (denoted as Rx for a particular configuration, where 100x is the port number, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS), beam refinement RS (BRRS), and phase tracking RS (PT-RS).

[0072] Figure 2B Examples of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame are illustrated. The Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) carries the DCI within one or more Control Channel Elements (CCEs), each CCE comprising nine RE Groups (REGs), each REG comprising four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol. The PDCCH within a BWP can be referred to as a Control Resource Set (CORESET). Additional BWPs can be located at higher and / or lower frequencies in the channel bandwidth. The Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) is located within symbol 2 of a specific subframe of the frame. The PSS is used by UE 104 to determine subframe / symbol timing and physical layer identification. The Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) is located within symbol 4 of a specific subframe of the frame. The SSS is used by the UE to determine the Physical Layer Cell Identifier Group Number and radio frame timing. Based on the Physical Layer Identifier and Physical Layer Cell Identifier Group Number, the UE can determine the Physical Cell Identifier (PCI). Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the location of the aforementioned DM-RS. The Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), carrying the Master Information Block (MIB), can be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a Synchronization Signal (SS) / PBCH block (also known as an SS block (SSB)). The MIB provides the number of Restricted Frames (RBs) and the System Frame Number (SFN) in the system bandwidth. The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted via the PBCH (such as System Information Blocks (SIBs)), and paging messages.

[0073] like Figure 2CAs illustrated, some REs in the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE can transmit DM-RS for the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS for the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH). The PUSCH DM-RS can be transmitted in the first or first two symbols of the PUSCH. Depending on whether a short or long PUCCH is transmitted and depending on the specific PUCCH format used, the PUCCH DM-RS can be transmitted in different configurations. The UE can transmit a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS). The SRS can be transmitted in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS can have a comb structure, and the UE can transmit the SRS on one of the comb teeth. The SRS can be used by the base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling of the UL.

[0074] Figure 2D Examples of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame are illustrated. The PUCCH can be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI), such as scheduling requests, channel quality indicators (CQI), pre-decoding matrix indicators (PMI), rank indicators (RI), and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgment (ACK) / non-acknowledgment (NACK) feedback. The PUSCH carries data and can additionally be used to carry buffer status reports (BSR), power clearance reports (PHR), and / or UCI.

[0075] Figure 3 This is a block diagram illustrating communication between a first wireless device 310 and a second wireless device 350 in an access network. In one example, the first wireless device 310 may be a component of a UE 104 acting as a transmitter, an aggregated base station such as base station 102 / 180, or a disaggregated base station such as CU 183 or DU 185, and the second wireless device 350 may be a component of a UE 104 acting as a receiver, an aggregated base station such as base station 102 / 180, or a disaggregated base station such as CU 183 or DU 185.

[0076] IP packets from EPC 160 can be provided to one or more controllers / processors 375. The one or more controllers / processors 375 implement Layer 3 and Layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes the Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer, and Layer 2 includes the Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, and Media Access Control (MAC) layer. One or more controllers / processors 375 provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting system information (e.g., MIB, SIB), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-Radio Access Technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the delivery of upper-layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction via HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0077] One or more transmit (TX) processors 316 and one or more receive (RX) processors 370 implement Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1 (which includes the physical (PHY) layer) may include error detection on the transport channel, forward error correction (FEC) decoding / decoding of the transport channel, interleaving, rate matching, mapping to the physical channel, modulation / demodulation of the physical channel, and MIMO antenna processing. One or more TX processors 316 process the mapping to the signal constellation based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), M-order phase shift keying (M-PSK), M-order quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The decoded and modulated symbols can then be divided into parallel streams. Each stream can then be mapped to OFDM subcarriers, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., a pilot) in the time and / or frequency domains, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a stream of time-domain OFDM symbols. The OFDM stream is spatially pre-decoded to generate multiple spatial streams. Channel estimation from channel estimator 374 is used to determine the decoding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimation can be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the second wireless device 350. Each spatial stream can then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318TX. Each transmitter 318TX can modulate an RF carrier with the corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

[0078] At the second wireless device 350, each receiver 354RX receives a signal via its corresponding antenna 352. Each receiver 354RX recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides that information to one or more receiver (RX) processors 356. One or more TX processors 368 and one or more RX processors 356 implement Layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. One or more RX processors 356 can perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial stream destined for the second wireless device 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the second wireless device 350, one or more RX processors 356 can combine them into a single OFDM symbol stream. The one or more RX processors 356 then use a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to transform the OFDM symbol stream from the time domain to the frequency domain. The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, along with a reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most probable signal constellation point transmitted by the first wireless device 310. These soft decisions can be based on a channel estimate calculated by a channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals originally transmitted by the first wireless device 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to one or more controllers / processors 359 that implement layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.

[0079] One or more controllers / processors 359 may each be associated with one or more memories 360 storing program code and data. The one or more memories 360 may be referred to individually or in any combination as computer-readable media. The one or more controllers / processors 359 provide demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between transport and logical channels to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. The one or more controllers / processors 359 are also responsible for error detection using ACK and / or NACK protocols to support HARQ operation.

[0080] Similar to the functionality described in conjunction with the transmissions performed by the first wireless device 310, one or more controllers / processors 359 provide: RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIB) acquisition, RRC connectivity, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression and security (encryption, decryption, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the delivery of upper-layer PDUs, error correction via ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, resegmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction via HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel priority ordering.

[0081] The channel estimate derived by channel estimator 358 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by first wireless device 310 can be used by one or more TX processors 368 to select appropriate decoding and modulation schemes and facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by one or more TX processors 368 can be provided to different antennas 352 via individual transmitters 354TX. Each transmitter 354TX can modulate an RF carrier with a corresponding spatial stream for transmission.

[0082] At the first wireless device 310, transmission is processed in a manner similar to that described in conjunction with the receiver function at the second wireless device 350. Each receiver 318RX receives signals via its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318RX recovers the information modulated onto the RF carrier and provides that information to one or more RX processors 370.

[0083] One or more controllers / processors 375 may each be associated with one or more memories 376 storing program code and data. The one or more memories 376 may be referred to individually or in any combination as computer-readable media. The one or more controllers / processors 375 provide demultiplexing, packet reassembly, decryption, header decompression, and control signal processing between the transport channel and the logical channel to recover IP packets from the second wireless device 350. IP packets from the one or more controllers / processors 375 may be provided to EPC 160. The one or more controllers / processors 375 are also responsible for error detection using ACK and / or NACK protocols to support HARQ operation.

[0084] At least one of one or more TX processors 316, 368, one or more RX processors 356, 370, and one or more controllers / processors 359, 375 can be configured to perform combination. Figure 1AThe various aspects of the analog decoding and retransmission component 198.

[0085] Wireless devices 310, 350 such as UE 104, base stations 102 / 180 including aggregation base stations and decomposition base stations 181, or other network nodes can be configured to use artificial neural networks (ANNs) to perform AI / ML tasks. An ANN (or simply neural network) is a computational learning system that uses functional networks to transform one form of data input into a desired output, typically another form. Examples of ANNs include multilayer perceptrons (MLPs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), deep neural networks (DNNs), deep convolutional networks (DCNs), and recurrent neural networks (RNNs), among others. Generally, ANNs consist of a hierarchical architecture where the output of a neuron in one layer is fed into a neuron in the second layer (via connections or synapses), the output of the neuron in the second layer becomes the input to a neuron in the third layer, and so on. These neural networks can be trained to recognize hierarchical structures of features and are therefore increasingly used in object recognition applications. For example, neural networks can take on supervised learning tasks such as classification (which incorporates ML models such as logistic regression, support vector machines, boosting, or other classifiers) to perform object detection and provide bounding boxes for classification or category in images. Furthermore, backpropagation or gradient descent can be used to fine-tune these multi-layer architectures to produce more accurate predictions.

[0086] Figure 4An example of a neural network 400 (specifically, a CNN) is illustrated. This CNN can be designed to detect objects sensed from a camera 402 (such as an in-vehicle camera) or other sensors. The neural network 400 initially receives input 404, such as an image, such as a speed limit sign (or other object or size) of 32×32 pixels. During the forward pass, the input image is initially passed through a convolutional layer 406 comprising multiple convolutional kernels (e.g., six kernels of 5×5 pixels or some other number or size), which slide across the image to detect basic patterns or features, such as straight edges and corners. The image output from the convolutional layer 406 (e.g., six images of 28×28 pixels or some other number or size) is passed through an activation function (such as a rectified linear unit (ReLU)) and then passed as input to a subsampling layer 408, which scales down the image size by, for example, by a factor of two (e.g., producing six images of 14×14 pixels or some other number or size). These scaled-down images output from subsampling layer 408 can be similarly passed through activation functions (e.g., ReLU or other functions) and similarly passed as input to subsequent convolutional layers, subsampling layers, and activation functions (not shown) to detect more complex features and further scale down the image or kernel size. These outputs are ultimately passed as input to fully connected layer 410, where each node from the output of the previous layer is connected to all neurons in the current layer. The output from this layer can be similarly passed through activation functions and potentially as input through one or more other fully connected layers (not shown). This output is then passed as input to output layer 412, which transforms the input into an output 414 such as a probability distribution (e.g., using a softmax function). This probability distribution may include a vector of confidence levels or probability estimates of predicted features (such as a sign or velocity limit value (or other object)) depicted by the input image.

[0087] AL / ML models and neural networks (such as Figure 4 The neural network 400 described in the paper is a key component in emerging topics in the advancement of 5G and 3GPP technologies, as well as the development of 6G wireless communication systems. One such emerging topic is semantic communication, which refers to the process of accurately conveying meaning and understanding between a transmitter and a receiver using symbols such as words, gestures, or other forms of expression. In the context of 3GPP and 5G technologies, semantic communication involves using AI and ML models to extract semantic features from various types of data, such as text, images, voice, and video, and then sending these semantic features to the receiver (Rx) side.

[0088] The concept of semantic communication is deeply intertwined with three common levels of communication problems. Level A, or technical problems, focus on the accurate transmission of symbols in a communication system. This level deals with the engineering aspects of communication systems, such as whether a finite set of discrete symbols can be transmitted without information distortion or loss. This is a primary concern of 3G, 4G, and 5G technologies, which aim to ensure accurate and efficient data transmission over wireless networks. Level B, or semantic problems, deals with the accuracy of the transmitted symbols in conveying the intended meaning. This level concerns the receiver's interpretation of the meaning, rather than the transmitter's intended meaning, such as whether the content of the image is successfully transmitted to the receiver even if data loss occurs during transmission from the transmitter. Therefore, this level delves into the philosophical content of general communication problems, exploring how the choice and arrangement of symbols can affect the clarity and understanding of the transmitted message. Also at this level, the focus shifts from the transmission of discrete symbols to the transmission of a continuous-time function, representing the flow of meaning during communication. Finally, Level C, or validity problems, examine the extent to which the received meaning influences the receiver's behavior in the desired manner, such as whether the receiver responds to the message as expected. This level also delves into the philosophical content of general communication problems, as it attempts to understand the factors that determine the success or failure of a message in realizing its intended effect on the receiver's behavior or action.

[0089] Figures 5A to 5C Examples 500, 520, and 540 illustrate various specific implementations that have been proposed to incorporate semantic communication into wireless communication systems. These implementations aim to address Class B communication problems, which concern the degree to which source symbols can be accurately transmitted and received even when source symbols are lost. Figure 5A The first specific implementation illustrated, known as Joint Source-Channel Decoding (JSCC), is a technique used in communication systems that optimizes the encoding and decoding processes by simultaneously considering both source decoding and channel decoding. In traditional communication systems, source decoding (data compression) and channel decoding (error correction) are performed separately. However, JSCC combines these two processes to achieve better overall performance and efficiency. Source decoding is responsible for compressing the data to reduce redundancy and minimize the number of bits required for transmission. On the other hand, channel decoding adds redundancy in a controlled manner to protect the data from errors that may occur during transmission through noisy channels. By jointly optimizing source decoding and channel decoding, JSCC leverages the dependency between the two processes, thereby improving error recovery and more efficient use of available bandwidth. This can potentially lead to better communication performance, especially in scenarios with limited resources or challenging channel conditions.

[0090] For example, in Figure 5AIn Example 500, a paired JSCC encoder 502 is used on the transmitter (Tx) side, and a JSCC decoder is used on the receiver (Rx) side. The encoder takes the raw source (which can be an image, text, video, etc.) as input and outputs a channel symbol or encoded signal 504 that can be transmitted via a wireless channel. After the receiver receives the received encoded signal 506, the JSCC decoder 508 then takes the received signal as input and decodes the signal to output the raw source. Therefore, this JSCC or analog decoding method involves taking an analog source with continuous values ​​in the real domain and outputting a continuous value stream, rather than a bit stream.

[0091] Figure 5B The second specific implementation illustrated involves applying JSCC to the generated semantic features by a semantic encoder and decoder. Semantic encoding and decoding are respectively the processes of extracting and reconstructing meaningful information from data. In the context of communication systems, semantic encoding focuses on identifying and representing the basic features or patterns in data that convey their meaning, while semantic decoding aims to recover the original data from these features or patterns. Semantic encoding typically involves using AI and ML models to analyze and process various types of data, such as text, images, speech, and video. These models can identify and extract high-level features that capture the underlying meaning or semantics of the data. By using these semantic features to represent data, communication systems can send information more efficiently and accurately because they focus on the most relevant aspects of the data. On the other hand, semantic decoding is the process of reconstructing the original data from the received semantic features. This involves using AI and ML models to interpret the semantic features and generate approximations of the original data that retain their meaning and structure. The goal of semantic decoding is to recover the data as accurately as possible, even in the presence of noise or errors in the communication channel.

[0092] For example, in Figure 5B In Example 520, in addition to the analog or JSCC encoder 502 and decoder 508, a semantic encoder 510 is provided on the transmitter side and a semantic decoder 512 is provided on the receiver side. The semantic encoder 510 identifies basic meanings or semantic features from the original source. Then, JSCC and analog encoding are applied to these semantic features. On the receiver side, the semantic features are first recovered, and then the semantic decoder 512 is used to recover the original source or perform some downstream tasks. This method allows AI models to be applied to semantic encoding and decoding, such as... Figure 4 The neural network 400.

[0093] Figure 5CThe illustrated third specific implementation involves using a priori model to generate auxiliary information (such as probabilities of semantic features) to assist JSCC encoding and decoding. Priori models are often used in conjunction with other encoding and decoding techniques to improve the overall performance and efficiency of communication systems. In image compression and communication systems, for example, a priori model can be used to generate a compact representation of the probability distribution of semantic features extracted from an image. This compact representation (in...) Figure 5C The information (referred to as side information) is sent along with the encoded semantic features to assist the decoding process on the receiver side.

[0094] The super-prior model comprises two main components: a super-prior encoder and a super-prior decoder. The super-prior encoder takes semantic features as input and generates a compressed representation of their probability distribution. This side information is then sent to the receiver, where the super-prior decoder reconstructs the probability distribution from the received side information. By providing the receiver with additional information about the probability distribution of the semantic features, the super-prior model helps improve the accuracy and efficiency of the decoding process. This is particularly useful in scenarios with noisy or bandwidth-limited communication channels, as it allows the receiver to make more informed decisions when reconstructing the original data from the received semantic features. For example, in… Figure 5C In Example 540, a super-prior encoder 514 and a super-prior decoder 516 may be provided to compress and extract feature probabilities of semantic features identified by the semantic encoder from the original input image or original source, respectively. These feature probabilities assist the JSCC encoder and decoder in analog decoding and decoding, thereby further improving the performance of the wireless communication system.

[0095] Figure 6 Example 600 illustrates an interface for semantic communication between the application (APP) layer and the RAN layer of a wireless device, such as wireless device 310 or an APP layer including... Figures 5A to 5C The transmitter is either the JSCC encoder 502 or the semantic feature encoder 510. This example also depicts the separation of the PHY and MAC layers and the use of analog decoding at the PHY layer of the wireless device. The interface between the APP and RAN is the output of the JSCC encoder 502, i.e., the encoded signal 504. For example, the APP layer outputs a real number with continuous amplitude (represented as...) to the RAN. These real numbers are achieved by applying JSCC to the source semantic features or the extracted semantic features. Then, the PHY layer, for example, uses rate matching and power allocation to apply analog decoding 602 to these real numbers (JSCC output or extracted semantic features). Mapped to analog decoding signal 604 ( ),in n This indicates the number of channel uses, such as the number of REs. Furthermore, the RAN layer handles... Power allocation and rate control are implemented. For example, more power can be allocated to more important source semantic features, while less power can be allocated to less important features. Power allocation can also be adjusted based on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of these semantic features, where, for example, higher power can be applied to low SNR and lower power can be applied to high SNR to achieve a specific distortion target. Then, after analog decoding 602, the mapped output or analog decoded signal 604 is transmitted to the receiver via a wireless channel.

[0096] The PHY layer contains a function for... Mapped to There are at least three options. In the first option, equal ,and m equal n This is the simplest operation at the PHY / MAC layer because the output from the application layer is exactly the same as the channel symbol to be transmitted in the wireless channel. In the second option, repetition can be added, or other methods of simulating channel decoding can be applied to provide protection for the application layer output. In the third option, an ML-based approach can be used, in which, for example, a model for simulating channel decoding can be applied. This model will output the application layer. As input and output channel symbols = Although in the RAN layer Mapped to It can be source-general or source-independent, but semantic features are incorporated into the app. Mapped to It can be source-specific or source-dependent, because, for example, the semantic encoder 510 for image input can be different from the semantic encoder for video input. On the other hand, the RAN layer is source-agnostic (it does not involve source data details as the APP layer does), because the RAN layer handles the segmentation or assembly of IP packets delivered from the application layer, and therefore the actual transport blocks delivered in the PHY layer can be aggregations of different sources, such as a portion of an image or a portion of a video, depending on the PHY layer resource allocation and capacity.

[0097] Figure 7 Examples Figure 6 Example 700 shows the simulated transmission of semantically encoded output or JSCC encoded output. Initially, the transmitter or wireless device 310 transmits the JSCC encoded signal or the JSCC encoded and semantically encoded signal 504. Analog decoding 602 is applied to generate an analog decoded signal 604. The transmitter then transmits this analog decoded signal 604 via a wireless channel. is transmitted to a receiver or wireless device 350. The analog decoded signal 604 undergoes at least one of interference or noise caused in the wireless channel and fading, and is thus subsequently obtained as the received analog decoded signal 702 at the receiver. Upon receiving the analog decoded signal 702, the receiver may apply analog decoding 704 to the signal, for example, by applying inverse operations to those operations performed during analog decoding 602, to recover the received encoded signal 506 .

[0098] In one example of analog transmission, real numbers generated by the semantic encoder 510 and / or the JSCC encoder 502 may be transmitted directly, that is, real numbers generated by the semantic encoder or JSCC may be transmitted ( ) without any further processing or modification. This is equivalent to the aforementioned first option for mapping to ; thus, the semantic features (m = n) may be transmitted directly over the communication channel as they are. In another example of analog transmission, these real numbers may be compressed to a lower dimension, that is, the real numbers ( ) may be compressed into a lower-dimensional representation ( ) (m > n) before transmission. This compression reduces the amount of data that needs to be transmitted, making the communication process more efficient, especially in scenarios with limited bandwidth or resources. In another example of analog transmission, these real numbers may be transmitted to a larger dimension, that is, the real numbers ( ) may be expanded into a higher-dimensional representation ( ) (m < n) before transmission. This expansion may be useful in scenarios where additional redundancy or error recovery is needed, as it allows for better error detection and correction on the receiver side. These analog transmission methods are completely opposite to traditional digital transmission, in which the source is quantized into binary bits, protected by channel decoding, and then mapped to QAM symbols for transmission.

[0099] In Figure 7 example 700, a graph 720 of rate (R) versus distortion (D) is illustrated for an analog transmission signal. Here, for lossy source decoding transmitted over a channel with capacity C, if , the rate-distortion pair ( R , D ) can be achieved, where m is the dimension of the source symbols (in the JSCC-encoded / semantic-encoded signal ), and n is the number of channel uses (in the analog decoded signal ​In other words, if the product of the source dimension m and the rate R is less than or equal to the product of the channel capacity C and the number of channel uses n, then a certain degree of distortion D can be achieved at a given transmission rate R. This property is illustrated in the curves of Figure 720, where the rate R decreases as the distortion D increases, and lossless decoding is represented by D=0. Therefore, to achieve optimal rate distortion D and channel capacity C in digital transmission, an infinitely long or sufficiently long code block length is required, or in other words, a significantly large value is needed for the (m, n) pair (source dimension and channel use). Furthermore, since the channel decoding (modulation and decoding scheme (MCS)) for a given rate distortion pair (R, D) is guaranteed to be based on channel conditions, the channel capacity C or SNR on the transmitter side also needs to be accurately known. However, extending data across both ends of an infinitely long symbol sequence is impractical in real-world systems, and can lead to a sharp degradation in performance if the channel capacity or SNR is not accurately known.

[0100] Conversely, analog transmission does not meet the requirements of optimal rate distortion and known channel conditions found in digital transmission, i.e., infinite block length or precise knowledge of channel capacity. For example, analog transmission can achieve ideal rate distortion and channel capacity more efficiently with finite or small codebook lengths (such as a block length of 2 (compared to thousands in digital transmission)). For example, regarding ratios... m / n =2, analog transmission can achieve m=2 and n=1 (a 2:1 mapping from source symbols to channel usage), and therefore performs well even with limited dimensions and channel usage. Furthermore, compared to digital transmission, which can experience a sharp degradation in distortion due to inaccurate knowledge of channel conditions or capacity on the transmitter side (“cliff effect”), analog transmission exhibits moderate distortion degradation and greater robustness to inaccuracies in channel capacity or SNR information. For example, in Figure 7 In the example, graph 740 illustrates an example of rate distortion for a given channel condition (SNR = 10 dB). This graph shows that in better channel conditions or within the SNR range, distortion may saturate in digital transmission but continue to decrease in analog transmission (and thus performance may improve). However, in the worst channel conditions or within the SNR range, the distortion achieved in digital transmission may remain at a high level compared to analog transmission, where distortion may continue to decrease, until the given channel condition is met (because capacity may not be able to provide the rate determined by the given SNR). Therefore, because analog transmission is more efficient and robust to changes in channel conditions, it can better serve semantic communication than digital transmission in wireless communication systems.

[0101] Figure 8Example 800 illustrates an analog transmission technique for semantic communication, which applies an Archimedean spiral during analog decoding 602 to achieve a 2:1 mapping or input-output ratio (m=2, n=1) between source samples 802 and channel usage 804. In this technique, for every two given source samples (input sources x1 and x2) delivered from the application layer, these samples are encoded using an Archimedean spiral function to produce a single real number (y) to be transmitted in the wireless channel. An example illustration of the mapping process is depicted in graph 820, which illustrates a Gaussian source and a 2:1 mapping of source samples x1 and x2, illustrating both positive and negative spirals with source points, mapping points, and receiver points. For example, given source points (x1, x2) represented by the star symbol in graph 820, the nearest mapping point (y) represented by the circle symbol on the Archimedean spiral can be found, and this mapping point is transmitted in the wireless channel. The receiver obtains the receiver point (y) represented by the plus sign symbol in graph 820. During analog transmission, the receiver can use, for example, an ML or a minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver during analog decoding 704 to recover the original source point represented by the star symbol. To achieve these objectives, methods such as... can be applied. Figure 8 Several functions or equations are illustrated. For example, the equation on the right side of the spiral curve can be used to map a 2D source (S1, S2) to a value θ transmitted in a wireless channel. Furthermore, equations such as those in the Archimedean spiral function... Hyperparameters such as the value can be optimized as a function of source variance and channel SNR (CSNR).

[0102] Figure 9 Example 900 of an analog transmission technique for semantic communication is illustrated, which applies an Archimedean spiral during analog decoding 602 to achieve a 1:2 mapping or input-output ratio (m=1, n=2) between the source sample 902 and the channel usage 904. This technique is similar to... Figure 8 The 2:1 mapping technique is used, but here, for each single source symbol (single input value y) delivered from the application layer, two output values ​​(z1 and z2) are produced corresponding to the mapping point on the second-degree Archimedean spiral, and these two output values ​​are then transmitted in the wireless channel. The receiver can similarly recover the original source sample after transmission during analog decoding 704. To achieve these purposes, techniques such as... Figure 9 The examples illustrate several functions or equations. For instance, the Archimedean spiral function... The value can be optimized similarly as a function of CSNR.

[0103] Therefore, during the transmission of analog data, the wireless device 310 can first process the JSCC-encoded, and in some cases semantically encoded, source input. Applying analog decoding 602, such as regarding Figures 5A to 5C and Figure 6 As described. For example, the transmitter can be applied to... Each of m Source symbol to In n Secondary channel used m : n Mapping functions, such as a 2:1 mapping function used for each pair of source symbols to one channel, or a 1:2 mapping function used for each single source symbol to two channels, such as those relating to... Figure 8 and Figure 9 As described. Then, wireless device 310 can send this mapped output to wireless device 350 via the wireless channel. (Based on the mapping function, including combinations of mapping points y or z1, z2 for each source sample). This is in response to received analog transmissions that have experienced drying or noise. Then, wireless device 350 can apply analog decoder 704 to the source input. Perform demapping and recover the source input, as shown in the following example. Figure 8 and Figure 9 Similarly, the device 350 can then apply JSCC decoding (and semantic decoding where applicable) to the source input to obtain the raw data. .

[0104] However, if it is encoded source data Inaccurate transmission—for example, failure to properly convey semantic meaning to the receiver—poses a challenge in determining retransmission schemes for these source inputs in analog transmissions compared to digital transmissions. Typically, in digital transmission schemes with a separate source-channel decoding system (without JSCC), a CRC is added for each code block (or, in some cases, the entire transport block) to detect errors in the received data. After transmission, the receiver checks the received CRC against the reconstructed CRC using the decoded bit sequence or bit stream to determine if a retransmission is needed. If the CRC matches, the receiver can determine that no bit errors exist and can send an ACK; however, if the CRC does not match, the receiver responds to the transmitter with a NACK to request a retransmission. However, this method does not translate well to analog transmissions that focus on transmitting continuous amplitude values ​​rather than a bit stream, and therefore the analog source recovered at the receiver may not be exactly the same as the transmitted analog source.

[0105] Therefore, since the concept of "correct" transmission in lossy source transmission using analog decoding is less clear than that in digital transmission (where there is no definition of a correctly decoded block), the receiver can rely on signal distortion metrics such as mean square error (MSE) to determine whether an error has occurred during transmission. While the receiver could theoretically use a reference truth value to calculate the distortion metric, this is practically impossible without lossless transmission from the transmitter side, and thus methods for predicting such distortion in the absence of a reference truth value are of greater concern in analog transmission schemes. Therefore, providing retransmission criteria such as this predicted distortion metric assists wireless devices 310 and 350 in determining whether to request or transmit the encoded signal in analog transmission schemes. Resending would be helpful.

[0106] Therefore, various retransmission criteria are provided in all aspects of this disclosure, which wireless devices 310 and 350 can use as the basis for requesting or transmitting retransmissions of analog decoded signals. For the purposes of this disclosure, it should be understood that such retransmissions refer to retransmissions of analog decoded signals... Figure 6 The analog decoding 602 in the middle previously delivered the source data from the APP layer to the PHY / MAC layer. The retransmission refers to the retransmission of raw data delivered to the APP layer before JSCC encoding or before JSCC and semantic encoding. Retransmission. Similarly, in various respects, wireless device 310 or transmitter can be a UE or base station, and wireless device 350 can similarly be a UE or base station.

[0107] In the first aspect, retransmission criteria can be defined without applying simulated CRC to the source data signal, such as regarding Figures 10 to 13 As described. For example, the criterion may include SNR or other signal quality measurements based on pilot or reference signals (such as DMRS), such as regarding Figure 10 or Figure 11 As described. Alternatively, the criterion may include a predicted or otherwise identified distortion measure, such as the MSE of at least one of the received signal or the recovered source signal, such as regarding Figure 13 As described.

[0108] Secondly, retransmission criteria can be defined based on simulated CRC, such as regarding Figures 14 to 15 As described. For example, the criterion may include a CRC, which the transmitter adds to the source signal, and the receiver can compare that CRC with a recovered CRC calculated based on the recovered source signal. A simulated CRC can be used with, for example, regarding... Figure 8 and Figure 9The described data is decoded in a similar manner, but with a smaller source-to-channel ratio or m / n ratio compared to that applied to the data. As an example, if a 2:1 mapping is applied to the source data signal, a 1:2 mapping can be applied to the CRC included in that source data signal. As another example, an analog CRC can be sent digitally to achieve error-free transmission.

[0109] Thirdly, the aforementioned retransmission criteria (with or without analog CRC) can have granularity at the level of each analog decoding unit or each group of analog decoding units, such as regarding Figures 16A to 16B As described, the analog decoding unit maps an m-dimensional source to an n-dimensional physical channel. For example, an analog decoding unit can be constructed... Figure 8 In a 2:1 mapping scheme, the analog encoder or decoder maps or demaps two source symbols (m=2) to or demaps them to a single channel (n=1). One analog decoding unit can be constructed. Figure 9 An analog encoder or decoder in a 1:2 mapping scheme maps or demaps a source symbol (m=1) to or demaps it to two channel uses (n=2), or an analog decoding unit can perform analog decoding 602 or analog decoding 704 based on other values ​​of m and n. Therefore, the aforementioned criteria, such as signal quality, distortion metrics, or CRC, can be determined based on individual source samples mapped or demapped in an analog decoding unit or based on combinations of source samples mapped or demapped in a group of multiple such analog decoding units. These units can also be grouped based on the semantic importance of the source samples in the analog decoding unit.

[0110] Fourthly, the aforementioned retransmission criteria (with or without simulated CRC) can be determined in the time domain for HARQ purposes (ACK / NACK feedback), which covers a single transmission timing of the source signal or a transmission window including multiple transmission timings of the corresponding source signal, such as... Figure 17 As illustrated. In the former case, the receiver may determine whether to transmit ACK / NACK in response to a retransmission criterion (at the granularity of each analog decoding unit or group) determined by the DCI-scheduled PDSCH and including analog decoded signals. In the latter case, the receiver may determine whether to transmit ACK / NACK based on the trend or change of a distortion metric (again, at the granularity of each analog decoding unit or group) within a measurement window comprising multiple PDSCHs, each including analog decoded signals. For example, the receiver may average the distortion metrics or obtain some other statistical information associated with these retransmission criteria.

[0111] Returning to the first aspect, retransmission criteria can be determined, for example, based on channel interference measurements or SNR or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) measurements. For instance, at the time of transmission, the receiver or wireless device 350 may receive control information, such as a DCI for scheduling analog transmissions using a PDCCH. The DCI may also indicate a transmission configuration via one or more of its fields, including analog mapping scheme parameters for the upcoming analog decoding signal transmission, such as hyperparameters for the Archimedean spiral function, the source-channel ratio (or values ​​of m and n) to be applied to analog decoding and decoding, an identifier for the AI ​​or ML model applied to analog decoding, or any combination of these parameters. Alternatively, a separate message from the DCI may indicate a transmission configuration for PDSCH transmission. The receiver may then receive analog-decoded PDSCH data with a pilot or reference signal (such as DMRS) for performing channel and interference measurements. Based on this reference signal measurement, two methods for calculating retransmission metrics can be applied, including a first method performed at the receiver and a second method performed at the transmitter.

[0112] Figure 10 Example 1000 of a first approach is illustrated, in which the receiver determines a retransmission criterion, for example, based on channel interference measurements or SINR measurements, without relying on CRC in the analog decoded signal. In this approach, the receiver may initially receive a pilot 1002 containing data in an analog decoded signal 604, and the receiver performs channel and interference measurements based on the pilot 1002 at block 1004. The receiver may then apply this measurement (e.g., SINR 1006) to recover the data in the encoded signal 506 during analog decoding 704. Furthermore, the receiver may separately calculate a retransmission metric based on the channel and interference measurements at block 1008, and the receiver may determine whether to request a retransmission of the PDSCH analog transmission based on this metric. For example, the receiver may calculate SINR 1006 at block 1004 based on channel and interference measurements from the DMRS, and the receiver may determine a predicted MSE or other retransmission metric at block 1008 based on this signal quality measurement. If the predicted MSE (or other retransmission metric) differs from the target MSE (or other target metric) by more than a threshold, the receiver may determine that a retransmission is requested and send a NACK to the transmitter indicating excessive transmission distortion. Otherwise, if no retransmission is requested, the receiver may send an ACK. Alternatively or additionally, in a variation of the first approach, the receiver may determine the actual transmission configuration of the data signal based on the calculated SINR or other signal quality measurements of the pilot. If this transmission configuration differs significantly from the transmission configuration indicated by the PDSCH scheduled in the DCI, for example, by a threshold, the receiver may send a NACK requesting a retransmission of the data signal. Otherwise, the receiver may send an ACK.

[0113] Figure 11 Example 1100 illustrates a variation of a first method for a receiver to determine retransmission criteria based on transmission configuration. In this example, graphs depicting various curves of signal distortion rate (SDR) versus channel signal-to-noise ratio (CSNR) are illustrated. For example, the graph shows a dashed curve 1102 representing the performance achieved by the theoretically optimal performance implemented by the system, and an asterisked curve 1104 representing the optimal performance achieved by the appropriate transmission configuration indicated in the DCI under certain fully known channel conditions (assuming in this example...). Figure 8 The method employs an Archimedean spiral optimized for each CSNR in a 2:1 mapping, and dotted and solid curves 1106 representing the channel conditions observed when the channel conditions are not fully known. In this approach, the receiver can perform channel and interference measurements at block 1004 and determine the actual SNR along either the dotted or solid curve 1106. Then, at block 1008, the receiver can compare the SDR associated with the measured SNR with the SDR associated with the optimal SNR (corresponding to the appropriate, DCI-indicated transmission configuration) to determine whether a retransmission is guaranteed. If the receiver determines that the difference between the SDR corresponding to the measured SNR and the SDR corresponding to the optimal SNR exceeds a certain threshold, the receiver can determine to trigger NACK feedback to request a retransmission. Otherwise, the receiver can trigger ACK feedback.

[0114] As an example, the transmitter may indicate a transmission configuration in the DCI assuming channel conditions or a CSNR of 30 dB (represented by curve 1104 with an asterisk), but the receiver may observe an actual SINR 1006 that is less than or equal to 30 dB. If the receiver measures a SINR less than 25 dB, the actual SDR may be significantly lower than the optimal SDR by a given threshold, indicating a significant performance gap and guaranteeing a NACK or retransmission. On the other hand, if the receiver measures a SINR of 25 dB or greater, the performance loss may be smaller because the difference between SDRs is within the threshold, and therefore an ACK can be transmitted alternatively.

[0115] In the second method, with Figure 10 In contrast to the receiver, the transmitter or wireless device 310 determines the retransmission metric. In this approach, the transmitter determines whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog PDSCH transmission based on retransmission criteria transmitted from the receiver. For example, the receiver may calculate SINR 1006 during channel and interference measurements as in the first approach, but not as previously discussed. Figure 10 and Figure 11As described, at box 1008, a retransmission request is determined based on a derived retransmission metric or transmission configuration. Here, the receiver may transmit SINR 1006 or other signal quality measurements to the transmitter for corresponding retransmission metric calculation or comparison and retransmission determination at box 1008. For example, the receiver may provide SINR 1006 to the transmitter as data in the PUSCH or PUCCH. In response to receiving a signal quality measurement, the transmitter may determine the predicted MSE, associated SDR, or other retransmission metric at box 1008, and if the retransmission metric is worse than the target MSE, SDR, or other target metric by a threshold, the transmitter may subsequently transmit a retransmission.

[0116] Figure 12 Example 1200 illustrates a call flow diagram between wireless device 310 (transmitter) and wireless device 350 (receiver) based on a first aspect of determining whether to request or transmit an analog transmission. Initially, the transmitter transmits DCI 1202, which schedules an analog PDSCH (including an analog decoding signal 604) and includes a PDSCH transmission configuration 1204. The transmitter also transmits pilot 1002, such as DMRS, and the analog PDSCH to the receiver, which performs channel or interference measurements at block 1004. Then, for receiver determination, the receiver can use the channel / interference measurements to perform calculations to determine a retransmission metric at block 1008 and transmit ACK 1206 or NACK 1208 to the transmitter based on the determined metric. Alternatively, for transmitter determination, the receiver can transmit an indication of a measurement, such as SINR 1006, to the transmitter to calculate the corresponding retransmission metric at block 1008, and the transmitter can transmit a retransmission or avoid transmitting a retransmission based on the determined metric.

[0117] Figure 13 Example 1300 illustrates an alternative approach to the first aspect (i.e., without additional signaling of CRC), in which a retransmission criterion can be determined based on a distortion metric associated with the received analog data signal or the recovered analog data signal. In this approach, the wireless device 350 or the receiver can determine the retransmission criterion based on the received analog decoded signal 702 ( ) or based on this signal combined with the recovered signal 506 ( The receiver can use analog decoding 704 to predict or otherwise determine retransmission metrics, such as MSE. For example, after receiving DCI 1202 of analog decoding signal 604 in the scheduled PDSCH and its associated transmit configuration 1204, the receiver can use analog decoding 704 to decode the received signal 702 to obtain the recovered signal 506, and then the receiver can use the aforementioned signal at block 1302 to calculate, predict, or otherwise derive retransmission criteria 1304. For example, the receiver can use signals 506 and 702 to calculate the retransmission criterion 1304. The estimate (because the receiver does not have) (The reference truth value). Then, the receiver can determine whether to request a retransmission of the encoded signal 504 based on the retransmission criterion 1304, for example, as a comparison of the metric or criterion with a threshold, or the receiver can transmit the metric to the wireless device 310 or the transmitter to make a similar determination on whether to transmit a retransmission of the signal based on the metric or criterion. For example, the receiver or transmitter can check whether the distortion metric is at or below a threshold such as a target MSE, or check whether the metric is not an outlier within the highest 10% of the cumulative distribution function of the MSE or other thresholds. In either case, the receiver or transmitter can determine to transmit an ACK or not to transmit a retransmission; otherwise, the receiver or transmitter can determine to transmit a NACK or to retransmit the encoded signal 504.

[0118] Examples 1320 and 1340 illustrate AI-based and non-AI-based methods that the receiver can use to calculate retransmission criterion 1304 at box 1302. These different determination methods are... Figure 13 The boxes 1302a and 1302b are represented as boxes used to derive retransmission criteria 1304a and 1304b, respectively. In Example 1320, the receiver may apply an AI model 1306 (such as a neural network 400) to the received signal 702 and the recovered signal 506 (or recovered source samples in the recovered signal 506) as inputs to output a predicted MSE or other derived retransmission criterion 1304a. Alternatively, in Example 1340, the receiver may re-encode the recovered signal 506 using analog decoding 602 (similar to analog decoding 602 performed at the transmitter) to obtain a reconstructed encoded signal. 1308 (represented as) The receiver can calculate a distortion metric or retransmission criterion 1304b based on a comparison of the reconstructed signal 1308 with the original received signal 702. For example, the receiver can use the formula... To calculate criterion 1304b (represented in this example as...) In an attempt to simulate or effectively reflect After obtaining the calculated metric, the receiver or transmitter can then determine whether to request or transmit a signal retransmission. For example, if the metric indicates that the reconstructed signal 1308 is similar to the received signal 702 (indicating a low MSE), an ACK can be transmitted or a retransmission can be skipped; otherwise, a NACK can be transmitted or a retransmission can be performed.

[0119] Figure 14 Example 1400 illustrates a second aspect in which the receiver determines the retransmission criterion based on a simulated CRC. In this example, the transmitter or wireless device 310 uses... m andn The given value corresponds to the encoded signal 504 ( Multiple source samples in ) Each source sample in the dataset undergoes analog decoding 602. Because... m and n The value may be relatively small (e.g., for...) Figure 8 The 2:1 mapping scheme, m= 2 and n= 1) Therefore, the number of source samples in the encoded signal 504 L The sample size may be relatively large, and each of these source samples can be parallel analog decoded 602 to be used as a corresponding channel in the analog decoded signal 604. (or the mapping point in the Archimedes spiral function) is used for transmission. Furthermore, the transmitter can generate a CRC (also known as a parity check) by performing a parity calculation 1402 on these source samples of the encoded signal 504 to produce a CRC 1404, CRC 1404 (represented as...). It can have length or size lm The CRC can be calculated in the same or similar manner as a typical CRC used in digital transmission. The transmitter can then apply analog decoding 602 to this CRC 1404, which is similar to the analog decoding applied to the encoded signal 504 but has a lower source-to-channel ratio (m:n), thus providing greater CRC protection compared to the data sample. For example, if the source symbols of the encoded signal 504 are each analog decoded using a 2:1 Archimedean spiral function (m=2, n=1), then CRC 1404 can be analog decoded using a smaller ratio of a 1:2 Archimedean spiral function (m=1, n=2). This analog-decoded CRC 1406 (which has different dimensions or sizes) is then used for analog decoding. ln And expressed as It can be used via the wireless channel and the corresponding channel in the analog decoding signal 604. Together, they are sent to the receiver or wireless device 350. In another example, the analog CRC 1406 can be transmitted digitally in an error-free manner (quantization and digital channel decoding).

[0120] In response to obtaining the corresponding channel usage, including the received data. (or the receiving point in the Archimedes spiral function) and expressed as The received analog decoded CRC 1408 and the received analog decoded signal 702 can be used by the receiver to perform analog decoding 704 on the receiving point and analog decoding 704 on the decoded CRC, respectively, to recover the source sample in the received encoded signal 506. And represented as The CRC 1410. In some other cases, if the CRC is transmitted digitally, the receiver can perform digital channel decoding or dequantization to obtain the original CRC. The receiver can then apply parity calculation 1402 to regenerate or reconstruct the representation from the recovered source samples in the received encoded signal 506. The receiver can then perform a retransmission determination 1414 based on CRC 1410 and CRC 1412. For example, after receiving the parity value or CRC 1410 from analog decoder 704, and after encoding the recovered source sample to obtain CRC 1412 during parity calculation 1402, the receiver can compare CRC 1410 and CRC 1412 to check if the difference between the CRCs is less than a threshold. For example, the receiver can calculate MSE or other metrics based on the difference between the CRCs or parity, and if the MSE or other metrics is less than the threshold (CRC similar or matching), the receiver can transmit an ACK requesting no retransmission; otherwise, if the MSE or other metrics is greater than or equal to the threshold, the receiver can transmit a NACK requesting retransmission. Therefore, the receiver can obtain and apply CRC 1410 or CRC 1412 as its retransmission criterion to determine whether to request a retransmission of the encoded signal 504.

[0121] This can be done for each group of analog decoding units or for each entire allocation of physical resources (such as those mentioned below). Figure 16A and Figure 16B (as described) rather than calculating or determining the CRC retransmission criterion for each individual analog decoding unit. Figure 8 and Figure 9 The image shows an example of individual analog decoding units, where each decoding unit (e.g., using an Archimedean spiral function) uses a ratio of source sample to channel usage. m : n Perform analog decoding 602 or analog decoding 704. Therefore, in Figure 14 In the example, the transmitter can transmit according to the encoded signal 504 (in this example, from...) - The CRC 1404 is generated from a set of source samples from multiple sets of source samples in the aggregated CRC (these source samples are respectively input into multiple analog decoding units that perform analog decoding 602 in parallel in a single set of analog decoding units), instead of generating and sending the CRC 1404 based on individual source samples from the source samples in the encoded signal 504 (such as only from the aggregated CRC). CRC, followed by only from (The same applies to CRC). Similarly, the receiver can receive CRC 1410 and reconstruct CRC 1412 based on channel usage, which is input to multiple analog decoding units that perform analog decoding 704 in parallel within a single group of analog decoding units. In some cases, this group may involve analog decoding units applied throughout the physical resources. This group-based approach saves on CRC transmission and generation overhead compared to the overhead that might arise from applying a single analog decoding unit to the CRC.

[0122] Figure 15 Example 1500 illustrates a call flowchart between wireless device 310 (transmitter) and wireless device 350 (receiver) based on the second aspect of determining whether a request or a simulated transmission is being made using CRC. Initially, it is similar to... Figure 12 For example, the transmitter transmits DCI 1202, which schedules an analog PDSCH (including an analog decoded signal 604) and includes a PDSCH transmission configuration 1204. The transmitter also transmits an analog decoded CRC 1406 and an analog PDSCH to the receiver, which detects the analog PDSCH scheduled by DCI 1202 and decodes the analog PDSCH and the analog decoded CRC 1408 during analog decoding 704 to obtain a recovered encoded signal 506 and a recovered CRC 1410. Then, during parity calculation 1402, the receiver recalculates CRC 1412 using either the recovered encoded signal 506 or the analog PDSCH, and performs a retransmission determination 1414 based on a comparison of the reconstructed CRC 1412 with the analog decoded recovered CRC 1410. The receiver can then transmit either ACK 1502 or NACK 1504 to the transmitter based on the retransmission determination 1414.

[0123] Figures 16A to 16B Examples 1600 and 1620 of the third aspect are given respectively, in which... Figures 10 to 15 The retransmission criteria described in either the first or second aspect may be associated with analog decoding unit groups 1602, 1622. Analog decoding units 1604, 1624 may refer to modules or components implemented in wireless devices 310, 350 (e.g., in one or more processors of wireless devices 310, 350) via software / firmware, hardware, or a combination of software / firmware or hardware, configured to be implemented via an Archimedean spiral function or in a manner such as regarding... Figure 8 and Figure 9 The described other method is used to perform at least one of the following: simulating decoding 602 to transfer blocks m Dimensional entries (such as) m (source symbol) mapped to nSecondary channel usage (such as physical channel resources), or analog decoding 704 will n The secondary channel uses demapping to m Dimensional entries. If m If the input is a complex number (which is a real-world scenario), then... n The secondary channel is used as or corresponds to n / 2 REs. In the analog decoding unit m : n The ratio can be relatively small, for example, ranging from 1:1 to 4:1. For example, ( m , n = (1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (1,3), (3,1), (1,4) or (4,1). Each analog decoding unit group 1602, 1622 may include multiple of such analog decoding units 1604, 1624. Furthermore, each analog decoding unit 1604, 1624 may be associated with pilot 1002 (such as...). Figure 10 DMRS in (or CRC1406 (such as DMRS) or CRC1406) Figure 14 The parity check in the parity check is associated with the parity check in the parity check, and the analog decoding unit groups 1602, 1622 may include associated pilots or CRCs for these analog decoding units 1604, 1624.

[0124] Receivers or transmitters can simulate the granularity of decoding unit groups 1602 and 1622 to calculate retransmission criteria, such as signal quality, distortion metrics, or CRC, as well as feedback ACK / NACK. For example, when the receiver receives... Figure 10 or Figure 11 In the example of DMRS, the receiver can measure or report SINR 1006 or CSNR specifically corresponding to the RE or channel using a portion or subcarrier that uses aggregated source symbols mapped to the PDSCH, which are analog decoded 602 or analog decoded 704 in an analog decoding unit group 1602. This signal quality measurement can be averaged or aggregated across different analog decoding units in the group. The receiver or transmitter can then use this granular aggregated signal quality measured or reported for analog decoding unit group 1602 at block 1008 to determine whether to request or transmit a retransmission. Similarly, in Figure 13 In the example, at block 1302, the receiver can calculate a distortion metric based on the portions of the received encoded signal 506 or the received analog decoded signal 702 corresponding to the aggregated source symbols of the PDSCH, which are analog decoded 602 or analog decoded 704 in an analog decoding unit group 1602. Similarly, in Figure 14In the example, CRCs 1404, 1410, and 1412 can be generated or received from aggregated source symbols or channel usage corresponding to a group of analog decoding units 1622. Therefore, SINR or measurement reporting, retransmission metric calculation, and the addition of analog CRCs can be performed at the granularity of analog decoding unit groups 1602 and 1622, and the receiver can send ACK / NACK feedback accordingly after determining whether to request a retransmission at the granularity of analog decoding unit groups 1602 and 1622. In some cases, the group can involve all analog decoding units applied to the entire allocated physical resources, and therefore, a single SINR measurement in the first aspect, a single distortion prediction in a variation of the first aspect, and a single analog CRC in the second aspect can be applied with respect to all analog decoding units used for the entire allocated resources. Similarly, ACK / NACK feedback in all three aspects can be performed with respect to all analog decoding units used for the entire allocated resources.

[0125] Furthermore, the analog decoding unit groups 1602 and 1622 can be grouped based on the semantic importance associated with the transport blocks in the analog decoded signal 604. Semantic importance refers to the likelihood that semantic features in the analog decoded signal can convey the expected meaning of an image or other data to the receiver. As an example, if the semantically encoded image is intended to show traffic lights, the semantic features corresponding to red, yellow, or green traffic lights may have greater semantic importance than the semantic features corresponding to the ground or sky. Therefore, analog decoding units 1604 and 1624 that process transport blocks with similar or closer levels of semantic importance (such as source samples corresponding to the same or similar semantic features output from the semantic encoder 510) Those units that perform analog encoding or analog decoding can be grouped together in the corresponding groups 1602 and 1622. For example, if these source samples represent the same or similar semantic features (such as a red traffic light), they are respectively grouped with... to Corresponding analog decoding units 1604 and 1624 can be grouped together in analog decoding unit groups 1602 and 1622. This grouping allows the transmitter and receiver to encode or decode in parallel in response to a PDSCH transmission, and to determine retransmission criteria associated with the same or similar semantic features. Groups 1602 and 1622 can also have different sizes or lengths; that is, the different numbers of analog decoding units 1604 and 1624 in a group depend on the associated semantic importance of the group. For example, groups 1602 and 1622 processing samples of the transport block with greater semantic importance can have larger sizes, while groups 1602 and 1622 processing samples of the transport block with less semantic importance can have smaller sizes. The semantic importance associated with a given group of analog decoding units can be conveyed via upper-layer signaling, DCI, RRC configuration, or some other means.

[0126] Additionally, the HARQ timing may depend on the semantic importance associated with the analog decoded signal 604. For example, the receiver processing time between receiving a PDSCH carrying the analog decoded signal 604 and transmitting a PUSCH or PUCCH carrying an ACK / NACK determined using a retransmission criterion (or, if determined by the transmitter, the retransmission criterion itself) may be shorter for groups 1602 and 1622 with higher semantic importance, and longer for groups 1602 and 1622 with lower semantic importance. In one example, the DCI 1202 scheduling the analog decoded signal 604 in the PDSCH may indicate this receiver processing time or HARQ timing, as this timing can be dynamically changed based on the semantic characteristics associated with the analog decoded signal 604. In another example, the PDSCH transmission including the analog decoded signal 604 may have multiple levels of semantic importance, such as multiple source samples. to Some of these samples correspond to one analog decoding unit group, while others correspond to another. Therefore, the same PDSCH can be associated with different HARQ timing values ​​(one HARQ timing value for each analog decoding unit group with different semantic importance). In such cases, the receiver can, in response to the same analog decoding signal in the PDSCH, perform multiple retransmission determinations for each analog decoding unit group with different HARQ timings and send multiple ACK / NACK feedbacks (or transmit multiple retransmission criteria for the transmitter to determine).

[0127] Finally, in the foregoing examples described with respect to the first, second, and third aspects, it is assumed that an analog decoded signal 604 is transmitted in an analog PDSCH transmission, and a retransmission criterion is determined based on or in response to that single PDSCH transmission, ACK / NACK feedback is transmitted, or a retransmission is requested or transmitted. Alternatively, in a fourth aspect of this disclosure, multiple analog PDSCH transmissions can be transmitted at different transmission times within a transmission timing window, and any of the aforementioned retransmission criteria can be determined based on or in response to the multiple PDSCH transmissions, ACK / NACK feedback is transmitted, or a retransmission is requested or transmitted. For example, the receiver can continuously monitor in time the differences between the channel / interference, SINR, or distortion according to the aforementioned first aspect, the received and recovered signals according to the aforementioned variations of the first aspect, or the recalculated analog CRC and the transmitted analog CRC according to the aforementioned second aspect for the same HARQ process, and the transmitter can retransmit or the receiver can transmit ACK / NACK feedback according to any variation of these monitored distortion measures or retransmission criteria within the associated transmission timing window for the HARQ process. For example, if the receiver or transmitter determines that the monitored retransmission criteria are increasing at a rate below a threshold, or if the number of transmission opportunities within the window indicating poor signal quality or significant distortion is below a threshold, then an ACK may be transmitted or a retransmission may not be transmitted; otherwise, a NACK may be transmitted or a retransmission may be transmitted.

[0128] More specifically, in various examples, before the receiver or transmitter determines whether to request or transmit a retransmission, the receiver may perform a time-domain averaging or apply some other statistic to the retransmission criterion obtained from the analog decoded signal 604 received within the transmission timing window for the same HARQ procedure. The transmitter, base station, or other network entity may be configured to monitor at least one of the transmission timing window for obtaining this statistic or a threshold to which the statistic is compared. Alternatively, at least one of the window or the statistic may be predefined, for example, in a standard specification. In one example related to the first aspect, for a given HARQ procedure, the receiver may obtain an average SNR or other statistic associated with a signal quality measurement from a reference signal that is received sequentially over time within the transmission timing window. In another example related to a variation of the first aspect, for a given HARQ procedure, the receiver may obtain an average or other statistic associated with the predicted MSE of the analog signal that is received or recovered sequentially over time within the transmission timing window. In another example related to the second aspect, for a given HARQ procedure, the receiver may obtain average MSE or other statistics associated with the CRC of the analog decoded signals received and recovered sequentially within a transmission window. In any of these examples, the same or different sets of analog decoded units may be applied to the corresponding analog decoded signals within the transmission window. At the end of the window, the receiver may transmit ACK / NACK feedback determined based on this statistics, or transmit a report of the statistics to the transmitter for retransmission determination. For example, if the receiver or transmitter determines that the rate of change of the distortion metric (an example of statistics) is relatively constant or has low variance over time (an example of a threshold), or the number of times with poor signal quality (another example of statistics) is relatively large (another example of a threshold), an ACK may be transmitted or a retransmission may not be transmitted; otherwise, a NACK may be transmitted or a retransmission may be transmitted.

[0129] Figure 17Example 1700 illustrates a call flow diagram between a transmitter wireless device 1702 (such as wireless device 310) corresponding to a transmitter and a receiver wireless device 1704 (such as wireless device 350) corresponding to a receiver. Initially, device 1702 can transmit and device 1704 can receive DCI 1202, which is scheduled to include the PDSCH of analog decoded signal 1706 and the transmission configuration 1204 of the PDSCH. Analog decoded signal 1706 may correspond to, for example, analog decoded signals 604 and 702. After the transmission of DCI 1202, at a transmission timing 1710 scheduled by DCI 1202, device 1702 can transmit and device 1704 can receive reference signal 1708 such as pilot 1002, as well as data and CRC 1406 in analog decoded signal 1706. In response to receiving the analog decoded signal 1706, device 1704 may obtain retransmission criteria at block 1712, such as reference signal quality, distortion metric, or CRC, as described with respect to the first, a modified first, or a second aspect of this disclosure. In one example, device 1704 may obtain reference signal quality 1714, such as the SINR 1006 of pilot 1002, as described with respect to... Figure 10 or Figure 11 As described in box 1004. In another example, device 1704 may obtain recovered signal 1716 from received analog decoded signal 1706 (such as received encoded signal 506 or reconstructed signal 1308), as per [reference to...]. Figure 13 As described in block 1302. For example, device 1704 may obtain reconstructed signal 1308 from received encoded signal 506 after analog decoding 704 of analog decoded signal 702 at block 1302b. In another example, device 1704 may obtain distortion metric 1718 based on at least one of analog decoded signals 604, 702, or reconstructed signal 1308, such as in Figure 13 The retransmission criterion 1304 following the determination at box 1302. In another example, device 1704 may obtain the first CRC 1720 from the analog decoded signal 1706, such as... Figure 14 The device 1704 can also perform analog decoding of CRC 1408 or CRC 1410. Figure 14 After parity calculation 1402, a second CRC 1722 is obtained from the recovered signal 1716, such as CRC 1412 obtained from the received encoded signal 506.

[0130] In one example, at block 1724, device 1704 may determine whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal 1706 based on one or more retransmission criteria determined at block 1712. In one example, device 1704 may derive a retransmission metric (such as MSE) from reference signal quality 1714 and check whether that metric differs from a target metric by more than a threshold to determine whether to request a retransmission, as per [reference to...]. Figure 10 As described. In another example, device 1704 may derive a retransmission metric (such as SDR) from reference signal quality 1714 and check whether that metric exceeds a threshold greater than the optimal SNR difference indicated by transmit configuration 1204 in DCI 1202 to determine whether to request a retransmission, as per the description. Figure 11 As described. In another example, device 1704 may derive a distortion metric 1718 (such as criterion 1304a or criterion 1304b) and check whether that distortion metric is at or below a threshold (or alternatively, not an outlier within the highest threshold of the cumulative distribution function of the MSE) to determine whether to request a retransmission, as per the description. Figure 13 As described. In another example, device 1704 may derive a metric such as MSE from the difference between the first CRC 1720 and the second CRC 1722 during retransmission determination 1414, and check whether the metric is less than a threshold to determine whether to request a retransmission, as per [the relevant documentation]. Figure 14 As described. If device 1704 determines at block 1724 that a retransmission request is needed based on one or more of these criteria, device 1704 may send feedback 1726 to device 1702 including a NACK (such as NACK 1208 or NACK 1504); otherwise, device 1704 may send feedback 1726 including an ACK (such as ACK 1206 or ACK 1502). If transmitter device 1702 receives a NACK in feedback 1726, device 1702 transmits a retransmission 1728 for analog decoded signal 1706 to device 1704; otherwise, if device 1702 receives an ACK in feedback 1726, it does not transmit retransmission 1728.

[0131] In an alternative example, at block 1730, transmitter device 1702 may determine (not receiver device 1704) whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal 1706 based on one or more retransmission criteria determined by receiver device 1704 at block 1712. In this example, after receiver device 1704 determines one or more retransmission criteria at block 1712, device 1704 may send feedback 1732 to transmitter device 1702 including the determined criteria (such as reference signal quality 1714 or distortion metric 1718). In response to receiving the criteria from receiver device 1704 in feedback 1732, transmitter device may perform a retransmission determination at block 1730 that is the same as or similar to the retransmission determination that receiver device would originally perform at block 1724. For example, transmitter device may compare the received criteria with a target criterion based on a threshold such as those previously described with respect to receiver device. If transmitter device 1702 determines to transmit a retransmission at block 1730 based on one or more of these criteria, device 1702 may continue to transmit retransmission 1728 (equivalent to the case when the receiver transmits NACK feedback); otherwise, transmitter device may avoid transmitting retransmission 1728 (equivalent to the case when the receiver transmits ACK feedback).

[0132] In one example, the retransmission criterion determined at box 1712, the retransmission determination at box 1724 or box 1730, and feedback 1726 or feedback 1732 may be in response to a transmission timing 1710 of the analog decoded signal 1706. Alternatively, in another example, transmitter device 1702 may transmit multiple analog decoded signals 1706 and reference signals 1708 respectively at different transmission timings 1710 within a transmission timing window 1734. In such a case, receiver device 1704 may determine any of the aforementioned retransmission criteria for each analog decoded signal 1706 at box 1712 (in response to each of these different transmission timings 1710). Then, at the end of the transmission timing window 1734, receiver device may obtain statistical information (mean, variance, count, etc.) from the retransmission criteria derived for each of the different transmission timings 1710 at box 1736. For transmitter determination, the receiver can directly transmit statistics to the transmitter in feedback 1732, or the receiver can transmit criteria in feedback 1732, and the transmitter can obtain the statistics themselves from the criteria in a similar manner to the receiver at block 1736. After obtaining the statistics, the device can check the obtained statistics against a threshold at block 1738 (for receiver retransmission determination) or block 1740 (for transmitter retransmission determination) to determine whether to request or transmit a retransmission 1728. For example, the receiver can determine to provide feedback 1726, including NACK, to transmitting device 1702 to request a retransmission 1728 based on the statistics, or the transmitting device can determine to transmit a retransmission 1728 of the analog decoded signal 1706 to receiving device 1704 based on the statistics.

[0133] In any of the examples above, for both a single transmission timing determination and a transmission timing window determination, the retransmission criterion determined at box 1712, the retransmission determination at boxes 1724, 1730, 1738, or 1740, and the feedback 1726 or 1732 transmitted from receiving device 1704 can be obtained, derived, calculated, or performed for each analog decoding unit group 1602, 1622, as per [reference to...]. Figures 16A to 16B As described. In such cases, the size of analog decoding units 1604, 1624, analog decoding unit groups 1602, 1622, or the HARQ timing 1742 between receiving analog decoding signal 1706 and transmitting feedback 1726 or feedback 1732, may depend on the semantic importance associated with analog decoding signal 1706.

[0134] Figure 18This is a flowchart 1800 of an example method or process for performing wireless communication at a first wireless device. The method may be performed by a UE or base station acting as a receiver (such as UE 104, base station 102 / 180, split base station 181, wireless device 350, receiver wireless device 1704, apparatus 2002 or components thereof as described herein).

[0135] At block 1802, the first wireless device may receive a DCI that schedules an analog decoded signal. For example, block 1802 may be performed by receiving component 2030. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 may receive a DCI 1202 that schedules a PDSCH including an analog decoded signal 1706.

[0136] At block 1804, the first wireless device can receive a reference signal from the second wireless device. For example, block 1804 can be implemented by receiving component 2030. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 can receive reference signal 1708 from device 1702.

[0137] At block 1806, the first wireless device receives an analog decoded signal from the second wireless device. For example, block 1806 may be performed by receiving component 2030. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 may receive analog decoded signal 1706 from device 1702.

[0138] At block 1808, the first wireless device can obtain the signal quality of the reference signal. For example, block 1808 can be performed by the receiver retransmission component 2040. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 can obtain the reference signal quality 1714 of the reference signal 1708.

[0139] At block 1810, the first wireless device may obtain a distortion metric based on at least one of the received analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal. For example, block 1810 may be performed by receiver retransmission component 2040. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 may obtain distortion metric 1718 based on at least one of analog decoded signal 1706 or recovered signal 1716.

[0140] In one example, the distortion metric could be an AI-predicted metric based on the received analog decoded signal and the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal, such as... Figure 13 The retransmission criterion 1304a is based on the analog decoded signal 1706 and the recovered signal 1716. In another example, the distortion metric can be a function of the received analog decoded signal and the encoded recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal, such as... Figure 13 Criterion 1304b is based on the analog decoded signal 1706 and the reconstructed signal 1308 from the received encoded signal 506.

[0141] In one example, at block 1812, the first wireless device may obtain a CRC included in the received analog decoded signal, which is a first CRC. For example, block 1812 may be performed by receiver retransmission component 2040. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 may obtain a first CRC 1720 included in analog decoded signal 1706. Then at block 1814, the first wireless device may obtain a second CRC from a recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal. For example, block 1814 may be performed by receiver retransmission component 2040. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 may obtain a second CRC 1722 from a recovered signal 1716 from analog decoded signal 1706.

[0142] In one example, the CRC and the second CRC may be associated with an analog decoding unit group comprising multiple analog decoding units that respectively map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources. This analog decoding unit group may include, for example, units that respectively map data samples to a first number of channel resources. m Each source sample is mapped to n The analog decoding unit group 1602 or analog decoding unit group 1622 used by the secondary channel is either analog decoding unit 1604 or analog decoding unit 1624.

[0143] In one example, at block 1816, the first wireless device may obtain a distortion metric associated with a corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signals for each of a plurality of corresponding transmission opportunities within a transmission opportunity window comprising a plurality of analog decoded signals. For example, block 1816 may be performed by receiver retransmission component 2040. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 may obtain a distortion metric 1718 for each analog decoded signal 1706 received in different transmission opportunities 1710 within transmission opportunity window 1734. Each distortion metric may be based on at least one of a variety of retransmission criteria, including signal quality (such as reference signal quality 1714) from a reference signal from the wireless device, a corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signals (such as analog decoded signal 1706), or a recovered signal (such as recovered signal 1716) from the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signals, or a CRC (such as first CRC 1720) included in the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signals.

[0144] At block 1818, the first wireless device may determine whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal based on at least one of a variety of retransmission criteria. For example, block 1818 may be performed by receiver retransmission component 2040. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 may determine at block 1724 whether to request a retransmission 1728 of the analog decoded signal 1706 based on at least one of the criteria determined at block 1712.

[0145] In one example, at block 1820, the first wireless device may determine whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal based on the signal quality obtained at block 1808. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 may determine at block 1724 whether to request a retransmission 1728 based on reference signal quality 1714.

[0146] In another example, at block 1822, the first wireless device may determine whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal based on the signal quality obtained at block 1808 and the indication in the DCI of the transmission configuration of the analog decoded signal obtained at block 1802. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 may determine at block 1724 whether to request a retransmission 1728 based on reference signal quality 1714 and the transmission configuration 1204 of the analog decoded signal 1706 indicated in DCI 1202.

[0147] In another example, at block 1824, the first wireless device may determine whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal based on the distortion metric obtained at block 1810. For example, referring to the accompanying drawings, device 1704 may determine at block 1724 whether to request a retransmission 1728 based on distortion metric 1718.

[0148] In another example, at block 1826, the first wireless device may determine whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal based on a first CRC and a second CRC obtained at blocks 1812 and 1814, respectively. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 may determine whether to request a retransmission 1728 at block 1724 based on a first CRC 1720 and a second CRC 1722.

[0149] In another example, at block 1828, the first wireless device may determine whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal based on statistics associated with a distortion metric obtained at block 1816. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 may obtain statistics associated with a distortion metric 1718 or other retransmission criteria at block 1736, and then device 1704 may determine at block 1738 whether to request a retransmission 1728 based on the obtained statistics.

[0150] At block 1830, the first wireless device sends feedback associated with the analog decoded signal to the second wireless device. For example, block 1830 may be performed by transmitting component 2034. In some examples, the feedback may be a NACK or ACK determined at least in part based on one of a variety of retransmission criteria. In other examples, the feedback is the retransmission criterion itself. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 may send feedback 1726 (ACK / NACK feedback) associated with analog decoded signal 1706, or feedback 1732 (criterion feedback) associated with analog decoded signal 1706, to device 1702.

[0151] In one example, at block 1832, the ACK / NACK feedback can be determined based on the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal and obtained at block 1808. For example, a first wireless device can send a NACK or ACK as feedback to a second wireless device based on the determination of signal quality at block 1820 (or at blocks 1820 and 1822). For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 can determine at block 1724 that feedback 1726 is ACK or NACK based on reference signal quality 1714, and device 1704 can correspondingly send an ACK or NACK to device 1702 in feedback 1726.

[0152] In another example, at block 1832, the ACK / NACK feedback can be determined based on a distortion metric associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal and obtained at block 1810. For example, a first wireless device can send a NACK or ACK as feedback to a second wireless device based on the determination of the distortion metric at block 1824. For example, referring to the figures, feedback 1726 can be determined as ACK or NACK at block 1724 based on distortion metric 1718, and device 1704 can correspondingly send an ACK or NACK to device 1702 in feedback 1726.

[0153] In another example, at block 1832, the ACK / NACK feedback can be determined based on the CRC included in the analog decoded signal and obtained at block 1812. For example, the first wireless device can send a NACK or ACK as feedback to the second wireless device based on the determination of the first CRC and the second CRC at block 1826. For example, referring to the figures, feedback 1726 can be determined as ACK or NACK at block 1724 based on the first CRC 1720 and the second CRC 1722, and device 1704 can correspondingly send an ACK or NACK to device 1702 in feedback 1726.

[0154] In another example, the first wireless device may send a NACK or ACK as feedback based on a determination of statistical information at block 1828. For example, referring to the figures, feedback 1726 may be determined as ACK or NACK at block 1738 based on statistical information obtained at block 1736, and device 1704 may send an ACK or NACK to device 1702 in feedback 1726 accordingly.

[0155] In another example, at box 1834, the criterion feedback could be signal quality. For example, a first wireless device could send the signal quality determined at box 1820 as feedback to a second wireless device. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 could send reference signal quality 1714 to device 1702 in feedback 1732.

[0156] In another example, at box 1836, the criterion feedback could be a distortion metric. For example, the first wireless device could send the distortion metric determined at box 1824 as feedback to the wireless device. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 could send distortion metric 1718 or statistics obtained at box 1736 to device 1702 in feedback 1732.

[0157] Finally, at block 1838, the first wireless device can receive from the second wireless device a retransmission of the analog decoded signal determined based on feedback sent at block 1830. For example, block 1838 can be performed by receiving component 2030. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 can receive a retransmission 1728 of analog decoded signal 1706 from device 1702 in response to feedback 1726 or feedback 1732. If feedback 1732 is NACK, device 1702 can determine to transmit retransmission 1728, or if feedback 1726 is received, determine to transmit retransmission based on similar criteria at blocks 1730 or 1740.

[0158] In one example, the analog decoding signal received at block 1806 may be associated with an analog decoding unit that maps a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources. For example, referring to the accompanying drawings, analog decoding signal 1706 may be associated with... m Each source sample is mapped to n The analog decoding units 1604 and 1624 used in the secondary channel are associated. In another example, the analog decoded signal received at block 1806 may be associated with a group of analog decoding units comprising multiple analog decoding units that respectively map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources. For example, referring to the figures, analog decoded signal 1706 may be associated with analog decoding unit groups 1602 and 1622, which include multiple analog decoding units that respectively map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources. m Each source sample is mapped to nThe secondary channel uses analog decoding units 1604 and 1624. In the latter example, the feedback at block 1830 may correspond to an analog decoding unit group, and the feedback or the retransmission of the analog decoded signal at block 1838 may be determined based on the retransmission criteria corresponding to the analog decoding unit group. For example, referring to the figures, feedback 1726 and 1732 may correspond to analog decoding unit groups 1602 and 1622, and feedback 1726, 1732 or retransmission 1728 may be determined at blocks 1724, 1730, 1738 or 1740 based on the retransmission criteria corresponding to analog decoding unit groups 1602 and 1622. The criteria may include: the signal quality of the reference signal obtained at box 1808 (such as reference signal quality 1714), the distortion measure obtained at box 1810 based on at least one of the received analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal (such as distortion measure 1718), or the CRC obtained at box 1812 included in the analog decoded signal (such as first CRC 1720).

[0159] In one example, the number of analog decoding units in an analog decoding unit group, the analog decoding units selected for the analog decoding unit group, or the HARQ timing between receiving an analog decoding signal and transmitting feedback can be based on the semantic importance associated with the analog decoding unit group. For example, referring to the accompanying drawings, the number of analog decoding units 1604, 1624 in analog decoding unit groups 1602, 1622, the analog decoding units 1604, 1624 selected for analog decoding unit groups 1602, 1622, or the HARQ timing 1742 between receiving an analog decoding signal 1706 and transmitting feedback 1726, 1732 can be based on the semantic importance associated with analog decoding unit groups 1602, 1622.

[0160] In one example, the feedback at box 1830 may correspond to a transmission timing that includes the analog decoding signal. For example, referring to the accompanying drawings, feedback 1726, 1732 may correspond to one of the different transmission timings 1710 that includes the analog decoding signal 1706.

[0161] In one example, the feedback at box 1830 may correspond to a transmission timing window that includes multiple analog decoding signals in corresponding transmission timings that include analog decoding signals. For example, referring to the figures, feedbacks 1726 and 1732 may correspond to transmission timing window 1734, which includes different transmission timings 1710 that respectively include analog decoding signal 1706.

[0162] Figure 19This is a flowchart 1900 of an example method or process for performing wireless communication at a first wireless device. The method may be performed by a base station or UE (such as base station 102 / 180, decomposed base station 181, UE 104, wireless device 310, apparatus 2002 or components thereof) acting as a transmitter.

[0163] At block 1902, the first wireless device may transmit a DCI that schedules an analog decoded signal. For example, block 1902 may be performed by transmitting component 2034. For example, referring to the figures, device 1702 may transmit a DCI 1202 that schedules a PDSCH including an analog decoded signal 1706.

[0164] At block 1904, the first wireless device may transmit a reference signal to the second wireless device. For example, block 1904 may be performed by transmitting component 2034. For example, referring to the figures, device 1702 may transmit reference signal 1708 to device 1704.

[0165] At block 1906, the first wireless device may transmit an analog decoding signal to the second wireless device. For example, block 1906 may be performed by transmitting component 2034. For example, referring to the figures, device 1702 may transmit analog decoding signal 1706 to device 1704.

[0166] At block 1908, the first wireless device may receive feedback associated with the analog decoded signal from the second wireless device. For example, block 1908 may be performed by receiving component 2030. In some examples, the feedback may be a NACK or ACK determined at least in part based on one of a variety of retransmission criteria. In other examples, the feedback is the retransmission criterion itself. For example, referring to the figures, device 1702 may receive feedback 1726 (ACK / NACK feedback) associated with analog decoded signal 1706, or feedback 1732 (criterion feedback) associated with analog decoded signal 1706, from device 1704.

[0167] In one example, at block 1910, ACK / NACK feedback can be determined based on the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal transmitted at block 1904. For example, a first wireless device can receive a NACK or ACK as feedback from a second wireless device based on the signal quality of the reference signal transmitted at block 1904. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 can determine at block 1724 that feedback 1726 is ACK or NACK based on reference signal quality 1714, and device 1702 can accordingly receive an ACK or NACK from device 1704 in feedback 1726. Alternatively, the first wireless device can receive a NACK or ACK as feedback from the second wireless device based on signal quality and an indication of the transmission configuration of the analog decoded signal in the DCI. For example, referring to the accompanying drawings, device 1704 may determine at block 1724 whether feedback 1726 is ACK or NACK based on reference signal quality 1714 and transmission configuration 1204 of analog decoded signal 1706 indicated in DCI 1202, and device 1702 may accordingly receive ACK or NACK from device 1704 in feedback 1726.

[0168] In another example, at block 1910, the ACK / NACK feedback can be determined based on a distortion metric associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal. For example, a first wireless device can receive a NACK or ACK as feedback from a second wireless device, the NACK or ACK being determined based on a distortion metric associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 can determine at block 1724 that feedback 1726 is ACK or NACK based on distortion metric 1718, and device 1702 can accordingly receive an ACK or NACK from device 1704 in feedback 1726.

[0169] In another example, at block 1910, the ACK / NACK feedback can be determined based on the CRC included in the analog decoded signal. For example, the CRC included in the analog decoded signal can be a first CRC, and the first wireless device can receive NACK or ACK from the second wireless device as feedback based on the first CRC and a second CRC, the second CRC being derived from the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal. For example, referring to the figures, device 1704 can determine at block 1724 that feedback 1726 is ACK or NACK based on the first CRC 1720 and the second CRC 1722, and device 1702 can accordingly receive ACK or NACK from device 1704 in feedback 1726.

[0170] In one example, the CRC and the second CRC may be associated with an analog decoding unit group comprising multiple analog decoding units that respectively map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources. This analog decoding unit group may include, for example, units that respectively map data samples to a first number of channel resources. m Each source sample is mapped to n The analog decoding unit group 1602 or analog decoding unit group 1622 used by the secondary channel is either analog decoding unit 1604 or analog decoding unit 1624.

[0171] In another example, at box 1912, the criterion feedback could be signal quality. For example, the first wireless device could receive the signal quality of a reference signal as feedback from the second wireless device. For example, referring to the figures, device 1702 could receive reference signal quality 1714 from device 1704 in feedback 1732.

[0172] In another example, at box 1914, the criterion feedback could be a distortion metric. For example, a first wireless device could receive a distortion metric as feedback from a wireless device, which is associated with at least one of an analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from an analog decoded signal. For example, referring to the figures, device 1702 could receive distortion metric 1718 from device 1704 in feedback 1732.

[0173] In one example, the distortion metric referenced at boxes 1910 and 1914 could be an AI-predicted metric based on the analog decoded signal and the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, such as... Figure 13 The retransmission criterion 1304a is based on the analog decoded signal 1706 and the recovered signal 1716. In another example, the distortion metric can be a function of the analog decoded signal and the encoded recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, such as... Figure 13 Criterion 1304b is based on the analog decoded signal 1706 and the reconstructed signal 1308 from the received encoded signal 506.

[0174] In one example, the feedback received at block 1908 may correspond to a transmission timing window that includes multiple analog decoded signals in a respective transmission timing that includes analog decoded signals, and the first wireless device may receive a NACK or ACK as feedback at block 1910 based on statistics associated with a distortion metric related to the respective transmission timing. In this example, each distortion metric may be associated with a corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signals within the transmission timing window. For example, referring to the figures, device 1702 may receive feedback 1726 from device 1704, which includes an ACK or NACK determined at block 1738 based on statistics derived from distortion metric 1718 at block 1736, wherein each distortion metric is based on one of the analog decoded signals 1706 transmitted in different transmission timings 1710 within transmission timing window 1734. The distortion measure may be based on at least one of the following: the signal quality of the reference signal (such as reference signal quality 1714), the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal (such as analog decoded signal 1706), or the recovered signal from the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal (such as recovered signal 1716), or the CRC (such as first CRC 1720) included in the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal.

[0175] At block 1916, the first wireless device may determine, based on feedback obtained at block 1908, whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal to the wireless device. For example, block 1916 may be performed by transmitter retransmission component 2042. For example, referring to the figures, device 1702 may determine, at block 1730 or block 1740, whether to transmit a retransmission 1728 of the analog decoded signal 1706 based on feedback 1726 or feedback 1732.

[0176] In one example, at box 1918, the first wireless device may determine whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal based on the ACK / NACK feedback received at box 1910. For example, referring to the accompanying drawings, device 1702 may transmit a retransmission 1728 to device 1704 in response to determining that feedback 1726 includes NACK, while avoiding transmission of retransmission 1728 if feedback 1726 is determined to include ACK.

[0177] In another example, at block 1920, the first wireless device may determine whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal based on signal quality feedback received at block 1912. For example, referring to the figures, device 1702 may determine at block 1730 whether to transmit a retransmission 1728 of the analog decoded signal 1706 based on feedback 1732 including reference signal quality 1714, and device 1702 may transmit the retransmission 1728 or avoid transmitting the retransmission 1728 based on this determination.

[0178] In another example, at block 1922, the first wireless device may determine whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal based on the distortion metric feedback received at block 1914. For example, referring to the figures, device 1702 may determine at block 1730 or block 1740 whether to transmit a retransmission 1728 of the analog decoded signal 1706 based on feedback 1732 including distortion metric 1718 or statistical information obtained at block 1736, and device 1702 may transmit the retransmission 1728 or avoid transmitting the retransmission 1728 based on this determination.

[0179] Finally, at block 1924, the first wireless device may transmit a retransmission to the second wireless device based on the determination at block 1916. For example, block 1924 may be performed by transmitting component 2034. In one example, the first wireless device may transmit a retransmission to the second wireless device based on feedback at block 1918 being determined to be NACK. In another example, the first wireless device may transmit a retransmission to the second wireless device based on a determination at block 1920 based on the quality of the received signal. In yet another example, the first wireless device may transmit a retransmission to the second wireless device based on a determination at block 1922 based on a received distortion metric. For example, referring to the figures, device 1702 may transmit a retransmission 1728 to device 1704 in response to determining that feedback 1732 includes NACK or based on a determination at block 1730 or 1740 according to feedback 1726.

[0180] In one example, the analog decoded signal may be associated with an analog decoder group comprising multiple analog decoders that map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources, and the feedback at block 1910 or the retransmission at block 1924 may be determined based on a retransmission criterion corresponding to the analog decoder group. For example, referring to the figures, analog decoded signal 1706 may be associated with analog decoder groups 1602 and 1622, which comprise multiple analog decoders that map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources, and the feedback at block 1910 or the retransmission at block 1924 may be determined based on a retransmission criterion corresponding to the analog decoder group. m Each source sample is mapped to n The analog decoding units 1604 and 1624 used in the secondary channel. Furthermore, feedback 1726, 1732, or retransmission 1728 may correspond to analog decoding unit groups 1602 and 1622, and feedback 1726, 1732, or retransmission 1728 may be determined at blocks 1724, 1730, 1738, or 1740 based on retransmission criteria corresponding to analog decoding unit groups 1602 and 1622. These criteria may include: the signal quality of the reference signal (such as reference signal quality 1714), a distortion measure based on at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal (such as distortion measure 1718), or a CRC included in the analog decoded signal (such as a first CRC 1720).

[0181] In one example, the number of analog decoding units in an analog decoding unit group, the analog decoding units selected for the analog decoding unit group, or the HARQ timing between transmitting an analog decoding signal and receiving feedback, is based on the semantic importance associated with the analog decoding unit group. For example, referring to the accompanying drawings, the number of analog decoding units 1604, 1624 in analog decoding unit groups 1602, 1622, the analog decoding units 1604, 1624 selected for analog decoding unit groups 1602, 1622, or the HARQ timing 1742 between receiving an analog decoding signal 1706 and transmitting feedback 1726, 1732 may be based on the semantic importance associated with analog decoding unit groups 1602, 1622.

[0182] Figure 20 Figure 2000 illustrates examples of specific hardware implementations for a device 2002 (such as a wireless device) according to various aspects of this disclosure. In one example, device 2002 may be a UE, such as UE 104, and includes one or more cellular baseband processors 2004 (also referred to as modems) coupled to a cellular RF transceiver 2022 and one or more subscriber identity module (SIM) cards 2020, an application processor 2006 coupled to a secure digital card (SD) card 2008 and a screen 2010, a Bluetooth module 2012, a wireless local area network (WLAN) module 2014, a global positioning system (GPS) module 2016, and a power supply 2018. The one or more cellular baseband processors 2004 communicate with UE 104 and / or BS 102 via the cellular RF transceiver 2022. In another example, device 2002 may be one or more components of a base station such as base station 102 / 180 or a split base station 181. In this case, one or more cellular baseband processors 2004 may be replaced by a baseband unit (not shown), and in this case, may be omitted. Figure 20 One or more exemplary components are coupled to the baseband unit.

[0183] One or more cellular baseband processors 2004 or baseband units may each include a computer-readable medium / one or more memories. The computer-readable medium / one or more memories may be non-transitory. One or more cellular baseband processors 2004 or baseband units are responsible for general processing, including executing software stored on the computer-readable medium / one or more memories, individually or in combination. When executed by one or more cellular baseband processors 2004 or baseband units, the software causes one or more cellular baseband processors 2004 or baseband units to perform the various functions described above, individually or in combination. The computer-readable medium / one or more memories may also be used individually or in combination to store data manipulated by one or more cellular baseband processors 2004 or baseband units when executing the software. One or more cellular baseband processors 2004 or baseband units also individually or in combination include a receiving component 2030, a communication manager 2032, and a transmitting component 2034. The communication manager 2032 includes one or more of the illustrated components. Components within the communication manager 2032 may be stored in a computer-readable medium / one or more memories and / or configured as hardware within one or more cellular baseband processors 2004 or baseband units. One or more cellular baseband processors 2004 or baseband units may be components of: UE 104, base station 102 / 180, disassembled base station 181, or wireless devices 310, 350, and may individually or in combination include one or more memories 360, 376 and / or at least one TX processor from one or more TX processors 316, 368, at least one RX processor from one or more RX processors 356, 370, and at least one controller / processor from one or more controllers / processors 359, 375. In one configuration, device 2002 may be a modem chip and include only one or more baseband processors 2004, and in another configuration, device 2002 may be the entire UE (e.g., Figure 3 The wireless device 310 or 350) and includes the aforementioned additional modules of device 2002. In another configuration, device 2002 may include only a baseband unit, and in another configuration, device 2002 may be the entire base station (e.g., Figure 3 The wireless device 310 and the aforementioned additional module of the device 2002 are included.

[0184] Device 2002 can act as a receiver or transmitter at a given time, or operate as either a receiver or transmitter. For operation as a receiver, receiving component 2030 can be configured to: receive DCIs of scheduled analog decoded signals, such as those combined with… Figure 18 As described in box 1802; receiving reference signals from a second wireless device, such as in combination Figure 18 As described in box 1804; receiving analog decoded signals from a second wireless device, such as in combination Figure 18 The block 1806 describes; and receiving retransmissions of analog decoded signals determined based on feedback from the transmitted signal, such as in combination with Figure 18 As described in box 1838. The communication manager 2032 may include a receiver retransmission component 2040, which is configured to: obtain the signal quality of a reference signal, such as in conjunction with... Figure 18 As described in box 1808; a distortion metric is obtained based on at least one of the received analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal, such as by combining Figure 18 As described in box 1810; obtaining a first CRC included in the received analog decoded signal and obtaining a second CRC from the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal, such as combining Figure 18 As described in boxes 1812 and 1814; for each of the multiple corresponding transmission opportunities in a transmission opportunity window comprising multiple analog decoded signals, obtain a distortion metric associated with the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signals, such as combining... Figure 18 The description in box 1816; and the determination of whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal based on at least one of a variety of retransmission criteria, such as combining Figure 18 The images are described in blocks 1818, 1820, 1822, 1824, 1826, and 1828. The transmitting component 2034 can be configured to transmit feedback associated with the analog decoding signal, such as in conjunction with... Figure 18 The boxes described in 1830, 1832, 1834 and 1836.

[0185] For its operation as a transmitter, the transmitting component 2034 can be configured to: transmit a DCI that schedules analog decoding signals, such as in combination with... Figure 19 As described in box 1902; transmitting a reference signal to a second wireless device, such as in combination Figure 19 As described in box 1904; transmitting analog decoded signals to a second wireless device, such as in combination with Figure 19 The box 1906 describes; and the retransmission to the second wireless device based on the obtained and determined feedback, such as combining Figure 19 As described in box 1924. The receiving component 2030 can be configured to receive feedback associated with the analog decoded signal from the second wireless device, such as in conjunction with... Figure 19 The communication manager 2032 may include a transmitter retransmission component 2042 configured to determine, based on received feedback, whether to retransmit the analog decoded signal to the wireless device, such as in conjunction with... Figure 19 The boxes described in 1916, 1918, 1920 and 1922.

[0186] The device may include execution Figures 17 to 19 The additional components of each box in the algorithm's box in the aforementioned flowchart. Therefore, Figures 17 to 19 Each block in the aforementioned flowchart may be executed by a component, and the apparatus may include one or more of those components. These components may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to execute the stated process / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors individually or in combination configured to execute the stated process / algorithm, stored in a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof.

[0187] In one configuration, device 2002 (and specifically one or more cellular baseband processors 2004 or baseband units) includes components for receiving an analog decoded signal from a second wireless device; and components for sending feedback associated with the analog decoded signal to the second wireless device, the feedback being one of the following: a NACK or ACK determined at least in part based on: the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, a distortion measure associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or a CRC included in the analog decoded signal, or a signal quality or distortion measure.

[0188] In one configuration, apparatus 2002 (and specifically one or more cellular baseband processors 2004 or baseband units) includes components for transmitting an analog decoded signal to a wireless device; components for receiving feedback associated with the analog decoded signal from the wireless device, the feedback being one of the following: a NACK or ACK determined at least in part based on: the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, a distortion measure associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or a CRC included in the analog decoded signal, or a signal quality or distortion measure; and components for: determining, based on the feedback, whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal to the wireless device; and transmitting the retransmission to the wireless device based on the determination.

[0189] The aforementioned components may be one or more of the aforementioned components of the device 2002 configured to perform the functions described therein. Furthermore, as described above, the device 2002 may include one or more TX processors 316, 368, one or more RX processors 356, 370, and one or more controllers / processors 359, 375. Therefore, in one configuration, the aforementioned components may be at least one TX processor of one or more TX processors 316, 368, at least one RX processor of one or more RX processors 356, 370, or at least one controller / processor of one or more controllers / processors 359, 375, which are individually or in any combination configured to perform the functions described therein.

[0190] It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of the boxes in the disclosed process / flowcharts is merely an example of an exemplary approach. It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of the boxes in the process / flowcharts can be rearranged based on design preferences. Furthermore, some boxes can be combined or omitted. The appended method claims provide the elements of each box in a sample order, but this does not imply limitation to the given specific order or hierarchy.

[0191] The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Therefore, the claims are not intended to limit themselves to the aspects shown herein, but are to be consistent with the full scope of the language claims, wherein references to elements in the singular form, unless specifically stated otherwise, are not intended to mean “one and only one,” but rather “one or more.” Terms such as “if,” “when,” and “at the same time as” should be interpreted as “in the circumstances of,” rather than implying an immediate temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases, such as “when,” do not imply an immediate action in response to or during the occurrence of an action, but simply suggest that if a condition is met, then the action will occur, without requiring a specific or immediate time limit for the occurrence of the action. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or superior to other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” means one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” “at least one of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, which may include multiple A, multiple B, or multiple C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” “at least one of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be only A, only B, only C, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, wherein any such combination may include one or more members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents of the elements throughout the various aspects described in this disclosure that are known to those skilled in the art or will be known later are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be covered by the claims. Furthermore, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be offered to the public, whether or not such disclosure is explicitly stated in the claims. Terms such as “module,” “mechanism,” “element,” and “device” cannot replace the term “component.” Therefore, no claim element will be interpreted as a functional component unless the element is explicitly stated using the phrase “component for…”.

[0192] As used herein, a processor, at least one processor, and / or one or more processors configured individually or in combination to perform or be operable to perform multiple actions (such as the functions described above) are intended to include at least two different processors capable of performing different subsets, overlapping subsets, or non-overlapping subsets of the multiple actions, or a single processor capable of performing all of the multiple actions. In a non-limiting example of multiple processors capable of performing different combinations of the multiple actions, the description of processors configured or operable to perform actions X, Y, and Z, at least one processor, and / or one or more processors may include at least a first processor configured or operable to perform a first subset of X, Y, and Z (e.g., performing X) and at least a second processor configured or operable to perform a second subset of X, Y, and Z (e.g., performing Y and Z). Alternatively, the first, second, and third processors may be configured or operable to perform corresponding actions in actions X, Y, and Z, respectively. It should be understood that any combination of one or more processors may each be configured or operable to perform any one of the multiple actions or any combination of the multiple actions.

[0193] Similarly, as used herein, a memory, at least one memory, computer-readable medium, and / or one or more memories configured individually or in combination to store or have thereon instructions executable by one or more processors for performing multiple actions (such as the functions described above) are intended to include at least two different memories capable of storing different subsets, overlapping subsets, or non-overlapping subsets of instructions for performing different subsets, overlapping subsets, or non-overlapping subsets of the multiple actions, or a single memory capable of storing instructions for performing all of the multiple actions. In a non-limiting example of one or more memories (alone or in combination) capable of storing different subsets of instructions for performing different actions among the plurality of actions, the description of a memory configured or operable to store or have thereon instructions for performing actions X, Y, and Z, at least one memory, a computer-readable medium, and / or one or more memories may include at least a first memory configured or operable to store or have thereon instructions for performing a first subset of X, Y, and Z (e.g., instructions for performing X), and at least a second memory configured or operable to store or have thereon instructions for performing a second subset of X, Y, and Z (e.g., instructions for performing Y and Z). Alternatively, the first, second, and third memories may be configured to store or have thereon a corresponding one of the first subset of instructions for performing X, the second subset of instructions for performing Y, and the third subset of instructions for performing Z. It should be understood that any combination of one or more memories may be configured or operable to store or have thereon any instruction or any combination of instructions executable by one or more processors to perform any of a plurality of actions or any combination of such actions. Furthermore, one or more processors may each be coupled to at least one of the one or more memories and configured or operable to execute instructions to perform the plurality of actions. For example, in the above non-limiting example of different subsets of instructions for performing actions X, Y, and Z, a first processor may be coupled to a first memory storing instructions for performing action X, at least a second processor may be coupled to at least a second memory storing instructions for performing actions Y and Z, and the first and second processors may combine to execute the respective subsets of instructions to complete the execution of actions X, Y, and Z. Alternatively, three processors may access one of three different memories, each storing instructions for performing action X, Y, or Z, and the three processors may combine to execute the respective subsets of instructions to complete the execution of actions X, Y, and Z. Alternatively, a single processor may execute instructions stored in a single memory or distributed across multiple memories to complete the execution of actions X, Y, and Z.

[0194] The following examples are merely illustrative and may be combined with, but are not limited to, other implementations or aspects of the teachings described herein.

[0195] Clause 1. An apparatus for performing wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, each of the one or more processors being communicatively coupled to at least one of the one or more memories, the one or more processors being operable individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: receive an analog decoded signal from a wireless device; and send feedback to the wireless device associated with the analog decoded signal, the feedback being one of the following: a non-acknowledgment (NACK) or an acknowledgment (ACK) determined at least in part based on: the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, a distortion metric associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) included in the analog decoded signal, or the signal quality or the distortion metric.

[0196] Clause 2. The apparatus according to Clause 1, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: receive downlink control information (DCI) scheduling the analog decoded signal; receive the reference signal from the wireless device; obtain the signal quality of the reference signal; determine whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal based on one of the following: the signal quality; or the signal quality and an indication of the transmission configuration of the analog decoded signal in the DCI; and send the NACK or the ACK to the wireless device as feedback based on the determination of the signal quality.

[0197] Clause 3. The apparatus according to Clause 1, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: receive the reference signal from the wireless device; obtain the signal quality of the reference signal; and transmit the signal quality to the wireless device as the feedback.

[0198] Clause 4. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 1 to 3, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: obtain the distortion metric based on at least one of a received analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal; determine, based on the distortion metric, whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal; and send the NACK or the ACK as feedback based on the determination based on the distortion metric.

[0199] Clause 5. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 1 to 3, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: obtain the distortion measure based on at least one of the received analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal; and send the distortion measure to the wireless device as the feedback.

[0200] Clause 6. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 1 to 5, wherein the distortion measure is an artificial intelligence (AI) prediction measure based on the received analog decoded signal and the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal.

[0201] Clause 7. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 1 to 5, wherein the distortion measure is a function of the received analog decoded signal and the encoded recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal.

[0202] Clause 8. An apparatus according to any one of Clauses 1 to 7, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: obtain the CRC included in the received analog decoded signal, the CRC being a first CRC; obtain a second CRC from the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal; determine, based on the first CRC and the second CRC, whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal; and send the NACK or the ACK as feedback based on the determination based on the first CRC and the second CRC.

[0203] Clause 9. The apparatus according to Clause 8, wherein the CRC and the second CRC are associated with an analog decoding unit group comprising a plurality of analog decoding units that respectively map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources.

[0204] Clause 10. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 1 to 9, wherein the analog decoding signal is associated with an analog decoding unit that maps a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources.

[0205] Clause 11. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 1 to 10, wherein the analog decoded signal is associated with an analog decoded unit group comprising a plurality of analog decoded units that respectively map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources, the feedback corresponding to the analog decoded unit group, and the feedback or retransmission of the analog decoded signal is determined based on: the signal quality of the reference signal from the wireless device, the distortion measure based on at least one of the received analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal, or the CRC included in the analog decoded signal.

[0206] Clause 12. The apparatus of Clause 11, wherein the number of the analog decoding units in the group of analog decoding units, the analog decoding units selected for the group of analog decoding units, or the timing of the Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) between receiving the analog decoding signal and sending the feedback is based on the semantic importance associated with the group of analog decoding units.

[0207] Clause 13. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 1 to 12, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: receive from the wireless device a retransmission of the analog decoded signal determined based on the feedback.

[0208] Clause 14. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 1 to 13, wherein the feedback corresponds to the timing of the transmission including the analog decoding signal.

[0209] Clause 15. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 1 to 13, wherein the feedback corresponds to a transmission timing window, the transmission timing window comprising a plurality of analog decoding signals in a respective transmission timing including the analog decoding signal.

[0210] Clause 16. The apparatus of Clause 15, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: for each of the respective transmission times, obtain, based on at least one of: the signal quality of the reference signal from the wireless device, the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal, or the recovered signal from the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal, or the CRC included in the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal; determine, based on statistics associated with the distortion metric, whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal; and send the NACK or the ACK as feedback based on the determination based on the statistics.

[0211] Clause 17. An apparatus for performing wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, each of the one or more processors being communicatively coupled to at least one of the one or more memories, the one or more processors being operable individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: transmit an analog decoded signal to a wireless device; receive feedback from the wireless device associated with the analog decoded signal, the feedback being one of: a non-acknowledgment (NACK) or acknowledgment (ACK) determined at least in part based on: the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, a distortion metric associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) included in the analog decoded signal, or the signal quality or the distortion metric; determine, based on the feedback, whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal to the wireless device; and transmit the retransmission to the wireless device based on the determination.

[0212] Clause 18. The apparatus of Clause 17, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: transmit downlink control information (DCI) scheduling the analog decoded signal; transmit the reference signal to the wireless device; receive from the wireless device a NACK or ACK determined based on one of: the signal quality of the reference signal; or the signal quality and an indication of the transmission configuration of the analog decoded signal in the DCI; and transmit the retransmission to the wireless device based on the feedback being determined to be a NACK.

[0213] Clause 19. The apparatus of Clause 17, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: transmit the reference signal to the wireless device; receive the signal quality of the reference signal from the wireless device as the feedback; determine, based on the received signal quality, whether to transmit the retransmission of the analog decoded signal; and transmit the retransmission to the wireless device based on the determination based on the received signal quality.

[0214] Clause 20. An apparatus according to any one of Clauses 17 to 19, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: receive the NACK or the ACK from the wireless device as the feedback, the NACK or the ACK being determined based on the distortion metric associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal; and transmit the retransmission to the wireless device based on the feedback being determined to be the NACK.

[0215] Clause 21. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 17 to 19, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: receive from the wireless device the distortion metric as the feedback, the distortion metric being associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal; determine, based on the received distortion metric, whether to transmit the retransmission of the analog decoded signal; and transmit the retransmission to the wireless device based on the determination based on the received distortion metric.

[0216] Clause 22. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 17 to 21, wherein the distortion measure is an artificial intelligence (AI) prediction measure based on the analog decoded signal and the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal.

[0217] Clause 23. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 17 to 21, wherein the distortion measure is a function of the analog decoded signal and the encoded recovered signal from the analog decoded signal.

[0218] Clause 24. An apparatus according to any one of Clauses 17 to 23, wherein the CRC in the analog decoded signal is a first CRC, and the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: receive the NACK or the ACK from the wireless device as feedback based on the first CRC and a second CRC, the second CRC being from the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal; and transmit the retransmission to the wireless device based on the feedback being determined to be the NACK.

[0219] Clause 25. The apparatus of Clause 24, wherein the CRC and the second CRC are associated with an analog decoding unit group comprising a plurality of analog decoding units that respectively map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources.

[0220] Clause 26. The apparatus according to any one of Clauses 17 to 25, wherein the analog decoded signal is associated with an analog decoder group comprising a plurality of analog decoders that respectively map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources, and the feedback or the retransmission is determined based on: the signal quality of the reference signal, the distortion measure based on at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or the CRC included in the analog decoded signal.

[0221] Clause 27. The apparatus of Clause 26, wherein the number of analog decoding units in the group of analog decoding units, the analog decoding units selected for the group of analog decoding units, or the timing of the Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) between transmitting the analog decoding signal and receiving the feedback is based on the semantic importance associated with the group of analog decoding units.

[0222] Clause 28. An apparatus according to any one of Clauses 17 to 27, wherein the feedback corresponds to a transmission timing window, the transmission timing window comprising a plurality of analog decoded signals in a respective transmission timing including the analog decoded signal, and the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: receive the NACK or the ACK as the feedback based on statistics associated with a distortion metric associated with the respective transmission timing, each of the distortion metrics being associated with a corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal, and the distortion metrics being based on at least one of: the signal quality of the reference signal, the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal, or the CRC included in the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal.

[0223] Clause 29. A method for performing wireless communication at a first wireless device, the method comprising: receiving an analog decoded signal from a second wireless device; and sending feedback associated with the analog decoded signal to the second wireless device, the feedback being one of the following: a non-acknowledgment (NACK) or acknowledgment (ACK) determined at least in part based on: the signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, a distortion metric associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) included in the analog decoded signal, or the signal quality or the distortion metric.

[0224] Clause 30. A method for performing wireless communication at a first wireless device, the method comprising: transmitting an analog decoded signal to the wireless device; receiving feedback from the wireless device associated with the analog decoded signal, the feedback being one of: a non-acknowledgment (NACK) or acknowledgment (ACK) determined at least in part based on: signal quality of a reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, a distortion metric associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or a recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) included in the analog decoded signal, or the signal quality or the distortion metric; determining, based on the feedback, whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal to the wireless device; and transmitting the retransmission to the wireless device based on the determination.

Claims

1. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: One or more memory units; and One or more processors, each of which is communicatively coupled to at least one of the one or more memories, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to enable the device to: Receiving analog decoded signals from a wireless device; and Sending feedback associated with the analog decoded signal to the wireless device, wherein the feedback is one of the following: A non-acknowledgment (NACK) or acknowledgment (ACK) is determined at least in part based on the following: The signal quality of the reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, A distortion measure associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or Included in the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) in the analog decoded signal. or The signal quality or the distortion measure.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: Receive downlink control information (DCI) to schedule the analog decoding signal; Receive the reference signal from the wireless device; Obtain the signal quality of the reference signal; Whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal is determined based on one of the following: The signal quality; or The signal quality and the indication in the DCI of the transmission configuration for the analog decoded signal; as well as The NACK or ACK is sent to the wireless device as feedback based on the determination of the signal quality.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: Receive the reference signal from the wireless device; Obtain the signal quality of the reference signal; and The signal quality is sent to the wireless device as feedback.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: The distortion measure is obtained based on at least one of the received analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal; Whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal is determined based on the distortion metric. as well as The NACK or ACK is sent as feedback based on the determination according to the distortion metric.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: The distortion measure is obtained based on at least one of the received analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal; and The distortion metric is sent to the wireless device as feedback.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the distortion measure is an artificial intelligence (AI) prediction measure based on the received analog decoded signal and the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the distortion measure is a function of the received analog decoded signal and the encoded recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: Obtain the CRC included in the received analog decoded signal, wherein the CRC is a first CRC; The second CRC is obtained from the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal; Whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal is determined based on the first CRC and the second CRC; as well as The NACK or ACK is sent as feedback based on the determination made according to the first CRC and the second CRC.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the CRC and the second CRC are associated with an analog decoding unit group, the analog decoding unit group comprising a plurality of analog decoding units that respectively map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the analog decoding signal is associated with an analog decoding unit that maps a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the analog decoded signal is associated with an analog decoding unit group comprising a plurality of analog decoding units that respectively map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources, the feedback corresponding to the analog decoding unit group, and the feedback or retransmission of the analog decoded signal is determined based on the following: The signal quality of the reference signal from the wireless device, The distortion measure is based on at least one of the received analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the received analog decoded signal, or The CRC included in the analog decoding signal.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the number of analog decoding units in the group of analog decoding units, the analog decoding units selected for the group of analog decoding units, or the timing of the Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) between receiving the analog decoding signal and sending the feedback is based on semantic importance associated with the group of analog decoding units.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: Receive from the wireless device a retransmission of the analog decoded signal determined based on the feedback.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the feedback corresponds to the timing of the transmission including the analog decoding signal.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the feedback corresponds to a transmission timing window, the transmission timing window comprising a plurality of analog decoding signals in a corresponding transmission timing including the analog decoding signal.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: For each of the corresponding transmission opportunities, the distortion metric associated with the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal is obtained based on the following: The signal quality of the reference signal from the wireless device, At least one of the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal, or The CRC included in the corresponding analog decoding signal in the analog decoding signal; Whether to request a retransmission of the analog decoded signal is determined based on statistical information associated with the distortion metric; and The NACK or ACK is sent as feedback based on the determination made according to the statistical information.

17. An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising: One or more memory units; and One or more processors, each of which is communicatively coupled to at least one of the one or more memories, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to enable the device to: Send analog decoding signals to wireless devices; Receive feedback associated with the analog decoded signal from the wireless device, wherein the feedback is one of the following: A non-acknowledgment (NACK) or acknowledgment (ACK) is determined at least in part based on the following: The signal quality of the reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, A distortion measure associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or Included in the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) in the analog decoded signal. or The signal quality or the distortion measure; Based on the feedback, it is determined whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal to the wireless device; as well as The retransmission is transmitted to the wireless device based on the determination.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: Send downlink control information (DCI) to schedule the analog decoding signal; Send the reference signal to the wireless device; Receive the NACK or ACK determined from the wireless device based on one of the following as feedback: The signal quality of the reference signal; or The signal quality and the indication in the DCI of the transmission configuration for the analog decoded signal; and The retransmission is transmitted to the wireless device based on the feedback being determined as NACK.

19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: Send the reference signal to the wireless device; The signal quality of the reference signal received from the wireless device is used as the feedback; Whether to transmit the retransmission of the analog decoded signal is determined based on the quality of the received signal; as well as The retransmission is transmitted to the wireless device based on the determination made according to the quality of the received signal.

20. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: Receiving the NACK or ACK from the wireless device as feedback, wherein the NACK or ACK is determined based on a distortion metric associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal; and The retransmission is transmitted to the wireless device based on the feedback being determined as NACK.

21. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: The distortion metric is received from the wireless device as feedback, and the distortion metric is associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal; Whether to transmit the retransmission of the analog decoded signal is determined based on the received distortion metric. as well as The retransmission is transmitted to the wireless device based on the determination made according to the received distortion metric.

22. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the distortion metric is an artificial intelligence (AI) prediction metric based on the analog decoded signal and the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal.

23. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the distortion measure is a function of the analog decoded signal and the encoded recovered signal from the analog decoded signal.

24. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the CRC in the analog decoded signal is a first CRC, and the one or more processors are capable of operating individually or in any combination to cause the apparatus to: The feedback is received from the wireless device based on the first CRC and the second CRC, wherein the second CRC is derived from the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal; and The retransmission is transmitted to the wireless device based on the feedback being determined as NACK.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the CRC and the second CRC are associated with an analog decoding unit group comprising a plurality of analog decoding units that respectively map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources.

26. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the analog decoded signal is associated with an analog decoding unit group comprising a plurality of analog decoding units that respectively map a first number of data samples to a second number of channel resources, and the feedback or the retransmission is determined based on the following: The signal quality of the reference signal, The distortion measure is based on at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or The CRC included in the analog decoding signal.

27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the number of analog decoding units in the group of analog decoding units, the analog decoding units selected for the group of analog decoding units, or the timing of the Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) between transmitting the analog decoding signal and receiving the feedback is based on semantic importance associated with the group of analog decoding units.

28. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the feedback corresponds to a transmission timing window, the transmission timing window comprising a plurality of analog decoding signals in a corresponding transmission timing including the analog decoding signal, and the one or more processors are capable of operating the apparatus individually or in any combination to: The NACK or ACK is received as feedback based on statistical information associated with a distortion metric related to the corresponding transmission timing, each of the distortion metrics being associated with a corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal, and the distortion metrics being based on: The signal quality of the reference signal, At least one of the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the corresponding analog decoded signal in the analog decoded signal, or The CRC is included in the corresponding analog decoding signal in the analog decoding signal.

29. A method for performing wireless communication at a first wireless device, the method comprising: Receive analog decoded signals from the second wireless device; as well as Sending feedback associated with the analog decoding signal to the second wireless device, the feedback being one of the following: A non-acknowledgment (NACK) or acknowledgment (ACK) is determined at least in part based on the following: The signal quality of the reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, A distortion measure associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or Included in the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) in the analog decoded signal. or The signal quality or the distortion measure.

30. A method for performing wireless communication at a first wireless device, the method comprising: Send analog decoding signals to wireless devices; Receive feedback associated with the analog decoded signal from the wireless device, wherein the feedback is one of the following: A non-acknowledgment (NACK) or acknowledgment (ACK) is determined at least in part based on the following: The signal quality of the reference signal associated with the analog decoded signal, A distortion measure associated with at least one of the analog decoded signal or the recovered signal from the analog decoded signal, or Included in the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) in the analog decoded signal. or The signal quality or the distortion measure; Based on the feedback, it is determined whether to transmit a retransmission of the analog decoded signal to the wireless device; as well as The retransmission is transmitted to the wireless device based on the determination.

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