Oral care compositions for use in the treatment of dental health conditions

Abstract

The present invention relates to polymer strips and compositions for use in oral care and various methods of their use. In particular, it relates to compositions comprising phosphoproteins and their use in the treatment and prevention of bleeding gums and the treatment and prevention of periodontal disease. Preferred compositions comprise osteopontin and derivatives thereof.

Description

[0001] ORAL CARE COMPOSITIONS FOR USE IN THE TREATMENT OF DENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS The present invention relates to compositions for use in oral care and various methods of their use. More particularly, the invention relates to compositions comprising phosphoproteins and their use in the treatment and prevention of periodontal disease, in particular gingivitis and periodontitis. Background of the Invention The following discussion is provided to aid the reader in understanding the disclosure and does not constitute any admission as to the contents or relevance of the prior art. Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide, with an estimated 20- 50% of the global population experiencing some form of periodontal disease [1]. This not only results in significant dental health challenges but there is also substantial evidence that shows periodontal disease increases the risk of systemic inflammatory conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Periodontal disease is the general description applied to the inflammatory response of the gingiva and surrounding connective tissue to bacterial plaque accumulations on the teeth at the gingival margin. The inflammatory response can be divided into two general groupings: gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is extremely common and is associated with the accumulation of supragingival plaque along the gingival margins of the teeth. Gingivitis clinically manifests as bleeding of the gingival or gum tissues without evidence of bone loss or periodontal pocket formation. At this stage, gingivitis is a reversable inflammatory stage of periodontal disease and may be mitigated by good oral hygiene and removal of bacterial biofilm. However, if left untreated, the condition may progress to periodontitis, as characterised by permanent periodontal tissue loss. Periodontitis occurs when the inflammatory response in the tissue results in loss of collagen, periodontal ligament attachment of the tooth to the bone, loss of alveolar bone, and development of periodontal pockets. Periodontal pockets provide an environment for pathogenic bacteria to proliferate further. Untreated periodontitis can eventually lead to tooth loss. The initial colonizers of the teeth are Streptococci species, which proliferate and in turn become colonized by other bacteria present in saliva, such as various Actinomyces species and Veillonella species. The greatest growth of the plaque occurs at the gingival margin, where plaque accumulations usually are visible after several days. Dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiome adversely affects the host immune system, creating and maintaining unmitigated inflammation in gingival and periodontal tissues. The recruitment of immune cells and the production of several inflammatory mediators contribute to tissue damage and tooth loss. This persistent inflammation prevents immune subversion and tissue recovery, which not only results in local chronic inflammation in the mouth but also increases the risk of systemic disease such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer [1, 2]. No longer can periodontal diseases be considered simple bacterial infections. Rather, they are complex diseases of multifactorial nature involving an intricate interplay between the subgingival microbiota, the host immune and inflammatory responses, and environmental modifying factors. Thus, periodontal health must not be considered solely in the context of plaque / bacteria levels and control but must embrace a holistic consideration and evaluation of all factors responsible for the emergence of disease [3]. Current treatments for periodontal disease include minimising biofilm accumulation on tooth surfaces which is currently achieved by mechanical cleaning and antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial agents seek to kill pathogenic bacteria in dental biofilms, but they also affect commensal microorganisms on soft tissues that contribute to microbial homeostasis. The indiscriminate killing of these commensal bacteria may lead to a disequilibrium in the oral microbiota and a higher risk of developing systemic inflammatory diseases. Moreover, patients with chronic periodontitis have to remain on strict dental maintenance program, with regular visits to the dental health care provider to help maintain periodontal stability and minimise further attachment loss. About 20 to 30% of all chronic periodontitis cases do not respond favourably to conventional periodontal treatment. Many factors may contribute to such responses, such as improper removal of bacterial deposits, poor plaque control, smoking, and systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus that may lead to an impaired immune response. These factors are not always readily identifiable and may not be modifiable or properly controlled. It will be understood that host determinant factors of clinical periodontology may include but are not limited to the following: Localised Risk Factors Dental Plaque-biofilm retention factors: ^ Tooth anatomy ^ Dental Restoration margins etc Oral Dryness ^ Poor salivary flow and quality ^ Mouth breathing Systemic Risk factors (Modifying Factors) ^ Smoking ^ Metabolic Factors (e.g. hyperglycaemia) ^ Nutritional Factors (e.g. Vitamin C) ^ Pharmacological agents ^ Increased sex steroids (puberty, pregnancy) ^ Haematological conditions Through improved understanding of pathogenesis of periodontal disease, which involves host immune response and the importance of oral microbiome, the primary goal of periodontal therapy has shifted in recent years to the restoration of homeostasis of oral microbiota and its harmonious balance with the hosts periodontal tissues. Recently, bovine milk osteopontin (OPN) has been proposed as a therapeutic agent to prevent the build-up of dental biofilms, which may be responsible for the development of caries lesions [4]. The administration of OPN isolated from bovine milk has also been shown to hamper bacterial adhesion, which delays biofilm formation on teeth and may reduce the occurrence of dental caries or periodontal disease. In most investigations, bacterial adhesion was tested during static incubation with a saliva-free inoculation medium, and hence under conditions that did not accurately mimic the situation in the mouth, where bacterial attachment takes place under constant saliva flow. In one study, Kristensen et al. aimed to investigate the effects of OPN and the principal milk proteins on bacterial adhesion in a shear-controlled microfluidic device [5] providing a salivary flow rate representative of the oral cavity [6]. The Kristensen study investigated the ability of OPN to prevent the adhesion of three dental biofilm-forming bacteria to saliva-coated surfaces under shear-controlled flow conditions compared to other milk proteins. OPN was effective to reduce the adhesion of primary colonisers: actinomyces naeslundii, lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei and streptococcus mitis. However, crude skim milk protein appeared to match the effect of OPN [4]. The fact that inhibition was achieved by different milk proteins suggests an unspecific mode of action rather than a targeted binding to particular bacterial adhesins. This work demonstrates the ability of different milk proteins to reduce bacterial adhesion to saliva-coated surfaces and to delay the formation of dental biofilms and the onset of biofilm- related diseases without any observed harmful side effects on the commensal oral microbiota. However, contradictory evidence in WO2013 / 144247 demonstrates that OPN alone has no effect on the growth of biofilm in a caries biofilm flow cell model. WO2013 / 144247 proposes the use of OPN nanoparticle aggregates in treating biofilm related diseases. However, it provides no evidence that such aggregates can be used to treat established periodontal disease or any condition where an established complex biofilm is already present. The work of Kristensen et al., and others have not addressed the impact of OPN on established periodontal disease which is characterised by a different profile of bacteria and is known to be considerably more difficult to treat due to the complex interplay with the immune system. Thus, there remains a need for additional compositions and methods of treating periodontal disease, both at the gingivitis phase and the later, more severe, periodontitis stage. Finally, there remains a particular need for those patients that suffer from chronic disease and have failed to respond to conventional therapies. Summary of the Invention In a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject in need thereof. Suitably, in some embodiments bleeding gums are associated with or caused by gingivitis and / or periodontitis. In a second aspect there is provided a composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof. Suitably, in some embodiments periodontal disease is gingivitis and / or periodontitis. In a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri- implantitis in a subject in need thereof. In a fourth aspect there is provided a method of treatment or prevention of bleeding gums in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a phosphopeptide. Suitably, in some embodiments, bleeding gums are associated with gingivitis and / or periodontitis. In a fifth aspect there is provided a method of treatment or prevention of periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a phosphopeptide. Suitably, in some embodiments periodontal disease is gingivitis and / or periodontitis. In a sixth aspect there is provided herein a method of treatment or prevention of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a phosphopeptide. In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a composition, wherein the composition comprises a phosphopeptide. In one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject. In a further aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof. In yet another aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in remineralisation or prevention of demineralisation of an oral surface. In yet another aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of dental hypersensitivity in a subject in need thereof. In yet another aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of white spot lesions in a subject in need thereof. In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an oral gel comprising amorphous calcium phosphate stabilised by a calcium phosphate stabilising agent, and optionally monofluorophosphate. Further features and embodiments of the above aspects are defined hereinbelow under headed sections. Any feature in any section may be combined with any aspect or embodiment in any workable combination. Bleeding Gums Bleeding gums are the primary symptom of gum disease, including but not limited to gingivitis and periodontitis, with bleeding gums often presenting as an early warning sign of the infection. Bleeding can also occur from established periodontal pockets in patients suffering from periodontitis. Additionally, bleeding gums may also present in wearers of orthodontic devices which may be caused by plaque accumulation, causing irritation or aggravation of inflamed and / or diseased gums by the wearing of an orthodontic device. Suitably, some aspects of the present invention relate to use of compositions comprising a phosphopeptide and methods for the prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject in need thereof. Suitably, in some embodiments bleeding gums are associated with or caused by the use of orthodontic devices. In another embodiment, bleeding gums are associated with or caused by periodontal disease. The skilled person would understand that a subject may have bleeding gums associated with or caused by periodontal disease and have bleeding gums associated with or caused by the use of orthodontic devices. Suitably, in some embodiments, there is provided a composition for use in preventing or treating bleeding gums associated with or caused by the use of orthodontic devices and / or associated with or caused by periodontal disease. It will be understood that the term ”associated with” as used herein, means that bleeding gums may be a result of, linked to or a symptom of the presence of gum disease such as gingivitis and / or periodontitis or may be as a result of oral trauma or friction caused by use of an orthodontic device. By “caused by”, it is meant that bleedings gums are a direct result of gum disease such as gingivitis or periodontitis. In embodiments where bleeding gums are associated with the use of orthodontic devices, said devices may include, but are not limited to, fixed bracket braces, fixed orthodontic retainers and removable devices such as dentures, orthodontic aligners including plastic aligner trays and removable braces. Suitably, in some embodiments, the orthodontic devices are orthodontic aligners or fixed orthodontic brackets. Without wishing to be bound by theory, users of fixed and removable orthodontic appliances and dental prostheses may accumulate plaque more easily than non-users, which may increase the risk of developing bleeding gums. Periodontal Disease Some aspects of the present invention relate to the use of compositions comprising a phosphopeptide and methods for the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject. As used herein, the term periodontal disease may include gingivitis and / or periodontitis, including any stages, grading or severity of the disease. If gingivitis is not resolved, it may progress onto periodontitis. In some embodiments of any aspect described herein, periodontal disease is gingivitis and / or periodontitis. In some embodiments, periodontal disease is acute gum disease. The skilled person will understand that in some embodiments, gingivitis and / or periodontitis may be the cause of bleeding gums. Gingivitis Gingivitis is reversable plaque induced inflammation of the gingivae. It is recognised by erythema, oedema and bleeding on brushing or probing. Gingivitis is common with gingival bleeding affecting at least 55% of the population of adults. Persistent gingivitis can lead to periodontitis and irreversible alveolar bone loss. Whilst gingivitis is generally considered reversible, plaque removal alone may not be sufficient to resolve inflammation and bleeding gums. Gingivitis may be characterised as localised or generalised gingivitis. Localised gingivitis is clinically defined by the British Society of Periodontology (BSP) as 10-30% bleeding on periodontal probing (BOP). Generalised gingivitis is clinically defined as >30% bleeding on probing. Suitably, in some embodiments compositions used in the present invention are for use in the prevention or treatment of localised gingivitis. Suitably, in some embodiments of methods of the present invention, the periodontal disease is localised gingivitis. In an alternative embodiment, compositions used in the present invention are for use in the prevention or treatment of generalised gingivitis. Suitably, in some embodiments of methods of the present invention, the periodontal disease is generalised gingivitis. The skilled person will appreciate that multiple indices may be used to measure localised or generalised gingivitis. Suitably, in some embodiments, localised gingivitis may be characterised by at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least 30% bleeding on gum probing (BOP). In some embodiments, generalised gingivitis may be characterised by at least 31%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or 100% BOP. In some embodiments, gingivitis includes bleeding of gum tissues without evidence of bone loss or periodontal pockets. Suitably in some embodiments, gingivitis may be acute gingivitis. In some embodiments, gingivitis is acute neurotic ulcerative gingivitis. Chronic Periodontitis Gingivitis does not always progress to beyond the gingival margins. However almost half the adult population are susceptible to an irreversible destructive process called chronic periodontitis and approximately 10-15% will experience a severe form. Gingivitis becomes periodontitis as it destroys the junctional epithelium causing bone destruction and formation of periodontal pockets, which are difficult to access with interdental cleaning aids [7]. The classification of periodontal disease allows a clinical diagnosis of the progression of the disease to date. Regardless of treatment, periodontitis staging and grading status will not improve as interproximal / alveolar bone lost to disease will not regenerate. However, it is possible with compositions as described herein to change the state of the active inflammation and prevent further progression of the disease. The patient’s current condition can change between unstable, in remission and stable depending on the extent of probing depth and bleeding on probing. The British Periodontal Society (BPS) classification of periodontal disease 2017 [7] is designed to enable a diagnosis in clinical practice: by assessing patient history, examination and screening for periodontal disease including Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE) and assessment of historic periodontitis (interdental recession). Periodontal disease may be classified and diagnosed by the presence or absence of gingivitis, periodontal pockets and interdental bone loss. Classification Gingivitis – a reversible condition, with no evidence of interdental recession: ^ Clinical gingival health < 10% bleeding on probing ^ Localised gingivitis 10-30% bleeding on probing ^ Generalised gingivitis >30% bleeding on probing Periodontitis is a site-specific disease, classified and diagnosed by periodontal pockets greater than >4mm with evidence of interdental alveolar bone loss, due to periodontitis. BPS Periodontitis Classification ^ Periodontitis Molar- Incisor Pattern ^ Localised Periodontitis, interdental bone loss effecting <30% of teeth ^ Generalised Periodontitis, interdental bone loss effecting >30% of teeth Radiographic assessment clinically records the staging and grading of the current periodontal disease status (BSP 2017) Individual risk factors to include genetic predisposition or modifying factors such as smoking, and diabetes are also recorded during the periodontal assessment. Staging Staging records the extent of interproximal bone loss at the worst site. By worst site it is meant the site most severely affected by disease. The extent of bone loss can be categorised as initial, moderate, severe, or very severe. Periodontitis may be characterised as stage I, stage II, stage III, or stage IV periodontitis. Periodontitis stages are clinically defined according to British Periodontal Society (BPS) Classification 2017 [7] as follows: Stage I: Initial Periodontitis Stage II: Moderate Periodontitis Stage III: Severe Periodontitis with potential for additional tooth loss Stage IV: Severe Periodontitis with potential for loss of the dentition Suitably, in some embodiments of any aspect as described herein, preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of the stage of periodontal disease. Suitably, in some embodiments prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention of the progression of the stage of periodontal disease. Suitably, in some embodiments, a composition as described herein is for use in preventing progression of periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of periodontitis. In some embodiments, there is provided a composition as described herein for use in preventing progression of the stage of periodontal disease. Suitably, in some embodiments prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention of the progression of the stage of periodontal disease. Suitably, in some embodiments there is provided a composition for use in preventing or treating stage I, stage II, stage III, or stage IV periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing or treating stage I, stage II, stage III, or stage IV periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of stage I to stage II periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of stage I to stage III periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of stage I to stage IV periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of stage II to stage III periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of stage II to stage IV periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of stage III to stage IV periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention of progression of stage I to stage II periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention of progression of stage I to stage III periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention of progression of stage I to stage IV periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention of progression of stage II to stage III periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention of progression of stage II to stage IV periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention of progression of stage III to stage IV periodontitis. Grading Grading records the percentage of bone loss (divided by the patients age) at the worst site of interproximal bone loss due to periodontitis. The stages of periodontitis may be further classified into grades A, B and C as follows: Grade A: Slow rate of progression Grade B: Moderate rate of progression Grade C: Rapid rate of progression Suitably, the progress of the disease can be graded as slow, moderate, or rapid depending on the age of the patient and the extent of tissue loss. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of the grade of periodontal disease. Suitably, in some embodiments, preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of the grade of periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments there is provided a composition for use in preventing or treating grade A, grade B or grade C periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing or treating grade A, grade B or grade C periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention or treatment of grade A, grade B or grade C periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of grade A to grade B periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of grade A to grade C periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing progression of grade B to grade C periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention of progression of grade A to grade B periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention of progression of grade A to grade C periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention of progression of grade B to grade C periodontitis. The skilled person would understand that it may be desirable in some embodiments to prevent progression from gingivitis to periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments provided herein, a composition of the present invention is for use in preventing the progression of gingivitis to periodontitis in a subject with periodontal disease. Suitably, in some embodiments provided herein, preventing or treating periodontal disease is preventing the progression of gingivitis to periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments provided herein, prevention or treatment of periodontal disease is prevention of the progression of gingivitis to periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments preventing or prevention of progression may mean, preventing or prevention of gingivitis, or improving gingivitis to healthy gums. Periodontitis is a chronic, irreversible condition. Therefore, it is desirable to be able to treat established periodontitis or indeed stabilise periodontitis to prevent progression or recurrence of the condition. By stabilising it may be meant that the condition is maintained or improved. Maintenance of periodontitis may mean preventing progression of periodontitis to the next stage of disease according to the BPS classification system. Suitably, in some embodiments, periodontitis may be maintained at stage I, stage II, or stage III disease. Suitably, in some embodiments, periodontitis may be maintained at grade A or B disease. Suitably in some embodiments, improving may mean disease stability or remission. The skilled person will appreciate that other clinical measurements may be used to measure disease progression and / or resolution. It will be understood that any appropriate clinical measurement may be used to measure treatment and / or prevention of the condition. For example, periodontal health may be defined as an absence of clinically detectable inflammation (<10%), gingivitis may be defined as non-resolving inflammation and periodontitis may be defined as failed resolution of inflammation and chronic inflammation. In some embodiments of the present invention, treating or preventing periodontal disease is treating or preventing established periodontal disease. Suitably, in some embodiments, the established periodontal disease is established gingivitis or periodontitis. In some embodiments, established gingivitis is localised or generalised gingivitis. In some embodiments, established periodontitis is, molar-incisor pattern, localised or generalised and any one of stage I, II, III or IV periodontitis. Suitably, in some embodiments, the established periodontal disease is any stage of gingivitis or periodontitis and any grade of periodontitis as described above. In one embodiment, periodontitis is chronic periodontitis. The skilled person will understand chronic periodontitis to include, but is not limited to, periodontitis that does not respond to conventional therapy or treatment. Such subjects with chronic periodontitis may be referred to as non-responders. In some embodiments, non-responders include a patient or a subject in need thereof with non-responsive sites. Suitably, in some embodiments of the present invention, there is provided a composition for use in treating periodontitis in a subject in need thereof, wherein the subject is a non-responder. Suitably, in some embodiments non- responders may become responsive to conventional therapy following treatment with a composition comprising a phosphopeptide. Suitably, in some embodiments a response to therapy or an improvement in periodontal disease can be indicated by a reduction in gingival bleeding or active bleeding from periodontal pockets during probing, indicating the disease process has stabilised or is in remission. Suitably, in some embodiments, stable disease may be characterised as less than 10% BOP, less than 5% BOP, less than 2% BOP or less than 1% BOP. In one embodiment, stable disease is characterised by less than 10% BOP. Suitably, in some embodiments, stable disease may be characterised as periodontal pocket depth (PPD) of less than 5mm, less than 4mm, less than 3mm, less than 2mm or less than 1mm. In one embodiment, stable disease is characterised by 4mm or less PPD. In one embodiment, stable disease is characterised by less than 4mm PPD. The skilled person will understand that disease stability may be measured by BOP, PPD or a combination of both BOP and PPD. In one embodiment, stable disease is characterised as less than 10% BOP and a PPD of 4mm or less and no bleeding at sites with a PPD of greater than 4mm. In one embodiment unstable disease is characterised as greater than 10% BOP and 4mm or more PPD. In another embodiment, unstable disease is characterised by 5mm or more PPD. In some embodiments, stable periodontitis may be characterised by 10% BOP, PPD less than 4mm and no BOP at 4mm sites. In some embodiments, unstable periodontitis may be characterised by PPD greater than 5mm or PPD less than 4mm and BOP at 4mm sites. In some embodiments, remission of periodontitis may be characterised by BOP greater than 10%, PPD less than 4mm and no BOP at 4mm sites. In some embodiments, stability is characterised by minimal inflammation and an optimal therapeutic response. Suitably, in some embodiments, stability is characterised by minimal inflammation, optimal therapeutic response and control of modifiable risk factors. It will be understood that for patients in whom it is not possible to fully control modifying and predisposing factors, remission / control may be the more realistically achievable therapeutic goal [3]. Suitably, in some embodiments remission may be characterised by BOP at 10% or less and PPD at 4mm or less. In one embodiment, remission may be characterised as no BOP at 4mm PPD sites. Peri-implant disease Peri-implant disease encompasses two common complications following dental implant placement, namely peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Oral biofilm is the primary aetiological agent for both of the disease processes. Peri-mucositis can be likened to gingivitis. It involves inflammation of the peri-implant tissue compartment, peri-implantitis is similar to periodontitis, as it features loss of the implant supporting bone and can progress more rapidly. Hence detection, maintenance and treatment are important. There is a need for new or improved treatment of the gingivitis, periodontitis, peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. In addition, there is a need for improved or new therapies to maintain or restore health. Suitably, in a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof. Leukoplakia Leukoplakia causes thick, white patches that form on the gums. The patches also may form on the insides of the cheeks and the bottom of the mouth. Sometimes the patches form on the tongue. These patches cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is associated with ongoing irritation from tobacco — whether smoked, dipped or chewed and long-term alcohol use is another possible cause.Most leukoplakia patches are not cancer. But some patches show early signs of cancer. Cancers in the mouth can occur next to areas of leukoplakia. White areas mixed with red areas, also called speckled leukoplakia, may possibly lead to cancer. A type of leukoplakia in the mouth called hairy leukoplakia mainly affects people whose immune systems have been weakened by disease, especially HIV / AIDS”. Leukoplakia is often simply recorded and observed by dental professionals - treatment is either incision or laser treatment. Suitably, in a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of leukoplakia in a subject in need thereof. Therapy and Related Methods In a further aspect, there is provided herein a method of treating or preventing bleeding gums in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a phosphopeptide as described herein. In yet another aspect, there is provided a method of treating or preventing periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a phosphopeptide as described herein. Suitably, in some embodiments, periodontal disease is gingivitis and / or periodontitis. In yet another aspect, there is provided herein a method of treatment or prevention of peri- implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a phosphopeptide. ‘Therapeutically effective amount’ as used herein may refer to any amount of the composition that results in preventing, delaying or ameliorating symptoms associated with the conditions described herein. In some embodiments of the methods as described herein, the method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the composition to an oral surface. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition is administered directly to the tooth surface in a subject in need thereof. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition is administered directly to the gums of a subject in need thereof. In an alternative embodiment, the composition is applied to the oral cavity of a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the composition is administered to the periodontal pocket. Suitably in some embodiments, composition is administered to the periodontal pocket by irrigation. In some embodiments, the composition is administered to the periodontal pocket by a biodegradable delivery system. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition is administered to the periodontal pocket before, during or after periodontal therapy. In some embodiments of the methods or uses as described herein, the composition may be administered in combination with other oral care products or compositions. In combination with as used herein may refer to administering a composition of the present invention as an adjunct to other oral care products or compositions or may refer to administering a composition suitable for use in the present invention as an adjunct to other oral care products or compositions. Suitably, the methods or uses as described herein may be performed as an adjunct to regular oral care routines. Suitably, in some embodiments, the compositions may be administered as part of or as an adjunct to a dental medicine procedure. Such procedures may include, but are not limited to, mechanical cleaning of the teeth and gums, periodontal therapy, orthodontic procedures such as tooth alignment with braces and dental (oral) surgery such as pocket reduction surgery, soft tissue grafts and bone grafting. In some embodiments of the methods or uses as described herein, the composition is administered by a polymeric material such as a polymer strip comprising the composition. Suitable materials are described in detail below. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition is applied to the oral cavity by administering a polymeric material comprising the composition. In some embodiments, the composition is applied directly into a periodontal pocket by administering a polymeric material compromising the composition. Administration to the periodontal pocket may be preferred when the subject has periodontitis or implant mucositis. In some embodiments of the methods or uses as described herein, the composition is administered using a biodegradable delivery system. Such suitable systems are described in detail below. It may be desirable in some instances to administer the composition to the periodontal pocket using a biodegradable delivery system. It may be desirable in some embodiments that the composition is administered directly into the periodontal pocket via a syringe or using a dental instrument. In such embodiments, the composition may be in a gel or a serum formulation. Compositions The compositions used in the present invention are suitably oral care compositions, which may be for use in any of the aspects as described herein. Suitably the compositions used in the present invention may be a fluid or a solid. Suitably the compositions used in the invention may be a fluid selected from a liquid or a colloid. Suitably, the compositions may be an oral spray, a mouthwash, a toothpaste, a cream, a gel, a serum, chewing gum, powder or granules, wafer tabs, polymer oral strips, tablets, capsules, a foodstuff or the like. Suitably, the composition is an aqueous composition, suitably an aqueous fluid. Suitably, the composition may therefore comprise an aqueous medium. Suitably the composition may comprise about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 90% by weight of water. Suitably the composition may comprise between about 20% to about 75% by weight of water. Suitably, in one embodiment, the composition may be liquid. Suitably an aqueous liquid. Suitably in such embodiments, the composition comprises at least 30%, suitably at least 40%, suitably at least 50% by weight of water. Suitably in such embodiments, the composition may be a mouth wash or an oral spray. Suitably, in an alternative embodiment, the composition may be a colloid. Suitably a colloidal composition may encompass a gum, tablet or paste, for example. Suitably in such embodiments, the composition comprises less than 25% by weight of water. Suitably in such embodiments, the composition may be a toothpaste. Suitably, in an alternative embodiment, the composition may be a gel. Suitably in such embodiments, the composition comprises less than 50% by weight of water. Suitably in such embodiments, the composition may be a tooth-gel. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition may comprise phosphate, fluoride and / or calcium, or a source thereof, unless otherwise stated. Suitable sources of these components are described elsewhere herein. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition does not comprise phosphate, fluoride and / or calcium, or a source thereof. Suitably the composition may further comprise other components, suitably the other components are liquid or soluble. Suitably the other components may be selected from: one or more of alcohol(s), humectant(s), surfactant(s), preservative(s), flavouring agent(s), sweetening agent(s), colouring agent(s), anti-caries agent(s), buffer(s), acid(s), base(s), whitening agent(s), thickener(s), and anticalculus agent(s). The amounts of the various components of the compositions used in present invention can of course be determined by the person skilled in the art. Suitably the amounts of the various components making up a composition add up to 100% w / w of the composition. Suitably, the composition may comprise a pH buffering agent (or buffer). Various pH buffering agents are well-known to the skilled person. Exemplary buffers include, but are not limited to, phosphate buffers, Tris (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane) buffers, and sodium bicarbonate. In one embodiment, the buffer is sodium bicarbonate. It will be understood where the composition does not comprise phosphate or a source of phosphate, an alternative buffer to a phosphate buffer will be used. Suitably, in some embodiments the compositions as described herein do not comprise a phosphate buffer. Suitably, the pH buffering agent maintains the composition at a pH of above 7, suitably in the range of from pH 7 to 9, suitably in the range of pH 7.1 to 8.5, suitably in the range of pH 7.2 to 8. Suitably said pH is maintained for a period of storage at room temperature of at least 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, suitably at least 1 year. Suitable buffering agents to achieve this will be apparent to the skilled person and their suitability for purpose can be readily determined experimentally. In some embodiments, the pH of the composition is stable for at least 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months,10 months, 11 months, 12 months or longer. In one the composition is stable for at least 10 months. Suitably the initial pH of the composition may be adjusted by the addition of hydrogen ions (acid) or hydroxide ions (base), as required. Any physiologically compatible or acceptable acid or base may typically be used, e.g., hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Suitably once the desirable pH is reached, the buffer acts to maintain the pH. Suitably the composition may or may not comprise one or more alcohols. Exemplary alcohols include, but are not limited to, ethanol, or isopropanol. Suitably, the compositions used in the present invention may comprise a sweetener alcohol, as explained below, however suitably no other additional alcohol is present. In one embodiment, therefore, the compositions used in the present invention do not contain ethanol or isopropanol. Suitably, where additional alcohol is present, the weight ratio of water to alcohol is in the range of from about 1:1 to about 20:1. Suitably, the total amount of water-alcohol mixture in this type of preparation is typically in the range of from about 70 to about 99.9% by weight of the preparation. Suitably the concentration of the additional alcohol may be between 1-99%. Suitably the composition may comprise one or more sweeteners. Suitably the sweeteners may also be alcohols. Alternatively, the sweeteners may be natural or synthetic sugars such as saccharine. Suitably the composition may comprise both saccharine and an alcohol sweetener. Exemplary alcohol sweeteners include, but are not limited to, xylitol or mannitol. In one embodiment the sweetener is xylitol, suitably when the composition is a liquid such as a mouthwash or oral spray. In one embodiment, the sweetener is mannitol, suitably when the composition is a colloid, such as toothpaste. Suitably the composition may comprise a whitening agent. Suitably the whitening agent may be chemical or abrasive. Exemplary chemical whitening agents include, but are not limited to, sodium bicarbonate or hydrogen peroxide. Exemplary abrasive whitening agents include but are not limited to; microparticles such as silica, or charcoal. In one embodiment, the whitening agent is Zeofree 113 microparticles, suitably when the composition is a colloid such as toothpaste. Suitably the composition may comprise a thickener. Examples of thickeners include, but are not limited to, silica or xanthan gum. In one embodiment, the thickening agent comprises Zeofree 153 microparticles and xanthan gum, suitably when the composition is a colloid such as toothpaste. Suitably the composition may comprise a flavouring agent. Suitably the flavouring agent comprises a number of different chemicals which may be natural or synthetic such as sugars, oils, esters, and the like. In one embodiment, the flavouring agent may comprise a mixture of saccharine, tego betain, and flavour oil. An exemplary flavouring agent may comprise the following (values provided as per amounts in the final composition): - sodium methyl paraben; suitably in an amount of about 0.02% w / w; - phenoxyethanol; suitably in an amount of about 0.2% w / w; - saccharine; suitably in an amount of about 0.08% w / w; - tego betain; suitably in an amount of about 0.6% w / w; - water; suitably in an amount of about 6.3% w / w, suitably wherein the water is deionised water; and - flavour oil; suitably in an amount of about 0.5% w / w Suitably the flavour oil may comprise a natural or synthetic flavouring. Suitably the flavour oil may comprise a herb or plant extract. Suitably the flavour oil may comprise a mint flavour. Suitably the composition may comprise a preservative. Examples of preservative include sodium methyl paraben and phenoxyethanol. Suitably the preservative may comprise sodium methyl paraben; suitably in an amount of about 0.02% w / w and phenoxyethanol; suitably in an amount of about 0.2% w / w. Suitably, the composition may comprise any of the following components: water, buffer(s), a source of calcium ions, a source of phosphate ions, a phosphopeptide, a source of fluoride ions, a flavouring, a preservative, a sweetener, an acid, a whitening agent and / or a thickener. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition comprises at least the following components: water, buffer(s) and a phosphopeptide. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition comprises at least the following components: water, buffer(s), a source of fluoride ions and a phosphopeptide. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition comprises at least the following components: water, buffer(s), a source of calcium ions and a phosphopeptide. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition comprises at least the following components: water, buffer(s), a source of phosphate ions and a phosphopeptide. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition comprises at least the following components: water, buffer(s), a source of calcium ions, a phosphopeptide. In one embodiment, the composition comprises the following components: water, buffer(s), a source of calcium ions, a phosphopeptide, a source of fluoride ions, a flavouring and preservative, a sweetener, an acid. In one embodiment, the composition comprises the following components: water, buffer(s), a source of calcium ions, a phosphopeptide, a source of fluoride ions, a flavouring and preservative, a sweetener, an acid, a whitening agent, a thickener. In some embodiments of the present invention, the components of the composition may individually be provided in the following amounts, or in any combination: - water - from about 20 % to about 99 % by weight; suitably from about 23 % to about 66 % by weight; - a buffer – from about 1% to about 20% by weight; suitably from about 1% to about 15% by weight; - optionally, a source of calcium ions (e.g. a soluble calcium salt or other options as discussed herein) - from about 0.1 % to about 15 % by weight; suitably from about 0.1 % to about 5 % by weight; - optionally, a source of phosphate ions (e.g. a soluble phosphate salt or other options as discussed herein) – from about 0.2% to about 32% by weight, from about 0.2% to about 15 % by weight; suitably from about 0.5% to about 5% w / v, suitably from about 0.7 % to about 2 % by weight, e.g. from 0.8 to 1.2% by weight; - a phosphopeptide - from about 0.5% to about 15% w / v; suitably from about 1 % to about 10% by weight, suitably from about 1.5% to about 5% by weight, e.g. from 2 to 4% by weight; and - optionally, a source of fluoride ions (e.g., a soluble fluoride salt such as monofluorophosphate as discussed herein) - from about 0.01% to about 3%; suitably from about 0.05% to about 1.5 % by weight. In some embodiments, the compositions may further comprise any of the following components alone, or in any combination: - a flavouring, preservative and / or other ingredients from about 0 % to about 70% by weight; suitably from about 0% to about 20% by weight; suitably from about 0% to about 10% by weight; - a sweetener (e.g. a sweetener alcohol such as mannitol or xylitol)– from about 0.1% to about 20%(w / w); suitably from about 0.1% to about 10%(w / w); - an acid (e.g. HCl) - from about 5-40%(w / w); suitably from about 10-35%(w / w); - a whitening agent (e.g. abrasive silica) – from about 1-20% (w / w); suitably from about 5-10% (w / w); and - a thickener (e.g. xanthan gum and / or silica) – from about 0.1-20%(w / w), suitably from about 0.5-15%(w / w). As described above, in one embodiment, the composition is an oral spray or mouthwash. Exemplary mouthwash and spray formulations are set out below. Mouth washes and mouth sprays according to the present invention may suitably include the following exemplary components by weight: - water (suitably from about 45% to about 95%), - ethanol (suitably from about 0% to about 25 %), - humectant(s) (suitably from about 0% to about 50%), - surfactant(s) (suitably from about 0.01% to about 7%), - flavouring agent(s) (suitably from about 0.04% to about 2%), - sweetening agent(s) (suitably from about 0.1% to about 8%), - colouring agent(s) (suitably from about 0% to about 0.5%), - xylitol (suitably from about 0% to about 8%), - anti-caries agent(s), including but not limited to stabilised calcium phosphate and fluoride (suitably from about 0.001% to 10%), and optionally - an anti-calculus agent (suitably from about 0% to about 13%). One exemplary composition of the present invention comprises: - a phosphopeptide; suitably in an amount of about 3% w / w, suitably wherein the phosphopeptide is OPN-10; - a buffer; suitably in an amount of about 15% w / w, suitably of a 1M solution, suitably wherein the buffer is sodium bicarbonate; - water; suitably in an amount of about 54% to 66% w / w, suitably wherein the water is deionised water; - a source of calcium; suitably in an amount of about 3% w / w, suitably 2.9% w / w, suitably wherein the source of calcium is a calcium chloride solution, suitably wherein the calcium chloride solution is about 1M; - optionally, a source of fluoride suitably in an amount of about 0.4% to 0.5% w / w, suitably 0.4% w / w, suitably wherein the source of fluoride is monofluorophosphate. - a sweetener; suitably in an amount of about 5% w / w, suitably wherein the sweetener is xylitol; - optionally an acid; suitably in an amount of about 11% w / w, suitably wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid, suitably wherein the hydrochloric acid is about 1M; and - a flavouring and preservative agent; suitably in an amount of about 8% w / w, suitably 7.7% w / w, suitably wherein the agent comprises a mixture of sodium methyl paraben, phenoxyethanol, saccharine, tego betain, and flavour oil. Suitably such an exemplary composition is a liquid. Suitably such an exemplary composition is a mouth wash or an oral spray. Suitably such an exemplary composition may be known as ‘MOL’. MOL compositions are described in detail in Example 2 below. A further exemplary composition of the present invention comprises: - a phosphopeptide; suitably in an amount of about 3% w / w, suitably wherein the phosphopeptide is OPN-10; - a buffer; suitably in an amount of about 15% w / w, suitably of a 1M solution, suitably wherein the buffer is sodium bicarbonate; - water; suitably in an amount of about 30% w / w, suitably wherein the water is deionised water; - a source of calcium; suitably in an amount of about 3% w / w, suitably 2.9% w / w, suitably wherein the source of calcium is a calcium chloride solution, suitably wherein the calcium chloride solution is about 1M; - a source of phosphate; suitably wherein the source of phosphate is trisodium phosphate solution in an amount of about 16% w / w and disodium hydrogen phosphate solution in an amount of about 16% w / w, suitably wherein the trisodium phosphate solution is about 0.1M and wherein the disodium hydrogen phosphate solution is about 0.1M; - optionally, a source of fluoride suitably in an amount of about 0.4% to 0.5% w / w, suitably 0.4% w / w, suitably wherein the source of fluoride is monofluorophosphate; - a sweetener; suitably in an amount of about 5% w / w, suitably wherein the sweetener is xylitol; and - a flavouring and preservative agent; suitably in an amount of about 8% w / w, suitably 7.7% w / w, suitably wherein the agent comprises a mixture of sodium methyl paraben, phenoxyethanol, saccharine, tego betain, and flavour oil. Suitably such an exemplary composition is a liquid. Suitably such an exemplary composition is a mouth wash or an oral spray. Suitably such an exemplary composition may be known as ‘MOK’. MOK compositions are described in detail in Example 1 below. In some embodiments, the compositions do not comprise a source of fluoride. Suitably in some embodiments the compositions do not comprise monofluorophosphate. In some embodiments, the compositions do not comprise an acid. Suitably, in some embodiments the compositions do not comprise hydrochloric acid. Suitably, water is added to make up the final composition to 100% w / w. Suitably, in the absence of any component, further water is added instead. In one embodiment, the water is in an amount of 55% w / w. In one embodiment the water is in an amount of 55.4% w / w, suitably in such an embodiment, the composition does not comprise a source of fluoride. In one embodiment, the water is in an amount of 66.4% w / w, suitably in such an embodiment, the composition does not comprise a source of fluoride or an acid. Suitably the MOL or MOK composition may be used in any aspect of the invention, e.g. for prevention or treatment of bleeding gums or periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof. In another embodiment, the MOL or MOK composition may be for use in the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof. Another exemplary composition of the present invention comprises: - a phosphopeptide; suitably in an amount of about 3% w / w; suitably wherein the phosphopeptide is OPN-10; - a buffer; suitably in an amount of about 2% w / w, suitably wherein the buffer is sodium bicarbonate; - a whitening agent; suitably in an amount of about 6% w / w, suitably wherein the whitening agent comprises an abrasive silica, for example Zeofree 113;water; suitably in an amount of about 23 to 25% w / w, suitably wherein the water is deionised water; - an acid; suitably in an amount of about 34% w / w, suitably wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid, suitably wherein the hydrochloric acid is about 1M; - a source of calcium; suitably in an amount of about 0.5% w / w, suitably wherein the source of calcium is calcium chloride; - optionally a source of fluoride, suitably in an amount of about 1% w / w, suitably 1.1% w / w, suitably wherein the source of fluoride is monofluorophosphate; - a sweetener; suitably in an amount of about 9% w / w, wherein suitably the sweetener is mannitol; - a thickener; suitably in an amount of about 13% w / w, suitably 12.8% w / w, wherein suitably the thickener comprises a thickening silica and xanthan gum, for example Zeofree 153 and xanthan gum; and - a flavouring and preservative agent; suitably in an amount of about 8% w / w, suitably 7.7% w / w, suitably wherein the agent comprises a mixture of sodium methyl paraben, phenoxyethanol, saccharine, tego betain, and flavour oil. Suitably such an exemplary composition is a colloid. Suitably such an exemplary composition is a toothpaste. Suitably such an exemplary composition may be known as ‘MON’. MON compositions are described in detail in Example 3 below. In some embodiments, the exemplary composition above does not comprise a source of fluoride. Suitably it does not comprise monofluorophosphate. Suitably, water is added to make up the final composition to 100% w / w. Suitably, in the absence of any component, further water is added instead. In one embodiment, the water is in an amount of 23.9% w / w. In one embodiment, the water is in an amount of 25% w / w, suitably in such an embodiment, the composition does not comprise a source of fluoride. Suitably the MON composition may be used in any aspect of the invention, for prevention or treatment of bleeding gums or periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof. In another embodiment, the MON composition may be for use in the prevention or treatment of peri- implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof. Another exemplary composition of the present invention comprises: - a phosphopeptide; suitably in an amount of about 3% w / w; suitably wherein the phosphopeptide is OPN-10; - a buffer; suitably in an amount of about 15% w / w, suitably wherein the buffer is sodium bicarbonate; - water; suitably in an amount of about 47 to 49% w / w, suitably 48.7%, suitably wherein the water is deionised water; - an acid; suitably in an amount of about 15-16% w / w, suitably 15.7%, suitably wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid, suitably wherein the hydrochloric acid is about 1M; - a source of calcium; suitably in an amount of about 2-3% w / w, suitably 2.87%, suitably wherein the source of calcium is calcium chloride; - a sweetener; suitably in an amount of about 5% w / w, wherein suitably the sweetener is xylitol; - a thickener; suitably in an amount of about 1% w / w, wherein suitably the thickener comprises xanthan gum, - optionally a source of fluoride, suitably in an amount of about 1% w / w, suitably 0.76% w / w, suitably wherein the source of fluoride is monofluorophosphate; and - a flavouring and preservative agent; suitably in an amount of about 8% w / w, suitably 7.7% w / w, suitably wherein the agent comprises a mixture of sodium methyl paraben, phenoxyethanol, saccharine, tego betain, deionised water and flavour oil. Suitably such an exemplary composition is a gel. Suitably such an exemplary composition is a gel formulated for application to a tooth, for example a tooth-gel. Suitably such an exemplary composition may be referred to herein as ‘MOG’. MOG compositions are described in detail in Example 4 below. In some embodiments, the exemplary composition above does not comprise a source of fluoride. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition does not comprise monofluorophosphate. In some embodiments, the exemplary composition above does not comprise a source of phosphate. Suitably, in some embodiments the exemplary composition does not comprise a phosphate buffer or a source of phosphate ions. In some embodiments, the exemplary composition above does not comprise a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments the exemplary composition does not comprise a source of calcium ions. In some embodiments, the exemplary composition above comprises at least 100 parts per million (ppm), at least 200ppm, at least 300ppm, at least 400ppm, at least 500ppm, at least 600ppm, at least 700ppm, at least 800ppm, at least 900ppm, at least 1000ppm, at least 1100ppm, at least 1200ppm, at least 1300ppm, at least 1400ppm, at least 1500ppm of fluoride. In one embodiment, the composition comprises 1000ppm of fluoride. In another embodiment, composition comprises 500ppm of fluoride. Suitably, water is added to make up the final composition to 100% w / w. Suitably, in the absence of any component, further water is added instead. In one embodiment, the water is in an amount of 47.96% w / w. In one embodiment, the water is in an amount of 48.72% w / w, suitably in such an embodiment, the composition does not comprise a source of fluoride. Suitably the MOG composition may be used in any aspect of the invention, for prevention or treatment of bleeding gums or periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof. In another embodiment, the MOG composition may be for use in the prevention or treatment of peri- implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof. In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising a phosphopeptide. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises calcium or a source of calcium. In one embodiment, the gel composition comprises a phosphopeptide, calcium or a source of calcium and fluoride or a source of fluoride. Such gel compositions may be oral gel compositions. In some embodiments, the gel composition does not comprise phosphate or a source of phosphate. In some embodiments, the gel composition does not comprise calcium or a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the gel composition does not comprise fluoride or a source of fluoride. In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided an oral gel comprising amorphous calcium phosphate stabilised by a calcium phosphate stabilising agent, and optionally monofluorophosphate. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate for use in the treatment or prevention of bleeding gums in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate for use in the treatment or prevention of periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In some embodiments, periodontal disease is gingivitis or periodontitis. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate for use in the treatment or prevention of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate for use in the treatment or prevention of dental hypersensitivity, preferably dentine hypersensitivity, in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate for use in the treatment or prevention of white spot lesions in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. Suitably in some embodiments, the calcium phosphate stabilising agent is osteopontin or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably in some embodiments, the calcium phosphate stabilising agent is casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the treatment or prevention of bleeding gums in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises calcium or a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride and calcium or a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the gel composition is MOG. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the treatment or prevention of periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises calcium or a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride and calcium or a source of calcium. In some embodiments, periodontal disease is gingivitis or periodontitis. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the treatment or prevention of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri- implantitis in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises calcium or a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride and calcium or a source of calcium. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the treatment or prevention of dental hypersensitivity, preferably dentine hypersensitivity, in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises calcium or a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride and calcium or a source of calcium. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the treatment or prevention of white spot lesions in a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises calcium or a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride and calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition is a gel composition. Suitably, in some embodiments the gel composition is MOG. Alternatively, or in addition to, the composition comprises any of the compositions as described herein. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition is the MOL composition. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition is the MOK composition. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition is the MOK composition. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition is the MON composition. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a gel composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in remineralisation or prevention of demineralisation of an oral surface. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride, optionally monofluorophosphate. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises calcium or a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the gel composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride and calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments the gel composition is MOG. The gel composition as described herein may also be used in any methods according to the aspect as described herein. Phosphopeptides: The term “phosphopeptides” is used herein to describe phosphorylated polypeptides in a general sense. The term phosphopeptides is used interchangeably with phosphoprotein unless the context dictates otherwise. A range of phosphopeptides that can be used in the present invention are well-known in the art, and several are described in detail below. Phosphopeptides that are able to interact with and stabilise calcium phosphate complexes are of particular interest, though it will be noted that in the present invention the phosphopeptides need not perform such a role, e.g. when additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate is absent. In particular, mention can be made of osteopontin or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, and casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. These two phosphoproteins and their phosphopeptides have been extensively discussed in the literature in respect of forming stabilised calcium phosphate complexes. However, there are other phosphopeptides which can form stabilised calcium phosphate complexes, such as phosvitin (Swiss-Prot Accession No P67869), fetuin A (FETUA) (Swiss-Prot Accession No P02765), proline-rich basic phosphoprotein 4 (PRB4) (Swiss-Prot Accession No PI 0163), matrix Gla protein (MGP) (Swiss-Prot Accession No P08493), secreted phosphoprotein 24 (SPP-24) (Swiss-Prot Accession No Q13103), Riboflavin Binding Protein (Swiss-Prot Accession No P02752), integrin binding sialophosphoprotein II (IBSP-II) (Swiss-Prot Accession No P21815), matrix extracellular bone phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) (Swiss-Prot Accession No Q9NQ76), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (OMP1) (Swiss-Prot Accession No Q13316), human beta- casein, bovine beta-casein, and isoforms or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Moreover, there are potentially a wide range of synthetic phosphopeptides that can be used in the present invention. Whilst OPN has been exemplified in the Example section below, the skilled person would expect that other phosphopeptides typically used in oral health may have a similar effect as OPN in treating bleeding gums. Suitable phosphopeptides may in include casein phosphopeptides. Thus, suitable phosphopeptides may be from any source and take a number of forms. For example, suitable phosphopeptides include full length phosphoproteins, or smaller phosphopeptides derived therefrom that may be naturally occurring or may be formed or isolated by tryptic or chemical (e.g. alkaline hydrolysis) digestion of such phosphoproteins, or obtained by chemical or recombinant synthesis. The phosphopeptide may be osteopontin or casein, or may be derived from osteopontin, casein, or other phosphoamino acid rich proteins such as phosvitin (Swiss-Prot Accession No P67869), fetuin A (FETUA) (Swiss-Prot Accession No P02765), proline-rich basic phosphoprotein 4 (PRB4) (Swiss-Prot Accession No PI 0163), matrix Gla protein (MGP) (Swiss-Prot Accession No P08493), secreted phosphoprotein 24 (SPP-24) (Swiss-Prot Accession No Q13103), Riboflavin Binding Protein (Swiss-Prot Accession No P02752), integrin binding sialophosphoprotein II (IBSP-II) (Swiss- Prot Accession No P21815), matrix extracellular bone phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) (Swiss- Prot Accession No Q9NQ76), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (OMP1) (Swiss-Prot Accession No Q13316), human beta-casein, bovine beta-casein, and isoforms or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In one embodiment, phosphopeptides obtained by enzymatic (e.g. tryptic) digest of osteopontin or casein are used in the present invention. Osteopontin (OPN) is a protein that can be obtained from milk. For example, bovine OPN can be isolated by anion exchange chromatography from e. g. acid whey at pH 4.5 as described by the patent applications WO01 / 497741, WO02 / 28413, WO2012 / 117119 or WO2012 / 117120. An OPN purity of up to 90-95% can be obtained. The present invention can use naturally occurring fragments or peptides derived from OPN by proteolytic cleavage in the milk, or genesplice-, phosphorylation-, or glycosylation variants as obtainable from the method proposed in, for example, WO01 / 49741 and WO2013 / 144247. OPN can be derived from milk from any milk producing animals, such as cows, humans, camels, goats, sheep, dromedaries and llamas. OPN from bovine milk is typically preferred due to availability and characterisation in the literature. OPN is present in bovine milk, both in the form of full length bovine OPN (e.g. position 17- 278 of Swiss-Prot Accession No P31096, or a peptide having at least 95% sequence identity with position 17-278 of Swiss-Prot Accession No P31096) and in the form of a long N-terminal fragment of full length bovine OPN (e.g. position 17-163 of Swiss-Prot Accession No P31096, or a peptide having at least 95% sequence identity with position 17- 163 of Swiss-Prot Accession No P31096), see e.g. Bissonnette et al., Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 95 No. 2, 2012). Full length OPN is an acidic, highly phosphorylated, sialic acid rich, calcium binding protein. Full length osteopontin binds 28 moles of phosphate and about 50 moles of Ca per mole. In some embodiments of the invention, the OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom may be substantially pure full length bovine OPN, it may be a substantially pure, long N-terminal fragment of full length bovine OPN, and it may be a mixture comprising full length bovine OPN and the long N-terminal fragment of full length bovine OPN. Such a mixture may for example contain full length bovine OPN in an amount of 5-40% (w / w) relative to the total amount of OPN and the long n-terminal fragment of full length bovine OPN in an amount of 60-95% (w / w) relative to the total amount of OPN. In one embodiment, the compositions used in the present invention comprise phosphopeptides derived from OPN (e.g. by the cleavage of OPN, such as by tryptic or chemical (e.g. alkaline hydrolysis) digestion of OPN). In one embodiment, the compositions used in the present invention comprise OPN-derived phosphopeptides sold commercially as Lacprodan® OPN-10. OPN-10 is available commercially from Arla Foods Ingredients (Arla Foods Ingredients Group P / S, Sønderhøj 10-12, 8260 Viby J, Denmark), and contains fractionated osteopontin from bovine milk. In some embodiments, phosphopeptides used in the present invention are modified. Suitably, modifications may include post-translational modifications or synthetic modifications. Suitably, in some embodiments, the phosphopeptides are phosphorylated. In some embodiments, the phosphopeptides are glycosylated. In some embodiments, the phosphopeptides are both phosphorylated and glycosylated. In some embodiments, the compositions for use in the present invention comprise phosphorylated OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the compositions for use in the present invention comprise phosphorylated casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Inspection of the OPN primary structure indicates 28 potential phosphorylation sites in bovine osteopontin [8]. Suitably, in some embodiments of the present invention, the composition comprises OPN with at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27 or 28 phosphorylated phosphorylation sites, or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments, the phosphorylation sites are serine residues and / or threonine residues. Suitably, in some embodiments, phosphoserines are located in Ser / Thr-X-Glu / Ser(P) / Asp motifs and / or Ser-X-X-Glu / Ser(P) motifs. Suitably, in some embodiments, phosphothreonines are located in Ser / Thr-X- Glu / Ser(P) / Asp motifs and / or Ser-X-X-Glu / Ser(P) motifs. In some embodiments, the compositions for use in the invention comprise a highly phosphorylated form of OPN, or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments highly phosphorylated forms of OPN, or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, include phosphorylation of at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% or 100% of available phosphorylation sites. Suitably, in some embodiments highly phosphorylated forms of OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom include phosphorylation of at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, or 28 of available phosphorylation sites. In one embodiment, the composition comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom with phosphorylation of at least 95% of available phosphorylation sites. In another embodiment, the composition comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom with phosphorylation of 100% of available phosphorylation sites. In some embodiments, phosphorylated sites may be clustered in groups. Suitably, groups may comprise at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6 phosphorylated sites. Suitably, in some embodiments each group is spanned by unphosphorylated regions. The unphosphorylated region may comprise at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 21, at least 22, at least 23, at least 24, at least 25, at least 26, at least 27, at least 28, at least 29, at least 30, at least 31, at least 32, at least 33, at least 34, at least 35, at least 40 or at least 50 amino acids. In a preferred embodiment, the phosphorylation sites are clustered in groups of 3 phosphorylation sites. Suitably, in an even more preferred embodiment, the phosphorylation sites are clustered in groups of 3 phosphorylation sites spanned by an unphosphorylated region of 11-32 amino acids between groups. In some embodiments, the compositions for use in the invention comprise glycosylated OPN, or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the compositions for use in the invention comprise glycosylated casein, or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments the glycosylation is an O-linked glycosylation. In some embodiments, the glycosylation is an N-linked glycosylation. Suitably, in some embodiments a glycosylated phosphopeptide may have both O-linked and N-linked glycosylation modifications. In some embodiments, where the phosphopeptide is OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, O-linked glycosylation sites are in a threonine and proline rich region of the protein, for example O-linked glycosylation sites may be found at Thr115, Thr124 and Thr129. In some embodiments, N-linked glycosylation sites may be present at Asn 63, Asn 85 and Asn 193. In some embodiments, the compositions for use in the invention comprise phosphorylated and glycosylated OPN, or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the compositions used in the present invention comprise phosphorylated and glycosylated casein, or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. The skilled person will understand that the phosphopeptide may comprise any combination of protein modifications as described herein. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that phosphorylation and / or glycosylation may alter the function of phosphopeptides such as OPN and / or casein, or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, and confer specific biological activity. Suitably, in one embodiment of the present invention, compositions do not comprise recombinant OPN. Suitably, in one embodiment of the present invention, compositions do not comprise recombinant casein. It will be understood that recombinant OPN and recombinant casein do not comprise protein modifications, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation. As discussed above, it may be desirable in some instances that the phosphopeptides for use in the present invention are chemically synthesized. Suitably, in some embodiments, the phosphopeptides as described herein are naturally occurring or chemically synthesized or a combination of both. In some embodiments, the compositions for use as described herein comprise at least 1mg / ml, at least 2 mg / ml, at least 5 mg / ml, at least 10 mg / ml, at least 15 mg / ml, at least 20 mg / ml, at least 25 mg / ml, at least 30 mg / ml, at least 35 mg / ml, at least 40 mg / ml, at least 45 mg / ml or at least 50 mg / ml OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments the compositions as described herein comprise at least 20 mg / ml OPN. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions for use as described herein comprise at least 30 mg / ml OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the compositions for use as described herein comprise at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 1.5% at least 2%, at least 2.5%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5% or at least 10% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions for use as described herein comprise at least 3% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Casein and casein-derived phosphopeptides are discussed at length in WO98 / 40406 and WO2006 / 135982, and these phosphopeptides can also suitably be used in the present invention. As discussed in WO2006 / 135982, CPP can form a colloidal complex with amorphous calcium phosphate, where the core particles aggregate to form large (e.g.100 nm) colloidal particles suspended in water. It is believed that this general method of stabilisation of calcium phosphate also occurs for other phosphoproteins. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the phosphopeptide seems to bind to an amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) cluster to produce a metastable solution in which growth of ACP to a size that initiates nucleation and precipitation is prevented. Suitably, phosphopeptides comprising the motif Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Glu-Glu, which is present in casein phosphopeptides may be used in the present invention. However, phosphopeptides comprising other sequence motifs rich in phosphoamino acids are also of use in the present invention. Suitably, casein-derived phosphopeptides comprising the sequences αs1(59-79), β(1-25), αs2(46- 70) and αs1(1-21), as set out in WO98 / 40406 and WO2006 / 135982, may be used in the present invention. Additional flanking sequences surrounding these core sequences may be present, in which case they can be wild type sequences or may optionally be modified by deletion, addition or conservative substitution of one or more residues. In some embodiments, the compositions for use as described herein comprise at least 1 mg / ml, at least 2 mg / ml, at least 5 mg / ml, at least 10 mg / ml, at least 15 mg / ml, at least 20 mg / ml, at least 25 mg / ml, at least 30 mg / ml, at least 35 mg / ml, at least 40 mg / ml, at least 45 mg / ml or at least 50 mg / ml CPP or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments the compositions as described herein comprise at least 20 mg / ml CPP or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions for use as described herein comprise 30 mg / ml CPP or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the compositions for use as described herein comprise at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 1.5% at least 2%, at least 2.5%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5% or at least 10% OPN. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions for use as described herein comprise 3% CPP or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Accordingly, in embodiments of the present invention, the phosphopeptide comprises osteopontin or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, or casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the calcium phosphate-stabilising agent comprises osteopontin-derived phosphopeptides or casein-derived phosphopeptides. In some embodiments, the compositions used in the present invention do not comprise casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the calcium phosphate-stabilising agent does not comprise casein-derived phosphopeptides. Alternatively or additionally, the phosphopeptide comprises one or more phosphoproteins selected from the group consisting of phosvitin (Swiss-Prot Accession No P67869), fetuin A (FETUA) (Swiss-Prot Accession No P02765), proline-rich basic phosphoprotein 4 (PRB4) (Swiss-Prot Accession No PI 0163), matrix Gla protein (MGP) (Swiss-Prot Accession No P08493), secreted phosphoprotein 24 (SPP-24) (Swiss-Prot Accession No Q13103), Riboflavin Binding Protein (Swiss-Prot Accession No P02752), integrin binding sialophosphoprotein II (IBSP-II) (Swiss-Prot Accession No P21815), matrix extracellular bone phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) (Swiss-Prot Accession No Q9NQ76), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (OMP1) (Swiss-Prot Accession No Q13316), human beta-casein, bovine beta-casein, and isoforms or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. The term “phosphopeptides derived therefrom” will be understood to mean any phosphopeptide obtained by enzymatic digestion, chemical digestion or any other appropriate digestion method known in the art for digestion of a phosphoprotein used in the present invention. Suitably, in some embodiments, phosphopeptides derived therefrom include the full complement of phosphopeptides derived from an enzymatic digestion, a chemical digestion or any other protein digestion method. Suitably, in some embodiments phosphopeptides derived from OPN includes the full complement of phosphopeptides derived from enzymatic (e.g. tryptic) digestion, chemical digestion or any other digestion method known in the art. Suitably, in some embodiments, phosphopeptides derived from OPN, comprise the full complement of phosphopeptides derived from the digestion of OPN. Suitably in another embodiment, phosphopeptides derived from OPN, comprise a subset of phosphopeptides derived from the digestion of OPN. Suitably, in another embodiment, phosphopeptides derived from OPN, comprise an N-terminal fragment of phosphopeptides derived from the digestion of OPN. Suitably, in another embodiment, phosphopeptides derived from OPN, comprise a C- terminal fragment of phosphopeptides derived from the digestion of OPN. Suitably, in some embodiments, OPN is digested by enzymatic digestion, preferably tryptic digestion. In another embodiment, OPN is digested by chemical digestion. Suitably, in some embodiments phosphopeptides derived from casein includes the full complement of phosphopeptides derived from enzymatic (e.g. tryptic) digestion, chemical digestion or any other digestion method known in the art. Suitably, in some embodiments, phosphopeptides derived from casein, comprise the full complement of phosphopeptides derived from the digestion of casein. Suitably in another embodiment, phosphopeptides derived from casein, comprise a subset of phosphopeptides derived from the digestion of casein. Suitably, in another embodiment, phosphopeptides derived from casein, comprise an N-terminal fragment of phosphopeptides derived from the digestion of casein. Suitably, in another embodiment, phosphopeptides derived from casein, comprise a C-terminal fragment of phosphopeptides derived from the digestion of casein. Suitably, in some embodiments, casein is digested by enzymatic digestion, preferably tryptic digestion. In another embodiment, casein is digested by chemical digestion. For the avoidance of doubt, it should be noted that in embodiments of the present invention, the compositions can comprise a mixture of different phosphopeptides. For example, the composition may comprise a mixture of different phosphopeptides derived from a single phosphoprotein (e.g. casein or OPN). Alternatively, the calcium phosphate-stabilising agent may comprise a mixture of different phosphoproteins (e.g. a mixture of casein and OPN, or other different phosphoproteins) and / or phosphopeptides derived from a mixture of more than one different phosphoprotein (e.g. a mixture of phosphopeptides derived from both casein and OPN). In many cases, the composition will comprise a heterogeneous mixture of phosphopeptides obtained by the cleavage of a naturally occurring protein, such as OPN or casein. Stabilised calcium phosphate complexes: A “stabilised calcium phosphate complex” is a complex comprising calcium, phosphates and a calcium phosphate-stabilising agent (usually a phosphopeptide). The stabilised calcium phosphate complex is typically soluble or at least metastable in the liquid medium in which it is contained, i.e. the liquid composition. Calcium phosphate-stabilising agents (such as phosphopeptides) are able to bind to calcium phosphate complexes and prevent them from precipitating. In particular, amorphous calcium phosphate complexes can be stabilised in a form in which they remain soluble (or metastable) and are able to release calcium and phosphate. Without wishing to be bound by theory, small amounts of phosphopeptide stabilised calcium phosphate complexes may be formed upon administration to the mouth of a suitable liquid composition containing a phosphopeptide and a source of calcium ions. Stabilised calcium phosphate complexes may be formed on interaction of exogenous calcium ions with phosphate ions present in saliva of the mouth. Nonetheless, it is remarkable how the compositions of some of the aspects of the invention that do not comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate can reduce gum bleeding in patients, particularly those with periodontal disease. Suitably, in some embodiments of the present invention, the composition does not comprise stabilised calcium phosphate complexes. A “calcium phosphate-stabilising agent” is an agent that is capable of binding to and stabilising calcium phosphate in a stabilised calcium phosphate complex. Suitably, the calcium phosphate may be stabilised as amorphous calcium phosphate. Suitable calcium phosphate- stabilising agents include phosphopeptides, as explained above. Suitable phosphopeptides are defined herein. Suitably compositions of certain aspects of the present invention do not comprise a stabilised calcium phosphate complex. Suitably compositions of certain aspects of the present invention do not comprise amorphous calcium phosphate. Suitably in aspects or embodiments where the composition does not comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate, suitably the composition does not comprise a calcium phosphate complex such as amorphous calcium phosphate. Suitably, these compositions may comprise a negligible amount of a stabilised calcium phosphate complex. By a negligible amount, it is meant that these compositions comprise less than 1% w / w of a stabilised calcium phosphate complex, suitably less than 0.9% w / w, suitably less than 0.8% w / w, suitably less than 0.7% w / w, suitably less than 0.6% w / w, suitably less than 0.5% w / w, suitably less than 0.4% w / w, suitably less than 0.3% w / w, suitably less than 0.2% w / w, suitably less than 0.1% w / w. In one embodiment, the compositions that do not comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate comprise less than 0.1% w / w of a stabilised calcium phosphate complex. The use of OPN to form calcium phosphate nanoparticle aggregates is discussed extensively in, for example, WO2013 / 144247, in respect of their use in reducing biofilm growth. Suitably, in some embodiments of the present invention, compositions comprising a phosphopeptide for use in any aspect as described herein do not include nanoparticle aggregates of OPN and calcium or strontium as described in WO2013 / 144247. Suitably, in some embodiments of the present invention, compositions comprising a phosphopeptide for use in any aspect as described herein do not include nanoparticle aggregates of OPN and calcium phosphate as described in WO2013 / 144247. Suitably, in some embodiments of the present invention where OPN aggregates are present, said aggregates have a hydrodynamic radius of at most 0.2 microns, more preferably the aggregates have a hydrodynamic radius of at most 0.1 microns [9]. The skilled person will understand that the particle size of aggregates can be determined by techniques known in the art. The particle size of calcium phosphate nanoparticles of the present invention have radii of gyration in the range 19.5-25 nm as determined by elastic light scattering and small angle neutron scattering [9]. This measure is not the same as hydrodynamic radius which expresses the radius of particles as if it were a solid sphere. However, the two measures give results in the same order of magnitude, therefore in some embodiments of the present invention where OPN aggregates are present, said aggregates are believed to be less than 100nm (0.1 microns). Calcium and sources of calcium: The compositions used in the present invention may comprise calcium or a source of calcium. In one embodiment of any of the aspects described herein, the compositions may comprise calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments the calcium is supersaturated calcium. Suitably the composition for prevention or treatment of bleeding gums may comprise calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably the composition for the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease may comprise calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably the composition for the prevention or treatment of gingivitis and / or periodontitis may comprise calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably the composition for the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis may comprise calcium or a source of calcium. However, in some embodiments, the composition according to any of the aspects does not comprise calcium or a source of calcium. A source of calcium as used herein refers to any suitable source of calcium ions. A source of calcium ions should be able to dissolve in a liquid medium to release calcium ions. Suitably the source of calcium ions may be a soluble calcium salt. Suitably the calcium or source of calcium has a solubility of 1g per 100ml of liquid medium or higher, 2g per liquid medium or higher, 3g per 100ml of liquid medium or higher, 4g per liquid medium or higher, 5g per 100ml of liquid medium or higher, 10g per 100ml of liquid medium or higher, 20g per liquid medium or higher, 30g per liquid medium or higher, 40g per liquid medium or higher, or 50g per 100ml of liquid medium or higher. The source of calcium ions can be provided in solid form or be dissolved in a suitable liquid medium. One particularly suitable source of calcium ions is calcium chloride, but the person skilled in the art can select many other suitable sources of calcium ions. In one embodiment, the source of calcium is calcium chloride. Suitably the calcium chloride solution has a concentration of about 1M. When discussing the solubility of a composition herein, it is meant solubility at 25°C (and otherwise standard conditions) in the relevant liquid medium used in the method. Typically, this medium will be aqueous, and in some cases will be water. It will be appreciated that the solubility of a given composition will vary depending on the relevant medium being used, e.g. depending on its polarity, but in the context that is entirely appropriate as the compositions such as calcium or phosphate salts are preferably soluble in the relevant medium being used. However, given that in the compositions used in the present invention the medium is typically aqueous, it may be more convenient and simpler to define the solubility in terms of solubility in water. Accordingly, solubility of the source of calcium ions is suitably of 5 g per 100 ml of water or higher, 10 g per 100 ml of water or higher, or 50 g per 100 ml of water or higher. Phosphate and source of phosphate: In some embodiments, the compositions used in the present invention may comprise phosphate or a source of phosphate. In some embodiments, the compositions used in the present invention do not comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate. Suitably, in some embodiments, the compositions used in the present invention may be substantially phosphate free. By ‘additional’ phosphate or source of phosphate it is meant that the composition does not comprise any phosphate or source of phosphate other than the phosphopeptide and optionally monofluorophosphate of the composition. The skilled person will understand that hydrolysis of monofluorophosphate in the oral cavity provides less than 2.1g / L (<0.03 molar / <30mM) of free phosphate ions. A composition comprising monofluorophosphate may be considered as substantially phosphate free. Suitably, therefore, in one embodiment, the compositions do not comprise phosphate or a source of phosphate other than phosphorylated OPN and / or monofluorophosphate. Therefore, in one embodiment, the composition for use in the invention comprises a phosphopeptide and optionally monofluorophosphate and does not comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate. Typical additional sources of phosphate may comprise phosphate buffers, suitably these are not present in the compositions. In some embodiments, the compositions used in the present invention do not comprise additional phosphate ions or an additional source of phosphate ions. In some embodiments, the compositions used in the present invention do not comprise additional free phosphate. In some embodiments, the compositions used in the present invention do not comprise any exogenous free phosphate. In some embodiments, the compositions used in the present invention do not comprise additional free phosphate ions. In some embodiments, the compositions used in the present invention do not comprise exogenous free phosphate ions. By ‘exogenous’ it is meant phosphate that is not derived from or comprised within a compound that is part of the compositions used in the invention. Suitably it is meant phosphate that is not derived from or comprised within the phosphopeptide and optionally the monofluorophosphate of the compositions used in the invention. Suitably such compositions used in the invention may be regarded as substantially phosphate- free. Suitably these compositions may comprise trace amounts of phosphate due to other components present in the composition, but suitably these compositions do not comprise any significant amount of phosphate, or a source of phosphate. Suitably, in particular, the compositions do not comprise phosphate buffers. Suitably, therefore, the composition comprises a low amount of phosphate. Suitably a negligible amount of phosphate, for example, suitably less than 15% w / w phosphate, suitably less than 14% w / w phosphate, suitably less than 13% w / w phosphate, suitably less than 12% w / w phosphate, suitably less than 11% w / w phosphate, suitably less than 10% w / w phosphate, suitably less than 9%w / w phosphate, suitably less than 8% w / w phosphate, suitably less than 7% w / w phosphate, suitably less than 6% w / w, suitably less than 5%w / w, suitably less than 4% w / w, suitably less than 3% w / w, suitably less than 2% w / w. In one embodiment, the compositions that do not comprise phosphate or a source of phosphate comprise less than 7% w / w phosphate. Suitably, as noted above, a negligible amount of phosphate may come from components of the compositions such as monofluorophosphate and the phosphopeptide such as phosphorylated OPN. Suitably a composition that does not comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate comprises less than 100 mM, less than 90 mM, less than 80 mM, less than 70 mM, less than 60 mM, less than 55 mM, less than 50 mM, less than 45 mM, less than 40 mM, less than 35 mM, less than 30 mM, less than 25 mM, less than 20 mM, less than 15 mM phosphate, less than 10 mM phosphate, less than 5 mM phosphate. Suitably a composition that does not comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate comprises less than 49 mM phosphate. Suitably a composition that does not comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate comprises less than 23 mM phosphate. Suitably the concentration of phosphate in the composition is determined by the Smillie calculation based on the degree of phosphorylation of any compounds in the composition. An exemplary calculation of the concentration of phosphate in a composition comprising phosphopeptide and monofluorophosphate according to the preferred embodiments of the invention is as follows: In one embodiment, a composition that does not comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate comprises less than 48.5 mM phosphate. Suitably in such an embodiment, the composition still comprises a phosphopeptide and monofluorophosphate. Suitably the composition comprises about 3% w / w phosphorylated OPN. In one embodiment, a composition that does not comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate comprises less than 22.5 mM phosphate. Suitably in such an embodiment, the composition still comprises a phosphopeptide, but does not comprise monofluorophosphate. Suitably the composition comprises about 3% w / w phosphorylated OPN. Suitably the compositions in any of the embodiments of the methods or uses as described herein may optionally comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate. Suitably, therefore, in any aspect described herein, the composition may comprise phosphate or a source of phosphate. However, in some embodiments, such compositions may not comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate. ‘Phosphate’ and a ‘source of phosphate’ as used herein refers to any suitable source of phosphate ions. If present in the composition, the source of phosphate ions should be able to dissolve in a liquid medium to release phosphate ions. Suitably the source of phosphate ions may be a soluble phosphate salt. Suitably the source of phosphate ions has a solubility of 5 g per 100 ml of liquid medium or higher, 10 g per 100 ml of liquid medium or higher, 50g per 100 ml of liquid medium or higher. The source of phosphate ions can be provided in solid form or be dissolved in a suitable liquid. One particularly suitable source of phosphate ions is sodium phosphate (e.g. disodium hydrogen phosphate and / or trisodium phosphate), but the person skilled in the art can select many other suitable sources of phosphate ions. As discussed above, given that in the compositions used in the present invention the medium is typically aqueous, it may be more convenient and simpler to define the solubility in terms of solubility in water. Accordingly, solubility of the source of phosphate ions is suitably of 5 g per 100 ml of water or higher,10 g per 100 ml of water or higher, or 50 g per 100 ml of water or higher. Fluoride and sources of fluoride: The compositions used in the present invention may comprise fluoride or a source of fluoride. Suitably the composition for prevention or treatment of bleeding gums may comprise fluoride. Suitably the composition for the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease may comprise fluoride. Suitably the composition for the prevention or treatment of gingivitis and / or periodontitis may comprise fluoride. Suitably the composition for the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis may comprise fluoride. However, in some embodiments, the composition does not comprise fluoride or a source of fluoride. Fluoride and sources of fluoride as used herein refers to any suitable source of fluoride ions. A source of fluoride ions should be able to dissolve in the liquid medium to release fluoride ions. Suitably the source of fluoride ions may be a soluble fluoride salt. Suitably the source of fluoride ions has a solubility of 5 g per 100 ml of liquid medium or higher, 10 g per 100 ml of liquid medium or higher, or 50 g per 100 ml of liquid medium or higher. The source of fluoride ions can be provided in solid form or be dissolved in a suitable liquid. Suitable sources of fluoride ions are sodium fluoride, tin fluoride, calcium fluoride, and monofluorophosphate, but the person skilled in the art can select many other suitable sources of fluoride ions. In one embodiment, the source of fluoride is monofluorophosphate. As discussed above, given that in the compositions used in the present invention the medium are typically aqueous, it may be more convenient and simpler to define the solubility in terms of solubility in water. Accordingly, solubility of the source of fluoride ions is suitably of 5 g per 100 ml of water or higher,10 g per 100 ml of water or higher, or 50 g per 100 ml of water or higher. In some embodiments, the compositions used in the present invention do not comprise fluoride or a source of fluoride. Suitably such compositions may be regarded as substantially fluoride- free. Suitably, these compositions may comprise trace amounts of fluoride due to other components present in the composition, but suitably these compositions do not comprise any significant amount of fluoride, or a source of fluoride. Suitably fluoride-free compositions are regarded as those having a negligible amount of fluoride, suitably less than 1% w / w fluoride or a source of fluoride, suitably less than 0.9% w / w, suitably less than 0.8% w / w, suitably less than 0.7% w / w, suitably less than 0.6% w / w, suitably less than 0.5% w / w, suitably less than 0.4% w / w, suitably less than 0.3% w / w, suitably less than 0.2% w / w, suitably less than 0.1% w / w. In one embodiment, the compositions that do not comprise fluoride or a source of fluoride comprise less than 0.1% w / w fluoride. In some embodiments, the compositions used in the present invention do not comprise monofluorophosphate. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition is a liquid. Suitably, the composition may be a ‘MOL’ or ‘MOK’ composition as described elsewhere herein. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition is a colloid or paste or gel. Suitably, the composition may be a ‘MON’ composition as described elsewhere herein. Suitably, the composition may be a MOG composition as described elsewhere herein. Oral surface: The compositions used in the present invention may be applied to an oral surface. Suitably the composition for use in prevention or treatment of bleeding gums, may be applied to an oral surface. Suitably the composition for use in the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease may be applied to an oral surface. Suitably the composition for use in the prevention or treatment of bleeding gums may or may not comprise fluoride. Suitably the composition for use in the prevention or treatment of gingivitis and / or periodontitis may or may not comprise fluoride. Suitably the composition for use in the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis may or may not comprise fluoride. Suitably, the composition of any of the aspects of the present invention may or may not comprise fluoride. Suitably the oral surface is a natural surface or a synthetic surface. Suitably the oral surface may be a hard surface or a soft surface. Suitably the hard surfaces may be natural or synthetic. Suitably the soft surfaces may be natural or synthetic. Suitable hard surfaces include teeth, dentures, veneers, crowns, dental implants, orthodontic aligners and orthodontic brackets, such as fixed orthodontic brackets. Suitably, in some embodiments the hard surfaces are mineralised. Suitable hard mineralised surfaces include enamel, dentine or cementum. Suitably the soft surfaces are not mineralised. Suitable soft surfaces include gums, tongue, soft palate, hard palate and the floor of the mouth. Suitable natural surfaces include teeth, gums, tongue, soft palate, hard palate and the floor of the mouth. Suitably the synthetic surfaces include oral appliances, or oral accessories and prosthesis. Suitable synthetic surfaces may be formed of plastics or metal. Suitably oral accessories or orthodontic devices may include dentures, veneers, crowns, bridges, dental implants, aligners, orthodontic brackets and the like. Suitably in the aspects of the present invention, the oral surface is a natural oral surface. In an embodiment for use in prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject, suitably the oral surface is the gums. In an embodiment for use in prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject, suitably the oral surface is the tongue. In an embodiment for use in prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject, suitably the oral surface is teeth, specifically the surface of teeth, more specifically the dentine of teeth. In an embodiment for use in prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject, suitably the oral surface is the gums. In an embodiment for use in prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject, suitably the oral surface is the tongue. In an embodiment for use in prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject, suitably the oral surface is teeth, specifically the surface of teeth, more specifically the dentine, enamel and root surface of teeth. In an embodiment for use in prevention or treatment of gingivitis and / or periodontitis the oral surface is the gums. In an embodiment for use in prevention or treatment of gingivitis and / or periodontitis in a subject, suitably the oral surface is the tongue. In an embodiment for use in prevention or treatment gingivitis and / or periodontitis suitably the oral surface is teeth, specifically the surface of teeth, more specifically the dentine, enamel and root surface of teeth. In an embodiment for use in prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri- implantitis the oral surface is the gums. In an embodiment for use in prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject, suitably the oral surface is the tongue. In an embodiment for use in prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis suitably the oral surface is an tooth implant, specifically the surface of the implant or the implant mechanism. Suitably, in some embodiments the oral surface is a tooth adjacent to the tooth implant. Suitably, in some embodiments the oral surface is the gingival tissue adjacent to or surrounding the tooth implant. In some embodiments, the composition is applied directly to an orthodontic device. Suitably, users of removable orthodontic devices may apply the composition directly to the aligner, brace, retainer or mouthguard before returning the device to their mouth. In some embodiments, the composition is applied to an interdental brush before use of the interdental brush. In such embodiments, it will be appreciated that the composition will reach interdental areas when brushing. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition may be applied to a fixed orthodontic device during implantation by a dental professional. Suitably, in one embodiment a composition as used herein is applied to orthodontic appliances, aligners, mouthguards and / or dentures. Suitably the oral surface may be located within a mouth. Suitably within a mouth of a subject. Suitably the subject may be a human or animal. Suitably therefore the uses and methods of the invention may be performed on a human or animal subject. In one embodiment, the subject is a human. In one embodiment, the subject is a domestic animal, such as a cat or a dog or a horse. Suitably, the uses and methods of the invention comprise applying the compositions as described herein to an oral surface. Suitably applying the compositions used in the present invention to an oral surface may comprise administering the composition to the mouth of a subject. Suitably administering the composition to the mouth of a subject contacts the oral surfaces located within the mouth of the subject with the composition. Suitable programs of administration are described herein below. Polymeric Material In one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a composition wherein the composition comprises a phosphopeptide. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises any one of compositions as described herein for use in the present invention. The skilled person will understand that the term polymeric material may include, but is not limited to polymer strips, polymer films, polymer gels or any other polymeric material suitable for use in oral care or dentistry. While a polymer strip or film is the most preferred in the embodiments described herein, it will be understood that the polymeric material may take any shape or form. It will also be understood that the term polymer strip as used herein may be used interchangeably with the term polymer film. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material is a polymer strip or film. In some embodiments, the polymeric material is a polymer gel. In some embodiments the polymeric material may be applied to the oral cavity directly or may be applied to a dental device such as a dental aligner or mouth guard which is then applied to the oral cavity. The polymeric material of the invention may be formulated to contain a combination of active agents. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises the MON composition. In another embodiment the polymeric material comprises the MOL composition. In yet another embodiment the polymeric material is comprises the MOK composition. In another embodiment the polymeric material is comprises the MOG composition. In another embodiment the polymeric material is comprises the MON composition. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition does not comprise fluoride or a source of fluoride. In some embodiments, the composition comprises phosphate or a source of phosphate. In some embodiments, the composition does not comprise phosphate or a source of phosphate. In some embodiments, the composition comprises calcium or a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the composition does not comprise calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material comprises a solid composition comprising a phosphopeptide. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises a liquid composition comprising a phosphopeptide. The skilled person will appreciate that polymeric material comprising a composition as described herein are suitable for use in any of the aspects or embodiments of the present invention. Suitably, in some embodiments of the various aspects of the present invention, a composition as described herein may be administered to the mouth of a patient via a polymeric material comprising any of the compositions as described herein. In such embodiments, it may be preferred that the polymeric material is dissolvable or at least substantially dissolvable. By substantially dissolvable it is meant that the polymeric material will breakdown to the extent that the active ingredient is released when in contact with a solvent, preferably water (e.g. in saliva). Suitable components dissolvable and non-dissolvable polymeric material are discussed in detail below. In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polymeric material comprising OPN or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN-10. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises phosphorylated OPN or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises glycosylated OPN or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises phosphorylated and glycosylated OPN or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium ions. Suitably, in some embodiments, the source of calcium is any soluble calcium salt. Suitably, in some embodiments, the source of calcium is calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate or calcium lactate. The skilled person will understand that any suitable source of calcium ions may be used. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises a solid or a liquid form of OPN. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises a solid or a liquid form of calcium or a source of calcium ions. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises OPN in a liquid form or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom and a liquid form of calcium or a source of calcium ions. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises a solid form of OPN or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom and a solid form of calcium or source of calcium ions. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises a stabilised calcium phosphate complex. Suitably, in some embodiments, the complex is stabilised by any phosphopeptide as described herein. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises an OPN and calcium complex. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises a casein and calcium complex. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises a complex of calcium and OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises phosphopeptide stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) complexes. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN stabilised calcium phosphate complexes. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate complexes. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein stabilised calcium phosphate complexes. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate complexes. The skilled person will understand that in some manufacturing methods such as those that are suitable for manufacturing polymer strips as described herein, the manufacturing method includes dissolving the components in water prior to the film forming step. The film forming step partially dehydrates the product. The reaction conditions may result in the formation of calcium-phosphopeptide complexes within the liquid, and in the end product film. Alternatively, a manufacturing method may include preparing a liquid composition comprising a stabilised calcium phosphate complex or calcium phosphopeptide complex according to the methods as described in Examples 1 or 2 below or any using method as described in WO / 2018 / 087532. The skilled person will understand that a liquid composition comprising a stabilised calcium phosphate complex or calcium phosphopeptide complex may be freeze dried after preparing the liquid composition then incorporating the freeze-dried product into the polymer. However, the skilled person will appreciate it is desirable in some instances that the phosphopeptide (e.g. OPN or casein) and Ca2+are not complexed on the polymeric material. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium ions wherein the OPN or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom and the calcium or source of calcium ions do not form a complex on the polymeric material. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymer strip does not comprise phosphopeptide stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate complexes Suitably, in some embodiments the polymer strip does not comprise OPN stabilised calcium phosphate complexes. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymer strip does not comprise OPN stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate complexes. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymer strip does not comprise casein stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate complexes. In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polymeric material comprising casein or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises phosphorylated casein or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises glycosylated casein or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises phosphorylated and glycosylated casein or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium ions. Suitably, in some embodiments, the source of calcium is any soluble calcium salt. In some embodiments, the source of calcium is calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate or calcium lactate. The skilled person will understand that any suitable source of calcium ions may be used. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises a solid or a liquid form of casein. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymer strip comprises a solid or a liquid form of calcium or source of calcium ions. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises a solid form of casein or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom. and solid calcium or source of calcium ions. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises casein in a liquid form or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom and a liquid form of calcium or a source of calcium ions. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises a complex of calcium and casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein stabilised calcium phosphate complexes. The skilled person will understand that in some manufacturing methods such as those that are suitable for manufacturing polymer strips as described herein, the manufacturing method includes dissolving the components in water prior to the film forming step. The film forming step partially dehydrates the product. The reaction conditions may result in the formation of calcium-phosphopeptide complexes within the liquid, and in the end product film. Alternatively, a manufacturing method may include preparing a liquid composition comprising a stabilised calcium phosphate complex or calcium phosphopeptide complex according to the methods as described in Examples 1 or 2 below or any using method as described in WO / 2018 / 087532. The skilled person will understand that a liquid composition comprising the liquid composition comprising a stabilised calcium phosphate complex or calcium phosphopeptide complex may be freeze dried after preparing the liquid composition then incorporating the freeze-dried product into the polymer. However, the skilled person will appreciate it is desirable in some instances that the phosphopeptide (e.g. OPN or casein) and Ca2+are not complexed on the polymeric material. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium ions wherein the casein or a phosphopeptide derived therefrom and the calcium or source of calcium ions do not form a complex on the polymer strip. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material does not comprises casein stabilised calcium phosphate complexes. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the addition of calcium and phosphopeptides (e.g. casein, OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom) as discrete ingredients into the polymer will result in the formation of a stabilised calcium phosphopeptide complex (e.g. a stabilised amorphous calcium phosphopeptide complex) when the active ingredients are delivered to the oral cavity, for example when the polymer dissolves in the mouth. As discussed above, it may be desirable in some instances that the polymeric material is dissolvable. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material is a dissolvable polymer strip. Alternatively, in some embodiments the polymer material is a non-dissolvable polymer strip. In preferred embodiments the dissolvable polymer material may have and / or comprise no or substantially no non-dissolvable components. The dissolvable polymeric material may therefore be intended to dissolve completely or substantially completely when used in the oral cavity over, for example, a period of about 10 seconds to 30 seconds, about 10 seconds to 1 minute, about 1 to 2 minutes, about 1 to 3 minutes, about 1 to 4 minutes, about 1 to 5 minutes, about 1 to 10 minutes, about 1 to 15 minutes, about 1 to 20 minutes, about 1 to 30 minutes, about 1 to 60 minutes, about 1 to 5 hours, about 1 to 10 hours or about 1 to 22 hours. Alternatively, the film may dissolve in about 10 to 60 minutes or about 30 minutes to 2 hours. The skilled person will understand that the formulation of dissolvable polymeric materials can be altered to ensure a dissolution time that suits the user's requirements. Suitably, the ratio of polymer to plasticiser may be adjusted to alter the dissolution time in the mouth. The polymeric material as described herein may comprise a range of other components including any one of or combination of the following: one or more active agents (e.g. OPN and calcium or any of the compositions as described herein), one or more polymers, one or more plasticisers, and / or one or more emulsifiers. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises one or more active agents. The active agents may include any of the compositions as described herein, including but not limited to MOK, MOL, MON, or MOG compositions. Suitably, in some embodiments the one or more active agents are OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom or casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments, the one or more active agents are OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments, the one or more active agents are casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium. The one or more active agents may be present in the polymeric material in a total amount of from: about 0.1% to about 70% w / w; about 0.1% to about 60% w / w, about 0.1 to about 50% w / w, about 0.1% to about 40% w / w, about 0.1% to about 30% w / w, about 0.1% to about 20% w / w, about 0.1% to about 15% w / w, about 0.1% to about 10% w / w, about 0.1% to about 5% w / w. In some embodiments, the one or more active agents may be present in about 0.1% to about 5% w / w; about 0.5% to about 5% w / w; about 1% to about 5% w / w; about 2% to about 5% w / w; about 3% to about 5% w / w; about 4% to about 5% w / w. In a preferred embodiment one or more active agents are present in a total amount of 3% w / w. In a preferred embodiment one or more active agents are present in a total amount of 22% w / w. In another preferred embodiment, the one or more active agents are present in a total amount of 12-20% w / w. In some embodiments, the maximum amount of the active agent is in a total amount of 50- 70% w / w. Suitably, in some embodiments the active agent comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom is present in the polymeric material in a total amount of 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22% or more by weight of the polymeric material. Suitably, in some embodiments the OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom is present in the polymeric material in a total amount of 0.876% - 21.91% % by weight of the polymeric material. In a preferred embodiment, OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom is present in the polymeric material in a total amount of 22% by weight of the polymeric material. Suitably, in some embodiments the active agent comprises casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom is present in the polymeric material in a total amount of 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22% or more by weight of the polymeric material. Suitably, in some embodiments the casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom is present in the polymeric material in a total amount of 0.876% - 21.91% % by weight of the polymeric material. In a preferred embodiment, casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom is present in the polymeric material in a total amount of 22% by weight by weight of the polymeric material. Suitably, in some embodiments the active agent comprises calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments the source of calcium is any suitable calcium salt. Suitably, in some embodiments, the source of calcium is calcium chloride dihydrate. Suitably, in some embodiments the calcium is supersaturated calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments the source of calcium is present in the polymeric material in a total amount of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5% or more by weight. Suitably, in some embodiments the source of calcium is present in the polymeric material in a total amount of 0.123-3.08% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, the source of calcium is present in the polymeric material in a total amount of 3% by weight by weight of the polymeric material. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises at least 5mg, at least 6mg, at least 7mg, at least 8mg, at least 9mg, at least 10mg, at least 11mg, at least 12mg, at least 13mg, at least 14mg, at least 15mg, at least 16mg, at least 17mg, at least 18mg, at least 19mg or 20mg of OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom per 20mg of active agent. Suitably, in one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises 17mg of OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom per 20mg of active agent. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises 17.5mg of OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom per 20mg of active agent. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises at least 5mg, at least 6mg, at least 7mg, at least 8mg, at least 9mg, at least 10mg, at least 11mg, at least 12mg, at least 13mg, at least 14mg, at least 15mg, at least 16mg, at least 17mg, at least 18mg, at least 19mg or 20mg of casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom per 20mg of active agent. Suitably, in one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises 17mg of casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom per 20mg of active agent. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises 17.5mg of casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom per 20mg of active agent. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises at least 0.5mg, at least 0.6mg, at least 0.7mg, at least 0.8mg, at least 0.9mg, at least 1mg, at least 1.1mg, at least 1.2mg, at least 1.3mg, at least 1.4mg, at least 1.5mg, at least 1.6mg, at least 1.7mg, at least 1.8mg, at least 1.9mg, at least 2mg, at least 2mg, at least 2.1mg, at least 2.2mg, at least 2.3mg, at least 2.4mg, at least 2.5mg, at least 2.6mg, at least 2.7mg, at least 2.8mg, at least 2.9mg, at least 3mg, at least 4mg or at least 5mg of a source of calcium per 20mg of active agent. Suitably, in one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises 2mg of a source of calcium per 20mg of active agent. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises 2.5mg of a source of calcium per 20mg of active agent. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises a ratio of 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1 or 1:1 of OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom to the source of calcium. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises a ratio of 7:1 of OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom to the source of calcium. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises a ratio of 7:1.4 of OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom to the source of calcium. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises a ratio of 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1 or 1:1 of casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom to the source of calcium. In a preferred embodiment, the polymeric material comprises a ratio of 7:1 of casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom to the source of calcium. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises a ratio of 7:1.4 of casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom to the source of calcium. In some embodiments the polymeric material comprises between 19-22% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and between 1-4% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In some embodiments, the polymeric material further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride, preferably sodium monofluorophosphate. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material further comprises between 0.1-5% fluoride. In some embodiments the polymeric material comprises between 0.5-5% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, between 0.1-0.5% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride and, optionally, between 0.1-0.5% of a source of fluoride, preferably sodium monofluorophosphate. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 22% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, 3% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride and, optionally between 0.4% of a source of fluoride, preferably sodium monofluorophosphate. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 21.92% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 3.08% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 21.92% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, 3.08% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride and 0.4% of a source of fluoride, preferably monofluorophosphate.. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 3% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 0.4% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 3% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, 0.4% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride and 0.4% of a source of fluoride, preferably monofluorophosphate. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 9% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 1.27% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 9% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, 1.27% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride, and 0.4% of a source of fluoride, preferably monofluorophosphate. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises 0.88% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 0.12% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises 0.88% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, 0.12% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride and 0.4% of a source of fluoride, preferably monofluorophosphate. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises the standard formulation as described in Table 9. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises the 3X Boost formulation as described in Table 9. In some embodiments the polymeric material comprises between 19-22% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and between 1-4% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In some embodiments, the polymeric material further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride, preferably sodium monofluorophosphate. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material further comprises between 0.1-5% fluoride. In some embodiments the polymeric material comprises between 0.5-5% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and between 0.1-0.5% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In some embodiments, the polymeric material further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride, preferably sodium monofluorophosphate. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material further comprises between 0.1-5% fluoride. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 21.92% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 3.08% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 21.92% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, 3.08% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride and 0.4% of a source of fluoride, preferably monofluorophosphate. In one preferred embodiment the polymeric material comprises 22% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 3% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In another preferred embodiment the polymeric material comprises 22% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, 3% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride and 0.4% of a source of fluoride, preferably monofluorophosphate. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 3% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 0.4% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 3% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, 0.4% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride and 0.4% of a source of fluoride, preferably monofluorophosphate. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 9% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 1.27% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In one embodiment the polymeric material comprises 9% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, 1.27% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride and 0.4% of a source of fluoride, preferably monofluorophosphate. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises 0.88% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 0.12% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises 0.88% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, 0.12% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride and 0.4% of a source of fluoride, preferably monofluorophosphate. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material comprises a combination of phosphopeptides. Suitably, in one embodiment the polymeric material comprises both casein and OPN. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises one or more polymers. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises one or more water-soluble polymers. In such embodiments, it will be understood that the polymeric material is a dissolvable polymeric material such as a dissolvable polymer strip. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises a hydrophilic polymer. Hydrophilic polymers may include but are not limited to polyvinyl acetate, pullulan or polyvinylpyrrolidone. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises a polysaccharide polymer. Suitably, in one embodiment, the polysaccharide polymer is pullulan. In an alternative embodiment, the polymeric material comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises polyvinyl acetate. The one or more polymers may be present in a total amount of the polymeric material from: about 40% to about 95% by weight; about 50% to about 95% by weight; about 60% to about 95% by weight; 50% to about 80% by weight; about 50% to about 70% by weight. Preferably, the one or more polymers may be present in a total amount of the polymeric material from about 50% to about 90% by weight. More preferably, the one or more polymers may be present in a total amount of the polymeric material from about 60% to about 85% by weight. Still more preferably, the one or more polymers may be present in a total amount of from about 65% to about 80% by weight. The polymeric materials may comprise one or more plasticisers. In some embodiments, the one or more plasticisers may be selected from the group comprising a polyol such as glycerol, polyalkylene glycol, polyalkylene glycol monomethyl ether, monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, sorbital and sorbitan, in which the alkylene groups are independently selected from Ci alkylene, preferably methylene, ethylene or propylene. Preferred polyalkylene glycols are one or both of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol. A preferred polyalkylene glycol monomethyl ether is polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether. In a preferred embodiment the plasticiser is glycerol. The one or more plasticisers may be present in the polymeric material in a total amount of from about 0.1% to about 15% by weight. Preferably the plasticiser may be present in a total amount of from about 1% to about 12% by weight. More preferably, the one or plasticizers may be present in the polymeric material in a total amount of from about 3% to about 10% by weight. The ratio of polymer to plasticiser may be varied to alter the time taken for the polymeric material to dissolve in the oral cavity. The polymeric materials comprises one or more emulsifiers. In one embodiment, the one or more emulsifiers may be selected from ionic emulsifiers and non-ionic emulsifiers. In another embodiment the one or more emulsifiers may be selected from the group comprising a fatty acid derivative, a lecithin and a polysorbate. Preferably the emulsifier, such as the non-ionic emulsifier, may be selected from the group comprising a saturated fatty acid derivative, a lecithin or a polysorbate. The fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated. More preferably the non-ionic emulsifier comprises one or both of at least one unsaturated fatty acid such as oleic acid and / or linoleic acid and optionally at least one saturated fatty acid such as palmitic acid and / or stearic acid or a polysorbate. More preferred emulsifiers, such as non-ionic emulsifiers, are selected from fatty acids, which may be saturated or unsaturated and a polysorbate. More preferably the emulsifier, such as the non-ionic emulsifier, comprises one or both of (i) at least one unsaturated fatty acid such as oleic acid and / or linoleic acid and optionally at least one saturated fatty acid such as palmitic acid and / or stearic acid and (ii) a polysorbate. A polysorbate is a polyethoxylated ester of sorbital, sorbitan and isosorbide. Preferred saturated fatty acid derivatives include sucrose esters of saturated fatty acids; mono-, di- or tri-glycerides of saturated fatty acids; or sorbitan esters of saturated fatty acids. The one or more emulsifiers may be present in the polymeric material in a total amount of from about 0.1% to 10% by weight. Preferably the one or more emulsifiers are present in a total amount of from about 1% to 5% by weight, more preferably from about 2% to 4% by weight. In one embodiment, the polymeric material may further comprise water. The water may be present in the polymeric material in an amount of less than or equal to about 15% by weight, particularly from about 0.1% to 15% by weight. Typically, the polymeric materials may further comprise water in an amount of from about 3% to 12% by weight, preferably from about 5% to 10% by weight. In one embodiment, the polymeric materials may further comprise one or more optional components selected from the group comprising colourant, gelling agent, flavouring, sweetener, acidifier, antioxidant, dissolution extender and chelating agent. Suitably, the gelling agent may be a hydrocolloid adhesive agent. Other components of the polymeric material, such as some types of water-soluble film forming polymer like polyvinyl pyrrolidone and certain polysaccharides like hydroxypropyl cellulose may exhibit gelling. For the purpose of the present disclosure, when a gelling agent is present as an optional further component of the polymeric material, this is considered separately from, and in addition to any of the other components which may exhibit gelling behaviour. The flavouring may be selected from the group comprising menthol, peppermint and an alkyl alkanoates, in which the alkyl group may be straight chained or branched and may comprise from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and the alkanoate group may comprise from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. The sweetener may be selected from one or more of the group comprising aspartame, acesulfame K, sucralose, cyclamate, erythritol, mannitol, sorbital, stevia and xylitol. The acidifier may be any suitable inorganic acid. Suitably, the acidifier may be any one of phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or nitric acid. In one embodiment, the acidifier is phosphoric acid. In another embodiment, the acidifier is sulfuric acid. In another embodiment, the acidifier is hydrochloric acid. In another embodiment, the acidified is nitric acid. The acidifier may be any suitable organic acid. Suitably, the acidifier may be any one of malic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid or citric acid. In one embodiment, the acidifier is malic acid. In another embodiment, the acidifier is lactic acid. In yet another embodiment, the acidifier is acetic acid. In another embodiment, the acidifier is citric acid. The antioxidant may be one or more selected from the group comprising tocopherol (vitamin E), tertiary-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) butylated hydroxytoluene and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or a salt thereof. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises pullulan, polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyvinyl acetate, glycerol, polysorbate 80, calcium or a source of calcium ions and a phosphopeptide. Suitably, the phosphopeptide is OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom or casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises pullulan, polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyvinyl acetate, glycerol, polysorbate 80 and any composition as described herein for use in the present invention. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises pullulan, glycerol, polysorbate 80, calcium or a source of calcium ions and OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in such embodiments, the polymeric material is a dissolvable polymer strip. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises pullulan, glycerol, polysorbate 80, calcium or a source of calcium ions and casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in such embodiments, the polymeric material is a dissolvable polymer strip. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone, glycerol, polysorbate 80, calcium or a source of calcium ions and OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in such embodiments, the polymeric material is a dissolvable polymer strip. In yet another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone, glycerol, polysorbate 80, calcium or a source of calcium ions and casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in such embodiments, the polymeric material is a dissolvable polymer strip. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises polyvinyl acetate, glycerol, polysorbate 80, calcium or a source of calcium ions and OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in such embodiments, the polymeric material is a dissolvable polymer strip. In yet another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises polyvinyl acetate, glycerol, polysorbate 80, calcium or a source of calcium ions and casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in such embodiments, the polymeric material is a dissolvable polymer strip. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises pullulan, glycerol, polysorbate 80 and a composition comprising a phosphopeptide. In another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone, glycerol, polysorbate 80, and a composition comprising a phosphopeptide. In yet another embodiment, the polymeric material comprises polyvinyl acetate, glycerol, polysorbate 80, and a composition comprising a phosphopeptide. It may be desirable in some instances that the polymeric material is a non-dissolvable material comprising calcium or a source of calcium and a phosphopeptide as described herein (e.g. phosphopeptides such as OPN, casein, or phosphopeptides derived therefrom). It may also be desirable in some embodiments to use non-dissolvable strips comprising any composition comprising a phosphopeptide as described herein as suitable for use in the present invention. Non-dissolvable strips are known in the art. Such non-dissolvable strips may include those that comprise water, glycerin, hydrogen peroxide, carbomer, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), PEG (humectant), acrylates copolymer, sodium hydroxide, sodium saccharin and polypropylene. In some embodiments, the polymeric material is a dental polymer strip. The film or strip of the present invention may have a thickness ranging from: about 50 µm to about 500 µm, about 50 µm to about 250 µm, about 50 µm to about 100 µm, or about 100 µm to about 200 µm. It may be desirable in some instances to provide a thicker film. Suitably, in some embodiments the film or strip of the present invention may have a thickness ranging from: about 10 to 1,000 µm. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises PVP in a total amount of 65% w / w, a plasticiser in a total amount of 3% w / w, an emulsifier in a total amount of 2% w / w, water in a total amount of 5% w / w, calcium chloride in a total amount of 3.08% w / w and osteopontin or phosphopeptides derived therefrom in a total amount of 21.92% w / w. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises PVP in a total amount of 65% w / w, a plasticiser in a total amount of 3% w / w, an emulsifier in a total amount of 2% w / w, water in a total amount of 5% w / w, calcium chloride in a total amount of 3.08% w / w and casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom in a total amount of 21.92% w / w. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises PVP in a total amount of 80% w / w, a plasticiser in a total amount of 10% w / w, an emulsifier in a total amount of 4% w / w, water in a total amount of 5% w / w, calcium chloride in a total amount of 0.12% w / w and osteopontin or phosphopeptides derived therefrom in a total amount of 0.88% w / w. In one embodiment, the polymeric material comprises PVP in a total amount of 80% w / w, a plasticiser in a total amount of 10% w / w, an emulsifier in a total amount of 4% w / w, water in a total amount of 5% w / w, calcium chloride in a total amount of 0.12% w / w and casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom in a total amount of 0.88% w / w. In some embodiments, the polymeric material is a dental floss. Dental floss is typically made from waxed polytetrafluoroethylene but may be made from any suitable material known in the art. In some embodiments, the polymeric material is dental floss comprising any composition as described herein. In one embodiment, the polymeric material is dental floss comprising 22% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 3% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In one embodiment the dental floss comprises 3% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 0.4% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In one embodiment the dental floss comprises 9% OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 1.27% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In one embodiment dental floss comprises 21.92% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 3.08% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In one embodiment the dental floss comprises 22% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 3% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In one embodiment the dental floss comprises 3% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 0.4% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. In one embodiment the dental floss comprises 9% casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and 1.27% of a source of calcium, preferably calcium chloride. Suitably, in some embodiments, the dental floss may further comprise fluoride or a source of fluoride, such as monofluorophosphate. It will be understood that polymeric material comprising a composition as used in the present invention or a polymeric material comprising OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium ions, casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom or casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium ions are suitable for use in any of the aspects or embodiments as described herein. Suitably, in one aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject. Suitably, in a further aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof. Suitably, in yet another aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri- implantitis in a subject in need thereof. Suitably, in yet another aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of dental hypersensitivity in a subject in need thereof. Suitably, in some embodiments, dental hypersensitivity is dentine hypersensitivity. Suitably, in some embodiments the phosphopeptide is OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments the phosphopeptide is casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material further comprises calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises any of the compositions as described herein. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material comprises the MOL composition. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material comprises the MON composition. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material comprises the MOK composition, Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material comprises the MOG composition. Suitably, in yet another aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of white spot lesions in a subject in need thereof. Suitably, in some embodiments the phosphopeptide is OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments the phosphopeptide is casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material further comprises calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises any of the compositions as described herein. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material comprises the MOL composition. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material comprises the MOK composition. Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material comprises the MON composition, Suitably, in some embodiments the polymeric material comprises the MOG composition. It will be understood by the skilled person that “white spot lesions” are white opacities seen on teeth after the subsurface layer of enamel on a tooth becomes demineralised but the decalcified inner enamel remains trapped underneath remineralised surface enamel. This may be an early sign of tooth decay as result of poor oral hygiene and plaque, bacteria and acid accumulation on teeth. In yet another aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom for use in the prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium for use in the prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject. In yet another aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom for use in the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium for use in the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof. In another aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom for use in the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri- implantitis in a subject in need thereof. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium for use in the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof. In yet another aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom for use in the prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium for use in the prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject. In yet another aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom for use in the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium for use in the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof. In another aspect, there is provided a polymeric material comprising casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom for use in the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium for use in the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof. As described above, a polymeric material as described herein may also be used in any methods according to any aspect or embodiments as described herein. Compositions comprising phosphopeptides as discussed herein have been described in WO2022013552 for use in remineralising and preventing demineralisation of oral surfaces. Suitably, in a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a composition comprising a phosphopeptide as described herein for use in remineralisation or prevention of demineralisation of an oral surface. In a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in remineralisation or prevention of demineralisation of an oral surface. In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide and calcium or a source of calcium for use in remineralisation or prevention of demineralisation of an oral surface. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom for use in remineralisation or prevention of demineralisation of an oral surface. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium for use in remineralisation or prevention of demineralisation of an oral surface. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom for use in remineralisation or prevention of demineralisation of an oral surface. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium for use in remineralisation or prevention of demineralisation of an oral surface. Suitably, in some embodiments, the oral surface is an enamel erosive lesion. Suitably, in some embodiments, the oral surface is an enamel carious lesion. Compositions comprising phosphopeptides as discussed herein have been described in WO2023285797 for use in prevention or treatment of dental hypersensitivity. Suitably, in a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a polymeric material comprising a composition, wherein the composition comprises a phosphopeptide as described herein for use in prevention or treatment of dental hypersensitivity. Suitably in some embodiments the polymeric material comprises a phosphopeptide and calcium or a source of calcium for use in prevention or treatment of dental hypersensitivity. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom for use in prevention or treatment of dental hypersensitivity. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium for use in prevention or treatment of dental hypersensitivity. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom for use in prevention or treatment of dental hypersensitivity. Suitably, in some embodiments, the polymeric material comprises casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and calcium or a source of calcium for use in prevention or treatment of dental hypersensitivity. Administration In any aspect of the invention as described herein, the composition is suitably administered to the mouth of a subject in need thereof. In any aspect of the invention as described herein, the polymeric material is suitably administered to the mouth of a subject in need thereof. Alternatively, or in addition to, the composition or polymeric material may be administered to a device such as a dental implant, an aligner, a retainer, mouth tray and / or a mouthguard. Suitably, the device is placed in the subject’s mouth following administration of the composition or polymeric material to the device. The skilled person will understand that the following embodiments describing the administration of the composition may also apply to the administration of the polymeric material as described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is administered to the subject for at least 1 day, at least 2 days, at least 3 days, at least 4 days, at least 5 days, at least 6 days, at least 7 days, at least 8 days, at least 9 days, at least 10 days, at least 11 days, at least 12 days, at least 13 days, at least 14 days, at least 15 days. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition is administered on consecutive days. Alternatively, in some embodiments the composition is administered on non-consecutive days. In some aspects, the composition is administered to the subject at least once a day, at least twice a day, at least three times a day, at least four times or at least five times a day. In some embodiments, the composition is administered to the mouth of the subject at least once a day, at least twice a day, at least three times, at least four times, at least five times a day. In some embodiments of the invention, the composition is administered once or twice a day for at least 5 days. In some embodiments of the present invention, the composition is administered five times daily for at least 14 days. Suitably, the composition may be administered to the mouth of a subject after eating or drinking. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition may be administered to an aligner, retainer, mouth tray and / or mouthguard before returning such a device to the mouth after eating or drinking. Suitably, the composition may be administered during the day or night. In some embodiments, the composition is administered prior to sleeping. Suitable specific administration routines are discussed in the relevant sections hereinabove. In some embodiments, the composition is used as an adjunct to regular oral care routines. In some embodiments, the composition is administered before or after brushing teeth with a toothpaste. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition is used before or after interdental cleaning such as flossing. Suitably in some embodiments, the composition is administered by a dental clinician / professional. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition is administered by a dental clinician / professional, directly onto a demineralised tooth surface. Suitably in some embodiments the composition is administered to the subgingival areas. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition is administered to a periodontal pocket. Suitably, in some embodiments the composition is administered to a periodontal pocket using a biodegradable delivery system. Biodegradable delivery systems include any biodegradable dental drug delivery system known in the art. Such biodegradable delivery systems may include any dissolvable material suitable for delivery of an active agent to the oral cavity. Biodegradable delivery systems include but are not limited to biodegradable dental chips (e.g., a gelatin matrix chip), hydrogels and polymer strips such as those of the present invention. In some embodiments, the biodegradable delivery system for use in the present invention is a gelatin matrix chip. In another embodiment, the biodegradable delivery system is a hydrogel. In yet another embodiment, the biodegradable delivery system is a polymer strip, preferably a polymer strip of the present invention. In some embodiments, the biodegradable delivery system comprises gelatin, glutaral, glycerin and water combined with any composition as described herein. Suitably, in some embodiments the biodegradable delivery system comprises a composition comprising a phosphopeptide, optionally wherein the phosphopeptide is osteopontin or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. In another embodiment, the biodegradable delivery system comprises a composition comprising a phosphopeptide, optionally wherein the phosphopeptide is casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom. Suitably, in some embodiments a biodegradable delivery system may comprise combining any composition as described herein with gelatin. In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for use in the present invention comprising osteopontin or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and gelatin, preferably the composition comprises OPN-10. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a source of calcium. In one embodiment, there is provided a composition for use in the present invention comprising casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and gelatin. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition may further comprise a source of calcium. In some embodiments, the composition is administered before, during or after a dental procedure. In such embodiments, the procedure may include mechanical cleaning, periodontal irrigation, plaque removal, orthodontic procedures and / or dental surgeries. Suitably, in some embodiments dental surgeries include those used as a treatment for periodontal disease such as pocket reduction surgery, soft tissue grafts and / or bone grafts and dental implants. In some embodiments, the composition is administered before, during or after root surface debridement. In some embodiments, a composition as described herein may be applied directly to the periodontal pocket. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition is a gel composition. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition is a serum composition. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition is a colloid composition. Suitably, in some embodiments, the composition is a liquid composition. In some embodiments, the polymeric material may be applied directly to the periodontal pocket. In some embodiments, the composition is administered by irrigation. Suitably, the composition is a liquid composition. In some embodiments, the composition is administered to the periodontal pocket using a syringe. Suitably, in such embodiments it is preferred the composition is in a liquid or gel formulation. In some embodiments, the composition is administered to the periodontal pocket using a dental instrument. Suitably, in such embodiments it is preferred the composition is in a colloid, liquid or gel formulation. The skilled person will appreciate that additional delivery systems or routes of administration may be used to administer compositions as described herein for use in any of the aspects of the invention. Suitably, it may be desirable in some embodiments to apply the compositions in a foodstuff. The term “foodstuff” will be understood to mean any material, substance, etc, that can be used as food or used in food. Non-limiting examples of foodstuffs may be gums (e.g. a chewing gum, a chewable or a sweet), mints and lozenges, powders and so on. Suitably, in one embodiment, the composition of the present invention is a provided in a chewable gum or sweet. Suitably, in one preferred embodiment the chewable gum or sweet comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and / or calcium or a source of calcium. Suitably, in one preferred embodiment the chewable gum or sweet comprises casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom and / or calcium or a source of calcium. Subject / Patient Groups for Treatment In some embodiments of the various aspects of the present invention, the composition is administered to a subject or a patient selected from one or more of the following groups: - patients with periodontal disease who do not respond or who respond poorly to conventional treatment; - patients with gingivitis who do not respond or who respond poorly to conventional treatment; - patients with gingivitis who do not respond or who respond poorly to conventional oral hygiene routines e.g. daily home care brushing and flossing; - patients with periodontitis who do not respond or who respond poorly to conventional treatment; - patients with periodontitis who do not respond or who respond poorly to conventional oral hygiene routines e.g. daily home care brushing and flossing; - patients with established periodontal disease, gingivitis, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, or peri-implant mucositis; - patients with xerostomia who are at increased risk of periodontal disease; - patients who smoke cigarettes or vape - patients with disabilities or issues with dexterity who find conventional oral hygiene routines difficult; - patients with partial dentures - Orthodontic patients – fixed or removable appliances, clear aligners or retainers - patients with diabetes who are at increased risk of periodontal disease and have difficulty in stabilising the condition if present; - patients with furcation defects; - patients with non-responding sites; for example sites that are more challenging to access when brushing or cleaning interdentally or sites where bleeding cannot be controlled. - patients with compromised immunity, -patients with inflammatory driven diseases such as metabolic and systemic diseasesincluding cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’s disease, rheumatic conditions, respiratory conditions including aspiration pneumonia for hospital patients and bowel cancer. Patients with compromised immunity may include, but are not limited to, patients that have a weakened immune system due to a particular health condition or due to medication or treatment that suppresses the immune system. Suitably, in some embodiments a patient with compromised immunity may include patients receiving chemotherapy, patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs (e.g. corticosteroids, biologics, monoclonal antibody therapy, cell therapy (e.g. T-cell therapy) and kinase inhibitors etc.), patients with HIV, patients with cancer, and patients with autoimmune conditions. It has surprisingly been found that compositions as discussed herein can be used to treat established periodontal disease which is refractory to conventional treatments (including treatment to remove biofilm and eliminate bacteria). Poor response to conventional treatment may suitably include failure to stabilise a disease and / or failure to improve a disease. Stabilisation, progression and improvement of diseases is discussed above. In some embodiments, bleeding gums in a patient suffering from established or chronic periodontal disease is treated, for example to reduce or eliminate symptoms. In some embodiments, bleeding gums in a patient suffering from acute gum disease is treated, for example to reduce or eliminate symptoms. Acute gum disease includes but is not limited to patients with Acute Neurotic Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG). ANUG may occur in patients with a poor immune response caused by stress, smoking and poor plaque control. Suitably, in some embodiments of any aspect, periodontal disease is acute gum disease. In some embodiments of any aspect, periodontal disease is acute neurotic ulcerative gingivitis. Established or chronic disease can be a disease that has been present for 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months or 24 months or longer. Packaging In an aspect of the present invention there is provided packaging comprising a composition for use according any of the aspects of the invention. Suitably the packaging contains the composition for use of the invention. Suitably the packaging may also be operable to deliver the composition for use of the invention, suitably to an oral surface. Suitably the packaging may comprise a container to contain the composition for use. Suitably the packaging may further comprise an applicator or an actuator. Suitably the packaging may comprise an actuator. Suitably upon actuation of the actuator, the composition is expelled from the packaging, suitably from within the container of the packaging. Suitably, the actuator is operable to deliver a metered dose of the composition when actuated. Suitably a metered dose is a suitable amount of the composition to achieve the desired effect. Suitably a metered dose is an amount suitable for a mouth of a subject, for example between 0.1 ml up to 5 ml. Suitable actuators may include a spray nozzle. Suitably, upon actuation of the spray nozzle, droplets of the composition are expelled from the packaging. Suitably the packaging may further comprise a propellant, suitably the propellant aids expelling the composition from the packaging. Suitably, in such an embodiment, the spray nozzle is an aerosolization spray nozzle. In one embodiment, the packaging comprises a spray nozzle. Suitably, in such an embodiment, the packaging may be termed a ‘spray pack’. Suitably, in such an embodiment, the composition is an oral spray. In some embodiments, the packaging comprises oral strips comprising a composition as described herein. Suitably in some embodiments, the oral strips are polymer oral strips. In some embodiments the oral strips are impregnated with a composition as described herein. It will be understood that liquid preparations such as mouthwashes may be packaged in commonly used suitable packages such as a bottle, typically plastic or glass. In contrast, colloid compositions such as a paste or gel will usually be in a collapsible tube. Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the accompanying drawings. Brief Description of the Figures Figure 1: Summary of consumer orthodontic aligner trial using Toothboost for 14 days. Data represents average Likert score of participants (N = 10 participants) for each dental health issue at baseline and after 14 days of using Toothboost MOL formulation. Figure 2: Bleeding Index Charts. (A) Pre-trial bleeding index of patient 1 with Generalised Periodontitis Stage 3. (B) Post-trial index of patient 1 after 14-day daily treatment of Toothboost MOL formulation. Dots indicate a single bleeding point. Figure 3: Bleeding Index Charts. (A) Pre-trial bleeding index of patient 2 with Generalised Periodontitis Stage 4. (B) Post-trial bleeding index of patient 2 after 14-day daily treatment of Toothboost MOL formulation. (C) Follow-up bleeding index of patient 2, 14-days after stopping Toothboost treatment. (D) Follow-up bleeding index of patient 2, following 3-month treatment with Toothboost. Dots indicate a single bleeding point. Figure 4: Bleeding scores following 3-week Trial 1. with Toothboost Oral Mist (MOL formulation). (A) Pre-trial and post-trial bleeding index of patient 1 with Stage 3, Grade B, stable periodontitis and patient 2 with Stage 2 / 3, Grade A, currently stable periodontitis (B) Bleeding scores (%) of patients following 3-week trial with Toothboost Oral Mist (N=10). Figure 5: Bleeding scores following 3-week Trial 2. with Toothboost Oral Mist (MOL formulation) in dental implant patients. (A) Pre-trial and post-trial bleeding index of patient 12 with Stage 2, Grade A, Currently Stable Implant in Upper Left 1,4 (B) Bleeding scores (%) of patients following 3-week trial with Toothboost Oral Mist (N=10). Figure 6: (A) Enamel hardness following treatment with polymer strips comprising 3% OPN and 0.43% calcium chloride (standard formulation), 3% OPN, 0.43% calcium chloride, 0.38% sodium monofluorophosphate (standard formulation + F), 9% OPN and 1.27% calcium chloride (3X Toothboost formulation), 9% OPN, 1.27% calcium chloride and 0.38% sodium monofluorophosphate (3X Toothboost formulation + F) or polymer strips with no active agent (placebo). N=10 specimens per group. Detailed Description of Embodiments of the Invention and Examples While the making and using of various embodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention and do not delimit the scope of the invention. To facilitate the understanding of this invention, a number of terms are defined below. Terms defined herein have meanings as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the areas relevant to the present invention. Terms such as "a", "an" and "the" are not intended to refer to only a singular entity, but include the general class of which a specific example may be used for illustration. The terminology herein is used to describe specific embodiments of the invention, but their usage does not delimit the invention, except as outlined in the claims. The term ‘about’ as used herein may refer to + / -20%, + / -15%, or + / -10% of the value recited, suitably + / -10% of the value recited. The term ‘treatment’ or ‘treating’ as used herein may refer to reducing, ameliorating or eliminating one or more signs, symptoms, or effects of a disease or condition. ‘Treatment’ as used herein includes any treatment of a disease in a mammal, particularly a human, and includes: (a) preventing the disease from occurring or reoccurring in a subject predisposed to the disease or at risk of acquiring the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting its development; and (c) relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease. The term ‘prevention’ or ‘preventing’ as used herein may refer to stopping, inhibiting or reducing one or more signs, symptoms, or effects of a disease or condition. ‘Prevention’ as used herein includes: (a) avoiding the disease from occurring in a subject predisposed to the disease or at risk of acquiring the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting its development. The term ‘remission’ as used herein may refer to reduction or disappearance of one or more signs, symptoms, or effects of a disease or condition. Remission may be considered partial remission or complete remission. Complete remission, also called a full remission, is a total disappearance of the signs and symptoms of a disease. Partial remission may include a reduction in the signs, symptoms or effects of a disease or condition. The term ‘administering’ or ‘administration’ as used herein may refer to introducing or delivering to a subject the composition by any route to perform its intended function. The term ‘subject’ as used herein may be used interchangeably with ‘individual’ or ‘patient’, and refer to any individual subject with a disease or condition in need of prevention or treatment unless otherwise stated. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the subject may be a mammal, preferably a human or a domestic animal such as a dog, cat or horse. The term “Toothboost” is used herein at some points in the examples to describe liquid compositions according to the present invention such as ‘MOK’ as prepared in Example 1 or ‘MOL’ as prepared in Example 2. ‘MOK’ refers to a liquid formulation containing phosphate in the form of phosphate buffers. The term “Boostpaste” is used herein at some points in the examples to describe paste compositions according to the present invention such as ‘MON’ as prepared in Example 3. The term ‘MOG’ as referred to herein describes a gel composition, such as that prepared in Example 4. The term ‘established periodontitis’ may refer to any stage or any grade of periodontitis as described herein that is present in a subject prior to treatment with any composition as described herein. The skilled person will understand that in some embodiments established periodontitis may be defined as demonstrated clinical attachment loss. In some embodiments established periodontitis may be defined as the presence of periodontal pockets. Alternatively, in some embodiments, established periodontitis may be defined as clinical attachment loss of at least 4mm, at least 5mm, at least 6mm, at least 7mm, at least 8mm, at least 9mm or at least 10mm in at least one or more teeth. In some embodiments, established periodontitis may be defined as the presence of clinical attachment loss as described and the presence of at least one or more periodontal pockets. The staging or grading of periodontitis will not improve post clinical or therapeutic treatment as this records the inter-proximal bone loss to date. However, stability and / or remission can prevent further alveolar bone loss. Gingivitis is characterised by swelling and redness of the gingiva. Gingivitis may be defined as localised or generalised gingivitis. Localised gingivitis is clinically defined by the British Society of Periodontology (BSP) as >10%-30% bleeding on periodontal probing. Generalised gingivitis is clinically defined as >30% bleeding on probing. The term ‘peri-implant mucositis’ may refer to an inflammatory lesion of the soft tissues surrounding an endosseous implant in the absence of loss of supporting bone or continuing marginal bone loss. The term ‘peri-implantitis’ relates to a more severe form of peri-implant disease that may be characterised by inflammation, pus and bone loss around the osseo-integrated dental implant. The term ‘pathogenic bacteria’ as referred to herein refers to any species of bacteria that may cause or contribute to periodontal disease. The skilled person will understand that pathogenic bacteria does not include commensal bacteria, i.e. those bacteria that conducive to a healthy oral microenvironment. Species of pathogenic bacteria may include, but are not limited to, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Filifactor alocis, Porphyromonas, Synergistetes, Peptostreptococcaceae and Actinomyces actinomycetemcomitans. The term ‘non-responder’ as referred to herein, may refer to any subject that does not respond to conventional therapy or treatment. The skilled person will understand a non-responder to include subjects that fail to respond to conventional therapy or treatment or those who respond partially to a conventional therapy or treatment. For example, in the context of the present invention, a non-responder may include a subject with periodontal disease whereby conventional therapy or treatment such as any of mechanical removal of plaque, deep cleaning of the gum tissue or administration of antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics and chlorhexidine rinses does not improve or treat the periodontal disease. Suitable examples of non-responders include, but are not limited to, subjects with compromised immunity, subjects with autoimmune conditions, subjects who are unable to control plaque via conventional oral health routines, subjects with compounding risk factors such as diabetes, subjects with non- responding sites and subjects with furcation defects. The term ‘non-responding sites’ may refer to sites of periodontal disease where bleeding is not resolved in the mouth or sites that remain unstable during conventional therapy or treatment. These sites may be sites that are more challenging to access when brushing or cleaning interdentally as conventional therapy and treatment must be supported by a daily oral hygiene routine. The term ‘biofilm’ as used herein refers to a community of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other on an oral surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance. The skilled person will understand that the term oral biofilm may be used interchangeably with the term ‘dental plaque’. Example 1 – Liquid Composition Comprising Phosphoproteins and Phosphate and Fluoride – “MOK” The formulation of MOK is as follows: MOK batches Intermediate A Ingredient % w / w Sodium Methyl Paraben 0.2 Phenoxyethanol 2.6 Saccharine 1.0 Tego Betain 7.7 Deionised water 81.5 Flavour oil 7.0 Finished Product Ingredient % w / w OPN-10 3.0 Trisodium phosphate 0.1M solution 16.0 Disodium hydrogen phosphate 0.1M solution 16.0 Sodium bicarbonate 1M solution 15.0 Deionised water 30.0 calcium chloride 1M solution 2.9 Monofluorophosphate 0.4 xylitol 5.0 Intermediate A 7.7 make up to volume after final pH adjustment 4.0 make the Intermediate A flavour system: 1. Mix Phenoxyethanol with flavour oil. 2. Disperse Tego Betain into the solution by mixing. 3. Mix saccharin, methyl paraben and the deionised water until a clear solution. 4. Add this quickly to the tego betain suspension and stir. After about an hour it is a clear straw colour solution. make the finished product: 1. Add 2 / 3 of the total volume of deionised water to 3.0% w / w OPN-10 and rapidly mix for two hours until the solution clears. 2. Add 1M calcium chloride at a rate of 0.3ml / min with rapid stirring. 3. Add tri-sodium phosphate and di-sodium hydrogen phosphate to the OPN-10 solution at a rate of 0.4 / min. 4. Add monofluorophosphate solution made from dissolving MFP into 1 / 3 of the total volume of deionised water. Add back to the OPN solution at a rate of 0.2ml / min. This will result in a very slightly cloudy pale yellow / white solution. 5. Add the sodium bicarbonate solution at a rate of 0.3ml / min, keeping pH at 7.5±0.3 with 1M HCl / 1M NaOH. 6. Add intermediate A to the OPN solution at a rate of 0.2ml / min with rapid stirring. This will result in a clear solution. 7. Mix in 5.0% w / w xylitol. 8. Adjust the pH of the solution to 7.5. 9. Make up to 100.0g with deionised water. 10. After 24H Filter through a 0.22um sterile filter. If using a single transfer tube for the reagents, it must be washed through before each reagent is added. Example 2 – Liquid Composition Comprising Phosphoproteins (Phosphate Free) – “MOL” MOL batches Fluoride free. Intermediate A % Ingredient w / w Sodium Methyl Paraben 0.2 Phenoxyethanol 2.6 Saccharine 1.0 Tego Betain 7.6 Deionised water 81.5 Flavour oil 6.9 Finished Product % Ingredient w / w OPN-10 3.0 Sodium bicarbonate 1M solution 15.0 Deionised water. 54.0 Calcium chloride 1M solution 2.9 Xylitol 5.0 HCl 1M solution 11.0 Intermediate A 7.7 Make up to final volume with water after final pH adjustment 1.4 MOL batches with fluoride Intermediate A % Ingredient w / w Sodium Methyl Paraben 0.2 Phenoxyethanol 2.6 Saccharine 1.0 Tego Betain 7.6 Deionised water 81.5 Flavour oil 6.9 Finished Product % Ingredient w / w OPN-10 3.0 Sodium bicarbonate 1M solution 15.0 Deionised water. 54.0 Monofluorophosphate 0.4 Calcium chloride 1M solution 2.9 Xylitol 5.0 HCl 1M solution 11.0 Intermediate A 7.7 Make up to final volume with water after final pH adjustment 1.0 Manufacture of flavour system Intermediate A. 1. Mix Phenoxyethanol with flavour oil. 2. When a clear solution, disperse Tego Betain into the solution and mix until fully dispersed. 3. Mix saccharin and methyl paraben to deionised water and mix until dissolved. 4. Add the saccharine mix, quickly, to the tego suspension and stir. After about an hour it is a clear straw colour solution. Manufacture of finished product (100g). 1. Add 49g of deionised water to a beaker and add 3.0g of OPN and stir for two hours. 2. Add calcium solution. 3. Mix MFP with 5ml of deionised water and add to bicarbonate solution and add xylitol and stir until dissolved. 4. Add sodium bicarbonate. 5. Add Intermediate A. 6. Add HCl solution. 7. Check and adjust pH after 24 hours. 8. Filter through a 0.2µm sterile filter. A phosphate free and fluoride free formulation of MOL can be made in the same way as detailed above with the same components except monofluorophosphate (MFP) is not included, see above Table. Example 3 – Paste Composition Comprising Phosphoproteins (Phosphate Free) – “MON” MON batches Fluoride free Intermediate A % w / w Sodium Methyl Paraben 0.2 Phenoxyethanol 2.6 Saccharine 1.0 Tego Betain 7.6 Deionised water 80.7 Flavour oil 7.8 Finished product Ingredient % w / w OPN-10 3.0 Sodium bicarbonate 2.0 Zeofree 153 12.0 Abrasive silica 6.0 Deionised water. 22.9 HCl 1M 34.0 Calcium chloride solid 0.5 Manitol 9.0 Xanthan 0.8 Intermediate A 7.7 make up to with water after final pH adjustment 2.1 MON batches with Fluoride Intermediate A % w / w Sodium Methyl Paraben 0.2 Phenoxyethanol 2.6 Saccharine 1.0 Tego Betain 7.6 Deionised water 80.7 Flavour oil 7.8 Finished product Ingredient % w / w OPN-10 3.0 Sodium bicarbonate 2.0 Zeofree 153 12.0 Abrasive silica 6.0 Deionised water. 22.9 HCl 1M 34.0 Calcium chloride solid 0.5 Monofluorophosphate 1.1 Manitol 9.0 Xanthan 0.8 Intermediate A 7.7 make up to with water after final pH adjustment 1.0 Manufacture of flavour system Intermediate A. 1. Mix Phenoxyethanol with flavour oil. 2. When a clear solution, disperse Tego Betain into the solution and mix until fully dispersed. 3. Mix saccharin and methyl paraben to deionised water and mix until dissolved. 4. Add the saccharine mix, quickly, to the tego suspension and stir. After about an hour it is a clear straw colour solution. Manufacture of finished product (100g). 1. Add deionised water and 1M HCl and OPN and stir for 30 min. 2. Add sodium bicarbonate, calcium, Zeofree silica and Abrasive silica, MFP and Manitol. 3. Mix with a high sheer mixer until fully dispersed. 4. Add Intermediate A. 5. Mix in Xanthan. 6. Check pH by taking 2g of the paste a make a 25% suspension. Adjust to 7.0, if required. A phosphate free and fluoride free formulation of MON can be made in the same way as detailed above with the same components except monofluorophosphate (MFP) is not included, see above Table. Example 4 – Gel Composition Comprising Phosphoproteins (Phosphate Free) – “MOG” MOG batches Fluoride free Intermediate A % w / w Sodium Methyl Paraben 0.2 Phenoxyethanol 2.6 Saccharine 1.0 Tego Betain 7.7 Deionised water 81.5 Flavour oil 7.0 Finished product Ingredient % w / w OPN-10 3.0 Sodium bicarbonate 15.0 Deionised water. 48.72 HCl 1M solution 15.7 Calcium chloride 1M solution 2.87 Xylitol 5.0 Xanthan gum 1.0 Intermediate A 7.71 make up to with water after final pH adjustment 1.0 Manufacture of flavour system Intermediate A 1. Mix Phenoxyethanol with flavour oil; 2. When a clear solution, disperse Tego Betain into the solution and mix until fully dispersed; 3. Mix saccharin and methyl paraben to deionised water and mix until dissolved; 4. Add the saccharine mix, quickly, to the tego suspension and stir. After about an hour it is a clear straw colour solution. Manufacture of finished product (100g) 1. Add deionised water to OPN and stir; 2. Add calcium solution; 3. Add sodium bicarbonate; 4. Add HCl solution; 5. Mix in xylitol; 6. Leave stirring until fully dispersed; 7. pH adjust to 7.2 ± 0.2; 8. Add xanthan gum; 9. Add intermediate A and mix well. MOG batches with Fluoride Intermediate A % w / w Sodium Methyl Paraben 0.4 Phenoxyethanol 4.03 Saccharine 1.61 Tego Betain 11.8 Deionised water 125.65 Flavour oil 10.72 Finished product Ingredient % w / w OPN-10 3.0 Sodium bicarbonate 15.0 Deionised water. 47.96 HCl 1M solution 15.70 Calcium chloride 1M solution 2.87 Xylitol 5.0 MFP 0.76 Xanthan gum 1.0 Intermediate A 7.71 make up to with water after final pH adjustment 1.0 Manufacture of flavour system Intermediate A 1. Mix Phenoxyethanol with flavour oil; 2. When a clear solution, disperse Tego Betain into the solution and mix until fully dispersed; 3. Mix saccharin and methyl paraben to deionised water and mix until dissolved; 4. Add the saccharine mix, quickly, to the tego suspension and stir. After about an hour it is a clear straw colour solution. Manufacture of finished product (100g) 1. Add deionised water to OPN and stir; 2. Add calcium solution; 3. Add sodium bicarbonate; 4. Add HCl solution; 5. Mix in xylitol; 6. Mix in MFP; 7. Leave stirring; 8. pH adjust to 7.2 ± 0.2; 9. Add xanthan gum; 10. Add intermediate A and mix well. Example 5 – Consumer Trial – Orthodontic Aligner Consumer Survey Introduction Adult Orthodontic Aligner Patients Online Survey Orthodontic aligners are a common choice for adult patients looking to align their teeth for cosmetic purposes but also to address more serious dental health issues such as malocclusion which can ultimately lead to oral health complications if left untreated. Aligner users have to wear aligners for 22 hours a day during their treatment phase which can last between 6–24 months on average. Therefore, the present inventors performed a confidential consumer research study to explore the challenges faced by consumers and patients who wear aligners.37 participants took part in the consumer research study which highlighted a number of issues from difficulty cleaning teeth and aligners after eating and drinking, bad breath, dry mouth and increased sensitivity (Table 1). Table 1: Survey Aligner Patients Self-Reported Dental Health Issues Issue Participants reporting issue (%) Dry Mouth 73% Bleeding Gums 54% Sensitive Teeth 49% Discolouration of Teeth 37% Bad Breath 27% Orthodontic appliances make it more difficult to brush teeth effectively, as they interfere with tooth brushing and facilitate the accumulation of dental plaque (Biofilm) which induces quantitative and qualitative changes in oral microbiota. It can cause several adverse effects, such as gingivitis, periodontitis, white spot lesions, caries, and halitosis, induced by the increase of periodontal pathogenic and cariogenic bacteria. Following the results from the survey, a confidential consumer trial (consumer trial A) was designed to gain insight into the application of Toothboost compositions (i.e. compositions comprising a phosphopeptide) as described herein for consumers undergoing orthodontic aligner treatment. Orthodontic Aligner Consumer Toothboost Oral Mist Trial A. Toothboost Oral Mist as referred to in the Examples herein, refers to the phosphate and fluoride free MOL composition as described in Example 2 above. Method 10 participants were selected to take part in a 14-day trial of Toothboost. Patients were provided with a liquid composition of phosphate-free + fluoride free Toothboost of the MOL formulation as described in Example 2. Prior to using Toothboost, participants were asked to complete a dental health questionnaire confirm which of the following dental issues they currently experience and record on a Likert scale of 1-7 how bad the issue is: ^ Bad Breath, Morning / During the Day / Evenings ^ Dry Mouth ^ Bleeding Gums ^ Sensitive Teeth, While Eating / While Drinking / When Brushing A score of 1 represents an issue considered not bad at all and it hardly affects the patient and 7 is extremely bad, where the issues affect the patient all the time. The participants were then each given 2 x 15ml spray bottle of Toothboost oral mist and instructed to use Toothboost daily for 14 days. Participants were instructed not to alter their daily oral care routines or regular dental product used. No instructions were given to use the mist directly before or after brushing. No Instructions were given as to the minimum or maximum recommended daily use. Toothboost was described to the participants as a no-rinse spray to use after consuming food and drinks, before putting aligners back in. The participants were instructed to use one or two sprays directly into the mouth, spread the fine spray around your teeth with your tongue and then replace the aligner. Participants were also advised towards the end of the 14-day trial, they could apply the product directly into the clear aligner before replacing in the mouth. The consumers were assigned a number of tasks to perform during the trial period. The final task was a 1:1 interview which included completing the dental health issues questionnaire to measure any changes to dental issues following completion of the trial. Results Pre-existing dental issues The participants experienced a varying range of dental health issues with varying levels of severity (Table 2; Figure 1). It was of particular note that 6 of the 10 participants recorded bleeding gums as a pre-existing dental issue, with 2 of the 6 reporting their bleeding gums as extremely bad (Likert score 7) (Table 2; Figure 1). Table 2: Pre-existing Dental Issues Experienced by Participants Prior to Toothboost Oral Mist Consumer Trial A Likert Scale Classification: 0. I do not experience this issue; 1. Not bad at all I hardly notice it; 7. Extremely bad affects me all the time. Self-reported dental health Participants 1 to Participant 10 Classification Scores issues prior to 14-day trial P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 Bad Breath – Morning 5 5 6 4 6 2 2 6 N / A 0 Bad Breath – During the day 1 0 3 4 1 4 1 6 N / A 0 Bad Beath – Evening 0 1 4 4 2 2 1 3 N / A 0 Dry Mouth 4 5 2 4 1 1 0 0 N / A 3 Bleeding Gums 7 7 0 3 0 2 2 4 N / A 0 Sensitive Teeth while eating 7 2 0 3 0 2 5 7 N / A 0 Sensitive Teeth-while 7 2 1 4 2 4 5 7 N / A 2 drinking Sensitive Teeth when 2 2 3 3 0 2 2 5 N / A 0 brushing Due to an administrative error Participant 9’s score was not recorded prior to the trial. Dental Issues After 14-day Toothboost Trial Participants completed the dental health issues questionnaire to reassess their dental health issues after daily use of Toothboost Mist (fluoride and phosphate free MOL composition) (Table 3). Participants were also interviewed following completion of the trial. Table 3: Dental Issues Experienced by Participants After Toothboost Oral Mist Consumer Trial Likert Scale Classification: 0. I do not experience this issue; 1. Not bad at all I hardly notice it; 7. Extremely bad affects me all the time. Self-reported dental health issues Participant 1 to Participant 10 Post 14-day trial Classification Scores P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 Bad Breath – Morning 1 1 2 4 2 2 1 3 4 0 Bad Breath – During the day 0 1 2 4 1 2 1 2 3 0 Bad Beath – Evening 0 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 0 Dry Mouth 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 Bleeding Gums 2 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 Sensitive Teeth- While eating 2 0 0 4 0 0 1 2 0 2 Sensitive Teeth- While drinking 2 0 0 4 1 3 1 1 0 4 Sensitive Teeth- When brushing 1 1 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 0 Feedback received from participants included unexpected results relating to a number of participants pre-existing condition of bleeding gums. It was further observed that dry mouth, hypersensitivity and bad morning breath was consistently improved across all participants following the 14-day trial period. Bleeding Gums ^ 4 out of the 6 participants who initially recorded bleeding gums as an issue, reported a reduction in bleeding gums during the trial period (Figure 1). ^ 2 of the participants (P1 and P2) who previously recorded their bleeding gums as a 7 - ‘extremely bad, affects me all the time’ noted a significant reduction in their bleeding gums while using Toothboost oral mist, with a decrease to 2 / 7 and 0 / 7 respectively (Table 3; Figure 1). ^ Both P1 and P2 commented their bleeding gums stopped during the 14-day trial period. Post Toothboost Oral Mist Trial Participants 1 and 2 Participant 1 Gender: Female Age: 51 Participant 2 Gender: Female Age: 30 Both participants 1 and 2 reported reduced gum bleeding during the consumer trial (Fig.1). The self-reporting of reduced gum bleeding during the 14-day consumer trial was surprising and unexpected. No reference or instructions were made relating to gum health or bleeding gums in the information leaflet provided to the participants and the inventors had no prior indication that Toothboost Mist application would prevent or stop bleeding. After completing the 14-day trial both participants with severe bleeding gums reported their bleeding gums had stopped within a week of using the product. Example 6 - Follow-on Toothboost Oral Mist Trial to further explore the effects of Toothboost Mist on bleeding gums Introduction As discussed, bleeding gums are a symptom of periodontal disease, with bleeding presenting in both gingivitis and active periodontitis. Therefore, to explore the finding that Toothboost markedly reduced bleeding gums, Participant 1 and Participant 2 who self-reported extremely bad gum bleeding, were recruited into a further study to explore the findings further. Method The trial was divided into two phases, Phase 1 where the participants were required to confirm they had finished their Toothboost Mist samples prior to starting the trial and had a 14-day period without daily Toothboost mist use. The participants then completed a dental health questionnaire following the 14-day period without daily Toothboost use. Phase 2 was then performed where the participants resumed daily use of the Mist for a 14-day period and then completed a further dental health issues questionnaire. The application of Toothboost Mist requires no mechanical cleaning or disruption of dental plaque. No instructions were given to apply the mist directly after brushing. This was to ensure that Toothboost was not only applied to a clean tooth surface, but the results were able to capture the effect of Toothboost where bacterial attachment has already occurred. Participants used the Mist at various points of the day or night as an adjunct to their daily oral care routines and dental product use. Phase 1 of the trial The participants were asked to complete the dental health questionnaire as in consumer trial A. Additionally, the participants were asked a number of questions to reflect on the withdrawal of Toothboost from their daily routines for a 14-day period. Phase 1 – Participant 1. Case Study Questions: Q: Can you list any benefits you experienced or observed during the initial consumer trial period. A: Fresh breath, mouth feels clean after use, reduced teeth sensitivity, reduced bleeding gums. Q: Can you advise if any of the benefits you listed reduced or stopped, during the 2-week period you have been without Toothboost Mist - please detail A: “My breath is not so fresh in the mornings, also I have started experiencing more tooth sensitivity and gum bleeding which had reduced while I was using the Toothboost sample”. Q: Can you advise if any of the benefits you listed, continued during the 2-week period you have been without Toothboost Mist – please detail A: “My tooth sensitivity and gum bleeding is not as bad as it was prior to using Toothboost”. After receiving the response, participant 1 was then asked a number of follow-on questions based on the answers they provided: Q. A brief follow-up question regarding your bleeding gums, was there ever a period during Mark I trial, when the issue with bleeding gums stopped altogether, was absent? The participant reported that the bleeding gums stopped completely after about a week or so after using Toothboost. Q. From the Questionnaire you started experiencing bleeding gums again, could you estimate when you noticed it? The participant reported that gum bleeding returned 5 days to a week after stopping Toothboost. Phase 1 – Participant 2 Case Study Questions: Q: Once the Initial 14-day trial period ended, did you maintain, reduce, or increase daily use of Toothboost Mist – please comment if you reduced or increase use, why? A: “I increased the daily frequency when I discovered that I could spray my aligners with the mist, it was my lightbulb moment with the Toothboost. Q: Can you list any benefits you experienced or observed during the consumer trial period - prior to finishing your Toothboost Mist bottles. A: “The main benefit was that my gums stopped bleeding - which was totally unexpected. The secondary benefit was that my breath improved throughout the day. Having aligners in all day isn’t the most comfortable (or most hygienic) but the odour was not noticeable by the end.” Q: Can you advise if any of the benefits you listed reduced or stopped during the 2-week + period you have been without Toothboost Mist – please detail A: “Sadly, my gums have been bleeding again, not as much as before I used Toothboost, but it’s happened 4 nights out of the 14 I haven’t used the mist.” Table 4: Dental Health Issues Questionnaire – Phase 1, participants ceased use of Toothboost Mist for 14 days Phase 2, resume daily use of Toothboost Mist for 14-day period. Likert Scale Classification: 0. I do not experience this; issue 1. Not bad at all I hardly notice it; 7. Extremely bad affects me all the time. Self-reported Participant 1 and 2 (P1 and P2) Classification Scores Dental Health Issues P1 P1 P2 P2 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 1 Phase 2 Bad Breath - Morning 4 1 4 2 Bad Breath - During the day 0 0 1 1 Bad Beath - Evening 0 0 4 2 Dry Mouth 3 2 3 2 Bleeding Gums 2 1 4 2 Sensitive Teeth - While 2 1 1 1 eating Sensitive Teeth - While 2 1 1 1 drinking Sensitive Teeth - When 2 1 1 1 brushing Both participants reported their bleeding gums issue returned during the 2-week period, when they stopped using Toothboost Mist. However, both participants reported that their bleeding gums reduced or stopped when they resumed daily application of Toothboost Mist for a further 14-day period. Although both patients who initially presented with severe gum bleeding (Likert score 7; Table 2) reported a return of gum bleeding after the use of Toothboost was stopped, it was noted that the return of gum bleeding was less severe than previously self-reported (Table 4 and Figure 1). Example 7 – Toothboost Oral Mist Treatment for Patients with Clinical Periodontal Disease – Clinical Assessments Introduction The consumer trials performed with orthodontic aligner patients provided a surprising and unexpected result that compositions comprising phosphopeptides can prevent and treat gingivitis as characterised by gum bleeding. A further Toothboost Mist trial was designed to gain clinical insight into the effect of using Toothboost Oral Mist for a 14-day period on patients with existing periodontal conditions. Two patients displaying different stages of periodontal disease, were selected by a dental hygienist to take part in the Toothboost Oral Mist trial. Method Two patients were selected based on the British Periodontal Society Classification 2017. Patient 1 was classified as having a moderate rate of periodontal disease progression whereas Patient 2 was classified as having a rapid rate of periodontal disease progression. Patients 1 and 2 gave oral consent to take part in the trial and signed a waiver document prior to starting the trial. Clinical Assessment Patient 1 and Patient 2 were clinically assessed by a dental hygienist who used the Practice Works Dental Software Periodontal Bleeding Index Charting to record the health of the patient’s gums prior to starting the trial and post the 14-day trial period. Both patients were requested to continue their regular daily oral care routines and dental products, as Toothboost Mist oral mist was designed to be used as an adjunct product. Bleeding Index Gingival bleeding when probing around teeth correlates with sulcular inflammation. Easily ulcerated sulcular epithelium represents inflammation from plaque and is the primary cause of bleeding when probing. A bleeding index is an indicator of sulcus health. Bleeding also can be provoked by undue pressure on the probe. Dental health issues questionnaire Both patients were asked to complete a dental health issues questionnaire prior to the Toothboost Mist Trial and after 14 days of using Toothboost daily. Results Clinical Assessment Patient 1: Moderate Rate of Periodontal Disease Progression Gender: Female Age: 54 Regular Attender: Dental examinations twice a year, Dental Hygienist visits four times a year Dental History: BSP Periodontal Assessment ^ Generalised Periodontitis Stage 3 ^ Grade B ^ Currently Stable ^ Periodontal Risk Moderate. A pre-trial bleeding index was performed where 16 bleeding points were identified in the upper teeth and 8 bleeding points in the lower teeth, totalling 24 bleeding points (Figure 2A). Following 14 days of Toothboost as an adjunct to the regular daily oral health care routine of the patient, a post-trial bleeding index was performed showing a reduction in the number of bleeding points in the upper teeth to 2 and in the lower teeth to 2. Remarkably there was a reduction in total number of bleeding points from 24 points to 4 bleeding points after 14-day treatment with Toothboost Mist (Figure 2B). These results demonstrate a clinical reduction in periodontal bleeding points for this patient with pre-existing stable periodontal disease. Therefore, indicating that Toothboost oral mist as an adjunct to dental care routines is effective in preventing and treating periodontal disease. Clinical Assessment Patient 2: Rapid Rate of Periodontal Disease Progression Gender: Female Age: 69 Regular Attender: Dental Examination 6 monthly, Dental Hygienist visits 3 monthly Dental History: BPS Periodontal Assessment Generalised Periodontitis Stage 4 ^ Grade C ^ Currently Unstable ^ Periodontal Risk High A pre-trial bleeding index was performed where 35 bleeding points were identified in the upper teeth and 28 bleeding points in the lower teeth, totalling 63 bleeding points (Figure 3A). Following 14 days of Toothboost as an adjunct to the regular daily oral health care routine of the patient, a post-trial bleeding index was performed showing a reduction in the number of bleeding points in the upper teeth to 22 and in the lower teeth to 21. There was a reduction in total number of bleeding points from 63 points to 43 bleeding points after 14-day treatment with Toothboost Mist (Figure 3B). These results demonstrate a clinical reduction in periodontal bleeding points for this patient with pre-existing unstable periodontal disease. Patient 2 returned for a scheduled three-monthly dental hygiene appointment 14 days after finishing the Toothboost Mist sample. The dental hygienist recorded the Periodontal Bleeding Index Charting (Figure 3C) to assess the health of the patient’s gums following cessation of Toothboost. The third bleeding index performed on patient 2 revealed 19 bleeding points in the upper teeth and 20 bleeding points in the lower teeth, totalling 39 bleeding points. A further periodontal bleeding index chart recorded the incidents of bleeding following a 14- day period of non-use of Toothboost Mist (Figure 3C; 39 bleeding points). The results indicate Toothboost Mist has an effect in preventing or treating periodontal disease alongside a potential sustained or prolonged effect following a period of non-use as demonstrated in Figure 3C. Patient 2 continued to use Toothboost for a further period of 3 months and returned for a further periodontal bleeding index. As shown in Figure 3D, 26 bleeding points were recorded after 3 month use of Toothboost (applied 5x daily, then reduced to 2x daily). The patient self- reported that reducing to twice daily usage resulted in a slight increase in bleeding. These results further support that use of Toothboost Mist reduces bleeding gums of patients with established periodontal disease. Dental health issues questionnaire Table 5: Dental health issues questionnaire prior to Toothboost Mist trial and post Toothboost Mist 14-day trial for Patient 1 and Patient 2 Likert Scale Classification: 0. I do not experience this; issue 1. Not bad at all I hardly notice it; 7. Extremely bad affects me all the time. Self-reported dental health Patient 1 and Patient 2 Classification Scores Issues Patient 1 Patient 1 Patient 2 Patient 2 Pre-Trial Post-Trial Pre-Trial Post-Trial Bad Breath - Morning 5 4 1 0 Bad Breath - During the day 1 1 1 0 Bad Beath - Evening 1 1 1 0 Dry Mouth 0 0 4 3 Bleeding Gums 1 1 7 5 Sensitive Teeth - While 3 3 6 4 eating Sensitive Teeth - While 3 3 6 4 drinking Sensitive Teeth - When 3 3 6 5 brushing The clinical assessment of patients suffering from a moderate rate of periodontal disease progression and a rapid rate of periodontal disease progression as measured by a bleeding index, revealed that daily application of MOL formulation Toothboost resulted in a marked reduction of gum bleeding. Patient 2 themselves self-reported a noticeable reduction in gum bleeding (Table 5). Patient 1 was not aware of bleeding gums, which is very common when the number of bleeding points are low. Although gingivitis was present as recorded in bleeding index, bleeding at these points were minimal, hence the reason this patient was not aware of the issue and recorded Bleeding Gums as 1. ‘Not bad at all’ on the Likert Scale (Table 5) Despite the patient not being aware of bleeding gums, clinical assessment using the bleeding index revealed a reduction in bleeding points even in patients with very minimal gum bleeding. Not only was the effect of MOL formulation Toothboost able to reduce the severity of gum bleeding during use, but patient 2 presented with a sustained reduction in gum bleeding 14 days after cessation of using the Toothboost mist. Example 8: Three-Week Toothboost Oral Mist Trial 1. Patients with Diagnosed Periodontal Disease Introduction: To further assess the impact of compositions comprising a phosphopeptide on treating and preventing bleeding gums in patients with different stages of periodontal disease, a three-week trial was performed with Toothboost oral mist (MOL formulation). Method: Initial Selection Criteria ^ Patient can be any age / gender ^ Patient has to be able to give their consent, alongside the ability to follow instructions and apply the product as instructed. ^ Trial not suitable for vegans or patients with milk / dairy product intolerance as the formulation contains a phosphopeptide – dairy protein. ^ Formulation Ingredients are Generally Recognised as Safe GRAS Clinical Selection Criteria ^ Patients should have at least 11 teeth ^ Patients should have minimum of 10 bleeding points. ^ Patients should not be on anticoagulant medicine ^ Patients should be a non-smoker Information on Trial 1 Patients 4 out of the 10 patients periodontal disease was classified as: Stage 4 – Very Severe Grade C – Rapid rate of progression Currently Unstable This is the severe end of the disease process; patients are at risk of tooth loss if the condition cannot be stabilized or attain remission. Remission or stabilization of the periodontal condition is recorded by Bleeding on Probing (BOP) ^ Stable – BOP < 10% + No BOP at 4mm sites ^ Remission – BOP < 10% + No bleeding at 4mm sites This criteria is according to the British Society of Periodontology (BSP) – Implementing the 2017 Classification of Periodontal Diseases to Reach a Diagnosis in Clinical Practice

[0010] . Prior to commencing the 3-week trial period a dental professional recorded gum bleeding scores as described in Example 7 above. Patients were then instructed to use the Toothboost Oral Mist 3 x daily, applying 1-2 sprays directly into their mouth and spread around their teeth with their tongue. All patients used Toothboost Oral Mist 3 x daily during the 3-week trial period, at a variety of times to fit in with their own lifestyle and daily routines. 9 patients maintained their normal minimum twice daily oral care and brushing routines.1 patient (Patient 3) increased their daily brushing from 1 x daily to 2 x daily during the trial as participating in the trial was a catalyst to improve their existing 1 x daily brushing habit. All patients continued with their regular fluoride toothpaste and / or mouthwash products / brands. 2 patients (Patients 9 & 10) used regular fluoride toothpaste product that also contained chlorhexidine, Corsodyl Toothpaste. At the end of the 3-week trial period, patients self-reported their own observations and gum bleeding scores were recorded by a dental professional. Results: Self-Reported Observations while using Toothboost Oral Mist 3 x Daily for 3-weeks Bad Breath: 2 Patients observed an improvement in bad breath Dry Mouth: 5 Patients observed an improvement in dry mouth symptoms Bleeding Gums: 7 Patients observed a reduction in bleeding while brushing Sensitive Teeth: 2 Patients observed a reduction in teeth sensitivity Clinical Bleeding Scores All patients participating in the 3 week trial displayed a significant reduction in gum bleeding scores following treatment with Toothboost Oral Mist (see Fig.4b). A representative bleeding chart is shown in Figure 4a (patient 1). This effect was achieved across all stages and grades of periodontal disease (see Table 6a-c). Table 6a: Clinical status and bleeding scores of patients in 3-week Toothboost Trial 1. Patient No Periodontal Clinical Status recorded Bleeding % Scores % at patients last clinical examination Pre & Post Trial Difference Patient 1 Stage 3 Pre-Trial 46.55 57.40% Age >60yrs Grade B Post-Trial 19.83 Currently Stable *Patient 2 Stage 2 / 3 Pre-Trial 72.41 41.67% Age >40yrs Grade A Post-Trial 42.24 Currently Stable Patient 3 Stage 2 Pre Trial 54.31 26.97% Age > 60yrs Grade A Post-Trial 39.66 Currently Stable Patient 4 Stage 4 Pre-Trial 33.33 13.89% Age > 50yrs Grade C Post-Trial 28.70 Currently Unstable Patient 5 Stage 2 Pre Trial 64.00 58.08% Age > 60yrs Grade A Post-Trial 26.83 Currently In Remission Patient 6 Stage 2 / 3 Pre-Trial 41.63 22.80% Age > 70yrs Grade A Post-Trial 32.14 Currently Stable Patient 7 Stage 3 Pre-Trial 25.00 70.00% Age > 70yrs Grade B Post-Trial 7.50 Currently Unstable Patient 8 Stage 4 Pre-Trial 42.86 68.60% Age > 70yrs Grade C Post-Trial 13.46 Currently Unstable Patient 9 Stage 4 Pre-Trial 36.96 50.00% Age > 60yrs Grade C Post-Trial 18.48 Currently Unstable Patient 10 Stage 4 Pre-Trial 45.00 31.11% Age > 70yrs Grade C Post-Trial 31.00 Currently Unstable Average Pre-Trial 46.20 44.05% Post-Trial 26.00 Table 6b: Bleeding Score Statistics - Trial 1. PRE-TRIAL BLEEDING POST-TRIAL BLEEDING Mean 46.2 Mean 25.98 Standard Error 4.48 Standard Error 3.52 Median 43.93 Median 27.77 Mode #N / A Mode #N / A Standard Standard Deviation 14.16 Deviation 11.13 Sample Variance 200.40 Sample Variance 123.90 Kurtosis 0.08 Kurtosis -0.74 Skewness 0.57 Skewness -0.17 Range 47.41 Range 34.74 Minimum 25 Minimum 7.5 Maximum 72.41 Maximum 42.24 Sum 462.05 Sum 259.84 Count 10 Count 10 Table 6c: Bleeding Score Statistics - Trial 1. t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means PRE- POST- TRIAL TRIAL BLEEDING BLEEDING Mean 46.21 25.98 Variance 200.40 123.90 Observations 10.00 10.00 Pearson Correlation 0.69 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0.00 df 9.00 t Stat 6.22 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.0001 t Critical one-tail 1.83 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.0002 t Critical two-tail 2.26 Clinical Observations as Recorded by the Dentist Who Conducted Trial 1. All patients gave very positive feedback when using the product, they reported it was easy to use and pleasant in taste and mouthfeel. The patients involved in the study self-reported a reduction in the puffiness of their gums and that their gums did not bleed as much as previously. On examination, the reduction in the number of sites exhibiting bleeding was marked. In general, their gums were less swollen and inflamed and even in sites where there was bleeding there was an obvious reduction in the amount of blood. Overall, the reduction in bleeding on probing was marked, with the amount of inflammation significantly reduced after using Toothboost Oral Mist for the three-week trial period. Conclusion: These results demonstrate a clinical reduction in periodontal bleeding points for patients with a range of periodontal disease severity. Therefore, indicating that Toothboost oral mist as an adjunct to dental care routines is effective in preventing and treating periodontal disease. Example 9: Three-Week Toothboost Trial 2. Dental Implant Patients With Diagnosed Periodontal Disease Introduction: To further assess the impact of compositions comprising a phosphopeptide on treating and preventing bleeding gums in patients with dental implants (N=10), a three-week trial was performed with Toothboost oral mist (MOL formulation). Method: The initial selection and clinical criteria were the same as described in Example 8, with the additional criteria that patients should have one or more dental implants. Information on Trial 2. Patients 4 out of 10 patients periodontal disease was classified as: Stage 1 Early / Moderate 6 out of 10 patients periodontal disease was classified as: Stage 2 Moderate All 10 patients periodontal disease was classified as: Grade A Slow rate of progression, currently Stable Implant patients are required to have excellent oral hygiene and stable periodontal condition pre and post-surgery. This criteria is according to the British Society of Periodontology – Implementing the 2017 Classification of Periodontal Diseases to Reach a Diagnosis in Clinical Practice

[0010] . Prior to commencing the 3-week trial period a dental professional recorded gum bleeding scores as described in Example 7 above. The patients also self-reported current issues, or symptoms they experienced, related to dental conditions. The patients were then instructed to use the Toothboost Oral Mist 3 x daily, applying 1-2 sprays directly into their mouth and spread around their teeth with their tongue. All patients used Toothboost Oral Mist 3 x daily during the 3-week trial period, at a variety of times to fit in with their own lifestyle and daily routines. All patients continued with normal minimum twice daily oral care and brushing routines using their regular fluoride toothpaste and / or mouthwash products / brands. At the end of the 3-week trial period, patients self-reported their own observations and gum bleeding scores were recorded by a dental professional. Results: Self-Reported Observations while using Toothboost Oral Mist 3 x Daily for 3-weeks Bad Breath: 6 / 8 Patients observed an improvement in bad breath Dry Mouth: 1 / 8 Patients observed an improvement in dry mouth symptoms Bleeding Gums: 8 / 8 Patients observed a reduction in bleeding while brushing Sensitivity: 2 / 8 patients observed a reduction in sensitivity Clinical Bleeding Scores Eight out of ten patients with dental implants participating in the 3 week trial displayed a significant reduction in gum bleeding scores following treatment with Toothboost Oral Mist (see Fig.5b and Table 7). A representative bleeding chart (patient 12) is shown pre- and post- trial is shown in Fig.5a. Table 7: Clinical status and bleeding scores of dental implant patients in 3-week Toothboost Trial 2. Patient No Clinical Periodontal Bleeding % Scores % Difference Status + Implant Teeth Pre & Post Trial position in the mouth Patient 11 Stage 2 Pre-trial 17.9 60.34% Age >50yrs Grade A Post-trial 7.1 Currently Stable Implant Teeth: Upper Right 7,6,4 Patient 12 Stage 2 Pre-trial 27.1 77.12% Age >50yrs Grade A Post-trial 6.2 Currently Stable Implant Teeth: Upper Left 1,4 Patient 13 Stage 2 Pre-trial 9.0 77.78% Age > 50yrs Grade A Post-trial 2.0 Currently Stable Implant Teeth: Upper Right 5 Patient 14 Stage 1 Pre-trial 26.0 63.08% Age < 30yrs Grade A Post-trial 9.6 Currently Stable Implant Teeth: Upper Left 5 Patient 15 Stage 1 Pre-trial 12.5 53.60% Age > 50yrs Grade A Post-trial 5.8 Currently Stable Implant Teeth: Lower Left 4 Patient 16 Stage 2 Pre-trial 27.8 50.00% Age >70yrs Grade A Post-trial 13.9 Currently Stable Implant Teeth: Lower Right 4,3 Patient 17 Stage 2 Pre-trial 18.8 -32.98% Age > 70yrs Grade A Post-trial 25.0 Currently Stable Implant Teeth: Upper Right 6,2; Upper Left 1,6 Patient 18 Stage 1 Pre-trial 10.4 0.00% Age > 50yrs Grade A Post-trial 10.4 Currently Remission Implant Teeth: Upper Left 1 Upper Right 1 Patient 19 Stage 1 Pre-trial 25.0 32.00% Age > 50yrs Grade A Post-trial 17.0 Currently Stable Implant Teeth: Upper Left 3 Patient 20 Stage 2 Pre-trial 25.9 56.76% Age > 70yrs Grade A Post-trial 11.2 Currently Stable Implant Teeth: Lower Right 6 Average Pre-trial 20.0 43.77% Post-trial 10.8 Table 8a: Bleeding Score Statistics - dental implant patients Trial 2 PRE-TRIAL BLEEDING POST-TRIAL BLEEDING Mean 20.04 Mean 10.82 Standard Error 2.315 Standard Error 2.08 Median 21.9 Median 10 Mode #N / A Mode #N / A Standard Standard Deviation 7.32 Deviation 6.57 Sample Variance 53.59 Sample Variance 43.19 Kurtosis -1.61 Kurtosis 1.43 Skewness -0.47 Skewness 1.05 Range 18.8 Range 23 Minimum 9 Minimum 2 Maximum 27.8 Maximum 25 Sum 200.4 Sum 108.2 Count 10 Count 10 Table 8b: Bleeding Score Statistics - dental implant patients Trial 2. t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means PRE TRIAL POST TRIAL Mean 20.04 10.82 Variance 53.59 43.19 Observations 10.00 10.00 Pearson Correlation 0.34 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0.00 df 9.00 t Stat 3.64 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.003 t Critical one-tail 1.83 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.0054 t Critical two-tail 2.26 Clinical Observations as Recorded by the Dentist Who Conducted Trial 2. The results showed improvements in bleeding scores. Interdental (ID) bleeding improved even with plaque present, which was notable around the implants. Although Implant patients generally have good oral hygiene and are well motivated, inflammation and bleeding was present around implants, but had gone at the follow up post-trial visit. The gums appear to be less reactive to plaque present than they had been previously. The results of Trial 1 and 2 indicate Toothboost formulation significantly reduces bleeding in patients with BSP Classifications of Early / Mild / Moderate and Severe Periodontal Disease. Example 10: Polymer strips comprising OPN and calcium remineralise erosive lesions in human enamel Introduction: To assess polymer strips as a suitable delivery vehicle of a phosphopeptide comprising composition to the oral cavity, a microindentation remineralisation study where human enamel specimens were first challenged with citric acid to form erosive lesions was performed. The remineralising potential of a number of different formulations delivered in a polymer strip was assessed. Materials and Methods: Materials Human enamel was supplied by SB discovery and the enamel sections were prepared at Modus laboratories. Water-soluble polymer strips were prepared comprising the formulations shown in table 7: Table 9: Formulations incorporated into water-soluble polymer strips Batch Description Strip Weight DEV06053 Standard formulation, 3% OPN and 0.43% Calcium chloride 58.7 mg DEV06054 Standard formulation, 3% OPN, 0.43% Calcium chloride and 82.3 mg 0.38% Sodium monofluorophosphate. DEV06056 3X Boost formulation, 9% OPN and 1.27% Calcium chloride 78.4 mg DEV06057 3X Boost formulation, 9% OPN, 1.27% Calcium chloride and 83.6 mg 0.38% Sodium monofluorophosphate. DEV06060 Polymer strip with no additives. 64.6mg FastAP Thermosensitive Alkaline Phosphatase. Microindenter: Buehler micromet 5104 UKAS calibration certification #DIR1418 with certified Vickers diamond. Polishing machine: Buehler Automet / Ecomet 250. pH meter: Hanna 213. Deionised water from the laboratory on tap RO supply. Citric acid used in the initial formation of the lesion was 1% citric acid monohydrate pH adjusted to 3.75. Table 10: Artificial Saliva Artificial saliva Mols dm-3 Magnesium chloride 0.2mM Calcium chloride dihydrate 1.0mM Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate 4.0mM HEPES (N-2Hydroxyethylpiperazine-N’-ethanethesulphonic acid) 20mM Potassium chloride 16.0mM Ammonium chloride 4.5mM Alkaline phosphatase 1500U / L pH adjusted to 7.0 with sodium hydroxide. Specimen preparation Approximately 3mm square enamel blocks were sectioned from sound, disease free, human molars. The molars were mounted in 25mm diameter resin discs and the underside of the disc flattened using p60 grit paper. The enamel side was then ground with p800 paper to expose the enamel and the surface polished using 1200 and then 2500 grit paper and finally 1µm diamond polish to reveal a highly polished enamel surface. The discs were then rinsed with deionised water and sonicated for five minutes and stored at 5°C in a humid environment until required. Formation of citric acid erosive lesions Erosive lesions were formed on the enamel discs using a 1% w / w citric acid solution pH adjusted to 3.75. The enamel discs were placed into a water bath enamel facing upwards. The citric acid was poured over the surface to an excess and timed for 20 minutes at room temperature. After 20 minutes the enamel discs were rinsed in copious volumes of deionised water and allowed to dry. Microindentation method The microhardness of the enamel was determined by indentation using a Vickers diamond-tip indenter. Each hardness value was determined from the average of ten individual measurements made centrally across multiple locations on each enamel specimen using 1.98N force over an indent time of 20 seconds. At the start of each set of measurements a calibration check was performed using a standard metal block to ensure the reproducibility of microhardness is within 3% of the test block micro hardness. Treatment procedure 50 enamel specimens were selected for the study, N=10 human enamel specimens were used for each treatment group and each hardness measurement was the mean of ten individual indentation measurements. They were first demineralised in citric acid by placing them enamel face upwards into an excess of citric acid solution (1% w / w, pH 3.75) for ten minutes at room temperature. They were then removed, rinsed and air dried before a microindentation measurement made. From the indentation measurements of the enamel lesions, the specimens were ranked and grouped into ten specimens per treatment group so that each group have a similar range of hardness values. They were then subjected to the following regime: 1. The enamel discs were placed in a dedicated water bath one for each of the five formulations and artificial saliva added to excess. They were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. 2. The enamel discs were then removed from the artificial saliva and placed enamel face upwards. The polymer strip of the test formulation was removed from the pouch and cut into approximately four squares. One square of the polymer strip was then applied to each of the 10 lesions in the test group. The same procedure was used for all five formulations. 3. The enamel specimens were placed back into their dedicated water bath and placed onto a rocker plate within an incubator. The rocker was set to a gentle rocking speed to simulate the turbulence that may be expected in the mouth. Periodically the specimens were observed to deduce the time taken for the polymer strip to dissolve. This was done with no analytical procedures. After 30 minutes there was no observable polymer remaining on the enamel. The enamel discs were then rested in the artificial saliva at 37oC until the next day. 4. The enamel discs were removed from the water bath, rinsed and dried. They were then measured for the microhardness of the lesion by microindentation. 5. The procedure 1 to 4 was repeated every day for five days. Results Microindentation Results The Vickers hardness values are shown in Table 11 and Figure 6a and 6b. Table 11. The change in microhardness of the enamel specimens relative to the lesion microhardness. Day 1 SD Day 2 SD Day 3 SD Day SD Day SD Change in enamel hardness / % 4 5 Standard formulation 10.49 5.22 12.90 3.33 21.32 4.52 23.74 6.84 28.73 7.45 Standard formulation + F 11.78 5.96 14.09 2.28 20.58 3.69 26.32 5.52 32.10 5.83 3X Boost Formulation 11.92 6.33 14.94 6.13 22.20 4.09 28.48 3.50 34.28 4.11 3X Boost Formulation + F 14.20 5.20 18.20 4.56 26.10 5.04 29.42 4.48 34.69 4.55 Placebo 1.77 4.18 6.45 4.73 10.76 4.72 11.04 5.25 16.52 5.56 Statistical analysis of indentation results DEV06053 Standard DEV06056 Boost 2.04 2.21 1.31 0.37 0 -2.59 6.67 DEV06055 Standard + F DEV06056 Boost -0.85 2.07 0.58 0.69 0 -5.19 3.50 DEV06053 Standard DEV06057 Boost + F -5.30 1.78 4.20 0.01 1 -9.05 -1.55 DEV06055 Standard + F DEV06057 Boost + F -4.11 1.61 3.61 0.02 1 -7.50 -0.73 DEV06056 Boost DEV06057 Boost + F -3.26 2.42 1.91 0.19 0 -8.34 1.81 DEV06056 Standard DEV06060 Placebo 6.45 1.83 4.99 <0.05 1 2.61 10.29 DEV06055 Standard + F DEV06060 Placebo 7.64 1.66 6.51 <0.05 1 4.15 11.13 DEV06056 Boost DEV06060 Placebo 8.49 2.45 4.90 <0.05 1 3.35 13.63 DEV06057 Boost + F 11.75 2.08 8.00 <0.05 1 7.39 16.12 DEV06060 Placebo Change in VHN / % Day 3 MeanDiff SEM q Value Prob Sig LCL UCL DEV06053 Standard DEV06055 Standard + F -0.73 1.85 0.56 0.70 0 -4.61 3.15 DEV06053 Standard DEV06056 Boost 0.89 1.93 0.65 0.65 0 -3.16 4.94 DEV06055 Standard + F DEV06056 Boost -1.62 1.74 1.32 0.36 0 -5.28 2.04 DEV06053 Standard DEV06057 Boost + F -4.79 2.14 3.16 0.04 1 -9.29 -0.29 DEV06055 Standard + F DEV06057 Boost + F -5.52 1.98 3.95 0.01 1 -9.67 -1.37 DEV06056 Boost DEV06057 Boost + F -3.90 2.05 2.69 0.07 0 -8.21 0.41 DEV06056 Standard DEV06060 Placebo 10.56 2.07 7.23 <0.05 1 6.22 14.90 DEV06055 Standard + F DEV06060 Placebo 9.83 1.89 7.34 <0.05 1 5.85 13.81 DEV06056 Boost DEV06060 Placebo 11.45 1.97 8.21 <0.05 1 7.30 15.59 DEV06057 Boost + F DEV06060 Placebo 15.35 2.18 9.95 <0.05 1 10.76 19.93 Change in VHN / % Day 4 MeanDiff SEM q Value Prob Sig LCL UCL DEV06053 Standard DEV06055 Standard + F 2.58 2.78 1.31 0.37 0 -3.26 8.42 DEV06053 Standard DEV06056 Boost 4.74 2.43 2.76 0.07 0 -0.37 9.84 DEV06055 Standard + F DEV06056 Boost -2.16 2.07 1.48 0.31 0 -6.50 2.18 DEV06053 Standard DEV06057 Boost + F -5.68 2.59 3.10 0.04 1 -11.11 -0.24 DEV06055 Standard + F -3.10 2.25 1.95 0.19 0 -7.82 1.63 DEV06057 Boost + F DEV06056 Boost DEV06057 Boost + F -0.94 1.80 0.74 0.61 0 -4.72 2.84 DEV06056 Standard DEV06060 Placebo 12.70 2.73 6.59 <0.05 1 6.97 18.43 DEV06055 Standard + F DEV06060 Placebo 15.28 2.41 8.98 <0.05 1 10.22 20.34 DEV06056 Boost DEV06060 Placebo 17.44 1.99 12.37 <0.05 1 13.25 21.63 DEV06057 Boost + F DEV06060 Placebo 18.38 2.18 11.91 <0.05 1 13.79 22.96 Change in VHN / % Day 5 MeanDiff SEM q Value Prob Sig LCL UCL DEV06053 Standard DEV06055 Standard + F 3.37 2.99 1.59 0.28 0 -2.92 9.65 DEV06053 Standard DEV06056 Boost 5.54 2.69 2.91 0.05 0 -0.11 11.19 DEV06055 Standard + F DEV06056 Boost -2.18 2.26 1.36 0.35 0 -6.92 2.56 DEV06053 Standard DEV06057 Boost + F -5.96 2.76 3.05 0.04 1 -11.76 -0.16 DEV06055 Standard + F DEV06057 Boost + F -2.60 2.34 1.57 0.28 0 -7.51 2.32 DEV06056 Boost DEV06057 Boost + F -0.42 1.94 0.31 0.83 0 -4.49 3.65 DEV06056 Standard DEV06060 Placebo 12.22 2.94 5.88 <0.05 1 6.04 18.39 DEV06055 Standard + F DEV06060 Placebo 15.58 2.55 8.65 <0.05 1 10.23 20.94 DEV06056 Boost DEV06060 Placebo 17.76 2.19 11.49 <0.05 1 13.17 22.35 DEV06057 Boost + F DEV06060 Placebo 18.18 2.27 11.32 <0.05 1 13.41 22.95 Conclusion The change in microhardness after five days followed the scheme below: 3X Boost + F = 3X Boost = Standard + F = Standard > Placebo Day 1. 3X Boost + F = 3X Boost = Standard + F = Standard > Placebo Day 2. 3X Boost + F = 3X Boost = Standard = Standard + F > Placebo Day 3. 3X Boost + F = 3X Boost = Standard + F = Standard > Placebo Day 4. 3X Boost + F = 3X Boost = Standard + F = Standard > Placebo Day 5. The microhardness results and remineralisation calculation provides evidence that the application of polymer strips comprising OPN and calcium gives rise to rapid remineralisation of citric erosive lesions in human enamel. Polymer strips comprising OPN and calcium with or without fluoride induced a statistically significant enamel remineralisation compared to polymer strips (placebo) alone. There was a directional increase in mineralisation of the 3X boost concentration of OPN and calcium, with or without fluoride, compared to the standard formulation, with or without fluoride (Figure 6a). The 3x boost formulation with fluoride gave, constantly, over the five day timepoints the greatest remineralisation.

[0002] References [1] M. A. Nazir, “Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association with systemic diseases and prevention,” International Journal of Health Sciences, pp.72-80, 2017. [2] C. S. V. R.-C. D. B. Anilei Hoare, “Chronic Inflammation as a Link between Periodontitis and Carcinogenesis,” Mediators of Inflammation, 2019. [3] B. P. Lang NP, “Periodontal health,” J Periodontol , p.89, 2018. [4] M. S. E. D. R. Y. S. S. Kristensen, “Prevention of Initial Bacterial Attachment by Osteopontin and Other Bioactive Milk Proteins,” Biomedicines, vol.10, 2022. [5] M. Benoit, C. Conant, C. Ionescu-Zanetti, M. Schwartz and A. Matin, “New device for high-throughput viability screening of flow biofilms,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol, no.76, pp.4136-4142, 2010. [6] C. Dawes, S. Watanabe, P. Biglow-Lecomte and G. Dibdin, “Estimation of the velocity of the salivary film at some different locations in the mouth,” J. Dent. Res., no.68, pp. 1479-1482, 1989. [7] P. O. M. T. N. X. W. C. W. I. N. F. J. H. R. W. M. R. M. P. J. H. I. L. C. C. T. Dietrich, “Periodontal diagnosis in the context of the 2017 classification system of periodontal diseases and conditions – implementation in clinical practice,” British Dental Journal, vol.226, 2019. [8] P. H. T. E. P. E S Sørensen 1, “Posttranslational modifications of bovine osteopontin: identification of twenty-eight phosphorylation and three O-glycosylation sites,” Protein Sci, 1995. [9] L. S. N. T. S. E. T. S. Holt C, “Mineralisation of soft and hard tissues and the stability of biofluids.,” Journal of Structural Biology, vol.185, pp.383-396, 2014.

[0010] T. B. S. o. Periodontology, “Implementing the 2017 Classification of Periodontal Diseases to Reach a Diagnosis in Clinical Practice,” 2018.

[0011] “The Good Practitioners Guide to Periodontology British Society of Periodontology,” 2017. [Online]. Available: http: / / www.bsperio.org.uk.

Claims

Claims:

1. A composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof.

2. A composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject in need thereof.

3. The composition for use according to claim 2, wherein bleeding gums are associated with the use of orthodontic devices, fixed or removable dental prosthesis and / or dental implants.

4. The composition for use according to claim 3, wherein orthodontic devices comprise orthodontic aligners or fixed orthodontic brackets.

5. The composition for use according to claim 2, wherein bleeding gums are associated with or caused by periodontal disease.

6. The composition for use according to any one of claims 1 or 5, wherein the periodontal disease is gingivitis or periodontitis.

7. The composition for use according to claim 6, wherein gingivitis is characterised as localised gingivitis or generalised gingivitis.

8. The composition for use according to any one of claims 1, 5 or 6, wherein periodontitis is stage I, stage II, stage III, or stage IV periodontitis.

9. The composition for use according to any one of claims 1 or 5-8, wherein the composition is for use in treating or preventing established periodontal disease.

10. The composition for use according to any one of claims 1 or 5-9, wherein the composition is for use in preventing the progression of gingivitis to periodontitis in a subject with periodontal disease.

11. A composition comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof.

12. A method of treating or preventing bleeding gums in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a phosphopeptide.

13. A method of treating or preventing periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a phosphopeptide.

14. A method of treatment or prevention of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a phosphopeptide.

15. The composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 or the method according to any one of claims 12-14, wherein the subject is a non-responder to conventional therapy.

16. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15 or the method according to any one of claims 12-15, wherein the composition does not comprise additional phosphate or an additional source of phosphate.

17. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 or 15 or the method according to any one of claims 12-15 wherein the composition does not comprise a phosphate buffer.

18. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-17 or the method according to any one of claims 12-17 wherein the phosphopeptide comprises osteopontin or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, and / or casein or phosphopeptides derived therefrom, preferably wherein phosphopeptide is OPN-10.

19. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11, 15-16 and 18 or the method according to any one of claims 12-16 and 18, wherein the composition comprises less than 50mM phosphate.

20. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-19 or the method according to any one of claims 12-19 wherein the composition further comprises fluoride or a source of fluoride, preferably the source of fluoride is monofluorophosphate.

21. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-19 or the method according to any one of claims 12-19 wherein the composition does not comprise fluoride or a source of fluoride.

22. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-21 or the method according to any one of claims 12-21, wherein the composition further comprises calcium or a source of calcium, preferably the source of calcium is calcium chloride.

23. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-21 or the method according to any one of claims 12-21, wherein the composition does not comprise calcium or a source of calcium.

24. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-23 or the method according to any one of claims 12-23 wherein the composition comprises about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80% or about 90% by weight water.

25. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-24 or the method according to any one of claims 12-24, wherein the composition is a liquid and wherein the composition comprises at least 50% by weight water.

26. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-24 or the method according to any one of claims 11-24, wherein the composition is a colloid and wherein the composition comprises less than or equal to 25% by weight water.

27. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-26 or the method according to any one of claims 12-26, wherein the composition comprises one or more further components selected from: alcohol(s), humectant(s), surfactant(s), preservative(s), flavouring agent(s), sweetening agent(s), colouring agent(s), anti- caries agent(s), buffer(s), acid(s), base(s), whitening agent(s), thickener(s), and anticalculus agent(s).

28. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-27 or the method according to any one of claims 12-27 where in the composition comprises: a phosphopeptide from about 0.5% to about 15% by weight; suitably from about 1% to about 10% by weight, preferably from about 1.5% to about 5% by weight;water from about 20% to about 99% by weight; preferably from about 23% to about 66% by weight; a buffer from about 1% to about 20% by weight; preferably from about 1% to about 15% by weight; a flavouring, preservative and / or other ingredients from 0% to about 70% by weight, preferably from about 0% to about 20% by weight; preferably from about 0% to about 10% by weight; a sweetener from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight; preferably from about 0.1% to about 10% by weight; optionally a source of calcium ions from about 0.1% to about 15% by weight; preferably from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight; optionally a source of phosphate ions from about 0.2% to about 32% by weight, preferably from about 0.2% to about 15% by weight, preferably from about 0.5% to about 5% w / v, preferably from about 0.7% to about 2% by weight; optionally a source of fluoride from about 0.01% to about 3% by weight; preferably from about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight, preferably from about 0.4% to about 1.5% by weight; and optionally a thickener from about 0.1% to about 20% by weight, suitably from about 0.5% to about 15% by weight.

29. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-26 or the method according to any one of claims 11-26, wherein the composition comprises the following components: a phosphopeptide in an amount of about 3% w / w, preferably wherein the phosphopeptide is OPN-10; a buffer in an amount of about 15% w / w, preferably wherein the buffer is sodium bicarbonate; water in an amount of about 54 to 66% w / w, preferably wherein the water is deionised water; a source of calcium in an amount of about 3% w / w, preferably wherein the source of calcium is a calcium chloride solution; a flavouring and preservative agent in an amount of about 8% w / w, preferably wherein the agent comprises a mixture of sodium methyl paraben, phenoxyethanol, saccharine, tego betain, and flavour oil; optionally a source of fluoride in an amount of about 0.4% w / w, preferably wherein the source of fluoride is monofluorophosphate;a sweetener in an amount of about 5% w / w, preferably wherein the sweetener is xylitol ; and optionally an acid in an amount of about 11% w / w, preferably wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid.

30. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-26, or the method according to any one of claims 12-26, wherein the composition comprises the following components: a phosphopeptide in an amount of about 3% w / w; preferably wherein the phosphopeptide is OPN-10; a buffer in an amount of about 2% w / w, preferably wherein the buffer is sodium bicarbonate; a whitening agent in an amount of about 6% w / w, preferably wherein the whitening agent comprises abrasive silica; water in an amount of about 23 to 25% w / w, preferably wherein the water is deionised water; an acid in an amount of about 34% w / w, preferably wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid; a source of calcium in an amount of about 0.5% w / w, preferably wherein the source of calcium is calcium chloride; a sweetener in an amount of about 9% w / w, preferably wherein the sweetener is mannitol; a thickener in an amount of about 13% w / w, preferably wherein the thickener is xanthan gum and silica; a flavouring and preservative agent in an amount of about 8% w / w, preferably wherein the agent comprises a mixture of sodium methyl paraben, phenoxyethanol, saccharine, tego betain, and flavour oil; and optionally a source of fluoride in an amount of about 1% w / w, preferably wherein the source of fluoride is monofluorophosphate.

31. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-26 or the method according to any one of claims 12-26, wherein the composition comprises the following components: a phosphopeptide in an amount of about 3% w / w, preferably wherein the phosphopeptide is OPN-10; a buffer in an amount of about 15% w / w, preferably wherein the buffer is sodium bicarbonate;water in an amount of about 30% w / w, preferably wherein the water is deionised water; a source of calcium in an amount of about 3% w / w, preferably wherein the source of calcium is a calcium chloride solution; a source of phosphate, preferably wherein the source of phosphate is trisodium phosphate solution in an amount of about 16% w / w and disodium hydrogen phosphate solution in an amount of about 16% w / w; a sweetener in an amount of about 5% w / w, preferably wherein the sweetener is xylitol; a flavouring and preservative agent in an amount of about 8% w / w, preferably wherein the agent comprises a mixture of sodium methyl paraben, phenoxyethanol, saccharine, tego betain, and flavour oil; and optionally, a source of fluoride suitably in an amount of about 0.4% to 0.5% w / w, preferably wherein the source of fluoride is monofluorophosphate.

32. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-26, or the method according to any one of claims 12-26, wherein the composition comprises the following components: a phosphopeptide in an amount of about 3% w / w; preferably wherein the phosphopeptide is OPN-10; a buffer in an amount of about 15% w / w, preferably wherein the buffer is sodium bicarbonate; water in an amount of about 47 to 50% w / w, preferably wherein the water is deionised water; an acid in an amount of about 15.7% w / w, preferably wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid; a source of calcium in an amount of about 2% to 3% w / w, preferably wherein the source of calcium is calcium chloride; xanthan gum in an amount of about 1% w / w, a flavouring and preservative agent in an amount of about 8% w / w, preferably wherein the agent comprises a mixture of sodium methyl paraben, phenoxyethanol, saccharine, tego betain, and flavour oil; and optionally a source of fluoride in an amount of about 0.8% w / w, preferably wherein the source of fluoride is monofluorophosphate.

33. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-32 or the method according to any one of claims 12-32, wherein the composition is for administration to the subject at least once per day, preferably at least twice, at least three times, at least four times or at least five times per day.

34. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-33 or the method according to any one of claims 12-33, wherein the composition is for administration to a mouth of the subject.

35. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-34 or the method according to any one of claims 12-34, wherein the composition is administered to a mouth of a subject prior to sleep, after eating and / or after drinking.

36. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-35 or the method according to any one of claims 12-35, wherein the compositions is administered by irrigation directly into periodontal subgingival pockets.

37. A composition for use according to any one of claims 1-11 and 15-35 or the method according to any one of claims 12-35, wherein the compositions is applied to orthodontic appliances, aligners, mouthguards and / or dentures.

38. A polymeric material comprising a composition, wherein the composition comprises a phosphopeptide.

39. A polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of bleeding gums in a subject.

40. A polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of periodontal disease in a subject in need thereof.

41. A polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of peri-implant mucositis and / or peri-implantitis in a subject in need thereof.

42. A polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of dental hypersensitivity in a subject in need thereof.

43. A polymeric material comprising a phosphopeptide for use in the prevention or treatment of white spot lesions in a subject in need thereof.

44. The polymeric material according to claim 38 or the polymeric material for use according to any one of claims 39-43, wherein the polymeric material comprises OPN or phosphopeptides derived therefrom.

45. The polymeric material according claim 44, wherein the polymeric material further comprises calcium or a source of calcium.

46. The polymeric material according to claims 44 or 45 or the polymeric material for use according to claims 44 or 45, wherein OPN is OPN-10.

47. The polymeric material according to any one of claims 38-45 or the polymeric material for use according to any one of claims 39-45 wherein the polymeric material is a dissolvable polymer strip.

48. An oral gel comprising amorphous calcium phosphate stabilised by a calcium phosphate stabilising agent, and optionally monofluorophosphate.

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